NEBOSH IGC -2

Question & Answers

Element -1 Work Place Hazard & Control Date: 10/9/2013

1. Outline prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce the

risk of violence towards workers. (8)

Control measures to reduce the risk of violence would include things such as

 Briefing staff on problems which are likely to occur,

 Providing information,
 Setting up policy for alcohol and substance misuse,
 Setting up procedures for reporting any occurrences,
 Identify who might be harmed and how,
 Identify who is most vulnerable,
 Train workers to recognized early signs of violence,
 Providing counseling for both perpetrators and victims,
 Security measures and procedures for lone working.

2. a. Identify EIGHT hazards that can cause slips and trips. (8)

 Slips, trips and falls from the same level are considered to be one of the most
common causes of major injuries at work.
 Poorly maintained surfaces – polished surfaces, damaged floor tiles, pot holes,
debris Etc.
 Lack of warning of ramps, slopes, kerbs and steps etc.
 Poor lighting and design
 Poor housekeeping
 Slippery surfaces caused by water, oils and mud etc.
 General obstructions i.e. Walkways, trailing cables, pipes and ducts
 Inappropriate footwear

b. For the hazards identified above, outline measures that can be used to
control the risk. (8)

The measures that can be used to control the risk are;

 Providing adequate lighting,

 Floors and traffic routes must be of suitable construction,
 No holes or slopes; not to be uneven or slippery,
 Appropriate warning signage i.e. Ramps,
 Free from obstructions and trip hazards,
 Using slip resistant walkways,
 Surface coating and grip grit sheets,
 Adequate width of walkways,
 Stairs and provision of handrails,
 Procedures for reporting defects and dealing with spillage,
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 Regular housekeeping ,
 Provide adequate training,
 Provide proper information instructions and supervision

3. Identify precautions that should be considered to prevent accidents to

children who may be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)

The precautions that should be considered to prevent accidents to children who may
be tempted to gain access to a construction site are:

 Perimeter fencing to keep children away from the construction hazards

 Provide barriers and appropriate warning signs.
 Keep entrances locked/guarded. Use CCTV, alarms and lighting.
 Provide security guard to avoid unauthorized site entry.
 Keep site clear of dangerous equipment and substances.
 Cover or section off excavations, open trenches and confined spaces.
 Ensure construction machinery and equipment away from the site and park in
designated areas and remove keys from it.
 Ensure entry is restricted to high risk equipment i.e. cranes etc.
 Ensure electrical tools and equipment is switched off and energy isolated and
secured.
 Emergency contacts are displayed in order to deal with any emergencies.

4. Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a
building. (8)

The main hazards associated with demolition work include are;

 Working at height or on uneven ground;

 Falling debris and masonry and premature collapse;
 The use of explosives;
 Contact with noise and vibration from equipment such as pneumatic drills and
heavy plant;
 The presence of dust which might possibly include asbestos;
 The presence of flammable substances or hazardous materials from previous
uses of the building;
 The possible presence of services such as electricity, gas and water;
 Biological hazards arising from the presence of vermin and stagnant water;
 The presence of sharp items such as nails, syringes, and glass and hazards
arising during manual handling operations.

5. Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.

a. Identify control measures to reduce the risks to the roof workers. (6)
The control measures to reduce the risks to the roof workers are:
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 At first the hierarchy of control for the repair work on the roof to be considered
-avoid work at
 Height or prevent falls if can’t avoid work at height.
 Also requires risk assessment, planning and provision of training and
information.
 Adoption of physical safeguards to prevent falls such as suitable and sufficient
guardrails,
 Fencing and toe boards, working platforms and ladder hoops
 Personnel equipment, such as rope access and boatswain’s chairs.
 Fall-arrest equipment in the event of a fall, e.g. Safety harnesses, nets or
associated equipment.
 Ensure safe means of access and egress
 Avoid working in adverse weather conditions

b. Identify two control measures to reduce the risks to other persons. (2)

The control measures to reduce the risks to other persons are:

 Cordon the area and restrict the entry

 Post appropriate warning signage
 Supervision during the work

6. Identify EIGHT safe working practices that should be considered to reduce

the risk when using a mobile tower scaffold. (8)

The safe working practices that should be considered to reduce the risk when using a
mobile tower scaffold are:

 Mobile tower scaffolds are meant to be used for short period of time
 Considerations must be given to design and manufacturer’s recommendations
i.e. height and width etc.
 Ensure all scaffolding components are in good order without any defects
 They must be erected and dismantled by competent workers only.
 Ensure ground conditions are stable, firm and even,
 Scaffold must be secured / tied to structures and outriggers are used
 Safe means of access i.e. stairs and ladders to be provided
 Prior to use ensure that scaffold wheels & brakes locked
 Working platforms must be protected with guard rails, mid rails and toe boards,
 Never use mobile scaffolds near live overhead power lines and services
 Never move scaffolds when the workers, materials and tools on the working
platform,
 Regular inspections by competent personnel – before first use / any alterations
/ any event / periodical,
 Conduct trainings and ensure competent supervision.
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7. Identify safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work
Platform (MEWP). (8)

The safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work Platform (MEWP)
are:

 Operator is fully trained and competent

 Ensure statutory inspections and testing is carried out
 Ensure MEWP is situated on firm, stable and even ground
 Ensure that there are no overhead services
 The work area is cordoned and restricted to prevent unauthorized access
 Work platform is fitted with guard rails and toe boards
 Outriggers are extended and wheels are blocked and chocked
 Full body harnesses are used by workers
 Never exceed SWL or overreach from the platform
 Never move the equipment with the platform in the raised position
 Conduct training and competent supervision

8. A 3 meter deep trench has to be dug across a car park.

a. Identify hazards associated with the work. (10)

The hazards associated with the work are:

 Disturbance to the buried service – electrical / gas / water mains / drains /
sewers etc.
 People falling in.
 Materials falling in.
 Collapse of sides and cave-ins.
 Collapse of adjacent structures.
 Flooding and water ingress.
 Presence of Hazardous or toxic Gases and Vapors
 Lack of oxygen and Asphyxiation.
 Lack of ventilation and illumination
 Uncontrolled movement of plant and vehicles
 Insufficient access and egress
 Exposure from biological agents presence

b. Outline control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risk.

