Experiment # 01:

The Working of a single phase power system and its theoretical variation through per
unit analysis
Objective:
To observe the working of a single phase power system and its theoretical variation through per unit
analysis.
Requirement:
MATLAB software
Lap Top
Theory:
The Per Unit System:
Power-system quantities such as voltage, current, power, and impedance are often expressed in per-
unit or percent of specified base values.
One advantage of the per-unit system is that by properly specifying base quantities, the transformer equivalent
circuit can be simplified. The ideal transformer winding can be eliminated, such that voltages, currents, and
external impedances and admittances expressed in per-unit do not change when they are referred from one
side of a transformer to the other. This can be a
significant advantage even in a power system of moderate size, where hundreds of transformers may be
encountered. The per-unit system allows us to avoid the possibility of making serious calculation errors when
referring quantities from one side of a transformer to the other. Another advantage of the per-unit system is
that the per-unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie within a narrow numerical
range when the equipment ratings are used as base values. Because of this, per-unit impedance data can be
checked rapidly for gross errors by someone familiar with per-unit quantities. In addition, manufacturers
usually specify the impedances of machines and transformers in per-unit or percent of nameplate rating.
Per-unit quantities are calculated as follows:
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
where actual quantity is the value of the quantity in the actual units. The base value has the same units as the
actual quantity, thus making the per-unit quantity dimensionless. Also, the base value is always a real number.
Therefore, the angle of the per-unit quantity is the same as the angle of the actual quantity. Two independent
base values can be arbitrarily selected at one point in a power system. Usually the base voltage 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 and
base complex power 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1∅ are selected for either a single-phase circuit or for one phase of a three phase
circuit. Then, in order for electrical laws to be valid in the per-unit system, the following relations must be
used for other base values:

In above equations the subscripts LN and 1∅ denote ‘‘line-to-neutral’’ and ‘‘per-phase,’’ respectively, for
three-phase circuits. These equations are also valid for single-phase circuits, where subscripts can be omitted.
By convention, we adopt the following two rules for base quantities:
1. The value of 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1∅ is the same for the entire power system of concern.
 2. The ratio of the voltage bases on either side of a transformer is selected to be the same as the ratio of
the transformer voltage ratings.
With these two rules, a per-unit impedance remains unchanged when referred from one side of a transformer
to the other.
One Line Diagram with Parameters:

Figure 1:One line Diagram

Procedure:
 Start MATLAB and go to Start -> Simulink -> Sim Power Systems -> Block Library.
 Open a new file by clicking file ->new->model or pressing ctrl +n.
 Take Voltmeter and Multimeter from measurements section of block library.
 Take Transformer, RLC branch and ground node from Elements section.
 Take AC voltage Source from sources section.
 Also paste the ‘power gui’ from the block library Sim Power Systems in your file.
 You may also connect Scope with voltmeters and ammeter. Scope can be taken from Simulink ->
Commonly Used Blocks.
 Make the connections as shown in the figure 2.
 Set the values of various blocks as instructed below.
 Run the Simulation
 Open Power gui window and observe values of voltages and currents in ‘Steady State Voltages and
currents’ section.
 Enter the values observed in step 2 in observations given below.
Values of Different Parameters:
Source: Voltage peak =√2 × 220 Vrms, Frequency = 50 Hz, Measurement: voltage
T1: 30kVA, 240/480V, R=0 p.u., X=0.1p.u. Measurement: all voltages and currents
T2: 20kVA, 460/115V, R=0 p.u., X=0.1p.u. Measurement: all voltages and currents
Transmission Line = X = 2 Measurement: branch voltage and current
Load (also made from series RLC branch) = 0.9+0.2j Measurement: branch voltage and current
Power Gui Block: Check ‘Discretize Electrical model’ & set Sample time = 0.0002
Simulated Figure in MATLAB:

Figure 2: One line Figure in MATLAB

Figure 3: Steady State Value of System

Observation Table:
Parameters Values Parameters Values Parameters Values
V source 220 V rms T1 Primary 220 V rms T1 Secondary 439.98 V rms
Voltage Voltage
T2 Primary 423.66 V rms T 2 Secondary 105.91 V rms V line 57.82 V rms
Voltage Voltage
V load 105.91 V rms I load 114.85 A rms I line 28.76 A rms
Table 1: Experiment No 01
Home Task:
Solve the above system using per unit analysis, calculate and compare the values measured in
observation sets.
Solution:
Manually by hand
Experiment # 02:
The working of a three phase power system and its theoretical
variation through per unit analysis
Objective:
To observe the working of a three phase power system and its theoretical variation through per unit
analysis
Requirement:
 MATLAB software
 Lap Top
Theory:
The per unit system for three phase systems:
The three phase problems involving balanced systems can be solved on a per unit basis. In that case,
the equations that are developed for single phase system can be used for three phase system as long as per
phase values are used consistently. Therefore,
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁

(VbaseLN )2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
Sbase1
Note that, for a balance system:
VbaseL−L
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 =
√3
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 =
3
However, it has been customary in three phase system analysis to use line to line voltage and three phase volt-
amperes as the base values. Therefore,
Sbase3
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
√3𝑉𝑏 𝐿−𝐿
(VbL−L )2
Zbase = Sbase3
The per unit impedance of the transformer remains same without taking into account whether it is converted
from physical impedance values that are that are found by referring to high voltage side or low voltage side
of the transformer. This can be accomplished by selecting separate appropriate base values for each side of
the transformer. In other words, the design per unit impedance values of transformer based on rating of the
coil. Since the rating of the coil cannot alter by simile change in connection. The per-unit impedance remains
the same regardless of the three phase connection.
One Line Diagram Three Phase Circuit:

