3-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING

1. Introduction to 3D Printing

3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three

dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is also known as rapid
prototyping, is a mechanized method whereby 3D objects are quickly made on a reasonably sized
machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object. The 3D printing concept of
custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone. This revolutionary method for creating 3D
models with the use of inkjet technology saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print
and glue together separate model parts. Now, you can create a complete model in a single process
using 3D printing. The basic principles include materials cartridges, flexibility of output, and
translation of code into a visible pattern.

1.1 Typical 3D Printer

3D Printers are machines that produce physical 3D models from digital data by printing
layer by layer. It can make physical models of objects either designed with a CAD program or
scanned with a 3D Scanner. It is used in a variety of industries including jewelry, footwear, industrial
design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical
industries, education and consumer products.

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2. History of 3d Printing

The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first developed by Charles
Hull in 1984. He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the technique in 1986.
While Stereo lithography systems had become popular by the end of 1980s, other similar technologies such
as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) were introduced.

In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented another technology, named "3
Dimensional Printing techniques", which is similar to the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers.

In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys, "Actual 2100" from 3D

Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation were introduced. In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough
product, named Spectrum Z510, which was the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market.

Another breakthrough in 3D Printing occurred in 2006 with the initiation of an open source project,
named Reprap, which was aimed at developing a self-replicating 3D printer.

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3. Current 3D Printing Technologies

3.1 Stereo lithography:

Stereo lithographic 3D printers (known as SLAs or stereo lithography apparatus) position a

perforated platform just below the surface of a vat of liquid photo curable polymer. A UV laser beam then
traces the first slice of an object on the surface of this liquid, causing a very thin layer of photopolymer to
harden. The perforated platform is then lowered very slightly and another slice is traced out and hardened by
the laser. Another slice is then created, and then another, until a complete object has been printed and can be
removed from the vat of photopolymer, drained of excess liquid, and cured.

Fused deposition modeling - Here a hot thermoplastic is extruded from a temperature-controlled

print head to produce fairly robust objects to a high degree of accuracy.

3.2 Selective laser sintering (SLS):

This builds objects by using a laser to selectively fuse together successive layers of a
cocktail of powdered wax, ceramic, metal, nylon or one of a range of other materials.

3.3 Multi-jet modeling (MJM):

This again builds up objects from successive layers of powder, with an inkjet-like print head used to
spray on a binder solution that glues only the required granules together. The V-Flash printer, manufactured
by Canon, is low-cost 3D printer. It’s known to build layers with a light-curable film. Unlike other printers,
the Flash builds its parts from the top down. Desktop Factory is a startup launched by the Idea lab incubator
in Pasadena, California.

3.4 Inkjet 3D printing:

It creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder (plaster, or
resins) and inkjet printing binder in the cross-section of the part. It is the most widely used 3-
D Printing technology these days and the reasons beyond that are stated below.
This technology is the only one that
 Allows for the printing of full color prototypes.
 Unlike stereo lithography, inkjet 3D printing is optimized for speed, low cost, and
ease-of-use.
 No toxic chemicals like those used in stereo lithography are required.
 Minimal post printing finish work is needed; one needs only to use the printer itself to
blow off surrounding powder after the printing process.
 Allows overhangs and excess powder can be easily removed with an air blower.

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4. MANUFACTURING A MODEL WITH THE 3D PRINTER

The model to be manufactured is built up a layer at a time. A layer of powder is automatically

deposited in the model tray. The print head then applies resin in the shape of the model. The layer dries solid
almost immediately. The model tray then moves down the distance of a layer and another layer of power is
deposited in position, in the model tray. The print head again applies resin in the shape of the model, binding
it to the first layer. This sequence occurs one layer at a time until the model is complete.

4.1 ALGORITHM:

The algorithm used in the Inkjet 3-D Printing is depicted in the figure mentioned below.

FIGURE 4.1.1

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5. WORK FLOW

The workflow can be easily understood with the help of the flowchart given below.

A 3-D prototype of a desired object is created in three basic steps and these steps are:

 Pre-Process

 3-D Printing

 Post-Process

FIGURE 5.1

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6. PROCESS

6.1 CAD Preparation (Pre-Process):

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and

drafting (CADD), is used to prepare a 3-D or 2-D model of the desired object. Modern CAD
packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed
object from any desired angle.
Most 3D printers require a special file (typically .stl format) to print. Additionally,
we need to modify the design to make up for limitations of the printer and build material.

FIGURE 6.1.1

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6.2 3D Printing:

The 3D printer runs automatically, depositing materials at layers ~.003″ thick.