(10)

 The local government the location of the buried services within the workplace,
 Provision of initial digging with manual procedure,
 Information, training, instruction and supervision
 Provision of support to the trenching to prevent soil, materials and people from
falling in ,
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 Prevent the collapse of sides and cave-ins, collapse of the affected structures,
 Controlling accidental flooding and water ingress, in-case there’s a hazardous
gas leak ,
 Initial gas testing should be done or in the presence of biological agents ,
 The provision and availability of the required personal protective equipment is a
must,
 Movement of plant and equipment should also be controlled and as much as
possible should not be operating near the area,
 Sufficient access and egress must be provided and
 Illuminating the whole area during each operation.

Element -2

1. Identify the control measures that could be implemented to reduce the

risks to pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering. (8)

The control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to pedestrians in
areas where vehicles maneuvering are:

 Separate Vehicle & Pedestrian routes.

 Clear, well-marked and sign posted traffic routes.
 Speed Limits and Monitoring.
 Fencing.
 Separate doorways, gates.
 Managing Blind spots.
 Cross over points (Bridges/subways)
 Marking the areas.
 Adequate Visibility.
 Audible and visual warnings.
 High visibility Jackets.
 Signaler/Banks-man
 Reduced speed.
 One way systems.
 Good housekeeping.
 Parking areas.

2. a. Identify THREE control measures to segregate pedestrians and vehicles

in the workplace. (3)

The control measures to segregate pedestrians and moving vehicles in the workplace
are the provision of:

 Physical barriers in which may separate the moving vehicles and pedestrians,
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 Foot bridge for the pedestrians,

 Private parking areas for the vehicles,
 Security/traffic controller to guide the movement of vehicles and pedestrians,
 Signage and traffic aids for early information for both the pedestrian and vehicle
operators.

b. Identify measures to reduce the risk to pedestrians when segregation is

not practicable. (5)

The measures to reduce the risk to pedestrians when segregation is not practicable
are:

 Provision of training, information, instruction and supervision to pedestrians,

 Provision of personal protective equipment such as High visibility vest,
 Provision of traffic enforcers on critical areas,
 Sufficient illumination to the workplace where pedestrians are accessing,
 Sufficient signage should be in-place,
 Provision of traffic lights,
 Ground marks should be clear,
 Speed should be limited,
 Provision of humps and speed monitor (radar),
 Operator should be competent,
 Vehicle should be regularly maintained,
 Vehicles lights and alarm should be of sound condition,
 Removal of stored materials which obstructs the movement of the
equipment and pedestrians,
 Control of the possible accumulation of stored materials on leading access.

Element-3

1. a) Give the meaning of the term “ergonomics.” (3)

Ergonomics is the study of the relationship between man, equipment and

environment. It is commonly the interface between them.

 Body position in relation to the use of machinery

 Harmful repetitive work
 Manual handling

b) Identify the possible risks to health that may be caused by the poor
ergonomic design of display screen equipment (DSE) workstations. (3)

The possible risks to health that may be caused by the poor ergonomic design of
display screen equipment (DSE) workstations are:
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 Visual problems – due to excess of brightness.

 Mental stress and fatigue
 Facial dermatitis and radiation
 Work related upper limb disorder (WRULD) – carpal tunnel syndrome and
tendinitis etc.
 Pain, Lack of joint movement and Soft tissue swelling.

c) Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment of

a display screen equipment workstation. (14)

The main factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment of a display screen

equipment workstations are:

 Chairs – adjustability, footrests and 5 star base with adjustable seat height and
backrest.
 Lower back support at belt height.
 Shoulders relaxed and upper arm vertical. Seat height so that forearms are
approx.
 Horizontal Screens – adjustability, construction, glare, Screen height adjustable
so that the monitor top is level with the eyes. Screen: glare and reflection
minimized. Screen able to tilt and swivel.
 Keyboard - adjustability and construction. Space in front of the keyboard to rest
wrists (wrist support). Keyboard detachable with facilities to tilt
 Desk – height, size, surface and space
 Work surface – area, document holders, foot-rest may be required to minimize
pressure on the underside of the thigh.
 Environment – space, lighting, noise and heat.
 Interaction of User and Equipment.
 Person / software – easy to use and work rate
 Physical appearance of the user (height)

d) Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a DSE

workstation. (4)

The features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a DSE workstation are:

 Height should be adjustable,

 Armrest should be available,
 Base of the chair should have 5 spoke,
 Wheels should be freely mobile,
 Back rest should conform to the structure of the users back,
 The materials used should not be too hard and too soft and of good standard

2. A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal shelves.

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a.) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer while carrying
out this activity. (4)

The types of injuries that the worker could suffer while carrying out this activity are:

 Trapped nerves.
 Muscle strains.
 Disc injury and Hernias.
 Sprains and strains (ligaments and tendons).
 Fractures, lacerations and bruising.
 WRULDs. – work related upper limb disorders

b.) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the risk of injury.
(4)

The factors in relation to the task that will increase the risk of injury are:

 Being held at a distance from the trunk

 Twisting? Stooping? Reaching upwards
 Excessive lifting or lowering
 Excessive carrying distances
 Pushing or pulling
 Sudden movement of the load
 Frequent/prolonged physical effort
 Sufficient rest periods
 A rate of work imposed by a process

3. Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of battery-powered

forklift trucks, AND identify the precautions necessary in EACH use. (8)

The hazards present with use of battery – powered forklift trucks are:

 Exposure to the hydrogen gas being released by the battery during charging
and its control is the provision of proper ventilation, signage to inform any
individual regarding the hazards and risk, and control any smoking activity.
 Accidental connection to the wrong polarity of the batteries or any conductive
materials fell to the positive and negative pole may result to fire and explosion
its precaution should be the provision of insulation materials to cover the pole,
training, information and supervision of the task.
 Accidental discharged of the forklift truck batteries while operating the
equipment might block the access where it stops there should be a regular
monitoring to the charge of the batteries and the gauge should be working
normally, while charging forklift trucks there should be a designated location
not to block any access, properly illuminated and to be done by the competent
person.
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 During the operation of forklift trucks the possibility of emptying the charged
(drained) of the batteries while operating/lifting is hazardous because there’s
the possibility of the lifted object to fall and the activity interruption might took
place where the precautions needed to be done is to regularly monitor the
charged of the batteries and if there’s a condition that requires a continues
operation there should be a back-up batteries in which it is fully charged.
 Hydrogen gas: Ventilation, fire equipment, no smoking and signage.
 Sulphuric acid: Protective clothing, spillage procedure, first-aid and emergency
procedure.
 Charging, Arcing and Electricity: Insulated tools, safe charging procedures and
isolation.
 Fire and explosion: Ventilation, safe charging procedures, training, fire
protection and prevention measures and supervision.
 Vehicles striking people, Vehicles striking building, plant or equipment:
designated traffic routes, segregation, warning devices and signage, adequate
lighting and flagmen
 Overturning and overloading: speed restrictions, SWL, secure and fasten loads
properly, no elevated load and regular maintenance.