Figure 4:One line Diagram of three per unit system

Procedure:
 Start MATLAB and go to start Simulink Sim Power systems block library
 Open a new file by clicking file new model
 Take three phase VI measurement and Multimeter from measurement section of block library.
 Take three phase transformer, RLC branch and ground node from element section.
 Take three phase AC voltage source from source section.
 Also paste the “power gui” from the block library sim power system in file.
 Scope may also connect with voltmeter and ammeter. Scope can be taken from
 Simulink commonly used blocks.
 Make the connection
 Set the values of various blocks as instructed below.
 Run the simulation.
 Open the power gui window and observe values of voltage and current in steady state voltage and
current section
 Change values of different parameters and repeat the process
Values of different parameters
Source: Vrms = 13.2KV, Frequency = 50 Hz, Yg, Base voltage = 13.2KV
T1: 50MVA, 13.2/132KV, R = 0pu, X= 0.1pu, Measurement: all voltages and currents
T2: 45MVA, 132/11KV, R = 0pu, X= 0.1pu, Measurement: all voltages and currents
Transmission line =X=20+30j, Measurement: branch voltage and current
Load (also made from series RLC branch) = 3+4j, Measurement: branch voltage and current
Power gui block: Check ‘discreet electrical model’ and set sample time =0.0002 .write the values
Simulated Figure in MATLAB:

Figure 5: Simulated three phase figure in MATLAB

Set 1:
Set 2: Now change the values as Transmission line=10+15j, load=1+3j
Observation Table:
Set 1:
Parameters Values Parameters Values Parameters Values
V source 7621.02 V rms T1 Primary 6295.24 V rms T1 Secondary 62944.95
Voltage Voltage V rms
T2 Primary 59940.20 V T 2 Secondary 4994.33 V rms V line 3009.21 V rms
Voltage rms Voltage
V load 4994.33 V rms I load 998.59 A rms I line 83.43 A rms

Set 2: Now change the values as Transmission line=10+15j, load=1+3j

Parameters Values Parameters Values Parameters Values
 V source 7621.02 V rms T1 Primary 5569.73V rms T1 Secondary 55684.97
Voltage Voltage V rms
T2 Primary 53631.25 V T 2 Secondary 4468.12 V rms V line 2125.50 V rms
Voltage rms Voltage
V load 4468.12 V rms I load 1412.85 A rms I line 117.91 A rms

Home Task:
Solve the above system using per unit analysis, calculate and compare the values measured in
observation sets.
Solution:
Manually by hand

Experiment # 03:
Introduction to Power World Simulator
Objective:
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Overview PWS:
Simulator seamlessly integrates two functions once commonly separated in power flow software.
Graphical power system case editor. Power Flow package with many related analysis tools. Contingency
Analysis, Time‐Step Simulation, Sensitivity Analysis, Loss Analysis, Fault Analysis, OPF, PVQV, ATC,
SCOPF. Also, Transient Stability and Distributed Computing have recently become available
Provide a better understanding of how to use Power World Simulator for power system analysis and
visualization. Provide techniques for building good power system models and show how these techniques can
be used to analyze system issues.
Primary Goal of PWS make you aware of the capabilities of Simulator. We are frequently asked to
add features to Simulator that are already available. We want you to make the most of our software.
Procedure:
Starting power world simulator (PWS):
Double click on the power world simulator icon present on the desktop; a blank window will be opened. Now
click on the blue icon in the upper left corner and select ‘new case’. A white window will appear. Power world
simulator is started. The next step is to implement a simple power system in PWS.
Making a new power system in PWS:
Now we will make a power system in PWS. We will have to bring bus, generator, transmission line etc. in the
blank window to do so. So each element is discussed here separately. First make sure that ‘Edit Mode’ is
selected (present below the blue icon). Now go to the ‘Draw’ tab from the tabs present below the title bar.
Now we can insert any element from the network menu.
Bus: Select network->bus. Now in the white window click at any point where you want to place the bus. As
soon as you click it a dialogue box as shown below will appear.

Keep the name and size etc. of the bus to the default value. Go to the ‘bus information’ tab and check the
‘system slack bus’ option. Click ‘ok’ to close the dialogue box. Now you can see the bus visible in the white
window.
Generator: Select network-> generator. Now in the white window click at bus1 so that generator will be
attached to bus1. As soon as you click it a dialogue box as shown below will appear.
For the present case insert ‘500’ in the MW output box. Keep the remaining information to the default value
and click ‘ok’. Now you can see the generator connected to bus1. Now select another bus (bus2) by following
the same steps mentioned for bus1. But this time do not check the ‘system slack bus’ option.
Load: Select network-> load. Now in the white window click at bus2 so that generator will be attached to
bus2. As soon as you click it a dialogue box as shown below will appear.