This is roughly the thickness of a human hair or sheet of paper. The time it takes to print a given
object depends primarily on the height of the design, but most designs take a minimum of several
hours. The average cost for printing a full color prototype is somewhere between 50 - 100 $.

FIGURE 6.2.1

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6.3 Cleaning 3D Printouts (Post-Process):

Every 3D printer uses some sort of material to support parts of the design that have an
overhang. Some printers use a loose powder which can be blown off and reused in future models.

FIGURE 6.3.1

Here you have the “Han Solo in Carbonate” stage…

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6.3.1Powder Removal:
This is the sculpture with most of the support dust removed and it is then dipped in special glue that
makes them stronger and more colorful.

FIGURE 6.3.1.1

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6.3.2 Heating
The models are heated to set the glue. It is funny to see the oven in this picture is a standard
consumer grade.

FIGURE 6.3.2.1

6.3.3 Finishing Touches

The output of all existing 3D printers is rough. The textures vary from pronounced “wood grain”
to merely “sandy”, With a little elbow grease you can get stunning results.

FIGURE 6.3.3.1
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7. Benefits of 3D Printing

The most successful companies have adopted 3D printing as a critical part of the iterative
design process to:

Increase Innovation
 Print prototypes in hours, obtain feedback, refine designs and repeat the cycle until designs are
perfect.

Improve Communication
 Hold a full color, realistic 3D model in your hands to impart infinitely more information than a
computer image.
 Create physical 3D models quickly, easily and affordably for a wide variety of applications.

Speed Time to Market

 Compress design cycles by 3D printing multiple prototypes on demand, right in your office.

Reduce Development Costs

 Cut traditional prototyping and tooling costs.
 Identify design errors earlier.
 Reduce travel to production facilities.

Win Business
 Bring realistic 3D models to prospective accounts, sponsors and focus groups

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8. Applications

8.1 Design Prototypes:

 3-Dimensional Printing concept model, functional prototypes and presentation models for
evaluating and refining design, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results and packaging.

FIGURE 8.1.1

Now, here we have created a dummy of a Nokia mobile phone for further study and
demonstration:

 Size: 3.5 x 2 x 0.7 inches

 (9 x 5 x 2 cm)
 Printing Time: 0.5 hours

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8.2 Education:
 Engage students by bringing digital
concepts into the real world, turning
their ideas into real-life 3D color models
that they can actually hold in their
hands.

Here an electronic device circuit

has come to life with the help of a 3-D
Printer:

 Size: 8 x 5 x 2.5 inches

 (20 x 13 x 6 cm)
 Printing Time: 3 hours

FIGURE 8.2.1
8.3 Healthcare:

Rapidly produce 3D models to reduce

operating time, enhance patient and physician
communications, and improve patient outcomes.

A 3-D Prototype of the horizontal crossection

of a human skull has been prepared to allow its
better study:

 Size: 9.8 x 7.9 x 3.9 inches

 (25 x 20 x 10 cm)
 Printing Time: 5.5 hours

FIGURE 8.3.1

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9.3D Printing Success Story

Camera mounts for the M1 tank and Bradley fighting vehicle were built and tested
directly from digital files using the Dimension 3D Printer.

FIGURE 9.1

A 3D printer proved to be a valuable

asset and played a key role in developing concepts
for the AMP Research Alloy Fuel Door for General
Motors' Hummer H2 sport utility vehicle.

FIGURE 9.2
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10.Conclusion

Nothing communicates ideas faster than a three-dimensional part or model. With a

3D printer you can bring CAD files and design ideas to life – right from your desktop. Test form, fit
and function – and as many design variations as you like – with functional parts.

In an age in which the news, books, music, video and even our communities are all the
subjects of digital dematerialization, the development and application of 3D printing reminds us that
human beings have both a physical and a psychological need to keep at least one foot in the real
world. 3D printing has a bright future, not least in rapid prototyping (where its impact is already
highly significant), but also in medicine the arts, and outer space. Desktop 3D printers for the home
are already a reality if you are prepared to pay for one and/or build one yourself. 3D printers capable
of outputting in color and multiple materials also exist and will continue to improve to a point where
functional products will be able to be output. As devices that will provide a solid bridge between
cyberspace and the physical world, and as an important manifestation of the Second Digital
Revolution, 3D printing is therefore likely to play some part in all of our futures.

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11. REFRENCES

Articles:

 The object of 3D printing

—from Advertising & Marketing Review
 Printers produce copies in 3D —from BBC NEWS

 'Gadget printer' promises industrial revolution

–from NewScientist.com
From different websites including dimensionprinting.com,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing, etc.

Major 3D printer companies:

 Z Corporation
 3D System
 Xpress3D
 Dimensions Printing

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