4. Outline EIGHT precautions that should be taken when leaving a Fork-lift

truck unattended. (8)

 Leave the forklift on a firm level surface in a designated parking area.

 Parking it away from other vehicles and in a position that does not obstruct
emergency exits, walkways and fire points;
 Switching the power off, leaving the controls in neutral and applying the brake;
 Removing the key and returning it to a responsible person to prevent
unauthorized use.

5. Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move materials in a

warehouse.

Identify precautions that may be needed to reduce the risk to pedestrians in

areas where the forklift trucks are operating. (8)

Precautions that may be needed to reduce the risk to pedestrians in areas where
forklift trucks operates are the provision of:

 Speed restriction of the equipment,

 Equipment is regularly maintained,
 Pre-use checks initiated by the user/operator,
 Alarms, indicator light should be of sound condition,
 Work area should be properly signed,
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 Physical barrier which separates the equipment and pedestrian,

 Grounds should be properly marked,
 Humps should be in-place,
 Sufficient illumination,
 Ground should be free from spillage and debris,
 Access which are free from any obstacles and obstructions,
 Competent Operators of the equipment,
 Competent traffic controller,
 Pedestrian should be provided by the Personal Protective Equipment (high
visibility vest),
 Information, training, instruction and supervision to pedestrians.

6. Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.
(8)

 Availability of current inspection certificates for the crane;

 Weather conditions;
 Condition of the ground on which the crane was to be sited and the proper
positioning of outriggers;
 The availability and condition of the lifting accessories and ensuring that the
load to be lifted was within the safe working load of the crane;
 That adequate communication systems were in place between the driver and
the workers involved in the operation;
 The landing position was clear and that there were no obstructions in the lifting
path;
 Before lifting, that the hook was not attached to a fixed or anchored load.
 Lifting Plan shall carry out before lifting.
 Safe Working Load shall be clearly marked on mobile crane.

7. A mobile crane has been permitted to be used on a construction site. (8)

i. Identify checks that the driver should carry out before a lifting operation.

 Availability of current third party inspection certificates for the crane;

 Weather conditions;
 Condition of the ground on which the crane was to be sited and the proper
positioning of outriggers;
 The availability and condition of the lifting accessories and ensuring that the
load to be lifted was within the safe working load of the crane;
 That adequate communication systems were in place between the driver and
the workers involved in the operation;
 The landing position was clear and that there were no obstructions in the lifting
path;
 Before lifting, that the hook was not attached to a fixed or anchored load.
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 Lifting Plan shall carry out before lifting.

 Safe Working Load shall be clearly marked on mobile crane.

ii. Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing
vehicles in the workplace. (8)

 The avoidance of the need for vehicles to reverse by the introduction of one
way systems or a drive in/ drive out layout;
 The separation of vehicles and pedestrians by the erection of barriers and signs;
vehicle design including the provision of good visibility, audible alarms, mirrors
and sensors;
 Positioning mirrors at blind corners in the workplace and good standards of
lighting;
 Provide adequate training to drives and pedestrians.
 Use of Banks men,
 Use of high visibility clothing by those working in areas where there is vehicle
access
 Provide site rules for reversing operations.

8. Identify factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of

workers in a workplace. (8)

Factors that might indicate the need for health surveillance of workers in a workplace
include:

 The requirements of legislation,

 Codes of practice and guidance;
 The work activity involving contact with, for example, lead or asbestos or
exposure to high levels of noise or vibration;
 Changes in the work activity;
 As a result of a risk assessment;
 Ill-health records including those of first-aid treatments and absence records;
 The results of monitoring or workplace inspections;
 Job fitness standards particularly where age is involved;
 Evidence of pre-existing conditions;
 Complaints from workers and as a result of consultation with the workforce.

9. Identify possible causes of a mobile crane over turning on a construction

site.

This question assessed candidate’s knowledge of causes a mobile crane on a

construction site might overturn. Candidates should have identified causes such as the
failure to set the crane on a level footing,
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siting it on poor and unconsolidated ground and failing either to deploy outriggers or
to distribute the weight of the crane by providing adequate timber beneath the
outriggers.

This question produced some reasonable answers although some candidates tended to
concentrate too much on machine examination and certification and operator
competence.

10. Identify factors that could contribute towards the development of Work-
related Upper Limb Disorder (WRULDs) affecting supermarket checkout
workers.

 Space constraints resulting in workers being forced to adopt fixed and static
positions;
 Over reaching often during the handling of bulky and heavy articles;
 Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity;
 The age of the workers with some having pre-existing conditions;
 Lack of appropriate training and supervision;
 Distance of the load from the body;
 Movement that include twisting ,stooping or reaching upwards;
 Excessive lifting and lowering;
 Sudden or jerking movements;
 Excessive periods of physical efforts;
 Length of rest periods doing other types of work;
 An imposed rate of doing work;

11. A conveyor system is used in a factory to transfer manufactured articles

to the warehouse area.

Outline the control measures to be taken to help reduce the risk of injury to
workers from the conveyor. (8)

 The provision of guarding for transmission machinery and the intakes of belts
and drums;
 The erection of barriers to keep workers away from the conveyor;
 The provision of conveniently situated emergency stop buttons or trip devices
for the system,
 Easily accessible and kept free from obstructions;
 Ensuring operators are trained in the use of the conveyor system and the
hazards associated with its use such as the danger that could arise from
overloading the conveyor,
 Wearing loose items of clothing or allowing long hair to hang loose;
 Using a signal to warn workers that the conveyor is about to be put into
operation;
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 Ensuring maintenance and servicing work is carried out only by authorized

personnel and that
 The power supply to the conveyor is disconnected or locked off before the start
of the work and
 Encouraging workers to report unsafe practices to the supervisor.

