Society of Petroleum Engineers

SPE29904

Numerical Simulation of Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding

Yuan Shiyi*, Yang Puhua*, Dai Zhongqiu arid Shen Kuiyou
Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development , P.R. China
.SPE Members

Copyright 1995, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering held in Beijing, PR China, 14-17 November 1995.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented,
have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subjected to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the
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Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom
the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A. (Facsimile 214-952-9435).

ABSTRACT mechanisms and parameter effe~ts such as ASP

synergistic actions, dynamic and equilibrium
This paper presents a 3-D compositional numerical interfacial tensions, fluid viscosities, alkali
simulator of alkali!smfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding. consumption and other chemical losses, injection
It takes into consideration 5 major mass-transfer strategy, etc. The studies are very useful to guide ASP
processes (convection, diffusion-dispersion, liquid- field application. The forecasting results of a real AP
liquid transfer, liquid-solid transfer and chemical flooding pilot by using this simulator are presented in
reactions) and all important phenomena such as the paper.
decrease of interfacial tension with synergism,
variation of each phase residual saturation and
relative permeability, polymer solution behavior INTRODUCTION
(viscosity, rheology, residual resistance factor, in-situ
gelation, etc.) and mobility control, fast and long-term The great attention has been given to synergistic
alkali losses by different factors (ion exchanges, acid chemical flooding processes using alkali, polymer
oil, C0 2, polymer and rock), chemical adsorptions in and/or smfactant during last several years because the
presence of alkali, fluid and rock compressibilities, oil recovery can be greatly improved by synergism of
capillary pressure, gravity, etc. All phenomenological these 2 or 3 chemicals, meanwhile the used quantity
parameters in this simulator have definite physical of expensive surfactant can be reduced even 10 times
senses and are obtainable from experimental data by using cheaper alkali agent so that the method will
without extra assumption so that it is more capable to be of great prospect.·
simulate real problems. This simulator can be applied The alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding is
to simulate different chemical flooding processes specially suitable to recover acid oil. According to
using polymer, alkali and/or surfactant agents with numerous research results, the main oil displacement
any combination. It has been verified by comparing the mechanisms of ASP flooding are as follows:
results of calculation with experimental data and it is · Reducing interfacial tension (1FT): the reaction
a reliable tool for simulating and forecasting ASP between alkali and acid component in oil can produce
flooding processes. A complete series of runs in-situ surfactant to reduce 1FT and residual oil
presented in this paper make understanding various saturation, and the synergism of alkali with injected
surfactant and/or polymer can further decrease 1FT
and enlarge the low 1FT zone.
References and illustrations at end of paper
139
2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ALKALI/SURFACTANT/POLYMER FLOODING
• Controlling mobility: the injection of polymer can
increase aqueous phase viscosity and decrease its
effective permeability to enlarge sweeping volume.
• Reducing chemical losses: the adsorption losses of
surfactant and polymer can be greatly decreased by
alkali.
• Mechanisms of alkali flooding such as emulsion and
entrapment, emulsion and entrainment, wettability
reverse, spontaneous emulsion and coalescence, rigid
film dissolution, etc.
In above mechanisms, the first three were considered
as the most important ones. The main mass-transfer
phenomena in such chemical flooding processes are as
follows:
• Convection
• Diffusion-dispersion
• Transfer between liquid-liquid phases
• Transfer between liquid-solid phases
• Chemical reactions
A lot of physico-chemical phenomena are involved in
above mass-transfer processes, mainly as follows:
• 1FT reduction: this is a determinate effect for
mobilizing residual oil. According to recent researches,
there are some relationships between oil mobilization
and dynamical 1FT.
• Alkali loss: this affects greatly the oil recovery
effeciency because alkali is a major chemical agent in
ASP flooding (other chemicals are of very low
concentration). There are many factors causing fast
and long-term alkali losses in reservoir such as
exchange between Na+ in alkali and H+, Ca 2+, Mg2+,
etc. in rock, acid component in oil, divalent cations,
C0 2 in fluid, reactions between alkali and polymer
(long-term hydrolysis), and between alkali ... and rock.
• Sutfactant and polymer losses by adsorption-
retention.
• Phase behavior: phase equilibria and properties will
be variant because of chemical additives, but in very
low concentration, the variation effect of phase
equilibria is less important.
• Residual saturation variation: residual saturations for
each phase will be decreased owing to 1FT reduction.
The enhanced oil recovery is essentially contributed by
residual oil saturation reduction.
• Relative permeability variation due to 1FT and
residual saturation variation, emulsion formation,
polymer injection, etc.
140
• Chemical dispersion and dilution which cause the
concentration decrease of chemcial slug.
• Polymer solution behavior such as viscosity,
rheology, residual resistance factor, inaccessible
porous volume, further hydrolysis by alkali, etc.
• Ion exchange between fluid and rock, causing
variation of salinity environment.
• Salinity and its variation which effect 1FT, chemical
adsorption, phase behavior, polymer solution viscosity,
etc.
• Others such as viscous fingering, flu!.d and rock
compressibilities, compatibility of chemicals,
precibitation, clay swelling, etc.
It is shown that the mechanisms and physico-
chemical phenomena involved in ASP flooding
process are very complicated. Even though the
method has shown some advantages (better oil
recovery and economic efficiency) over classic
chemical flooding in theory and in laboratory, there
are no many examples of successful field application.
A lot of research works including experiments,
theorical study, pilot tests have been carried out for
understanding the process and for putting it in use
earlier. Some attempt of numerical study has been
made with considerable advances, which plays a very
important role in mechanism study, factor sensibility
analyses, pilot design, petformance forecast, field '
application guide, etc.
The numerical simulation of ASP flooding is very
difficult due to its complication. Although some works
have been done, they are not applicable enough for
well simulating oilfield cases because of their
simplicity and/or preference in laboratory use. We will
present below a compositional ASP flooding numerical
simulator which takes into consideration all important
mechanisms and phenomena involved in the process,
and which is more capable to simulate real problems
and more practical in use.
NUMERICAL SIM:ULATOR
!.Equation system:
* Basic assumptions:
• Reservoir is isothermal.
• Local equilibrium exists.
SPE 29904 YUAN SHIYI YANG PU HUA DAl ZHONG QIU SHEN KUI YOU 3

