Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

CELLULAR NETWORKS ___________________________________

By Najeeb Haider Zaidi

___________________________________

___________________________________

BASIC CELLULAR CONCEPTS ___________________________________

___________________________________
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

CELL TYPES ___________________________________

 Macrocells: Used in low dense populated areas, Base

Station in such cells is higher than buildings in the ___________________________________
locality.

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
 Microcells: Generally used in dense populated
localities, cell size is smaller than the mega cells,
___________________________________
coverage is defined by the street layouts, since the
antenna height is lower than the buildings nearby.
___________________________________
 Picocells: Generally used for indoor coverage in
shopping centers highly dense offices, arenas etc.
Mostly such cells are used for high data rate and high ___________________________________
quality of service applications, coverage is defined in
terms of rooms etc.
___________________________________

___________________________________

CELL COVERAGE ___________________________________

___________________________________
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

CELL PATTERN ___________________________________

___________________________________

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

WHY CELLULAR ___________________________________

 Small Spectrum
___________________________________
 Greater requirement of Capacity
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

 Quality of Service

 Mobility and Coverage

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

FREQUENCY REUSE ___________________________________

___________________________________

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
___________________________________

7 cell reuse Pattern

___________________________________

___________________________________

Coverage Area tiled with 7 cell Cluster

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider Zaidi

___________________________________

___________________________________
FUNDAMENTALS OF CELLULAR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ___________________________________
Cellular Concept

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

OBJECTIVES OF MOBILE SERVICES ___________________________________

 The basic objectives for a large scale Mobile
telephony may be summarized as; ___________________________________
 Large Subscriber Capacity

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
 Efficient Use of Spectrum
 National/International Compatibility
___________________________________
 Widespread Availability
 Adaptability to traffic Density ___________________________________
 Service to Vehicles, Portables and Handhelds
 Preferably add-on services in addition to telephony
 Quality as good as fixed telephone network ___________________________________
 Affordable.

___________________________________

___________________________________

CASE STUDY ___________________________________

 Suppose we want to cover a large city with
surroundings, ___________________________________
 The first step may be to establish a BS site with
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

maximum coverage range, say around 30Km

 This may satisfy our coverage requirements, the
___________________________________
capacity (Number of users/MHz/sq.Km) will depend
directly on the number of channels we use for the BS.
___________________________________
 To extend the capacity the we’ll have to increase the
number of channels, which means more bandwidth.
 Obviously there will be a user capacity limit in such ___________________________________
systems.

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

___________________________________
CASE STUDY
 As opposed to that, a cellular radio network is used to ___________________________________
maximize its user capacity with finite bandwidth.
This is achieved by efficiently reusing the finite allocated

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

frequency spectrum.
 The coverage range of each base station is reduced so that a
___________________________________
large number of cells cover the same area as we covered
before from a single site.
___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
7-cell Frequency Reuse Pattern

___________________________________

CASE STUDY ___________________________________

 Well reusing an identical radio carrier in

different cells is limited by co-channel ___________________________________
interference and adjacent channel
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

interference, which a system can tolerate ___________________________________

up to some extent.
 In order to ensure that the carrier to
interference ratio is met the nominal reuse ___________________________________
distance must be sufficiently large.
 In order to reduce the adjacent channel
___________________________________
interference, the adjacent frequency
carriers are not allocated to the same cell or
do not belong to the same frequency group. ___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

CASE STUDY ___________________________________

 Generally a fixed number of radio channels ___________________________________

are available for use in a given cellular

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
radio system, they are divided into number
___________________________________
of sets known as frequency groups.
 Each group is allocated for use in a given
___________________________________
cell served by a single BS.
 It is apparent that the greater the number
___________________________________
of channels available in any cell the more
simultaneous calls can be handled.
___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
CASE STUDY
 Let’s say we have divided the available bandwidth into 21 ___________________________________
frequency carriers.
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

 For a cluster size of 7-cells; each frequency group consists of 3

carriers which are not adjacent to each other.
___________________________________
 Following table shows the possible frequency allocations for
the current configuration.
___________________________________
Cell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number

Frequency Red Light Light Black Dark Dark Brown

___________________________________
Group Green Blue Blue Green

Carrier F1
F8
F2
F9
F3
F10
F4
F11
F5
F12
F6
F13
F7
F14
___________________________________
F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

___________________________________
CASE STUDY
 For planning purposes, the area provided must be divided into cells ___________________________________
in a regular fashion, and it implies the representation of each cell by
a regular polygon, such that the polygon should form the set

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
(cluster) which will fit together without leaving any gaps in
between. ___________________________________
 Hexagon is the ideal choice, approximately to a circle but offering
wide range of cluster sizes; according to;
N  i 2  ij  j 2 ___________________________________
 Where N is the number of cells in a cluster and I and j are the
positive integers.
 1,3,4,7,9,12,19,21….. Are the typical values of N.
 For simple geometrical relations the distance D between the co-
___________________________________
channel cells can be found to be;

D ___________________________________
 3N
R

___________________________________

___________________________________
SECTORIZATION AND CELL SPLITTING
___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

COVERAGE ___________________________________

 The System should serve an area as large as possible.

___________________________________
 With radio coverage, however, because of irregular
terrain configurations, it is usually not practical to

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
cover 100% of the area due to two reasons; ___________________________________
 The transmitted power would have to be very high to
illuminate weak spots with sufficient reception, a
significant added cost factor.
 The higher transmission power the harder it becomes to
___________________________________
control the interference to other cells.
 Therefore, systems usually tries to cover 90% area in ___________________________________
flat terrain and 75% in the hilly terrain.

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider Zaidi

___________________________________

___________________________________
CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEM
___________________________________
ARCHITECTURE
___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

BASIC CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE ___________________________________

GMSC Other Network

___________________________________
MSC

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
___________________________________

MSC
___________________________________
BS BS

BS
___________________________________
BS

BS BS ___________________________________

___________________________________

HANDOVER/HANDOFF ___________________________________

 To maintain an acceptable speech quality during ___________________________________

the call
 To maintain the call when mobile crosses the cell
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

boundaries. ___________________________________
 To maintain the concept of planned cellular
network avoiding the congestion and without ___________________________________
allowing the use of assigned channel outside
their own cell.
___________________________________

___________________________________
Cellular Networks By Najeeb Haider

___________________________________

HANDOVER/HAND-OFF ___________________________________

 Types:
___________________________________
 Inter-cell: When the frequency channel is changed
during the call, inside the same cell.

Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider
 Intra-cell: When the user crosses the cell boundaries ___________________________________
during the call.
 Inter Switching Center: When the user crosses the
MSC boundaries and enters into the premises of
___________________________________
another switching center, during the call.
___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

HAND-OFF CRITERIA ___________________________________

 Signal Strength
___________________________________
 Signal to Interference Ratio
Zaidi
Mobile Communications By Najeeb Haider

 Signal Quality
___________________________________
 Mobile to Base Station Distance

 Power Budget
___________________________________
 Interference in unallocated channel.

___________________________________

___________________________________