12. Identify control measured to reduce slip and trip hazards in an

engineering workshop. (8)

Control measures which should have been identified included ;

 The initial design and layout of the workplace with storage and disposal
facilities, designated walkways and non-slip floors;
 A system of maintenance which ensures the prompt repair of floor defects such
as holes and bumps;
 Procedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages particularly those associated
with the filling and draining of machinery and its maintenance;
 The provision of adequate lighting;
 Highlight strips to warn of a difference in levels;
 The provision of hand rails and edge protection on stairways;
 A good standard of housekeeping including the proper management of cables
and hoses;
 Erecting warning signs where necessary;
 The introduction of procedures for reporting defects and incidents and ensuring
that workers use footwear which is to an adequate standard.

Element-4

1. Outline the hazards and risks to which a worker could be exposed when
cutting down a tree using petrol driven chainsaw. (8)

 Contact with moving parts of the chainsaw (the chain in particular)

 Exposure to fumes and dust
 Manual handling hazards
 Noise and vibration
 Ejected particles and fragments
 Falling objects (ultimately, the tree itself)
 Fire and explosion hazards from the fuel
 Hot parts of the chainsaw
 Uneven and/or wet ground
 The use of lubricating oils
 Exposure to sunlight
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2. a.) Identify FOUR mechanical hazards associated with the use of a

pedestal drill. (4)

 Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck

 Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
 Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions
 And ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact
that the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
 Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the drilling
process

c.) Outline FOUR control measures to reduce the risk of injury to operators
of pedestal drills.(4)

 The fitting of guards to protect the blades

 The provision of personal protective equipment such as car defenders, eye
protection, and high visibility clothing
 Coming off areas in close proximity to moving traffic
 Training drivers in operating the machine on sloping ground, in re-fuelling
procedures and in carrying out routine maintenance work

3. Outline FOUR main types of guards and safeguarding devices that may be
used to reduce the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery. (8)

 Fixed Guards: Top of the hierarchy. Minimal maintenance and easily defeated.
Limited inspection. Must be secured in place. Must require a tool to remove the
fixings. Fixed enclosing guards
 Movable / Interlocked Guards: Totally moveable or partly. Should be
interlocked where practicable. Should be connected with the machine through
its source of power. Prevents movement of the dangerous part(s) when guard is
open. Not allows movement of the dangerous part(s) until the guard is in safe
condition.
 Adjustable Guards: These are fixed guard that incorporates an adjustable
element. Can be adjusted by the operator to provide protection. Protects
operator where size or position of dangerous parts vary.
 Protection / Trip Devices: Trip wands. Photo electric guards. Pressure mats.
Trip wires. Two-hand Controls. Protective appliances i.e. Jigs and push sticks.

4. Outline control measures to reduce the risks to workers when using non-
powered hand tools. (8)

 The control measures to reduce the risks to workers when using non-powered
hand tools are
 To ensure workers are competent and trained to use hand tools,
 Selection and using the right tool for the right job,
 Ensure tools are in compliance with conformity standards i.e. CE and BS etc.,
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 No modifications or alterations to be done against manufacturer requirements,

ensure defective tools are removed from the use,
 Regular inspections and maintenance of tools,
 Adequate lighting and ventilation is provided and temperatures maintained,
workplace is well maintained i.e. Floors, space and no slip / trip hazards,
 Maintain good housekeeping in the workplace, appropriate ppe is provided.

5. A portable electrical drill is being used on a building site.

a. Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of the
drill. (4)

The hazards associated with the use of the drill are:

 Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck

 Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
 Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions
 Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that
the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
 Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal produced by the drilling
process
 Noise.
 Vibration.
 Radiation
 Hazardous materials and substances (fumes / dust)
 Ergonomic.
 Explosion / Fire
 Slips, trips and falls.

b. Outline FOUR precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk to

workers. (4)

The precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk to workers associated with the
use of the electric drill are;

 The fitting of guards to protect the blades

 The provision of personal protective equipment such as car defenders, eye
protection, and high visibility clothing
 Coming off areas in close proximity to moving traffic
 Provide adequate Trainings.
 The provision of earthed power line,
 Drill machine should be inspected before it’s usage
 The regular maintenance being initiated,
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6. Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of a bench top grinder
(abrasive wheel). (4)

The (FOUR) 4 hazards associated with the use of a bench top grinder are:

 Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck

 Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
 Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions
 Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that
the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
 Noise generated by the bench top grinder

7. Other than a guard, outline FOUR control measures that could be

introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a bench top grinder. (4)

 Operator should be trained on the proper and safe usage of the BTG
 Application of the Safe System of Works to be complied with.
 Provision of the Personal Protective Equipment required for the task
 Pre – used check to be done before use
 Regular maintenance to be initiated to the BTG
 Emergency switch should be in sound condition and operational

8. Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when selecting a
guard or safety device for piece of work equipment. (4)

The basic requirements that would consider when selecting a guard or safety device
for piece of work equipment are the following;

 Guard should pass the quality and safety requirement by the regulatory
authority, the guard should not obstruct movement of the equipment moving
parts,
 The guard should absorbed the impact being created by the moving parts once
there is an accidental released, guards should not create any obstruction while
using,
 Guards should be of sound materials.

9. Outline the merits (advantages) AND limitations (disadvantages) of BOTH:

i. An interlocking guard; (4)

The advantages of interlocking guard are convenient for access, give flexibility of
design, a time delay can be built in. while the dis-advantages are it is more complex,
difficult to inspect, difficult to maintain, may be subject to wear and operator abuse.
NEBOSH IGC -2
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ii. A trip device. (4)

The advantages of a trip device is that it makes the user safe when there’s such
condition like an electric current overload immediately it cuts or stop the supply of
current, while in the machinery when you are over riding the requirement immediately
the machine stops operating. While the disadvantages, if you are to start the
operation again some of the trip device have to wait for a certain period before it can
operate or return to its normal operation, and also sometimes there might be a
requirement of a maintenance operative to activate the machine before it operate.