Put ‘300’ and ‘100’ in ‘MW value’ and ‘MVAr value’ respectively under constant power option. You can
change the orientation to ‘up’, ‘right’ etc as desired. Click ‘ok’ to close the dialogue box. Now load will be
visible attached to bus2.
Transmission Line:
Transmission line is always connected between two busses. Select network-> Transmission Line. Now in the
white window click at bus1 and drag your mouse to bus2 so that transmission line will be connected between
bus1 and bus2. As soon as you do it a dialogue box as shown below will appear. Put 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 for
series resistance, series reactance and shunt charging respectively (note that these values are in per unit). Put
1000 in Limit A under MVA limits. Click ok to close the dialogue box.
Similarly insert a bus3 of 13.8kV, connect transformers between bus2 and bus 3 and between bus1 and bus3
(transformer connection are similar to transmission line). Connect the other elements as shown in the following
figure.

Note: save your case periodically (save option is available in the blue icon menu of power world in the upper
left corner). Electricity fluctuations can make you lose your work if you do not save.
Adding Bus and Line Fields:
Values of voltage, power angle and power flow can be made visible on the transmission lines and busses. To
do so write click on any bus or transmission line, select the ‘add new fields around bus/line’ option; a dialogue
box will appear like the one below.
Click on any desired position and choose the quantity you want to make visible. Click ‘ok’ to finalize the
selection. Repeat the procedure and select other desired quantity. Do this practice for every element present
in the network.
Running the Simulation:
Having completed the power system, click on the run mode present just under the blue icon. Go to the ‘tools’
tab and click on the play button. Now you can see the power flow represented by the moving arrows. If you
have selected voltage, angle, MW flow and MVA flow on each transformer/ Transmission line, you will see
the actual values of these quantities on your network. Show your simulation to the instructor. Your first
simulation on PWS is complete. Now try to explore different options available in PWS and try to increase
your knowledge for this software.
Analysis:
After adding bus and line field and running simulation final diagram is

Home Task:
Questions:
1. What is the meaning of slack bus? State the other types of bus as well. Mention the type of each bus
in the above network.
Answer:
 In the above network bus 1 is slack bus, bus 3 is voltage controlled and bus 1 is load bus.
Slack Bus:
Slack bus also called reference bus or swing bus. Its angle should be standard. It is also used
to balance the active and reactive power in the system and serve as an angular reference for all other
busses in the system which is set to 0.The voltage magnitude is also assumed to be 1 p.u .
Load Bus (PQ bus):
It is the where may or ont be load connected. PQ are known and V and angle are unknown.
Real and reactive will be assume to be zero. This bus used to find out of voltage and angle. Power will
be flowing out thus the real and reactive power will be both negative.
Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus):
PV are known and Q and angle are unknown. These buses have a constant power generation
control through a prime mover and constant bus voltage. Mostly, controlled where generator
connected. We can say slack bus also voltage controlled bus.

2. What is the purpose and meaning of the circles present on each transformer and Transmission line.
How does they change when your click on play button?
Answer:
It is used as a breaker when the fault occurs at the transmission lines. They are used to disconnect the
faulted area from the main system.

3. What is the meaning of red boxes present at the corners of each element? Try to click on them and
observe the corresponding change. Write your findings here.
Answer:
It is used as a breaker when the fault occurs at the transmission lines. They are used to disconnect the
faulted area from the main system.
Experiment # 04:
To calculate the Line Flows and Line Losses
Objective:
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Losses in Power System:
Losses in electrical system can be determined in different ways. Electric technical losses occur as current
flows through resistive materials and the magnetizing energy in the lines transformers and motors. However,
the losses incurred in resistance materials can be reduced by adopting the following means
a. Reducing the current
b. reducing the resistance and the impedance
c. Minimizing voltages.
Electrical power system losses can be computed using several formulae in consideration of pattern of
generation and loads, by means of any of the following methods:
1. Computing transmission losses as I2R
2. By differential power loss method
3. By computing line flows and line losses.
4. Analysing system parameters
5. By using B-loss coefficient formula
6. Load flow simulation
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3𝐼 2 𝑅
Power Flow through the Transmission Line:
An important goal of power transmission systems is to reliably deliver power at constant voltages at
the receiving end under varying load conditions. The changes in load conditions result in changing the current
through the transmission line causing line drop to change. That result in fluctuations in the voltage at the
receiving end, which is undesirable. In the medium and long transmission lines, the line reactance is much
higher than the line resistance and, therefore, for all practical purposes the line resistance can safely ignored
and these lines are considered reactive in nature. From the power flow perspective, a higher line current for a
given transmission line means more reactive power absorbed by the line, which the source has to supply. If
the receiving end, somehow, provides some of the reactive power absorbed by the lines, it would reduce the
burden on the source thus reducing the line current and the line drop.
One Line Diagram in PWS:

