Digsilent Powerfactory: Technical Reference Documentation

DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Technical Reference Documentation
SVS - Static Var System

ElmSvs
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SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 1

Contents
Contents
1 General Description 3
1.1 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Load-Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Balanced Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Unbalanced Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 VDE 0102 - IEC 60909 - IEC 62363- ANSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.1 Balanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.2 Unbalanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.3 SVS-Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models 16
2.1 Stability Model (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Input Parameter Definitions 19

∗
3.1 .ElmSvs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
∗
3.2 .ElmSvsctrl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 References 20
List of Figures 21
List of Tables 22

1 General Description
Figure 1.1: Static VAr System Model
The static var compensator system is a combination of a shunt capacitor bank and a thyristor
controlled shunt reactance. The capacitors in the capacitor bank can be switched on and off
individually. The capacitors could be switched with thyristors (TSC) or could be permanently
(mechanically) connected (MSC) (Figure 1.1) [1].
The static VAr system is important for controlling the voltage at the direct connected busbars or
at a remote busbar. The capacitors may be switched on and off, depending on the load situation,
in response to changes in reactive power demands. The thyristor controlled reactor fine-tunes
the reactive power delivered by the static var system.
A SVS can produce a part or all of the reactive power demand of nearby loads. That reduces
the line currents necessary to supply the loads; turn in this reduces the voltage drop in the line
as the power factor is improved. Because the static var systems lower the reactive requirements
from generators, more real power output will become available.
The capacitor banks and reactors are connected in delta configuration.
1.1 Basic Data
The SVS element needs no type. On the Basic Data page could be the data for the thyristor-
controlled reactor (TCR), the thyristor-switched capacitors (TSC) and the mechanically-switched
capacitors (MSC) entered. Furthermore it is possible to define the kind of control (balanced/unbalanced).

Figure 1.2: Basic Data Page of the Static Var System (∗ .ElmSvs)

1.2 Load-Flow Analysis
Figure 1.3: Load-Flow Set-Up of the SVS Element
In the following the different control combinations how the internal admittance of the SVS (ysvs )
is calculated are described. For balanced load flow is only one value calculated, for unbal-
anced load flow are all three admittances calculated. The current for balanced operation is then
calculated according to the following equation:
i1 = j · ySV S · u1 (1)
With the setting balanced on the basic data page all three admittances are equal. If the control
is set to unbalanced control then all admittances are calculated separately according to the
selected control mode on the load flow page and the general settings of the load flow command.
If the current of the SVS is displayed in per unit values then the values are based on 1 MVar
and the voltage of the connected bus.

1.2.1 Balanced Operation
If a balanced load flow is executed one of the following control options could be used.
No control
If this control option is selected on the Basic Data page, the SVS will have a fixed admittance,
which is defined by the input parameters qtcr,actual and the number of switched capacitor ntsc .
The total admittance of the SVS is calculated as follows:
ySV S = qtsc · ntsc + qtcr,actual + qf ixcap · nf ixcap (2)
Reactive power control

Reactive power control can be done locally, i.e. the reactive power output of the SVS is
controlled to a constant value. It is also possible to control the reactive power flow on a remote
branch to the desired Q setpoint.
Note that capacitive reactive power hast to be inserted as a negative value. A warning will be
displayed in the output window if the setpoint for Q is out of range (1.2.1 SVS range) and if the
option Consider Reactive Power Limits is not used in the load flow command.
Voltage control
The SVS can be set to control the local voltage at its terminal or the voltage on a remote
busbar to a specified setpoint.
When set to voltage control droop control could be activated. The voltage at local or remote
busbar is then controlled according equation 3. The droop control is also depicted in Figure 1.4.
With droop control the setpoint is not reached in any case because the setpoint is moved as
more reactive power is needed to reach the original voltage setpoint of the SVS. The advantage
of the droop control is that more than one SVS at one busbar could control the voltage. As well
as the participation of the SVS could be configured with the setting of the droop value.
Figure 1.4: Droop control
Qmeas
ubus = usetpoint + (3)
Qdroop

where:
ubus is the voltage in p.u. at measurement point

usetpoint is the reference voltage in p.u.
Qmeas is the reactive power flow at Q-Measurement point. If no Q-Measurement point is select
then Q is the reactive power output of the SVS
Qdroop is an input parameter the unit is Mvar/p.u.
Alternatively could also the rated apparent power (Srated ) and the droop (ddroop) in % be en-
tered instead of Qdroop . Qdroop is then calculated as follows:
Srated
Qdroop = · 100% (4)
ddroop
If no Q-Measurement Point is selected the local reactive power flow in Mvar is used. If a Q-
Measurement Point is selected (cubicle) the reactive power flow in Mvar of the Q-Measurement
Point is used. The Q-flow direction of the Q-Measurement Point should be equal to the Q-flow
direction of the SVS. This is depicted in Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5: Q-Measurement Point flow direction
Station controller
The SVS can also be part of a station controller. The admittance will then be calculated
according to the following equation:
ySV S = Kq · qstationctrl (5)
where:

Kq is the distribution factor in p.u. of the station controller and

qstationctrl is the reactive power input signal (from station controller)
SVS Range
The SVS can only operate in the given limits. The minimum and maximum reactive power
output is defining the minimum and maximum admittance of the SVS. The upper limit is defined
as pure capacitor:
Minimum admittance:ymin = −(qtcr,max + qf ixcap · nf ixcap ) (6)
Maximum admittance:ymax = −(ntsc · ntsc,max + qf ixcap · nf ixcap ) (7)
where
qtcr,max = TCR, max. limit in Mvar

qtsc = Q per switched capacitor unit (<0) in Mvar
ntsc,max = (max.) number of switched capacitor
nf ixcap = no. of fixed capacitor
qf ixcap = reactive power per fix capacitor (<0) in Mvar
If the SVS is running into the upper or lower limit the SVS is using the following equations
(constant admittance):
ySV S = ymin (8)
or
ySV S = ymax (9)
1.2.2 Unbalanced Operation
For unbalanced load flow it is possible to choose between balanced and unbalanced control
on the Basic Data page. If an unbalanced load flow with unbalanced control is calculated three
different susceptances are calculated. With the option balanced control all three susceptances
are identical:
ySV S AB = SV Ssusceptance between phase A-B (10)
ySV S BC = SV Ssusceptance between phase B-C (11)
ySV S CA = SV Ssusceptance between phase C-A (12)

No Control
ySV S AB = ySV S ; ySV S BC = ySV S ; ySV S CA = ySV S (13)
The option balanced/unbalanced control has no influence.
Reactive Power Control

If an unbalanced load flow is calculated with the options reactive power control and balanced
then the susceptances are calculated as follows:
qctrl = qctrl AB + qctrl BC + qctrl CA (14)
ySV S BC = ySV S AB (15)
ySV S CA = ySV S AB (16)
With the option unbalanced on the basic data page selected PowerFactory calculates each sus-
ceptance in the way that each phase delivers 1/3 of the selected reactive power. The resulting
susceptance depend then also on the phase voltages and currents. The control conditions from
equation (17) are used:
Qsetpoint
qctrl AB = qctrl BC = qctrl CA = (17)
3
Voltage Control
If an unbalanced load flow is calculated with the option voltage control the controlled voltage
is set according to the selection in the drop down menu Controlled Phase:
• If ’a-b’ is selected:
uctrl = uAB
• If ’b-c’ is selected:
uctrl = uBC
• If ’c-a’ is selected:
uctrl = uCA
• If ’average’ is selected:
uctrl = (uAB + uBC + uCA )/3
• If ’positive sequence’ is selected:
uctrl = u1
With the option balanced selected on the basic data page the following is calculated:
• Without droop:
uctrl = usetpoint
• With the option ’droop’ enabled:
|uctrl | = usetpoint + Qdmeas /Qdroop

The susceptance are then calculated that either the voltage uctrl or a reactive power limit are
reached (1.2.1).
With the option unbalanced selected on the basic data page the following is calculated:
• Without droop:
uctrl AB = uctrl BC = uctrl CA = usetpoint
• With the option ’droop’ enabled:
uctrl AB = uctrl BC = uctrl CA = usetpoint + Qmeas /Qdroop
With: Qmeas = total reactive power at measurement point.
Alternatively could also the rated apparent power (Srated ) and the droop (ddroop) in % be en-
tered instead of Qdroop . Qdroop is then calculated as follows:
Qdroop = Srated · 100%/ddroop (18)
The susceptances are then calculated that either the voltage uctrl phase or a reactive power limit
are reached (refer to 1.2.1). With unbalanced control the three susceptances have not to be
equal.
Station controller
If a SVS is used with a station controller for unbalanced load flow the same equations are
used as for balanced load flow (see section 1.2.1). The susceptances are calculated as follows:
YSV S AB = YSV S ; YSV S BC = YSV S ; YSV S CA = YSV S (19)
1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations
1.3.1 VDE 0102 - IEC 60909 - IEC 62363- ANSI
The SVS-element is ignored for short circuit calculations according to the standards VDE 0102,
IEC 60909, IEC 61363 (std. method) and ANSI. The current is zero.
1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit
With load flow initialization
The complete short circuit could be calculated with or without load flow initialization. If load flow
initialization is used the SVS susceptance (ySV S ) is calculated according to the control settings
described in section 1.2. The short circuit contribution of the SVS is then for ’balanced’ control
settings calculated as follows:
iSV S shc = j · ySV S · ushc (20)
For unbalanced control settings depends then the short circuit current on the faulted phases
because susceptance is calculated differently per phase as described in section 1.2.

