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written by Ed Craig www.welreality.com.
MIG Welding
Steels < 4mm
TIG Welding Tips Welding and steels info on ASTM - A36 TO A391.
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A Management & If welding a carbon or low alloy steels and you don't know what the
Engineers Guide to composition is or what the weld consumable should be, give
MIG Weld Quality, consideration to the following.
Productivity, and
Costs If the metal is thicker than 1/4 - 6 mm, preheat to 150F.
Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-3-6 MIG
wire, or for all position welds an E71T-1 electrode wire.
For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 20% CO2 mix.
For gas shielded flux cored use a gas mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
Ensure mill scale in weld area is removed and the plate is always at a temperature >60F.
Keep single pass fillet welds < 1/4 - < 6mm.
Use stringer, do not weave unless necessary.
For multi-pass welds. use inter-pass temp control. Ensure the inter-pass temp does not
exceed 300 F.
Manual and Robotic If possible do destructive test of a weld sample.
If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after welding.
(MIG) Gas Metal Arc
If cracks occur in the HAZ double the pre-heat.
Welding Book
When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and
E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When
welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max
Flux Cored and MIG carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When
weld process welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are
controls required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018
B3 electrodes are utilized.
The "yield strength", the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld
without permanent deformation of the metal.
The "tensile strength", "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile
strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs.
Unalloyed steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required
to ensure good weldability. Preheating: < 0.2C %: without preheating (up to 30
mm thickness) or 100°C against humidity
Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes from the ANSI/AWS
A5.29. 1198 Specification Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
DVD Film "MIG
Process Controls Tensile
AWS Classification Tensile ksi Yield ksi Yield Mpa
Made Simple" MPa
E6XTX-X-XM 60 - 80 410 - 550 50 340
Order these MIG E7XTX-X-XM 70 - 90 480 - 620 58 400
Welding or Flux Cored E8XTX-X-XM 80 - 100 550 - 690 68 470
Training Materials Now
E9XTX-X-XM 90 - 110 620 - 760 78 540
E10XTX-K9-K9M SEE SPEC 88 610
(M) means an argon All DCEP E71T-1 E70T-1
mix req, 75 to 80 Second Second
argon balance CO2 number number
1 = all 0 = flat and
position horizontal
Hardness test. The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a diamond
pyramid (Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC) into the surface of a metallic
material at a specific load. The resulting indentation is then measured.
In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that it's
not necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the
steel, and will therefore typically utilize low hydrogen, highly ductile
E7018 /E70S-3-6 / E71T-1 electrodes.
When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat
treatment recommendations are frequently eliminated, however from a
weld quality perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry,
the metal is over 60F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the
weld area. Also even when heat treatment is not used its frequently
beneficial to not allow the multi-pass inter-pass weld temperatures to
exceed 200F
Alloy steels always require weld consideration. Compare the low alloy steels
chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel. Remember this is only a guide,
weld responsibility starts with the weld decision maker verifying the consumables and
heat treat and test recommendations.
STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:
MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS
MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5%
AM100A
ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF
500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN
Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM mig
carbon stl
A3 S3-S6
ASTM mig
carbon stl
A27 S3-S6
<0.25carb
>25mm Carb
Common low 100F. 0.25/0.29
carbon structural >50mm Mn 0.6/1.2
ASTM >36 58 - 80 steel 200F Si 0.15/0.4
K02600
A36 >248 400/551 CSA grades in >0.26carb E60XX
compliance 260W 13-25mm E70XX
260WT 300W 50F. E70S-X
>25mm E71T-1
175F
ASTM PIPE WELD
A 53 MIG S3 -
S6
WELD
Reinforcement
A 82 MIG S3 -
wire
S6
E70XX
ASTM
High temp fittings E70S-X
A105
E71T-1
E60XX
ASTM Corresponds to E70XX
A108 AISI specs E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
Carbon stl WELD
109
MIG S3 -
strip S6
E60XX
ASTM E70XX
Railway stock
A113 E70S-X
E71T-1
Casting
A128 Aust Mn
Carb
0.16/0.26
Mn0.7/1.5
Si0.1/0.5
Grade Grade
a/b/cs a/b/cs AH/DH/EH
ASTM
d/ds/e d/ds/e Preheat Ni0.4
A131
>34 58 - 71 CS/D/E Cr0.25
Grades
Grade Grade Structural steel >25mm Mo0.8
A-B-CS
ah32/ ah32/ for ships 100F Cu0.35
D-DS-E
dh32 dh32 Canadian CSA Preheat
AH32- K02300
eh32 eh32 G40.21 ah/eh/dh Grades a-
DH32
>46 >68 - 85 Grade A = 33G 32-36 e
EH32
Grade Grade Grade B = 33W >13mm 50F E70XX
AH36
ah36/ ah36/ >25mm E70S-X
DH36
dh36 dh36 100F E71T-1
EH36
eh36 eh36
>51 >71- 90 Grades
ah/dh/eh
32-36
E8018-B2
E80T5-B2
Many steel types and their grades go back for 30 to 50 years. Today many grades
are obsolete. Its helpful to include these grades as many rebuilds and repairs
deal with the older grades. By the way if you don't see a chemistry range you are
typically seeing the maximum alloy content.
