Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presented the method of research being used, the research

design, the locale of the study, the research of participants, the research

instrumentation, data gathering procedure, qualitative analysis, rigors of

qualitative research and the ethical considerations employed by the research in

conducting the study.

Research Design

The researchers employed the phenomenology which spotlighted on the

meaning of the experiences, behaviour and narrative. According to Lincoln

(2015) states that the qualitative research study things in their natural

settings,attempting to make sense or interpret phenomena in terms of the

meanings people bring to them. It involves the studied use and collection of a

variety of empirical materials case study, personal experience, introspective, life

story interview, observational, historical, interactional and visual texts-that

describe the routine and problematic moments and meaning in individuals lives.

A phenomenology is an approach to approach to qualitative research focuses on

the commonality of a lived experience within a particular group. The fundamental

goal of the approach is to arrive at a description of the nature of the particular

phenomenon (Creswell, 2017)

Typically, interviews are conducted with a group of individuals who have

first-hand knowledge of an event, situation or experience (Maxwell,2015).

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Locale

The study was conducted at the Irineo L. Santiago National High School of

Metro Dadiangas (ILSNHSMD), General Santos City, School year 2018-2019.

that offers Techvoc-track (CSS).

Participants

The participants of the study are composed of 10 students from both two

sections of 11-CSS in Irineo L Santiago National High School of Metro

Dadiangas. Eachparticipants are chosen based on their characteristic and the

objective of the study through purposive sampling.

The purposive sampling of this study was to investigate the Senior High

School students particularly in Grade 11CSS Honor students in giving their

motivations for cyberbullying. Despite of priliminary efforts to investigate

motivations for cyberbullying,researchers often believe that they can obtain a

representative sample by using a sound judgment, which will result in saving time

and money.Alternatively, purposive sampling method may prove to be effective

when only limited numbers of people can serve as primary data sources due to

the nature of research design and aims and objectives.(Siegle,2010).

A random sampling of this study is refers to the selection of individuals, units

and settings to be studied. This study is interested in the experiences of

cyberbullying among selected students of Grade 11CSS, interviewing a random

sample of 10 people or participants may yield only one victim survivor.

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Research Instrumentation

In distinguishing the experiences of cyberbullying among Grade 11-CSS

student of ILSNHSMD, participants were answer the interview guide validated by

the two teachers in qualitative research.

During the conduct of the study, the researchers use face-to-face interview

and using a digital recording in gathering data. Face-to-face interview is

probably the most popular and oldest form of survey data collection. It has

continued to be the best form of data collection when one wants to minimize

nonresponse and maximize the quality of the data collected.

Face-to-face interviews are often used to solicit information in projects that

can be considered to be very sensitive, for example, data collection on sexual

behaviors. This entry describes the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-

face interviewing along with basic operational considerations for successful

interviews (Lavrakas,2011).

Data Gathering Procedure

The following steps are undertaken by the investigator in the conduct study:

1. Initial Stage- The investigator wrote a letter to the principal regarding to the

conduct of the study. Upon the approval of the Principal, the advisers were

informed in the study conducted.

2. Actual Implementation Stage- At this stage, These are carried out one with an

interviewer and interviewee. Individual interviews are often described as a

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continuum, from structured to semi-structured to unstructured which allows

probing and clarification of issues that are raised. With a semi-structured

interview format l, the agenda is relatively set, but the interviewer is free to follow

the respondent's train of thought and to explore tangential areas that may arise.

The interviewer may rephrase the questions and how they are asked depending

on the individual participants.

3. Post Implementation Stage- The investigator transcribed the data using

Colaizzi'sSeven steps in phenomenological analysis gathered in discussion of

interviewing group.

Research Analysis

1. Familiarisation. The researchers familiarised him or herself with the data, by

reading through all the participant accounts several times.

2. Identifying Significant Statements. The researcher identified all statements in

the accounts that are of direct relevance to the phenomenon under investigation.

3. Formulating Meanings. The researcher identified meanings relevant to the

phenomenon that arise from a careful consideration of the significant statements.

The researcher must reflexively "bracket" his or her pre-suppositions to stick

closely to the phenomenon as experienced (through Colaizzirecognises that

complete bracketing is never possible).

4. Clustering Themes. The researcher clustered the identified meanings into

themes that are common across all accounts. Again bracketing of pre-
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suppositions is crucial, especially to avoid any potential influence of existing

theory.

5. Developing An Exhausted Description. The researcher wrote a full and

inclusive description of the phenomenon, incorporating all the themes produced

at step 4.

6. Producing The Fundamental Structure. The researcher condensed the

exhaustive description down to a short, dense statement that captures just those

aspects deemed to be essential to the structure of the phenomenon.

7. Seeking Verification of The Fundamental Structure. The researcher returned

the fundamental structure statement to all participants (or something a

subsample in larger studies) to ask whether it captures their experience. He or

she may go back and modify earlier steps in the analysis in the light of this

feedback.

Rigors of Qualitative Research

In proving the reliability and credibility of a research study, Lincoln and

Guba (1980), proposed the trustworthiness of a research study is important to

evaluating its worth and making the study essential. Trustworthiness involves

establishing:

1.Credibility - It is involved in establishing that the results of the research are

believable. This is a classic example of 'quality'. It depends more on the richness

of the information gathered, rather than the amount of data gathered. There are

many techniques to gauge the accuracy of the findings, such as data

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triangulation through multiple analysis and 'member checks'. In reality the

participants/readers are the only ones who can reasonably judge the credibility of

the results.

2.Transferability–It refers to the degree in which the research can be transferred

to other contexts, this section is defined by readers of the research. The reader

notes the specific details of the research situation that they are more familiar

with. If the specifics are comparable, the original research would be deemed

more credible. It is essential that the original researcher supplies a highly

detailed description of their situation and methods.

3.Dependability - ensures that the research findings are consistent and could be

repeated. This is measured by the standard of which the research are conducted

analysed and presented. Each process in the study should be reported in detail

to enable an external researcher to repeat the inquiry and achieve similar results.

This also enables researchers to understand the methods and their

effectiveness.

4.Confirmability - questions how the research findings are supported by the data

collected. This is a process to establish whether the researcher has been bias

during the study; this is due to the assumption that qualitative research allows the

research to bring a unique perspective to the study. An external researcher can

judge whether this is the case by studying the data collected during the original

inquiry. To enhance the confirmability of the initial conclusion, and audit trail can

be completed throughout the study to demonstrate how each decision was

made.(Korstjens& Moser, 2016)

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Ethical Consideration

There are various things to be considered in working with qualitative

research which will manage and exhibited the researcher’s behaviour during the

conduct of the study. Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible

conduct of research. In addition, it educates and monitors in conducting research

to ensure a high ethical standard. This included the honestly report data, results,

methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or

misrepresent data, strive to avoid bias in experimental design, keep the promises

and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action,

avoid careless errors and negligence, protect confidential communications, such

as papers or grants submitted for publication, responsible publication,

responsible mentoring, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, competence,

legality, and human subjects protection. During the conduct of the study, the

researchers were careful not to offend the participants and respect the

participant’s privacy and solitudes. The participants responses was carefully

taken care of and protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publications. To attain the trust of the participants, the researcher's

was informed regarding the conduct of the study before the actual interview and

right after the permission given by the principal. The researchers rigorously

justified to the participants the purpose and significance of the conduct of the

study and how the participants responses can contribute to the improvement of

the nature of the study.