The SVS is not considered for X/R calculation.
Without load flow initialization
If the complete short circuit is calculated without load flow initialization (advanced options page
of the short circuit command) then the short circuit current of the SVS is calculated as follows:
iSV S shc = j · yM SC · ushc (21)
This means that the thyristor switched capacitors and the thyristor controlled reactor are not
activated.
1.4 Harmonics
The harmonics generated by the SVS are dominated by the TCR. If the option ’Ideal SVS’ is
selected a maximum order could be entered. PowerFactory calculates only harmonics up to that
order according to equation (23). The firing angle α ’ is defined according to equation (22). The
definition of the original firing angle α is shown in Figure 1.8.
π
α0 = α − (22)
2
4 sin(α0 )cos(nα0 ) − ncos(α0 )sin(nα0 )

iabc = (23)
π · ff und n(n2 − 1)
where: n = 2k + 1, k = 1, 2, 3. . .
Figure 1.6: Harmonics - Ideal SVS
If the option ’Ideal SVS’ is not selected then the harmonic current will be calculated according to
the definition of a harmonic current source (TCR). Further information about harmonic current
source could be found in the corresponding chapter of the manual.

Figure 1.7: Harmonics Currents for TCR
1.5 RMS Simulation
For time domain simulation the needed reactive power could change over time. For that the
thyristor-switched capacitors and the thyristor-controlled reactor has to be controlled.
If there is no control implemented for the SVS (i.e. no signals are connected) then it will be
kept to the initial settings as calculated by the load flow command for the initial conditions prior
to a simulation. To make the SVS into an active VAr controller during simulations, a composite
model has to be used. The values for starting the simulation (initial load flow) are obtained from
a load flow using the settings from the load flow page of the SVS (see section 1.2).
The firing angle (signal: gatea) is defined as shown in Figure 1.8. It could vary between 90◦
and 180◦ . There 90◦ corresponds to full conduction of the thyristor controlled reactor and 180◦
corresponds to no conduction.
Figure 1.8: Definition of the Firing Angle α (EMT plot)

1.5.1 Balanced RMS Simulation
The two input signals for balanced RMS simulations are:
• gatea: Firing angle in degree

• nncap: Number of switched on capacitors.
The input signals are both calculated from the initial load flow. The gatea signal is the firing
angle derived from alpha (in radian). Alpha is calculated from the ratio:
α = −qtcr /qmax (24)
with:qtcr from the load flow and qmax as reactance.
The susceptance of the thyristors controlled reactor is calculated as follows:
2 1
ytcr = −qmax (2 − α + sin(2α)) (25)
π π
with: α = gatea/180◦ · π
ytsc = −qmin · nncap (26)
The susceptance of the SVS is then calculated as follows:
ySV S = ytsc + ytcr + qf ix (27)
1.5.2 Unbalanced RMS Simulation
For an unbalanced simulation could be one input signal for all phases or a signal for each phase
used. The one for all signals are the same as for the balanced operation (gatea and nncap).
The alternative input signal set is:
• gatea AB: Firing angle AB in degree

• gatea BC: Firing angle BC in degree
• gatea CA: Firing angle CA in degree
• nncap AB: Number of switched on capacitors, AB
• nncap BC: Number of switched on capacitors, BC
• nncap CA: Number of switched on capacitors, CA
The calculation of the susceptance is then done with the same scheme as the balanced simu-
lation but for all phases separately.