• Generalized Darcy law is applicable to Sj =Sj(Zk) (6)

multiphase flow. k= 1 ... n
' ' c
• Generalized Fick law is applicable to j = 1,. .. ,~-1
multicomponendispersion.
*Phases and components
• Capillary pressure (n,-1)
• Number of phases(n,): 3 phases (w,s,o) are
considered in the model. Owing to the low
concentration of surfactant (generally Cs< 1%) in ASP
flooding, two phases (w,o) are essentielly in presence
in most cases.
The basic variables in the above system are
• Number of components(nc): n components are
n,(nc+2)+nc which are equal to the equation number
designed, mainly as follows:
so that the system can be solved in principle.
w, o, s, p, Na+, Ca 2+, Mg2+, OH-, CO/-, (SiO/-, SiO/-
), C02, ~ crosslinking agent, rock components, etc.
Basic variables Number
pj n,
* Basic equations
Zi nc
• Mass consetvation for each component (nc)
y IJ.. n,•nc
- - aA 1 sj ~
div [F. + D ] + - B. Total n,(nc+2)+nc
I f at •
I ( 1)
i. 1 ... n
' ' c Basic equations Number
(1) nc
(2) 1
where
(3) 1
(4) n,
Convection term
(5) n,(nc-1)
(6) n,-1
(7) n,-1
Total ~(nc+2)+nc

Dispersion term
This is a very complicated equation system which is
nonlinear and coupled with a lot of variable
parameters. We need complimental functional
Accumulation term
relationships describing phenomenological parameters
Source/ sink term
and numerical solution techniques to solve the
system.
• By definition(n,+2)