Figure 6: One-line diagram of power system with line flows and line losses
Procedure:
 Double-click on the power world simulator icon to start the program. Then go to File > New Case.
 Go to Draw > Network and select Bus. Click on the one-line background at desired location. Enter
Bus name as one, nominal voltage as 138 KV, and orientation as Right. Go to tab Bus Information
select as Slack Bus. Click OK.
 Go to Draw > Network and select Generator. Click on the Bus one to attach the generator. Enter
Generator MW output as 413 MW. Go to tab Display information and select orientation down. To save
the case go to File > Save Case.
 Insert bus two by repeating the same procedure done for inserting bus one. Insert Load at bus two of
values 200 MW, 100 MVAR. Select orientation as Up.
 Repeat the steps to insert another bus three somewhere on the bottom side of Bus one. Enter nominal
voltage= 69 kV.
 Go to Draw > Network and select Transformer. Click on Bus 2 and then draw a line to Bus 3. Enter
the parameters Series Resistance =0.02, Series Reactance(X)=0.08, Shunt Charging=0.1
 Repeat the above steps to insert transformer between Bus1 and Bus 3.
 Insert Generator at bus 3 and enter value 300 MW and select orientation down.
 Insert Load at bus 3 of value as 400 MW, 200 MVAR. Select orientation as Up.
 Insert switched shunt capacitor bank of 10 MVAR at bus 3 and select the orientation Up.
 Save the case
Inserting Additional Fields:
 Go to Draw > Field and select Transmission Line Field.
 Click on the place near bus one. A box appears with different field options as shown in the figure.
 Enter 1 in the Near Bus and 2 in the Far Bus. Enter 4 in the Total Digits in Field and 2 in the Digits
to Right of Decimal. Select Field value as MW Flow
 Repeat the above three steps to insert another transmission line field near bus one and select Mvar
flow.

 In order to find transmission line losses, insert transmission line fields on the midpoint of transmission
line between bus 1 and 2. Enter 4 in the Total Digits in Field and 2 in the Digits to Right of Decimal.
Select Field value as MW Losses.
  Repeat the above step and select Mvar Losses.
 Similarly insert transmission line fields (MW Flow and Mvar Flow) near bus 2. Make sure that 2 is
entered in the Near Bus and 1 is entered in the Far Bus. Enter 4 in the Total Digits in Field and 2 in
the Digits to Right of Decimal.
 By following the same procedure find all the unknown quantities indicated in the fig. 6. And match all
the results of line flows and line losses as given in Fig. 7.
Analysis:

Figure 7: Results of line flows and line losses of the power system

Experiment # 05:
Admittance matrix (Ybus) formulation in PWS and MATLAB
Objective:
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Admittance Matrix (Ybus):
Bus admittance matrix (YBus) for an n-bus power system is square matrix of size n × n. The diagonal
elements represent the self or short circuit driving point admittances with respect to each bus. The off-diagonal
elements are the short circuit transfer admittances (or) the admittances common between any two numbers of
buses. In other words, the diagonal element yii of the YBus is the total admittance value with respect to the ith
bus and yik is the value of the admittance that is present between ith and kth buses.
In power engineering, nodal admittance matrix (or just admittance matrix) or Y Matrix or Ybus is an
N x N matrix describing a power system with N buses. It represents the nodal admittance of the buses in a
power system. In realistic systems which contain thousands of buses, the Y matrix is quite sparse. Each bus
in a real power system is usually connected to only a few other buses through the transmission lines. The Y
Matrix is also one of the data requirements needed to formulate a power flow study.
In general the format of the Ybus matrix for an n-bus power system is as follows

Where

It is to be noted that Ybus is a symmetric matrix in which the sum of all the elements of the kth column is Ykk.
One Line Diagram for Ybus:

Figure 8: Diagram for Ybus

Procedure Network Formation:
 Open the power world simulator, take new case.
 Implement the above circuit by inserting the impedance values as given.
 The properties of different elements are as follows Bus1: 138kV, slack bus Bus2: 138kV Bus3:
13.8kV
 Generator at bus1: Enter any random value in the MW and MVAR boxes (as it is attached to slack
bus, it will adjust its power according to the requirement). Now go to the ‘fault parameters’ tab in the
properties, the tab will look like the following fig:
  Now enter the values in different boxes as entered in the fig above.
 Generator at bus2: MW a shown in the fig.1; go to the ‘fault parameters’ and enter ‘1.0’ in the
reactance value boxes under positive, negative, zero and neutral to ground impedance.
 Transmission line b/w bus 1 and 2: reactance 0.5, MVA limit A: 50
 Transformer b/w bus1 and 3: reactance 0.2 MVA limit A: 50
 Transformer b/w bus2 and 3: reactance 0.4 MVA limit A: 50
 Go to case information ->solution details -> Ybus. Or go to fault analysis option and see the positive
sequence y bus.
 Save Y bus in MATLAB format from the file drop down menu->save y bus or Jacobean.
 Now compute manually Y bus for the system and match the results.
Observations:
Ybus from PWS Ybus from manual calculations
−𝑗8 𝑗2 𝑗5
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [ 𝑗2 −𝑗5.75 𝑗2.5 ]
𝑗5 𝑗2.5 −𝑗7.5

Manually Solution:
Y-bus
𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 ]
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33
𝑦10 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 −𝑦12 −𝑦13
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [ −𝑦21 𝑦20 + 𝑦21 + 𝑦23 −𝑦23 ]
−𝑦31 −𝑦32 𝑦30 + 𝑦31 + 𝑦32
−𝑗1 − 𝑗2 − 𝑗5 −(−𝑗2) −(−𝑗5)
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [ −(−𝑗2) −𝑗1.25 − 𝑗2 − 𝑗2.5 −(−𝑗2.5) ]
−(−𝑗5) −(−𝑗2.5) −0𝑗 − 𝑗5 − 𝑗2.5
−𝑗8 𝑗2 𝑗5
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [ 𝑗2 −𝑗5.75 𝑗2.5 ]
𝑗5 𝑗2.5 −𝑗7.5
Ybus as a Jacobian save in MATLAB:
Jac = sparse(6);
Jac(1,1)= 1.00000;
 Jac(4,4)= 1.00000;
Jac(2,3)= -2.34670;
Jac(2,6)= 0.04676;
Jac(2,2)= 4.34591;
Jac(2,5)= 0.10000;
Jac(5,5)= 1.00000;
Jac(3,3)= 7.04072;
Jac(6,6)= 6.58332;
Jac(3,2)= -2.34670;
Jac(3,5)= -0.04390;
Jac(6,2)= 0.04390;
Jac(6,5)= -2.34670;