1.5.3 SVS-Interface
For controlling a SVS the SVS-Interface (∗ .ElmSvsctrl) could be used as shown in Figure 1.9.
The SVS interface could only be used for balanced operation. Since the input signal ’bsvs’
(admittance input) is available for PowerFactory version 14.0 and higher the usage of the SVS-
Interface is not mandatory for RMS simulation - but it could be useful in some cases.
Figure 1.9: Composite Model with a SVS Interface
The SVS interface object (∗.ElmSvsctrl) is used in the composite SVS model to translate the
output signal of a SVS controller, u svs into signals which change the settings of a SVS device.
Normally, these signals are the firing angle of the thyristor controlled reactor and a signal which
equals the number of capacitors which are to be connected.
There are a number of standard controls for SVS in the library that can be used. Two standard
frames could also be found in the standard library (’Library\Composite Model Frames\Composite
Type SVS’ and ’Library\Models (old version)\IEEE\Frames\svs-frame’). The SVS interface
also initializes the controller output to zero. This should be used with care since the considera-
tion of the SVS control limits will be then offset by the initial SVS admittance.
The SVS interface has two additional input signals from the SVS device it controls for both the
minimum and maximum reactive power limit.
The SVS-Interface element could only be configured on the RMS and EMT page (Figure 1.10).
There could be the rating of the SVS-controller entered. Furthermore a time constant for the
capacitor switching could be entered.
The option Rating of SVS-controller output set the base value of the controller output (usvs).
This input is needed because the SVS-Interface is between the SVS and the controller. The
controller output is interpreted according to the selection.
• Reactor: The output of the controller (usvs) is interpreted as admittance in per unit of a
base equal to the admittance of the Reactive Power in the SVS under TCR/Q Reactance.
• Nominal voltage: The output of the controller (usvs) is interpreted as admittance in per
unit of a base equal to the nominal voltage of the SVS.
• Enter value: The output of the controller (usvs) is interpreted as admittance in per unit of
a base equal to the admittance of the entered Reactive Power Rating.

Figure 1.10: SVS Interface (∗ .ElmSvsctrl)
1.6 EMT Simulation
For EMT-simulation it is possible to choose between a TCR model as variable inductance or

more detailed modelled with thyristors. If variable inductance is selected the TCR is treated as
an ideally variable inductance. If the option thyristors is used the phase control is simulated in
detail. Thus the current shape will be influenced from thyristor firing.
During EMT simulation is the signal bsvs known from RMS simulation not available. Therefore
the SVS interface could be used to control the SVS.
Figure 1.11: SVS EMT-configuration
With the option ’thyristors’ the thyristors are modelled as a inductance in row with a switch
(Figure 1.12).
Figure 1.12: ’Thyristor’ Valve Representation for EMT-Simulations(delta connection)

2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models
2.1 Stability Model (RMS)
The input combinations are shown in descending priority order. So the first found input combi-
nation is used. The highest priority has the bsvs intput:
Figure 2.1: Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for balanced RMS with admittance input
Figure 2.2: Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for unbalanced RMS with admittance input
Figure 2.3: Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for balanced stability analysis (RMS-
simulation)

Figure 2.4: Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for unbalanced stability analysis
Table 2.1: Input Definition of the RMS-Model
Parameter Description Unit

bsvs Admittance input (for all three phases) Mvar
gatea Firing Angle (for all three phases) deg
nncap Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) int
bsvs AB Admittance input (phase AB) Mvar
bsvs BC Admittance input (phase BC) Mvar
bsvs CA Admittance input (phase CA) Mvar
gatea AB Firing Angle (phase AB) deg
gatea BC Firing Angle (phase BC) deg
gatea CA Firing Angle (phase CA) deg
nncap AB Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) AB int
nncap BC Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) BC int
nncap CA Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) CA int
Table 2.2: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

cur1 Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude p.u.
cur1r Positive-Sequence Current, Real Part p.u.
Q1 Positive-Sequence Current, Reactive Power Mvar
2.2 EMT-Model
Figure 2.5: Input/Output Definition balanced EMT-simulation (∗ = all three phases AB, BC, CA)

Figure 2.6: Input/Output Definition unbalanced EMT-simulation (∗ = all three phases AB, BC,
CA)
Table 2.3: Input Definition of the RMS-Model

gatea Firing Angle (for all three phases) deg
nncap Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) int
gatea AB Firing Angle (phase AB) deg
gatea BC Firing Angle (phase BC) deg
gatea CA Firing Angle (phase CA) deg
nncap AB Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) AB int
nncap BC Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) BC int
nncap CA Current Tap-Position (number of connected capacitors) CA int
Table 2.4: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

cur1 Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude p.u.
Q1 Positive-Sequence Current, Reactive Power Mvar
iL AB TCR Current, phase AB p.u.
iL BC TCR Current, phase BC p.u.
iL CA TCR Current, phase CA p.u.
iC AB TSC Current, phase AB p.u.
iC BC TSC Current, phase BC p.u.
iC CA TSC Current, phase CA p.u.
iQ AB MSC Current, phase AB p.u.
iQ BC MSC Current, phase BC p.u.
iQ CA MSC Current, phase CA p.u.
Phi AB Voltage Angle, phase AB rad
Phi BC Voltage Angle, phase BC rad
Phi CA Voltage Angle, phase CA rad