10. Identify the hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. (4)

 Manual handling of cement mixer;

 Machinery hazards such as moving parts of the cement mixer,
 Ejection of materials;
 Noise; and
 Vibration;
 Entanglement;
 Hazards associated with the power supply to the mixer whether electricity or
petrol; and
 Being struck by moving vehicles.
 Repetitive movement (pouring of cement to the mixer);
 The corrosive and irritant properties of cement;
 Inhalation of cement dust;

b.) For the hazards identified above, outline control measures that can be
used to reduce the risks. (4)

Control measures that might be used to reduce the risks include;

 Mechanical handling, or, if this was not possible, positioning the materials to be
used close to the mixer and in a position that would reduce the amount of
twisting on the part of the operator;
 Setting the mixer up on level ground and ensuring guards are in place and the
engine cover closed to provide protection against moving parts;
 Providing hearing protection to counter the noise;
 If the mixer was powered by electricity, a system of regular inspection and
testing of the equipment and the use of residual current devices to minimize the
risk of shock should be in place while if petrol was the fuel,
 Storage facilities for the fuel would be necessary together with the prohibition of
use of the mixer in confined areas;
 The introduction of a traffic management system to prevent the possibility of
contact with vehicles.
NEBOSH IGC -2
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11. A portable electric sander is being used in the production area of a

factory. (4)

i. Identify hazards that may be present.

The hazards present from electric sander being used in the production area of the
factory are:

 Electrocution from the damaged part of the power cable,

 Vibration,
 Work related upper limb disorder,
 Awkward position of the body while sanding the object,
 Repetitive movement while sanding the object,
 Noise

ii. Outline precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk. (4)

The precautions to be taken to reduce the risk are;

 Provide a local exhaust ventilation to control the accumulation of dusts at the

production area,
 Regular inspection or pre-used check of the power tools by the user before its
usage,
 Provision of a safety gloves which limits the vibration from the power tools,
frequent rest or shift jobs to control long time exposure during the activity,
 Proper positioning of the body while initiating the task,
 Controlling or preventing any repetitive movement or work activity and
providing a hearing aid needed to the job.

12. A (PED) portable electric drill needs periodic inspection and testing
before use on a construction site.

Identify factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection and
testing. (8)

The factors that would determine the frequency of inspection and testing of the
portable electric drill before using on the construction site are:

 The environmental condition where the PED being used,

 The usage history of the PED,
 The frequency when the PED where brought to service or maintenance,
 The physical appearance of the PED,
 Compliance as per the regulatory requirements,
 Pre – user checks, before its use
 NEBOSH IGC -2
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Element – 5

1. Identify electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual inspection.

(8)

The electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual inspection are:

 Cuts, abrasions and cracks in cables

 Damaged plugs, sockets and casings
 Taped or other inadequate cable joints
 Evidence of bare wires and overloaded sockets
 Equipment is wet and dirty
 Burn marks or discoloration
 No earthling, incorrect fuses or lack of RCD
 Missing / broken or inadequately secured covers
 Presence of temporary wiring
 By-passing the provided protection system

2. a. Identify possible effects of electricity on the body. (4)

 Respiratory failure;
 Cardiac arrest;
 Tissue burns with the main sites of damage being the entry and exit points;
with
 The possibility of damage to internal organs; and
 Fractures and dislocations caused by a resulting from a fall.

b. Identify emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electric

shock.(4)

 Break any contact using non-conductive material or isolate the supply

 Artificial respiration should commence immediately and continue until either the
victim recovers or medical staffs intervene.
 If he is breathing place the victim in a recovery position.
 Emergency medical attention should always be sought, as there is a risk of
internal injury.

Identify FOUR factors that could affect the severity of injury resulting from
contact with electricity. (4)

 VOLTAGE: Driving force behind the flow of electricity. The amount of current
that flows through the body.
 THE PATH: The effect of an electric shock on the body is particularly dependent
on the current path through the body. Current has to flow through from one
point to another as part of circuit.
NEBOSH IGC -2
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 DURATION OF CONTACT: In general, the longer a person is in contact with

the current the more harm may be caused.
 RESISTANCE: Thickness of the skin, clothing, PPE, Health and age of the
person.

d. Outline how earthling can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock.
(4)

Earthling can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock by allowing the electrical
current to return safely to ground without danger to anyone in the event of a short
circuit. In that instant, the short would cause the current flow through the ground
wire, causing a fuse to blow or a circuit breaker to trip.

3. Outline precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of harm from
electrical equipment in a workplace. (8)

 Precautions to reduce the risk of electrical fires in the workplace include the
initial
 Procurement of equipment to a national or international standard;
 Carrying out periodic testing of the fixed installation and of portable appliances
and carrying out regular inspections to check for damaged insulation, cables
and defective wiring.
 Compliance with the lock-out/tag-out system,
 Application of the safe system of work,
 Electrical equipment should be stored and kept in a safe manner.
 Provide proper grounding /earthing.
 Should use double insulated cable and three core pin industrial plugs.
 Reduced voltage system
 Use residual devises like ELCB & GFCI.
 Only competent person should use electrical equipment.
 Provide adequate training to electricians.
 Provide Proper instruction and supervision.

4. Outline a range of checks that should be made for electrical safety in a

workplace. (8)

 Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets and for overloaded
sockets and coiled cables.;
 Ensuring that all fuses are of the correct rating and that equipment where
possible is connected to a reduced voltage system or a residual current device;
 Ensuring that means of isolation are provided and that equipment is switched
off after use;
 Introducing a specific testing procedure for fixed installations and portable
appliances together with a procedure for reporting defects or damage.
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Element-6

1. a. Identify the principles of the ‘fire triangle’. (2)

 Fuel
 Oxygen
 A source of ignition (that must be present for combustion to occur)

b. Identify THREE methods of heat transfer, and state how EACH contributes
to the spread of fire. (6)

Direct Contact

 Spread between flame and combustible material

 Vapors are then released which in turn start to ‘heat up’

Conduction

 Heat transferred through a solid i.e. welding operations

Convection

 Hot air rises and can pass through small gaps

 The air inside the burning room can exceed 1000ºC
 Air at his temperature passing through gaps around ill-fitting doors, ducts &
ceilings etc. will quickly allow a fire to spread from one room to another

Radiation

 Heat transferred from one surface to another across a space

 One of the reason why a fire in an enclosed room develops so quickly is that
 radiated heat causes other parts of the room to heat rapidly
 Even materials that are not in contact with the flames will reach their flashpoint
(the temp. at which they give off sufficient gas or vapor to be ignited) When
this happens simultaneously, it is called FLASHOVER .

2. In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material

(fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C and D. (4)

 Class A: Fire involving solids – wood, paper or plastics and usually materials of
an organic nature
 Class B: Flammable Liquids or liquefiable solids – petrol, oil, paint, fat or wax
 Class C: Gases – Liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, acetylene and methane
etc.
 Class D: Metals – magnesium, lithium and aluminum etc.