Home Task:
Use the same bus data and code it for Y-bus formulation in MATLAB and show it in next lab. To
input bus data to the Ybus code, a separate m file will be made in the following format
S E R X
Where S is the starting bus, E is the ending bus, R is the value of resistance of branch while X is its reactance.
e.g. to input the data of branch between bus 1 and bus 2 in the above figure, the data will be written as
1 2 0.5 0.25
Similarly the data of branch between bus 2 and bus3 will be written in the next line and so on .Using these
values formulate the complete Ybus matrix. Your code should not be general and it should itself decide the
total number of busses present in the network.

MATLAB Code:
Code Ybus:
% Line Data for Y-Bus Formation.
% | From | To | R | X | B/2 |
% | Bus | Bus | | |
linedata = [3 1 0 0.25 0;
1 4 0 0.4 0;
4 2 0 0.2 0;
1 2 0 0.125 0;
2 3 0 0.25 0;];
fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...
z = r + i*x; % Z matrix...
 y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...
b = i*b; % Make B imaginary...
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % no. of buses...
nbranch = length(fb); % no. of branches...
Y = zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialise YBus...
% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...
for k=1:nbranch
Y(fb(k),tb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k))-y(k);
Y(tb(k),fb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for m =1:nbus
for n =1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
elseif tb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
Y % Bus Admittance Matrix...
Z = inv(Y)

Result:
Y=
0.0000 -14.5000i 0.0000 + 8.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 + 2.5000i
0.0000 + 8.0000i 0.0000 -17.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i
0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 - 8.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 7.5000i
Z=
1.0e+14 *
0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i
0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i
0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i
0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i 0.0000 - 5.6295i
Experiment # 06:
Verification of Kron Reduction of 4 bus power system through
Power World Simulator
Objective:
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Nodal Elimination by Kron Reduction:
Gaussian elimination removes the need for matrix inversion when solving the nodal equations of a
large-scale power system. At the same time it is also shown that elimination of variables is identical to network
reduction since it leads to a sequence of reduced-order network equivalents by node elimination at each step.
This may be important in analyzing a large interconnected power system if there is special interest in the
voltages at only s0me of the buses of t h e overall system.
The Kron Reduction is a relatively simple technique for eliminating nodes from a network when the voltage
or current at that node is zero.
Consider an equation of the form
Ax= b
where A is an ( n X n ) real or complex valued matrix, x and b are vectors in either Rn or Cn . Assume that
the b vector has a zero element in the n th row such that Ax= b is given as

We can then eliminate the kth row and kth column to obtain a reduced ( n - 1) number of equations of the
form
The elimination is performed using the following elementary operations
𝑎𝑗𝑝 𝑎𝑝𝑘
𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝑜𝑙𝑑 −
𝑎𝑝𝑝

Original Figure:

One Line Diagram in PWS:

Procedure Network Formation:

 Open the power world simulator and take new case.
 Implement the above circuit figure system by inserting the impedance values as given.
 The properties of different elements are as follows Bus1: 13.8kV, Slack bus Bus3: 138kV
Bus4: 138 kV Bus 1&2: 138 kV
 Generator at bus 3: Enter any random value in the MW and MVAR boxes (as it is attached to slack
bus, it will adjust its power according to the requirement). Now go to the ‘fault parameters’ tab in the
properties, the tab will look like the following fig :
 X= 1.25 positive, x=1 negative and x=1 zero
 Now go to “power and voltage control” tab and enter the set point voltage 1.25.
 Now enter the values in different boxes as entered in the fig above.
 Generator at bus 4: MW a shown in the fig.1; go to the ‘fault parameters’ and enter X= 1.25 positive,
x=1 negative and x=1 zero
 Now go to “power and voltage control” tab and enter the set point voltage 0.85
 Transmission line b/w bus 1 and 2: x=0.125 MVA limit A: 200
 Transmission line b/w bus3 and 2: x= 0.25, MVA limit A: 200
 Transmission line b/w bus 1 and 3: x=0.25, MVA limit A: 200
 Transmission line b/w bus 4 and 2: x= 0.2, MVA limit A: 200
 Transmission line b/w bus 1 and 4: x= 0.4, MVA limit A: 200
 Go to case information ->solution details -> Ybus. Or go to fault analysis option and see the positive
sequence y bus
Verification Krown Reduction:
 Go to “tools” tab and click on the “Equivalence” option as shown in Fig below.

 The bus we want to remove we click on it select the “External “option like Bus 2 as shown above fig.
 After that we click on “Create the Equivalent” there will open a window like this as shown fig 5 below.
  Then we check the following options as shown above fig.
 Remove external objects from online
 Delete empty Areas/Zones /Substation that occur from Equivalencing
 Then click on “Build Equivalent System” there will come a system in which 2nd bus is removed as
shown in fig below.