2.Pbenomenological parameters
Ejsj =1 (2)
Ei zi = 1 (3)
E.v1J.. = 1' J. = 1' ... '.-...,>
n (4) The important parameters and their description will be
I
given as follows:
* Alkali concentration conversion
• Relationships among Zi, Y u and Sj (n, •nc-1)
Alkali types used in ASP flooding may be NaOH,
. Y 1J.. =Y IJ..(Zk) Na 2 C03 , Na 2 Si03 , Na 2 Si04 , Na3P04 , and so on in
(5)
which OH- produced by alkali dissolution in water
i=} ... n-1
' ' c plays a key role.
k= 1 ... n
' ' c The OH- concentration can be obtained directly for
j = 1, .. ·,n,
141 NaOH, and convertibly for Na2 C03 by following
4 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ALKALI/SURFACTANT/POLYMER FLOODING

equations:

Experiments can provide r 2 in different concentration

of~andoH-.
• r 3 : long-term alkali loss by rock dissolution. This
loss can be modelled by the following dynamical
equation:
where equilibrium constant K can be get from
Chemical Handbook. The conversion for other alkalis
can be made in the same way.
* Alkali loss (or OH- consumption) where K31 is from laboratory data.
Alkali loss is a very important parameter in ASP • r4 : alkali loss by C02 in water:
flooding, which are affected by many factors with very K41
[C0 2 ] 0 .,.... [C0 2 ]w
complicated mechanisms. We will deal with this
parameter in a simplified way both to model major K42
co 2 +on- . . . nco;
phenomena and to have practical use. The alkali loss
is described by reaction term ~ in Eq( 1):
This loss can be converted by HC0-3 produced by
a reaction of C02 and OH-.
RoH- = - «<» S w a; (r 1 + r2 + , ••• ' rn )
• r 5 : alkali losses by Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.
Kst
C a 2 + + 2 0 H - ..... C a ( 0 H ) 2 !

where
"-"-OH- loss
r-loss quantity in unit volume
n-n influential factors This loss can be calculated by solubility product K.
The similar treatment is for the losses by Mg2+, etc.
Main factors are as follows: * Adsorption of injected surfactant
• r 1 : fast alkali loss caused by ion exchange between • The adsorption can be modelled by the following
N a+ in alkali and W on rock surface. According to equation for Langmuir type
Re£ 10, this loss can be represented approximatively
by an equation similar to Langmuir type adsorption
function:

where qs0 and as are dependent on cation strength E.

• The measured qs 1 ~Cs cwves for different E can be
where directly input.
C-OH- concentration, • When alkali is in presence, the adsorption will be
a 1 - coefficient reduced with pH increase:
r 1°-maximum loss by this factor
a1,r1°-determined from experimental data
1 pH -7
q =q •(1-b )
• r2 : alkali loss by acid component in oil. G s s pHmax.-7

where
~ 1 -adsorption for pH=7.
142
SPE 29904 YUAN SlllYI YANG PU HUA DAI ZHONG QIU SHEN KUI YOU 5

Pl\nax-pH in injected alkali concentration. where ~t and ej are end-point values and exponents
bs-coefficient. respectively.
* Capillary pressure
* Polymer adsorption
Its description is similar to the above treatment.
* Other component consumption
The comsumptions ofNa+, IfAo, C02, Ca2+, Mg2+, and
so on can be converted and calculated from r 1, r 2 , r 4, where
r 5 and ion exchange.
*Ion exchange
The exchange between monovalent cation c+ in
aqueous phase and divalent cation C2+ on rock surface
P row ( S n ) = C pc·
lf. a
·(1-S n)
N
pc

can be modelled by the following equation[71

P cow-capillary pressure for o/w system
(c)2- (c)2 0 0 w-IFT for o/w system
_.. -QvPc
c~-· c 2· sn-wet phase saturation
Cpc and Npc-constants.
where
Ov-exchange capacity The measured P cow~Sn cmve can be input too.
Pc-exchange coefficient * Polymer solution viscosity
• The viscosity under low shear rate can be
* Interfacial tension represented by
In order to really behave the synergism of chemicals, 0 2
II = II (1 +Q 1C p+Q 2CP + "" •)
the interfacial tension will be represented by measured r-p r-w