3 Input Parameter Definitions
3 Input Parameter Definitions
∗
3.1 .ElmSvs
Table 3.1: Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Var System Element

loc name Name
busac Terminal AC (StaCubic)
∗
3.2 .ElmSvsctrl
Table 3.2: Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Var System Interface Element

loc name Name
root id Original Location
fold id In Folder

4 References
4 References
[1] L. Gyugyi N. G. Hingorani. Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible
AC Transmission Systems. IEEE Press, 2000.

List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1 Static VAr System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Basic Data Page of the Static Var System (∗ .ElmSvs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Load-Flow Set-Up of the SVS Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Droop control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Q-Measurement Point flow direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Harmonics - Ideal SVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 Harmonics Currents for TCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.8 Definition of the Firing Angle α (EMT plot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9 Composite Model with a SVS Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.10 SVS Interface (∗ .ElmSvsctrl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.11 SVS EMT-configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.12 ’Thyristor’ Valve Representation for EMT-Simulations(delta connection) . . . . . . 15
2.1 Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for balanced RMS with admittance input 16
2.2 Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for unbalanced RMS with admittance
input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for balanced stability analysis (RMS-
simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Input/Output Definition of the SVS model for unbalanced stability analysis . . . . 17
2.5 Input/Output Definition balanced EMT-simulation (∗ = all three phases AB, BC, CA) 17
2.6 Input/Output Definition unbalanced EMT-simulation (∗ = all three phases AB, BC,
CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

List of Tables
List of Tables
2.1 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Var System Element . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Input Parameter Definitions of the Static Var System Interface Element . . . . . . 19

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

SVS - Static Var System

T: +49 7072 9168 00

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 1

1.1 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Load-Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2.1 Balanced Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.2 Unbalanced Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3.1 VDE 0102 - IEC 60909 - IEC 62363- ANSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.5.1 Balanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.5.2 Unbalanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models 16

2.1 Stability Model (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Input Parameter Definitions 19

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 2

Figure 1.1: Static VAr System Model

The capacitor banks and reactors are connected in delta configuration.

1.1 Basic Data

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 3

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 4

1.2 Load-Flow Analysis

Figure 1.3: Load-Flow Set-Up of the SVS Element

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 5

1.2.1 Balanced Operation

ySV S = qtsc · ntsc + qtcr,actual + qf ixcap · nf ixcap (2)

Reactive power control

Figure 1.4: Droop control

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 6

ubus is the voltage in p.u. at measurement point

Figure 1.5: Q-Measurement Point flow direction

ySV S = Kq · qstationctrl (5)

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 7

Kq is the distribution factor in p.u. of the station controller and

Minimum admittance:ymin = −(qtcr,max + qf ixcap · nf ixcap ) (6)

Maximum admittance:ymax = −(ntsc · ntsc,max + qf ixcap · nf ixcap ) (7)

qtcr,max = TCR, max. limit in Mvar

ySV S = ymin (8)

ySV S = ymax (9)

1.2.2 Unbalanced Operation

ySV S AB = SV Ssusceptance between phase A-B (10)

ySV S BC = SV Ssusceptance between phase B-C (11)

ySV S CA = SV Ssusceptance between phase C-A (12)

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 8

ySV S AB = ySV S ; ySV S BC = ySV S ; ySV S CA = ySV S (13)

The option balanced/unbalanced control has no influence.

Reactive Power Control

qctrl = qctrl AB + qctrl BC + qctrl CA (14)

ySV S BC = ySV S AB (15)

ySV S CA = ySV S AB (16)

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 9

With: Qmeas = total reactive power at measurement point.

Qdroop = Srated · 100%/ddroop (18)

YSV S AB = YSV S ; YSV S BC = YSV S ; YSV S CA = YSV S (19)

1.3 Short-Circuit Calculations

1.3.1 VDE 0102 - IEC 60909 - IEC 62363- ANSI

1.3.2 Complete Short Circuit

With load flow initialization

iSV S shc = j · ySV S · ushc (20)

SVS - Static Var System (ElmSvs) 10

The SVS is not considered for X/R calculation.

Without load flow initialization