3. Identify EIGHT common causes of fires in the workplace. (8)

NEBOSH IGC -2
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The common causes of fires in the workplace are:

 Smoking materials.
 Faulty or misused electrical equipment.
 Deliberate ignition (arson).
 Portable heaters.
 Unsafe storage of flammable materials.
 Unsafe use of flammable liquids and gases.
 Hot works - welding, cutting, etc.
 Mechanical heat - overheating bearings and sparks.

4. Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding

work can commence. (8)

The precautions that would need to be considered before welding work can commence
are:

 Competent staff only authorized to perform the task

 Regulators and hoses are in good condition and of recognized standard
 Non-return valves and flashback arrestors are fitted and functional
 Those connections are crimped and properly fixed
 Secure cylinders in upright position and secured
 Check equipment visually before use and check for any leaks
 Follow a permit to work system
 Ensure good housekeeping, area is clean and tidy

5. a. Identify FOUR sources of ignition that may lead to a fire in the

workplace. (4)

Possible sources of ignition that could have been identified included:

 Electricity, such as arcing or overheating due to faulty wiring;

 Chemical reactions such as spontaneous combustion or exothermic reaction;
 Friction caused, for instance, by inadequate lubrication of machinery;
 Hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating appliances.
 Smoking material
 Naked Flames

b. Outline methods of reducing the risks of a fire in the workplace. (8)

The methods of reducing the risks of a fire in the workplace are;

 The comprehensive fire risk assessment should be carried out considering

workplace conditions and activities,
 Identification potential fire hazards and appropriate control measures,
 Design and maintenance of electrical equipment,
NEBOSH IGC -2
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 Control of smoking & smoking materials, good housekeeping to prevent the

accumulation of waste paper & other combustible materials.
 Control of portable heaters,
 Control of hot work and permit to work systems,
 Security measures to prevent arson,
 Control of contractor,
 Correct storage and use of flammables, particularly liquids and gases,
 Regular training and competent supervision,
 Good housekeeping.

c. Outline the measures that should be in place for a successful evacuation of

a workplace in the event of a fire. (8)

The measures that should be in place for a successful evacuation of a workplace in the
event of a fire;

 Means of escape routes must be clearly Identified,

 Routes should be Unobstructed and adequate lighting provided,
 Maximum travel distance should be 18 m if only one exit and 35 m if more than
one exit,
 Two or more exits are required if More than 60 people working in the room /
area,
 Fire exit and direction signs: Exit width min. 750mm, Corridor width should not
be less than 1m and min. 1.2m for wheelchairs, must carry a pictogram and
may carry words and an arrow,
 Emergency lighting: At night or where there is no natural light (To indicate
escape routes, To indicate call points and fire-fighting equipment and To allow
safe movement),
 Passageways should lead directly to the open air and to the assembly areas.
 Routes to be kept unobstructed, doors should be opened outwards easily,
 All employees are trained about evacuation procedures.

6. Outline the general role a fire marshal would be expected to undertake in

an emergency evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire. (8)

 The fire warden should assist to evacuate all personnel from his area of
responsibility.
 Conduct roll call to count the personnel.
 To attempt to extinguish the fire.
 Activate the emergency services.
 Check and recheck the building area for all personnel’s.
 Carry out regular inspections of respective area to ensure free access to fire
alarm call point, fire extinguisher points and escape routes,
NEBOSH IGC -2
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 Ensure that all escape routes should be free from all obstructions.
 Ensure all occupants in their respective areas are aware that evacuation of the
building is necessary and direct occupants to the nearest exit.
 Ensure the evacuation is orderly and that no one reenters their building.

Element – 7

1. a.) Identify TWO forms of hazardous substance. (2)

The forms of hazardous substance are:

 Solids : Materials that is solid at room temperature.

 Liquids : Materials that is liquid at room temperature.
 Gases : Formless fluids.
 Dusts : Solid airborne particles.
 Fibres : Dust made up of tiny fibres.
 Fumes : Solid particles formed by condensation from gaseous state.
 Smoke : Particles that result from incomplete combustion.
 Mists : Finely dispersed liquid droplets suspended in air.
 Vapour : Gaseous form of liquid / solid.

b.) Outline personal hygiene controls to be followed that reduce the risk of
ingestion of a hazardous substance. (6)

The personal hygiene controls to be followed which reduce the risk of ingestion of a
hazardous substance are;

 The provision of adequate washing/showering facilities is important to remove

contamination from the body.
 The provision of laundry facilities for coveralls and PPE reduces the effect of
contamination.
 Before taking any food hands should be washed regularly,
 When taking foods it should be taken to a well-lit and ventilated place,
 Regular housekeeping of the workplace,
 Hazardous substances or chemicals should be kept on a secure container and
storage area,
 Do not take and eat meals on the workplace.

 2. a.) Identify FOUR forms of hazardous substance for which

respiratory protective equipment could be used to reduce the risk of
harm. (4)

The forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory protective equipment could be
used to reduce the risk of harm are:
NEBOSH IGC -2
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 Fumes generated from welding activities;

 Dusts from materials being grind, cut or from environmental condition such as
sand storm,
 Gases or carbon dioxide generated from the petrol driven equipment,
 Vapour being released during painting activities.

b.) Outline factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory
protective equipment. (4)

The factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory protective equipment
are;

 Poor fitting to the user,

 Resistance to use,
 Uncomfortable when being used,
 Incompatibility from the required materials,
 Interference or creating obstruction and disturbance while doing the task,
 Hygiene, supervision, deterioration and abuse.

3. a.) Identify THREE forms of biological agents. (3)

The THREE forms of biological agents are;

 Fungi –Organisms that act in a parasitic manner, feeding on organic matter.

Ex. Aspergilla
 Bacteria –Single cell organisms that can cause disease are called pathogens.
Ex. Bacillus Anthracis
 Viruses –the smallest known type of infectious agents that invade the cells of
other organisms, which they take over and make copies of themselves.
Ex. HIV

b.) Identify THREE possible routes of entry into the body for a biological
agent. (3)

Most candidates identified possible routes of entry into the body such as;

 INHALATION :Most significant industrial entry route, at least 90% of industrial

poisons are absorbed by lungs.
 INGESTION :The ingestion route normally presents the least problem as it is
unlikely that any significant quantity of harmful liquid or solid will be swallowed
without deliberate intent.
 INJECTION :Is a forceful breach of the skin perhaps as a result of injury
which can carry harmful substances through the skin barrier.
NEBOSH IGC -2
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c.) Give TWO control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a

biological agent. (4)

 Disinfection the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves,

 Respiratory and eye protection;
 Engineering controls such as containment or the use of local exhaust
ventilation;
 Procedures such as the prohibition of smoking and eating and drinking in the
work area;
 A good standard of personal hygiene such as covering up wounds.

