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Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp. 95-103, Article ID: IJCIET_09_13_009
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
ABSTRACT
The theoretical concept of adaptive forest land reclamation of agricultural
landscapes is based on the following provisions: plantations of the forest land
reclamation system (FLRS) include resident species of woody plants, as well as
introduced species and hybrids; adaptation of protective forest plantations to
environmental factors (throughout the growth and development of woody plants or in
case of their falling out of the plantation composition) occurs simultaneously with the
adaptation of environmental factors, during the expansion of the adaptive capacity of
agricultural crops, as well as the improvement of the stability of agricultural
landscapes as a result of increasing timber biomass. The use of resident species of
woody plants increases the evolutionary "memory" of higher plants (in addition to
similar memory of communities of natural forests, copses and wild flora plots included
in the FLRS) linking their existence with the parameters of the (natural) environment
in a certain biogeographic region. This triggers the homeostatic mechanisms of
communities of the FLRS during environmental perturbations (drought, dry wind, frost
and cold weather, as well as wind and water erosion). Hybrids, introduced species, or
modified species do not possess any genetic information about the natural environment
of the region and take part only in the reclamation of the agricultural environment of
interbelt fields. Within agricultural landscapes, FLRS, which are integral, self-
regulating, photosynthetic and adaptive to the environment during their entire
functioning, provide a basis for the local natural biota (populations of communities of
plants, microorganisms, fungi, and animals) participating in the harmonization of the
FLRS with the global system of life. The FLRS adapts to the reclaimed territory as a
result of gradual ordering of its flexible structure and the resistant structure of the
water or dust collecting area taking into account the natural and climatic
environmental factors, as well as the shape and size of the reclamated object.
Keywords: theoretical concept, adaptation, forest land reclamation, agricultural
landscape, forest land reclamation system, biota.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 95 editor@iaeme.com
V. M. Ivonin, I.V. Voskoboynikova and E.Yu. Matvienko
1. INTRODUCTION
Forest biota is resistant to perturbations in environmental factors since in the phylogenesis
(formation and development of plant communities) it continuously adapts to changes in the
local conditions of this environment and converts them, as noted by one of the first theorists of
forest land reclamation, G.N. Vysotsky [1]. Forest plantations in cultural landscapes also
possess such properties [2-5], which was the basis of the modern protective afforestation
concept [6].
In the United States, agroforestry is developing: agricultural crops are cultivated between
the rows of woody plants, shelter and other forest belts are created, protective forest plantations
are grown on pastures, and forest farming is applied (yielding of forest produce) [7]. In the EU,
woody plants are used in hedges and simple structures [8-9].
In modern agricultural forest land reclamation, the current practical issues are solved based
on soil-protecting complex models (Kamennaya Steppe (stone steppe), etc.), where agricultural
land afforestation technologies developed by classical authors hardly change and have been
successfully applied for many decades [10].
At the same time, some contradictions have been discovered between the initial theoretical
agricultural forest land reclamation concepts and observations of the reclaiming role of forest
plantations.
For example, on interbelt fields, in the crucial growth phases of any agricultural crop, the
reclaiming effect of forest belts varies widely, and sometimes there is no effect at all. In some
cases, the reclaiming effect reaches its maximum, and in other cases, it decreases or is
completely absent [11].
Therefore, such a permanent (according to the current theoretical views) indicator of a
forest land reclamation system (FLRS) as the territory safety is not stable and can vary from
zero to 100%, depending on the variation of environmental factors and adaptive capacity of
forest plantations. Moreover, under the modern conditions, this capacity is becoming critical.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical concept of adaptive forest land
reclamation of agricultural landscapes to improve the technology both for creation of forest
plantations and for the cultivation of agricultural crops in reclamation areas of these
plantations.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 96 editor@iaeme.com
Theoretical Concept of Adaptive Forest Land Reclamation of Agricultural Landscapes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 97 editor@iaeme.com
V. M. Ivonin, I.V. Voskoboynikova and E.Yu. Matvienko
Composition of woody
plants with a high
adaptation potential
Hybrids and introduced
species
Adaptive forest land
reclamation of
agricultural landscapes
Adaptation of PFPs to
environmental factors
Adaptive capacity of
protective forest
plantations (PFPs)
Adaptation of
environmental factors
by means of PFPs
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 98 editor@iaeme.com
Theoretical Concept of Adaptive Forest Land Reclamation of Agricultural Landscapes
Composition of the
FLRS biota
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 99 editor@iaeme.com
V. M. Ivonin, I.V. Voskoboynikova and E.Yu. Matvienko
Regulation of agricultural
landscapes using FLRS
Taking into
Taking into account the size
account and shape of the
environmental reclamation
(natural) factors object
Across
Across the the Along the
general Along the borders of Inside the Along the
prevailing
local the reclamation reclamation
direction of slope
horizontal reclamatio object object
winds inclinatio
n n object
4. CONCLUSION
A theoretical concept of adaptive forest land reclamation has been developed, according to
which the basis of the biota of a FLRS comprises both resident species of woody plants and
introduced species, as well as hybrids. In the course of continuous adaptation to environmental
factors, these resident and other species and hybrids adapt them providing some kind of care
to agrocenoses.
The use of resident species of trees and shrubs in the creation of forest belts and other
protective plantations expands the LNB, which increases the evolutionary memory of higher
plants (in addition to the similar memory of wild flora included in the FLRS) linking their
existence with the environmental (natural) parameters of a certain biogeographic region.
Therefore, the biota of an FLRS is based on the LNB. It unites not only the resident species
of natural forests, outliers and copses (included in the FLRS), but also species of naturalized
forest plantations, as well as wild species of natural meadows and pastures, including those
with individual woody plants and their groups. In addition, FLRS plantations can consist of
hybrids and introduced species having a high reclamation potential and participating in the
improvement of the productivity of agrocenoses. These species and hybrids are involved in the
RBB composition (forest plantations, permanently meadowed areas, cultural meadows and
pastures, soil-protecting crop rotation areas, gores of perennial grasses, strips arable lands,
etc.).
The adaptation of protective forest plantations to environmental factors occurs during the
growth and development of some woody species or falling out of other species from the
plantation composition. This occurs simultaneously with the adaptation of environmental
factors during the expansion of the adaptive capacity of agricultural crops and the increasing
stability of agricultural landscape as a result of the increasing timber biomass of the PFPs in
case their reclamation areas and "wind shadows" are increasing, as well as when ecological
niches and geochemical barriers are formed.
In the course of its formation and use, a FLRS adapts to the agricultural territory or
reclamation object. This is the result of the orderliness of the flexible FLRS structure and
resistant structure of the water- or dust-collecting area taking into account the natural and
climatic environmental factors, as well as the shape and size of the reclamation object.
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