Yield Tensile
Steels Preheat Chemistry
ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM WELD
A161
Carbon stl tubes MIG S3 - S6
ASTM AUSTENITIC
A167
STAINLESS
A176 STAINLESS
A177 STAINLESS 308-308L
F2 Carb 0.21
Mn0.3/0.8
Preheat all
Si 0.1/0.6
grades
Cu 0.5/0.8
except F1 at
Grade
>25mm 100F
ASTM F1
50mm 200F
A182 E70XX
Grades High Temp E70S-X
Grade F1
F1/F2/ fittings E71T-1
<13mm 100F
F11/F12
<25mm 200F
F22/F22A GRADE F2
>25mm 300F
F11/F12
E8018-B2
Post heat req
1250F
grade
F22/F22A
E9018-B3
ASTM carbon stl E8018-G - W
184
Reinforcement bar
low alloy
100 - 200F
ASTM E8018-G-W
185
Reinforcement bar low alloy 100 - 200F
ASTM E70S-3-6
192
Tubes carbon stl 100 - 200F
4 or 300
ASTM
193
Bolting series
200 - 400F
ASTM 9018B3
199
Tubes Cr/Moly 300 - 400F
ASTM
200 Tubes Cr/Moly 200 - 600F
8018-G
ASTM
202 Pressure vessel low alloy 9018-M
100 - 300F
ASTM (A) (A) Pressure vessel plates grades (A) (A)
A203 >37 65-85 for cryogenic use. A-B-E K21703 Carb
Grades a- 255 586 Nickel alloy steels <13mm 0.17/0.23
b-d-e 200F (B) Mn0.7/0.8
(B) (B) K22103 Si 0.15/0.4
>40 70-90 grades Ni 2.1/2.5
275 620 A-B-E (D)
<25mm K31718 (B)
(D) (D) 300F Carb
>37 65-85 >25mm (E) 0.21/0.25
206 586 400F K32018 Mn0.7/0.8
Si 0.15/0.4
(E) (E) grades Ni 2.1/2.5
D
>40 70-90 <13mm (D)
275 620 100F Carb
<25mm 0.17/0.20
200F Mn0.7/0.8
>25mm Si 0.15/0.4
300F Ni 3.25/3.75
Grades D-E-F
E8018-C2
E80T5-Ni3
E80S-Ni3
Grade A
carb 0.25
Mn 0.9
Preheat to
Si 0.3
0.2 carb 25
Ni 0.6
to 50mm
Mo 0.6
100F
>50mm
Grade Grade Grade B
200F
A A carb 0.27
>37 65-85 Mn 0.9
Preheat
255 448 grade A Si 0.3
0.21-0.25
K11820 Ni 0.6
carb 13 to
ASTM grade grade Mo 0.6
25mm 100F
A204 B B Nickel Alloy Pressure grade B
>25mm
Grades a- >40 70-90 vessel steels K12020 Grade C
250F
b-c 275 620 carb 0.28
grade C Mn 0.9
Preheat
grade grade K12320 Si 0.3
0.26-0.28
C C Mo 0.45/0.6
carb <13
>43 75-95
100F
296 655 Grades A-B
>25mm
300F E7018-A1
E70T5-A1
postheat req E8XT-A1
1250F E70S-6
Grade C
E8018-C2
ASTM E70S-3-6
209
Tubes 50 - 200F
ASTM
210
Tubes Carbon stl E70S-3-6
ASTM
211
Pipe Carbon stl E70S-3-6
Chrome
Moly and
8010
ASTM stainless
213
Tubes 9018
pre-heat 308
200 - 600 F
ASTM
Tubes Carbon stls E70S-3-6
214
WCA
E7018
E7XT-1
ASTM
E70S-3
A216
WCA High tem cast fittings WCB-WCC
WCB
E7018
WCC
E7XT-1
E70S-3
E10018-M
ASTM Steel castings post heat WC1
A217 req 1250F E7018
WC1-WC4 E7XT-1
WC5-WC6 preheat E70S-3
WC9- WC1 <50mm
WC11 150F WC4-WC5
>50mm E8018-B2
250F
WC9
preheat E9018-B3
WC4-WC5
<13mm WC6-WC11
200F E8018-B2
>13mm
350F
preheat
WC9 500F
preheat
WC6
WC11 <15%
carb <25mm
150F
>25mm
250F
>13mm
350F
preheat
WC6
WC11 to
21% carb
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F
Answer: I believe Alloy rods, (ESAB) Kobelco and Tri Mark, flux cored
manufacturers have good reference data for this subject.
Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM (C) Pressure preheat grade A Grade A
A225 >70 vessel plate to 0.15 K11803 carb 0.18
A-B-C-D 482 bar shapes carb Mn 1.45
Mn Vanadium >50mm grade B Si 0.1-0.3
Ni alloy steels 100F K12003 V 0.09/0.14
(D) (C)
<75mm 105-135 preheat grade C Grade B
>60 930 to 0.15/0.2 K12524 carb 0.2
carb Mn 1.45
(D) (D) >50mm Si 0.1-0.3
>75mm <75mm 100F V 0.09/0.14
>55 80-115 >50mm
792 200F Grade C
carb 0.25
(D) preheat Mn 1.6
>75mm >0.21 carb Si 0.1-0.3
75-100 <13mm Ni 0.4/0.7
689 100F V 0.1/0.2
>13mm
150F Grade D
carb 0.2
post heat Mn 1.7
treat 1150F Si 0.1-0.5
Ni 0.4/0.7
V 0.18
grade A-B
8018-C3
E80S-Ni
E80T1-B2
grade C
E11018-M
E100S-1
E110T5-K3
grade D
E10018-M
E100S-1
ASTM Tubes carbon
226
stl
E70S-3-6
grades
wpa-wpb
wpc
E7018
E7XT-1
ASTM
E70S-3
A234
WPA-
Wrought grades
WPB weld fittings wp1
WPC-
E70XX-A1
WP1
E7XT-1
WP11
E70S-3
grades
wp11
E8018-B2
grades
A-C
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3
ASTM
A235 Industrial
A-C-C1 forgings grades
C1-E-F-F1
E-F-F1-G
E8018-C3
grades
G
E8018-B2
grades A-
B
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3
grades
ASTM
C-D-E
A236 Railroad
A-B-C-D forgings E8018-C3
E-F-G-H
grades
F-G
E8018-B2
E8018-C3
grade H
E11018-M
grades A-
B
E8018-C3
ASTM
grades
A237 Industrial
A-B-C-D forgings C-D
E8018-B2
E-C1
grades
C1-E
E11018-M
grades A
E8018-C3
ASTM grades
A238 Railroad B-C
A-B-C forgings E8018-B2
D-E
grades
C-D-E
E11018-M
Pressure
ASTM Vessels
240
austenitic
stainless
ASTM 42-50 63-70 High stength pre heat Type 1 Canadian
A242 344 482 low alloy 25-50mm K11510 CSA
1-2 structural steel 50F G40.21
to 100mm >50mm Type 2 50R Often
In hot rolled 150F K12010 call Cor-
state ten A
Type 1
Carb 0.15
Mn 1.0
Type 2
Carb 0.2
Mn 1.35
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3
Unpainted
weathering
steel
E8018-W
E80T1-W
Grades
A-C-C1
E70XX
E7XT-1
ASTM E70S-3
A243
Ring and disc
A-C-C1 forgings Grades
E-F-F1-G- E-F-H-1
H-I-J-K E8018-C3
Grades
F1-G-J-K
E8018-B2
E60XX
ASTM Structural E70XX
A245 sheets E7XT-1
E70S-3
Answer: Mill scale causes much more weld issues than rust.
Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM Tubes
249
stainless
austenitic
grade 3
8018-C3
ASTM Tubes 410 - 409
268
stainless
300 - 400F
ASTM Tubes
269
stainless
300 series
ASTM Tubes
270 stainless 308
Forging 7018 -
ASTM
288
carbon stl and 9018 -
low alloy stl 11018.