4. An organization uses small quantities of toxic chemicals.

a.) Identify FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body.
(4)

The FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body are:

 INHALATION: Most significant industrial entry route, at least 90% of industrial

poisons are absorbed by lungs.
 INGESTION: The ingestion route normally presents the least problem as it is
unlikely that any significant quantity of harmful liquid or solid will be swallowed
without deliberate intent.
 ABSORPTION (skin contact): Substances can enter to the skin, cuts or
abrasions and conjunctiva of the eye. Solvents such as organic solvents,
 INJECTION: Is a forceful breach of the skin perhaps as a result of injury
which can carry harmful substances through the skin barrier.

b.) Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects. (4)

The difference between acute and chronic health effects are;

 Acute Health effects are an immediate or rapidly produced adverse effect,

following a single or short-term exposure to a hazardous substance, usually
with a rapid or immediate response which is normally reversible.

 Chronic health effects is an adverse health effect resulting from prolonged,

repeated exposure to a hazardous substance the response being gradual (often
un-recognized for a long time) may get worse with no further exposure and is
often irreversible.

c.) Identify the sources of information which could be used in the

assessment of risk of toxic substances. (4)

The sources of information which could be used in the assessment of risk from toxic
substances are:
NEBOSH IGC -2
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 A pictogram,
 Signal word,
 Hazard statement,
 Precautionary statement,
 Manufacturers Safety Data Sheet (MSDS),
 Product labels,
 Accident / incident reports with the use of the toxic substance,

d.) Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimize
risks to workers. (8)

The control measures that might be required in order to minimize risks to workers are,

 Provision of a high level of inherent health and by careful design,

 Selection and use of appropriate work processes,
 Systems and engineering controls and use of suitable work equipment and
materials,
 Controlling exposure at source,
 Using personal protective equipment in addition to the previous measures
where those measures alone cannot achieve adequate control.

5. Identify the information that should be included on a manufacturer’s

safety data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance. (8)

 The details of the manufacturer or supplier,

 The physical and chemical properties of the substance;
 The nature of the hazard and the risks it presents such as its effects on health
or its flammability;
 Relevant standards such as workplace exposure limits and risk and safety
phrases;
 Precautions to be taken in its transport.
 Handling, storage and use, for example, the need for personal protective
equipment or other control measures;
 Measures to be taken in an emergency,
 Measures to be taken when there’s spillage or in the event of a fire,
 The requirements for safe disposal of the substance with due regard to
environmental considerations.

6. A recent increase in work-related ill health has been noticed amongst the
workers who use a solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL) has
been set.
NEBOSH IGC -2
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a.) Explain the meaning of the term ‘workplace exposure limit’. (2)

The term ‘workplace exposure limit’ is the maximum concentration of an airborne

substance averaged over a reference period to which an employee may be exposed by
inhalation.

b.) Give possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health amongst
the workers. (6)

The possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health amongst the workers
are;

 Hazardous substances in the work place were not given priority by the
management to be assessed, to identify the hazard and result once exposed.
 Workers were not given proper training, information, instruction and
supervision with the use of the hazardous substances.
 The required personal protective equipment needed for the task was insufficient
to control the hazards present from their activity.
 The risk present with the use of solvent was not been assessed to further
control when the worker was been exposed.
 Work place exposure limits when initiating the activity was not been followed
and complied as per the organizations requirement.
 Management doesn’t have enough resources to implement the workplace
exposure limit and workers were forced to exceed beyond their physical
capabilities even it will result to work-related ill health.

7. Absorbent mats and granules have been used to soak up a chemical

spillage.

Outline the issues that will need to be considered in relation to the handling,
temporary storage and final disposal of the waste material. (8)

The issues that will need to be considered in relation to the handling, temporary
storage and final disposal of the waste material are;

 Preventing the manual handling activity such as mechanization of lifting with

the use of mechanical lifting equipment,
 Identifying the distance and location where to shift the chemicals,
 The weight of the chemicals for the provision of proper shifting equipment when
transferring with the use of push cart or jack trolleys.
 When storing the waste from the chemical spillage, it should be with the usage
of the materials necessary to provide the sufficient sealing requirement not to
contaminate or affect any other materials when stored temporarily while the
final disposing of the said waste materials should comply with the regulatory
requirement in which once disposed of, it would not create contamination to the
environment.
NEBOSH IGC -2
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Outline suitable control measures for safe storage and use of highly
flammable liquids in the workplace. (8)

The suitable control measures for safe storage and use of highly flammable liquids in
the workplace are;

 To place it in a suitable container to prevent spills,

 Sealed to prevent loss of vapour, in a suitable cabinet/bin or other store
container, in a designated area of the workplace,
 Away from ignition, capable of containing any spillage, in a 30min. Fire resistant
structure,
 Provided with hazard warning signs to illustrate the flammability of the
contents, prohibition signs for smoking and naked flame, not contain other
substances or items.

9. A factory producing furniture uses wood in the manufacturing process and

is concerned about the health risks of wood dust.

(a) Identify operations which are likely to produce high levels of wood dust
in the workplace.(4)

In the scenario described, operations which are likely to produce high levels of wood
dust include sawing, routing, sanding, planning, turning, cleaning items or areas with
compressed air lines and emptying dust extraction systems.

(b) Outline control measures which could reduce the risk from the wood
dust. (12)

 The enclosure and/or segregation of the dust generation operations from other
areas of production,
 The use of engineering controls such as the provision of local exhaust
ventilation which would need to be regularly inspected and maintained.
 The provision and use of respiratory protective equipment and other personal
protective equipment such as eye protection, coveralls and gloves.
 A good standard of housekeeping including the use of high efficiency vacuum
cleaning equipment with hepa filters would have to be maintained,
 While cleaning with compressed air lines and hand brushes would have to be
prohibited.
 Washing facilities, separate storage for and laundering of work clothing would
have to be provided while workers themselves would need to practice a high
standard of personal hygiene by changing overalls and washing hands before
eating or drinking.
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10. (a) Outline factors that may be considered when carrying out a manual
handling risk assessment in relation to the: (8)

(i) Load;

The factors that may be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk
assessment in relation to the load are the size of the load, the weight of the load, the
surface of the load whether it is smooth, rough, sharp and oily, the shape of the load,
the temperature of the load, the nature of the material/substance of the load.