 Then again go to case information ->solution details -> Ybus. Or go to “fault analysis” option
and see the positive sequence y bus
Observations:

Ybus from PWS Ybus from manual calculations

−10.735𝑗 5.88𝑗 4.85𝑗
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = [ 5.88𝑗 −7.85𝑗 1.176𝑗 ]
4.85𝑗 1.176𝑗 −7.464𝑗

Home Task:
Solve the System which we get after Kron reduction by hand compare the results with Ybus from PWS
and attach the with manual submit in the lab.
Solution:
manually
Experiment # 07:
Gauss Seidel Method MATLAB Programming
Objective:
Requirement:
 MATLAB software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Consider a nonlinear equation of f(x)=0 with x being the variable. It can be rearranged to unknown
value like
x = g(x)
(𝑘)
If 𝑥 is a initial estimate of the variable x the following iterative sequence is formed.
𝑥 (𝑘+1) =𝑔(𝑥 (𝑘) )
Then at the end of the each iteration tolerance will be checked.
|𝑥 (𝑘+1) -𝑥 (𝑘) | ≤ 𝜖

dx=1;
x=input('Enter initial estimate');
iter=0;
disp('Iter g dx x');
while abs(dx)>=0.001 && iter <50
iter=iter+1;
g=-1/9*x^3+6/9*x^2+4/9;
dx=g-x;
x=x+dx;
fprintf('%g',iter)
disp([g,dx,x])
end

Example # 01:
Now for multiple equations
𝑥1 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 10
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 6
Solution:
These can be transformed like
10
𝑥1 =
1 + 𝑥2
𝑥2 = 6 − 𝑥1
(0) (0)
With initial estimate 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑥2 = 1, the iterative sequence becomes
(1) 10
𝑥1 = =5
1+1
 (1)
𝑥2 = 6 − 5 = 1
(2) 10
𝑥1 = =5
1+1
(2)
𝑥2 = 6 − 5 = 1
Via MATLAB Code:
x=input('Enter initial estimates [x1; x2] -> ');
dx=[1;1]
xc=x;
while max(abs(dx)) >=.001
xc(1)=10/(1+x(2));
xc(2)=6-xc(1);
dx=x-xc
x=xc
end
disp('Graphical display of of x1 and x2')
x2=0:.1:10;
x1=10*ones(1,length(x2))./(1+x2);
x3 =-x2+6;
plot(x2,x1,x2,x3),grid
Result:
Enter initial estimates [x1; x2] -> [1;1]
dx =
1
1
dx =
-4
0
x=
5
1
dx =
0
0
x=
5
1
Graphical display of x1 and x2:
Home Task:
The Gauss Seidel Method is an iterative algorithm for solving set of non-linear load flow equations. Non-
linear load flow equation is given by

The reactive power of system is given by

Write the program of Gauss seidal and solve for following circuit:
MATLAB Code:
% IMPLEMENTATION OF GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD IN MATLAB
% DESIGNED BY:
% SHAHID NADEEM 2015-EE-731
% CREATED: 12- May-2018
% SEMESTER # 6,
% SUBJECT: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
% MNS UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, MULTAN
format short g
disp (' TABLE 6.1 & 6.4 PAGE # 327 LINE DATA FOR EXAMPLE 6.9 ')
linedata=[1 2 0.01008, 0.05040, 3.815629, -19.078144, 10.25, 0.05125;
1 3 0.00744, 0.03720, 5.169561, -25.847809, 7.75, 0.03875;
2 4 0.00744, 0.03720, 5.169561, -25.847809, 7.75, 0.03875;
3 4 0.01272, 0.06360, 3.023705, -15.118528, 12.75, 0.06375];
disp (' TABLE 9.3 PAGE # 338 BUS DATA FOR EXAMPLE 9.2 ')
busdata=[1 0, 0, 50, 30.99, 1.00, 0 1;
2 0, 0, 170, 105.35, 1.00, 0 2;
3 0, 0, 200, 123.94, 1.00, 0 2;
4 318, 0 , 80, 49.58, 1.02, 0 3];
% Bus Type: 1.Slack Bus 2.PQ Bus 3.PV Bus
ss=i*linedata(:,8);
y=linedata(:,5)+i*linedata(:,6);
totalbuses = max(max(linedata(:,1)),max(linedata(:,2))); % total buses
totalbranches = length(linedata(:,1)); % no. of branches
ybus = zeros(totalbuses,totalbuses);
for b=1:totalbranches
ybus((linedata(b,1)),(linedata(b,2)))=-y(b);
ybus((linedata(b,2)),(linedata(b,1))) =ybus((linedata(b,1)),(linedata(b,2)));
end
for c=1:totalbuses
for d=1:totalbranches
if linedata(d,1) == c || linedata(d,2) == c
ybus(c,c) = ybus(c,c) + y(d) + ss(d);
end
end
end
disp('TABLE 9.3 PAGE # 338 BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX FOR EXAMPLE 9.2')
ybus;
z=zeros(totalbuses,4);
busnumber=busdata(:,1);
PG=busdata(:,2);
QG=busdata(:,3);
PL=busdata(:,4);
QL=busdata(:,5);
V=busdata(:,6);
VV=V;
ANG=busdata(:,7);
type = busdata(:,8);
P = (PG-PL)./100; % per unit active power at buses
Q = (QG-QL)./100; % per unit reactive power at buses
tol=1;
iter=0;
kk=input('Enter the tolerance for iteration ');
%alfa=input('Enter the value of ALPHA ');
alfa=1.6;
while tol > kk
for i = 2:totalbuses
YV = 0;
for k = 1:totalbuses
if i~=k
YV = YV + ybus(i,k)* V(k); % multiplying admittance & voltage
end
YV;
end
if busdata(i,8) == 3 %Calculating Qi for PV bus
%Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(YV + ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(YV + ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
busdata(i,3)=Q(i);
end
% end
V(i) = (1/ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-1i*Q(i))/conj(V(i)) - YV); % Compute Bus Voltages.
% Calculating Corrected Voltage for PV bus
if busdata(i,8) == 3
vc(i)=abs(VV(i))*(V(i)/abs(V(i)));
busdata(i,6)=vc(i);
V(i)=vc(i);
end
% Calculating Accelerated Voltage for PQ bus
if busdata(i,8) == 2
VACC(i)= VV(i)+alfa*(V(i)-VV(i));
busdata(i,6)=VACC(i);
V(i)=VACC(i);
end
%V(i)=V;
end
iter = iter + 1; % Increment iteration count.
tol = max(abs(abs(V) - abs(VV))); % Calculate tolerance.
VV = V;
end
Q;
iter;
YV;
 V;
%real(VACC')
z(1:totalbuses,1)=busdata(:,1);
z(1:totalbuses,2)=busdata(:,8);
z(1:totalbuses,3)=abs(busdata(:,6));
z(1:totalbuses,4)=radtodeg(angle(V));
disp(' Bus No. Bus Type Voltage Angle ');
z;