isovalue diagram which is function of injected alkali,

surfactant and polymer concentrations for a given oil
and a water salinity (E): where a 1, a2•·• are coefficients dependent on E.
• The measured Jlp 0 dependent on polymer/alkali
concentrations and water salinity can be input too.
* Polymer solution rheology
* Residual saturation Srj The polymer solution viscosity will be reduced by
The residual saturation for each phase is dependant on shear effect, which can be modelled by the following
Capillary Number N c defined as follows: ~' viscosity reduction factor dependent on porous
velocity:
I:L1
u1 v1 I
Nc = -~---'--
a
R ,. = "' - "'
P
0
w = R ,. ( V)
J!p- flw

The Sti for different N c can be obtained by laboratory

measurement. The viscosity Jlp under different velocity can be get
* Relative permeability ~j from measured ~~V relationship:

Jlp • Jl w + (Jlpo - Jl w ) • R,.

* Residual resistance factor(RRF)

143
6 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ALKALI/SURFACTANT/POLYMER FLOODING

p 0-density at P 0
P-compressibility coefficient
(R:-x - 1) qp
Rk = 1 + ---,-----=-
max
qp *Component dispersion coefficient Dij

where qpmax and Rxmax are saturated polymer

adsorption and correspondant RRF in a given salinity
environment(£).
* Polymer inaccessible porous volume
This parameter can be measured by experiment.
*In-situ gelation
The gel( G) can be formed in-situ by injection of
polymer (P) and crosslinking agent(L ).
The rates of consumed P/L and formed G can be
represented by~ in Eq(1):
where D 0-molecular diffilsion coefficient
* Other required parameters: measured by
experiments.
3.Numerical solution
The above equation system will be solved by the
process of implicit pressure, explicit overall
composition, other basic variables' and related
parameters' calculation. The simulator is named ASP
executable in VAX, CONVEX, SUN workstations or
other similar computers.