(ii) Individual.

The factors that may be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk
assessment in relation to the individual are physical or health condition of the
individual, the age, and experience in the task, do the tasks require unusual strength
or height, and does it pose a risk to pregnant workers, to young people.

(b) Identify FOUR types of injury which may be caused by the incorrect
manual handling of loads. (4)

The types of injuries which may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads
are:

 Disc injury
 Trapped nerves
 Muscle strain
 Hernias
 Sprains and strains (ligaments and tendons)
 Fractures, burns, lacerations and bruising
 WRULD’s

(c) Identify TWO examples of how a manual handling task might be avoided.
(2)

Examples of how manual handling task might be avoided are by:

 Eliminating the need to move the load

 Automate the movement
 Mechanize the movement

(d) Outline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted by a

worker required to lift a load.

A good manual handling technique that could be adopted by a worker required to lift a
load are to think and stop first and assess the load, positioning the feet, adopting a
good posture, getting a firm grip, keeping the load close to the body, able to prevent
jerking, moving the feet in an stable position and placing the load down with the
reverse procedure before lifting the load.
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11. (i) Identify the health risks associated with exposure to legionella
bacteria.

Exposure to Legionella bacteria may cause legionellosis, which is characterized by flu-

like symptoms, pneumonia and in about 15% of cases, death.

(ii) Outline the circumstances that could cause legionella bacteria to be

present in a water system.

Circumstances that could cause legionella bacteria to be present in a water system

include stagnant and untreated water; water kept at a temperature between 20 to 45
degree Celsius; dead ends in water systems; the presence of sludge and other
deposits and the absence of any water testing.

(iii) Identify ways in which persons can be exposed to legionella bacteria.

A person might be exposed to legionella bacteria by inhaling airborne droplets which

could emanate from water systems such as cooling towers, showers, spas or
fountains. There was the occasional reference to showers and cooling towers but few
recognized that exposure was caused by inhalation of airborne droplets.

Element – 8

1. a) Outline the possible health effects from exposure to high level of noise.
(6)

The possible health effects from exposure to high level of noise are causing;

 Annoyance and irritation,

 Affecting concentration and efficiency,
 Causes fatigue and makes one prone to accidents, prevents ear from registering
other sounds,
 Short exposures to very excessive noise causes damage to the inner ear,
and permanent loss of hearing,
 Regular exposure to excess noise causes damage to the inner ear,
and permanent loss of hearing.

b) Give TWO examples of noise techniques, other than personal hearing

protection, that would benefit all workers. (2)

1. Controlling noise at source:

 Replace noisy with less noisy.
 Balance machinery.
 Fit silencers.
 Mount on anti-vibration mountings.
NEBOSH IGC -2
Question & Answers

 Fit sound-proof enclosure.

2. Attenuating the path:

 Acoustic shielding.
 Sound-absorbing materials.
 Avoidance of hard, reflective surfaces.
 Increase distance

c) Outline the factors that are likely to affect the performance of personal
hearing protection. (4)

The factors that are likely to affect the performance of personal hearing protection
are;

 Having a long hair,

 Thick spectacle frames and jewelries in which obstruct the fitting of the hearing
protection,
 Helmets or face shields preventing good fitting,
 Ear plugs not properly inserted into the ear.

2. Identify FOUR types of engineering controls that may be used to reduce

noise in the workplace AND Give a practical example of EACH. (8)

Control measures that could be used to include, for example,

 The provision of sound proof enclosures for particularly noisy equipment;

 Placing acoustic screens around machinery and fitting silencers, for example, on
exhaust pipes and pneumatic equipment;
 Replacing metal gears or bushes with those made of plastic;
 Placing machines on mats made of isolating material;
 The use of personal protective equipment such as ear Plugs and ear muff.
 The reduction of the exposure time of workers by job rotation.

3. A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand grinder, and exposed to

vibration

a) Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this
exposure. (2)

The symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure are:

 Numbness and blanching of the fingers,

 Swollen painful joints,
 Reduction in manual dexterity,
 Reduction in the sensation of touch.
NEBOSH IGC -2
Question & Answers

b) Outline SIX control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from
vibration. (6)

 Elimination by mechanization or automation;

 Substituting the tools with lower vibration equipment;
 Reducing the time of exposure of the operatives by providing frequent breaks
and/or job rotation;
 Modifying the equipment to improve the grip on the tools and reducing the grip
force by the use of improved techniques;
 Introducing a planned maintenance programme for the tools;
 Providing appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves to keep the
hands warm;
 Introducing a programme of health surveillance and providing the workers with
information, instruction and training on the hazards associated with the use of
the tools and the control measures that should be taken,

4. a) Identify FOUR types of ionizing radiation. (4)

The types of ionizing radiation are:

 Alpha emission.
 Beta emission.
 Gamma rays.
 Neutrons.
 X-rays

b) Outline the main control measures for ionizing radiation. (4)

The main control measures for ionizing radiation are limiting the time of exposure,
maintaining distance from the source, applying inverse laws and shielding the source.

5. Outline the factors that may lead to occupational stress amongst workers.
(8)

Work related factors that might be causing stress include ;

 Monotonous, under-stimulating, meaningless tasks.

 Lack of variety.
 Unpleasant tasks.
 Having too much or too little to do.
 Working under time pressures.
 Strict and inflexible working hours.
 Long and unsocial hours.
 Lack of participation in decision making.
 Lack of control over work methods, work pace etc.
 Job insecurity.
 Lack of promotion prospects.
 Unclear role.
 Conflicting roles within the same job.
NEBOSH IGC -2
Question & Answers

 Inadequate, inconsiderate or unsupportive supervision.

 Poor relationships with co-workers.
6. Outline control measures to reduce the noise exposure to the workers.
(8)

 The provision of sound proof enclosures for particularly noisy equipment;

 Placing acoustic screens around machinery and fitting silencers, for example, on
exhaust pipes and pneumatic equipment;
 Replacing metal gears or bushes with those made of plastic;
 Placing machines on mats made of isolating material;
 The use of personal protective equipment such as ear plugs & ear muff;
 The reduction of the exposure time of workers by job rotation.