ASTM Forging alloy chrome
289 stl mang
ASTM Castings 308 -310-
297 330
carb to 0.2
preheat
>25mm
150F
Carb carb
0.2/ 0.25 0.28/0.3
preheat Mn 0.9/1.15
>13/25mm Si 0.15/0.4
100F
>25mm
150F
Carb
0.26/ 0.3
ASTM 40-42 Carbon Mn Si
75-95 preheat
A299 275- Pressure vessel K02803 E70XX
517-655 <13mm
A-B-C 289 plates E7XT-1
100F E70S-3-6
<25mm
200F
>25mm
300F
For
improved
Carb <0.2
impacts
to 13mm
E8018-C3
post heat
E80T-1-Ni1
not req
Carb >0.2
post heat
req 1150F
Qualification of the multi-pass welds and HAZ with the specific weld procedures
utilized always will have far more relevance than a specification which was
typically written for a single pass weld.
Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
grade 1
E70XX
ASTM E7XT-1
Low temp
A300 pressure vessel E70S-3-6
1-2
grade 2
E8018-C1
ASTM
pressure vessel
A302 steel E8018-B2
A-B
grades
45-50-55
60-65-70
ASTM
E70XX
A306
Carbon steel E7XT-1
45-50-55 bars E70S-3-6
60-65-70
75-80
grades
75-80
E8018-C1
ASTM corresponds to
A311 AISI SAE steels grades
1137 1018-1117
Check out AISI E7018
weld and heat E7XT-1
treat data E70S-3-6
grades
1035-1045
1050
E10018-M
E100T1-K3
grades
1137 to 1144
E11O18-M
E110T5-K2
Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM
Cr Mo Pipe
A335
grade F1
E7018
ASTM
E7XT-1
A336 Alloy drum
E70S-3-6
F1-F12 forgings
grade F12
E8018-B2
ASTM LF1 - LF2 E8018-C1
A350 preheat E8018-C3
LF1-LF12 <25mm 100F E80T1-Ni1
>25mm 200F
LF3 - LF5
preheat
<25mm 100F
>25mm 200F
308
ASTM Stainless
310
351 castings
316
preheat grades
LCA-LCB-
LCC Grades LCA-
<0.25 carb LCB
>25mm 50F E7018
>50mm 100F
E7XT-1
preheat LCB E70S-3-6
0.26/0.3 carb
<25mm 50F
ASTM >25mm 100F Grades LC1
A352 E7018-A1
low temp steel preheat LC1
LCA-LCB <25mm 100F
castings
LCC-LC1 >50mm 300F Grades LC2-
LC2 3
preheat LC2-3-4
carb max 0.15 E8018-C1
<25mm 100F E8XT1-Ni2
>25mm 250F
ENiCrFe-3
INCO 182
ENiCrFe-2
9% Nickel preheat
ASTM >75 100-120 INCO-A
pressure vessel <25mm 50F K81340
A353 517 689-827
steel plate >25mm 150F
ERNiCr-3
INCO 82
or
ERNiCrFe-6
INCO 92
E309/E310
often used
grade 1
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3-6
grade 2
ASTM E7018-A1
A356 Steam turbine E8018-C3
1-2-5-6- castings
9-10 grade 5
E8018-B2
E90T1-D3
grade 6-9-10
E8018-B2
E80T1-B2
Austenitic
A358 Stainless
pipe
E60XX
ASTM Galvanized
E70XX
A361 sheet
E70S-3
Weld Questions. Do you have the instant answers? What do you think
the optimum wire feed and weld voltage range is for welding with an
E70T-1 1/16 062 flux cored wire welding a common 6 mm - 1/4 fillet
weld. The answers are in my books.
Steels Yield Tensile Description Preheat UNS Chemistry
ksi ksi Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
E60XX
ASTM Carbon steel
A366 sheets E70XX
E70S/3-6
Carbon stl
ASTM
369 and Cr Mo see pipe
Pipe
Grade 1
E7018
E70S-3-6
E7XT-1
ASTM grade 2
Pressure E8018-C3
A372 vessel forgings
1-2-3-4
grade 3
E8018-B2
grade 4
E11018-M
ASTM E7018
Low alloy steel
A374 strip E70S-3/6
A375 E7XT-1
ASTM Austenitic
376 Stainless pipe see pipe
If you tried to repair the armor plate cracked welds which had extensive martensitic formation
in their HAZ, more cracks would instantly occur from the weld repair heat input. What would
you recommend to resolve this multi-million dollar issue. This was my first consulting job and
it was a real welding challenge.
Item 6a. The Self Teaching MIG Book/ Video. (MIG Made Simple
in English).
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