SIMULATION EXAMPLES

The above simulator ASP can be applied to simulate

where water flooding, polymer flooding, in-situ gelation, and
m-reacting mass in unit volume ASP flooding in any combination. The following
K-reaction constant simulation examples are essentielly for exhibiting main
n-exponent :functions of the software and presenting ASP flooding
mechanism studies, parameter sensibility analyses and
The treatment and solution of these equations are forecast results of a real alkali/polymer flooding pilot
given in detail in Ref 15. design. (The simulation studies for surfactant/polymer
* Phase equilibria flooding and in-situ gelation were given in detail in
The variation effect of phase equilibria for ASP Ref 11~ 15).
flooding is less important because of very low
surfactant concentration (C 8 ). For higher Cs(> 1o/o), the 1.Phenomenological parameters
representation and treatment of multiphase equilibria
is given in Ref 14. The parameters used in simulation are measured in
* Phase density p j laboratory and arranged for normalization. The
importants are as follows:
• Intetfacial tension:
The equilibrium 1FT values (a e) dependent on ( CA' Cs)
and on (CA, Cp) in water salinity (TDS=3000ppm, the
same for following parameters) are given in Fig. 1 and
2 respectively. According to recent researches, some
where ones report the minimum dynamic 1FT (am) value
P0-reference pressure could play an important role in residual oil
144
 SPE 29904 YUAN SHIYI YANG. PU HUA DAI ZHONG QIU SHEN Kill YOU
mobilization. We have prepared am too for
investigating its effect. The am values are about 10
times lower than a e in most cases.
• Residual saturation and relativ~ permeability:
Table 1 for 3 Nc values (Nee and Ncm in the table are
calculated by using ae and am respectively).
• Alkali loss: 3.2mg/g rock for CA=2%.
• Surfactant adsorption: 2.3mg/g rock for Cs=0.4%.
• Polymer adsorption: 34ug/g rock for Cp=0.1 %.
• Polymer solution viscosity: Fig.3 for different CA.
• Fluid properties: Table 2.
2.Simulation of laboratory experiment
Experiment
The experiment was completed on an oilfield core with
the following process:
• Saturating oil (Soi=0.67)
• Waterflooding to residual oil saturation (S 0 r1=0.33)
• Alkali/polymer flooding to residual oil saturation
(Sor2=0.20)
• Alkali/surfactant/polymer flooding to residual oil
saturation (Sor3 =0.09)
Data about the core and test are given in Table 2. 'f4e
oil recovecy and watercut for 3 phases of displacement
are presented in Fig. 4. The incremental recoveries of
AP and ASP floodings in comparison with
waterflooding are 20% and 3 7% respectively.
Marching simulation
The experiment is simulated by using the above
simulator and parameters under the same conditions
(Table 2). The simulating results are given in Fig.4 too.
The very good agreement between calculation and
experiment data has been obtained so that the
simulator and the compatibility of parameters have
been checked successfully.
3. Cross-section simulation
The following examples are for selecting the injecting
composition and studying the effects of several
·important parameters. According to experimental
results, the oil recovecy of ASP flooding is much better
than that of AP flooding. But in oilfield application, the
effects of factors such as alkali loss, chemical
145
7
adsorption, reservoir heterogeneity, and so on are very
important and difficult to be modeled by core test.
An important decision to be made before field
application is to determine the system of 3 or 2
chemical agents to be injected in the same investment
of chemicals. The ASP flooding will be used only in
cases of its oil recovery and economic efficiency much
better than those of AP flooding because of surfactant
expensiveness and much more problems of ASP
compatibility. We will select the formulation system
to be injected by simulation study.
A cross-section of reservoir with stratified
heterogeneity (Table 3) is designed for considing
oilfield condition. The starting conditions for ASP
flooding are 44.3% of oil recovery and 98.6% of
watercut.
A lot of runs have been serially performed for
different study purposes. The results of principal runs
are given in Table 4 (for f(J) =98% ).
Injection formulation system:
We can see under oil field conditions, the oil recovery
by ASP flooding is not much better than that by AP
flooding( see li 1, li3 or li2, li4 ) because of limited slug
size, more chemical losses, etc. But the chemical cost
for one ton of incremental.oil is much higher so that
the injection of AP system is preferable in these
reservoir conditions.
ae andam: Higher oil recovery is obtained by using am
, but the time for watercut reaching to 98% is
longer(li 1, li 11 or li2, 112 ). For the same injected porous
volume, the oil recovery is similar by using both a e
and am. We think the recovecy is conservative·by using
a e and optimistic by using am so that the real recovery
is between the two's.
Chemical slug size: The recovery increases with the
chemical slug size, but the chemical cost .for one ton
of incremental oil increases too(I 1,I3). In addition,
more total injected PV results in more operation
expenses so that the slug size of0.3PV is preferable.
Chemical concentrations: Alkali, surfactant and
polymer concentrations which give better oil recovery
and economic efficiency are 2%, 0.4o/o and 0.1%
respectively.
8 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ALKALI/SURFACTANT/POLYMER FLOODING
Polymer contribution: Though polymer contribution to
1FT reduction is not considerable, its mobility control
effect is very important on oil recovery
improvement(li 1, li7 ).
Chemical synergism: Under the comparable conditions,
the synergistic chemical flooding gives better recovery
than the flooding using any single chemical agent and
their simple addition so that the importance of
synergism is obseiVed(li 1, li 2 , li 5 ,li7).
4. 3-D simulation
The following presentation is about main forecasting
results of a real AP flooding pilot test by using our
simulator.
The pilot zone is in a stratified sandstone reseiVoir
vvith the properties between homogeneous and
heterogeneous characteristics of the above cross-
sectional model. 4 wells (Fig. 5, 3 chemical injectors
and 1 producer) are involved in the center, and 7
equilibrium wells in the rounding zone.
According to the above results, the AP system was
choose to be injected. We have performed about 40
runs for selecting operation parameters such asAP
injection concentrations, slug size, injection
opportunity, rate and strategy, and so on, and for
studying effects of different factors such as 1FT ( oe,
oJ, viscosity reduction caused by pump, pipeline, well
hole and perforation, etc. The simulations involve oil
recovery forecasting and economic analysing for both
the center triangle and total pilot zone.
Based on the above research, the pilot test has been
designed with the main injection parameters selected as
follows:
• Alkali concentration:2%
• Polymer concentration: 0.1%
• Slug size:0.35PV
Under the above conditions, the forecasting
incremental oil recovery will be between 6. 7 6~7. 58%
forecasted by using a e and am' and the chemical cost
for one ton of incremental oil is between ¥425~379.
The forecast performence is given in Fig.6. Now, the
pilot is underway.
CONCLUSIONS
146
• A 3-D multifunctional compositional numerical
simulator of alkali/surfactant/polymer flooding has
been established, checked and applied successfully to
simulate real problems. It is a powerful and practical
tool to study and forecast ASP flooding processes.
• Various mechanisms and parameter effects of ASP
flooding have been deeper understood by this
simulation study.
• The pilot design presented in this paper is guiding the
oilfield operations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are very thankful to President Shen Pingping and
Chief Engineer Han Dakuang of Research Institute of
Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), and
professor
Liu Pu of Beijing Petroleum University for their
direction and help in various aspects.
REFERENCES
[1] Nelson R C et al. Cosurfactant-enhanced alkaline
flooding. SPE/DOE 12672. April1984.
[2]Mihcakan I M et al. Blending alkaline and polymer
solution together into a single slug improves EOR.
SPE 15158. May 1986.
[3]Schuler P J et al. Improving chemical flood
efficiency vvith Micellar/Alkaline/Polymer Processes.
SPE/DOE 14934. April 1986. ,,
[4]Islam M R et al. Mathematical modeling of
enhanced oil recovery by alkali solutions in the
presence ofcosurfactant and polymer. JPSE. 5. 1991.
[5]Breit V Setal. An easily applied black oil model of
caustic waterflooding. SPE 7999. April 1979.
[6]Ramakrishnan T Setal. Fractional-flow model for
high pH flooding. SPERE. Feb. 1989.
[7]Bhuyan D et al. Mathematical model of high pH
chemical flooding. SPE/DOE 17398. April1988.
SPE 29904 YUAN SHIYI YANG PU HUA DAI ZHONG QIU SHEN KUI YOU 9