Conclusion:

Experiment # 08:
Load Flow Analysis by Gauss Seidel Method
Objective:
 To study load flow analysis of the given power system network by Gauss Seidel method using Power
World Simulator.
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Power-Flow Solution by Gauss–Seidal:
The Gauss Seidel Method is an iterative algorithm for solving set of non-linear load flow equations. Non-
linear load flow equation is given by

The reactive power of system is given by

Ik can be calculated from

One Line Diagram:

Bus Input Data for System:

Input Data and Unknowns:

Procedure:
 Open Power World Simulator and draw required circuit diagram bus is given
 Set value of generator(keep MW& MVAR Limit high), transmission lines, and buses according to
requirement
 Select Run mode > Tools > Solve > Gauss Seidel Power Flow
 Check different iteration of Gauss Seidel Method. For which you need to go to tools >simulator options
then click “Do only one iteration” shown below. [By default it will be unchecked and you will get just
the final solution].
  Now Set the MVAR limit to 200MVAR of Generator at bus 3 and go to tools->simulator options then
click “check immediately” and perform same experiment.

Analysis:
First Iteration
2nd Iteration:

Final Iteration:

Home Task:
DO your calculations by manually for 2 iterations of above diagram and compare the results.
Solution:
Manually by hand

Experiment # 09:
Load Flow Analysis by Newton Raphson Method
Objective:
To study load flow analysis of the given power system network by Newton Raphson method using
Power World Simulator.
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Power Flow by Newton Raphson:
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates the set of non-
linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor’s series expansion and
the terms are limited to first order approximation.
The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are given

Where the Jacobian matrix

And

Jacobian matrix elements

When

Use Gauss elimination and back substitution to solve

After solving above system of equation you need to update the values
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
 Open Power World Simulator and draw required circuit diagram.
 Set values of generator, transmission lines, and buses according to requirement.
 Select Run mode > Tools > Solve > Newton Raphson.
 Check different iteration of Gauss Seidel Method. For which you need to go to tools->simulator
options then click “Do only one iteration” shown below. [By default it will be unchecked and you will
get just the final solution].
 Show each iteration of PWS and calculation for only 2 iteration
Analysis:
First iteration:

2nd Iterartion:
Final Result:

Home Task:
DO your calculations by manually for 2 iterations and compare the results.