[8]Bhuyan D et al. Simulation of high-pH coreflood a-accessible porous volume fraction

experiments using a compositional chemical flood a-interfacial tension
simulator. SPE 21029. Jl-viscosity
p-density
[9]0koy C U et al. A chemical displacement model for «1>-porosity
alkaline steam flooding in linear systems. SPE 13580, 'tl 0-oil recovery ratio
1985.
Subscript:
[10]Bunge A. C.e et al. Migration of alkaline pulse in i-component
reservoir sands. SPE 10288, 1981. j-phase
w-aqueous phase
[11]Yuan Shiyi, Etude numerique de la recuperation o-oleic phase
assistee d' hydrocarbures en place par injection d' p-polymer
additifs chimiques, PhD Dissertation, Paris, 1986. s-surfactant
A-alkali
[12]Yuan Shiyi and N.Van Quy, Effects of main
parameters of the chemical flooding process, AIChE
1987 spring meeting, Houston, 1987. JPSE 3, 1989.

[13]N.Van Quy and Yuan Shiyi, A twodimensional

chemical flooding simulator using measured
phenomenological data, 4th European Symposium on
EOR, Hamburg, 1987.

[14]Yuan Shiyi and N. Van Quy, Chemical flooding

simulation (Part !:theory, Part :U:: application), Acta
Petrolei sinica, (1) 1988 and (3) 1989.

[ 15]Yuan Shiyi, Polymer in-situ gelation numerical

simulator, Acta Petrolei sinica, (I) 1991.

NOMENCLATURE

C-concentration
E-cation strength
g-gravity acceleration
K-absolute permeability or reaction constant
~-relative permeability
HA-acid component
Q-mass rate in unit porous volume
q-adsorption in unit porous volume
R-reaction rate
S-saturation
s..-residual saturation
V-Darcy velocity
Yij-mass fraction of component i in phase j
Zi-overal1 mass fraction of component i
147
Table 1. Relative permeability data

NCe 4. 23X 10- 7 5. 68 X 10- 5 3. 80 X 10- 3

NCm 4. 23X 10- 7 2. 08 X 10- 3 2. 49 X 10- 2

Sor 0.33 0. 20 0.09

K~w 0.07 0. 11 0. 16

Table 2 Basic experimental data

Core data:
Length : 11. 4cm
Diameter: 2. Scm
Porosity: 29. 9%
Permeability (air): 1. 01t-tm2
(water) : 0. 66t-tm2
Fluid properties:
Temperature: 58 ·c
Water viscosity: 0. 48mPa • s
Oil viscosity: 18. 2mPa • s (Surface)
6. 3mPa • s (Reservoir)
Injection rate: 0. 2mllmin
Injection formulation:
AlP: 2%Na 2C0 3+800ppmAC530
AlSIP: 2%Na2C03+o. 125%LPS6+800ppmAC530

Table 3 Cross-section model parameters

<l>(%) K(fLm 2) H(m)

1 26. 1 3.000 1.2

2 26. 1 1. 000 1.2

3 30.5 1. 000 1. 65

4 30.5 3. 000 1. 65
Note :Distance between injector and producer= 200m

148
Table 4. Simulation results
Chemical slug l]o C%) / Chemical cost C¥)
Run No. Notes
Total PV 6oil(t)
CaC%) Cs(%) t:pCppm) PV

ll 1 2 0 800 0. 3 51. 1/1. 07 286 Basic AP f.

ll 2 2 0. 4 800 0. 3 54. 4/1. 08 432 Basic ASP f.

ll 3 2 0 800 0. 5 52. 9/1. 30 376

n4 2 0.4 800 0. 5 57. 6/1. 30 547

ll 5 0 0 800 0. 3 47. 1/0. 94 336

ll 6 1 0 800 0. 3 48. 9/0. 96 313

ll 7 2 0 0 0. 3 45.2/0.85 1172

ll 8 2 0 1200 0. 3 52. 6/1. 12 294

ll 9 2 0. 2 800 0. 3 51. 5/1. 06 437

ll 10 2 0 800 0. 3 54. 3/1. 12 194 Using C1m

ll 11 2 0.4 800 0.3 56. 4/1. 13 361 Using C1m

Notes: 1. Starting conditions: 1]0 = 44. 3%, fw= 98. 6%

2. Chemical prices:
Alkali: 1000¥ /t
Surfactant: 12000¥ /t
Polymer: 23000¥ /t

149
 0.4

O.J

§ 0.2
J

0.1

0.0 -r:::;:=;~;=r,-~~~~:.:r=;:::=;i=i=i=:.;:;=r=r~~T"'""T'""'T"~~
0.0
CA(%)

I
f"l
\

0.04

150
 25

CA=O.O%
20

-
c.a
o;j
p..
15
CA=0.5%

-
s
Ill
::1. 10 CA=l. O%
c. . . =2. O%

500 1000 1500 2000

Cp(ppm)

Fig. 3 Polymer solution viscosity

--
~
~
ct-4 60

- ~40
0
r::- - Experiment
· · · Simulation

5 10 15 20
PV

Fig. 4 Production curves and their marching

151
 Ia

Fig. 5 Well location 1n pilot center zone

0
-a 8
(T)

• a ........

~···
0 lD

~
N 0
,
::E
>-
c....
Q.)
~
>
0
u
~
Cl)
Q.)
0
a:

b. A - WF
0 e- A/PF
'-J
0 0

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time (year)

Fig. 6 Comparison of AP flooding with water flooding

152