The Slack bus voltage is 𝑉1 = 1.05 0 p.u, and the bus voltage magnitude is |𝑉3 = 1.04|p.u. Starting with
(0) (0) (0)
an initial estimate of |𝑉2 |=1.0, 𝛿2 = 0.0, and 𝛿3 = 0.0.
Solution:
Manually by hand
Experiment # 10:
Three phase symmetrical faults
Objective:
Requirement:
 Power world Simulator software
 Lap Top
Theory:
Introduction:
A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current. Most faults on
transmission lines of 115 k V and higher are caused by lightning, which results in the flashover of insulators.
The high voltage between a conductor and the grounded supporting tower causes ionization, which pro-vides
a path to ground for the charge induced by the lightning stroke. Once the ionized path to ground is established,
the resultant low impedance to ground allows the flow of power current from the conductor to ground and
through the ground to the grounded neutral of a transformer or generator, thus completing the circuit. Line-to
-line faults not involving ground are less common.
Opening circuit breakers to isolate the faulted portion of the line from the rest of the system interrupts the flow
of current in the ionized path and allows deionization to take place. After an interval of about 20 cycles to
allow deionization, breakers can usually be reclosed without reestablishing the arc. Experience in the operation
of transmission lines has shown that ultra-high-speed reclosing breakers successfully rec1ose after most faults.
Of those cases where reclosing is not successful, many are caused by permanent fault s where reclosing would
be impossible regardless of the interval between opening and reclosing. Perm anent faults are caused by lines
being on the ground, by insulator strings breaking because of ice loads, by permanent damage to towers, and
by surge arrester failures.
Experience has shown that between 70 and 80% of transmission-line faults are single line-to-ground faults,
which arise from the flashover of only one line to the tower and ground. Roughly 5 % of all faults involve all
three phases. These are the so- called symmetrical three- phase faults. Other types of transmission-line faults
are li ne-to-line faults, which do not involve ground, and double line-la-ground faults. The currents which
flow in different parts of a power system immediately after the occurrence of a fault differ from those flowing
a few cycles later just before circuit breakers are called upon to open the line on both sides of the fault.
Transients in RL series circuit:
The selection of a circuit breaker for a power system depends not only on the current the breaker is to
carry under normal opera ting conditions, but also on the maxi mum current it may have to carry momentarily
and the current it may have to interrupt at the voltage of the line in which it is placed. In order to approach the
problem of calculating the initial current when a system is short-circuited, consider what happens when an AC
voltage is applied to a circuit containing cons tan t values of resistance and inductance. Let the applied voltage
be Vmax sin ( w t + a), where t is zero at the time of applying the voltage. Then, a determines the magnitude
of the voltage when the circuit is closed. If the instantaneous voltage is zero and increasing in a positive
direction when it is applied by closing a switch, a is zero. If the voltage is at its positive maximum
instantaneous value, a is pi/2. The differential equation is
The solution of this equation is

Fault calculations using Z bus:

Z bus is very important in fault calculations for a power system containing any number of buses. In
order to understand, consider a network show in figure and fault is occur at bus 2 and pre-fault voltage at bus
2 is Vf.
Z bus is very important in fault calculations for a power system containing any number of buses. In order to
understand, consider a network show in figure and fault is occur at bus 2 and pre-fault voltage at bus 2 is Vf.

Reactance diagram a power system with three phase fault at bus 2

 a power system with three phase fault at bus 2 simulated by Vf and –Vf in series

The prefix is chosen to indicate the changes in the voltages at the buses due to the current - If injected into bus
2 by the fault. The Z bus building algorithm, or some other means such as Y bus triangularization and
inversion, can be used to evaluate the bus impedance matrix. The changes in the bus voltages due to -If are
given by

The second row of this equation shows that

We recognize Z22 as the diagonal element of Z bus representing the the-venin impedance of the network at
bus 2 . Substituting the expression for If
Thus, the voltages at all buses of the network can be calculated using the pre-fault voltage Vf of the fault bus
and the elements in the column of Z bus corresponding to the fault bus. The calculated values of the bus
voltages will yield the sub transient currents in the branches of the ne t work if the system Z bus has been
formed with sub transient values for the machine reactances.
In more general terms, when the three-phase fault occurs on bus 2 of a large-scale network, we have

and neglecting pre-fault load currents, we can then write for the voltage at any bus j during the fault

we can calculate the sub transient current Iij “ from bus i to bus j in the line of impedance Zb connecting those
two buses,

One Line Diagram:

Procedure Network Formation:

 Open the power world simulator and implement the above circuit.
 The properties of different elements are as follows Bus1: 13.8kV, slack bus Bus2: 13.8kV Bus3:
138kV
  Generator at bus1: enter any random value in the MW and MVAR boxes (as it is attached to slack
bus, it will adjust its power according to the requirement).
 Now go to the ‘fault parameters’ tab in the properties.
 Now enter the values in different boxes.
 Generator at bus2: MW a shown in the fig.1; go to the ‘fault parameters’ and enter ‘1.0’ in the
reactance value boxes under positive, negative, zero and neutral to ground impedance.
 Transmission line b/w bus 1 and 2: reactance 0.5, MVA limit A: 500
 Transformer b/w bus1 and 3: reactance 0.2 MVA limit A: 500
 Transformer b/w bus2 and 3: reactance 0.4 MVA limit A: 500
 Running the fault analysis:
Having completely implemented the system, switch to the run mode, go the ‘tool’ ribbon and click on the
fault analysis button. This button is shown in the following fig:

On clicking this button a window will appear, similar to the following:

Vbus1 = 0.61926 Vbus2 = 0.38991 Vbus3 = 0.0000

I12 = 1.83184 I23 = 1.54815 I13 = 1.94951
Ig1= 3.63744 Ig2 = 3.33230 I load = 0.0000
Y bus matrix is

Y bus after manual calculation is

Analysis:
Fault at 3rd Bus:
Fault at 2nd Bus:

Task:
Manual Calculation:
For manual calculations we will use the Z bus matrix method to find different voltages and currents.
For this purpose form the Z bus matrix first. Z bus is calculated by taking invers of Y bus matrix using
MATLAB.
Z bus matrix is

Now note the pre-fault voltage of each bus. For this run the above system on PWS from the play button under
‘tools’ ribbon and see the voltages at each bus.
Pre- fault voltages:
V1 = 1pu V2 = 1pu V3 = 0.90pu
Now having found these voltages and Z bus matrix, calculate all the currents and voltages under fault
conditions
Vbus1 = 0.6091 Vbus2 = 0.3338 Vbus3 = 0.0000
I12 = 1.7324 I23 = 1.6236 I13 = 1.8754
Manually Calculation by Hand: