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INTRODUCTION TO STUDY
This project deals with the assessment of corporate social Responsibility with respect to S.E.C.L. The work
has been analyzed of several social activities in different departments under the guidance of HR Personnel.
The initial section of the report contains the basic information about the company and about various social
responsibilities towards the company. Along with it is given the research methodology involved and the
manner in which the data has been collected. In the next part of the report data analysis has been
mentioned. The next section pertains to the observations and conclusions. This project work offered an
opportunity to meet the top management people, understand their point of views which would not have
possible otherwise.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this project is to understand the awareness and effectiveness of CSR at SECL.
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2. COMPANY PROFILE
SECL INTRODUCTION
South Eastern Coalfields Limited is the largest coal producing company in the country. It is one of the eight
subsidiaries of Coal India Limited (A Govt. of India Undertaking) under the Ministry of Coal. The company
was adjudged the best PSU in the country for 97-98 and was awarded Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial National
Award for pollution control and energy conservation in the year 2003, Excellence award in 2004, 2006 and
2008, National safety award from Humble President of India in 2004, 2005 and 2006. SECL has been
awarded “Mini Ratna" Status by Govt of India in 2007. In year 2011-12, total coal production by SECL from
open cast and underground mines was 113.84 million tones out of total coal production of 435.84 million
tons produced by Coal India Ltd. which is highest among all subsidiaries of Coal India Ltd and among all coal
producing companies in India. SECL has been making profits since its inception.
Coal constitutes nearly 85% of the fossil fuels reserves in the world. The coal deposits of India belong the
certain period. There are two types of coal cooking and no cooking. Cooking coal is used in metallurgical
industries thermal projects etc. Depending on the volatility, cooking coal has various classifications. No
cooking coal is used in household consumptions and minor industries, railway etc.
2
The central coalfields comprised of the mines previously owned by National Coal Development Corporation
(NCDC) and a few others in Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, etc. The eastern Division comprised of the mines
located in Rajiganj Coalfields and Western Divisions comprised of the Coalfields in M.P and Maharashtra. In
order to streamline the production, distribution and administration, however all the divisions have now
been converted to holding companies as subsidiaries of Coal India Ltd. The division has been renamed as
Eastern Coalfields Ltd., Central coalfields Ltd., and Western coalfields Ltd. The Central Mine planning and
designing institute however carries the same old name. In 1987 western coalfields Ltd. and central
9. In Coal Industry mine is the productive unit the other name of which is colliery.
10. To common people Coal Mine is known as Colliery, which is headed By a Manager, who is assisted by
3
FORMATION OF COAL INDIA
Following the state to be over the non-coking coal mines owned by the coal mines authority Limited (a
govt. of India enterprise) for nearly 3 years and managed through 3 division viz. Eastern, Western & Central
divisions. On 21 October, 1975, coal India Limited was formed as a holding company with its Registered
office at 10, Netaji subhas Road, Calcutta 700 001 and BCCL and NCDC were transferred to CIL. As on
1.1.1993 coal India has seven coal producing subsidiary companies and one subsidiary for Planning,
Designing & Research, Three Units viz, North Eastern coalfields in Margherita (Assam) under the change of
Director-in-charge, coal carbonization plant (Dankuni coal complex) at Dankuni, (west Bengal) and India
institute of coal Management (IICM) at Ranchi (Bihar) are directly under CIL. Dankuni coal complex is,
however, currently under lease to south Eastern coalfield Ltd. For a period of five years on rental charge
The subsidiaries companies are responsible to deliver coal, maintain quality control and carryout after-sale
service once the distribution an broad linkages are decided. Subsidiary companies are also responsible to
realize sale proceeds of coal bills. Coal India will be involved when there is inter-company problem requiring
common approach to consumer, carries etc. The organizational structure of Coal India and its Subsidiary
Companies, number of mines and coal reserves under the respective companies are given below:
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COAL INDIA LIMITED (1975)
The Company sincerely believes that CSR activities play a vital role in achieving inclusive growth. SECL is in
the forefront in various CSR initiatives over the past many years. The focus of SECL’s CSR initiatives is
integrated development of community in the villages surrounding our establishments which are amongst
the most backward tribal villages of India. SECL has initiated integrated development of villages to facilitate
sustainable income generation through employment / self-employment by targeting education and skill
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development. SECL is also offering facilities in healthcare and infrastructure to enable the beneficiaries
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT:
As a mining Company, SECL is conscious of its role in preservation of environment and maintaining
ecological balance. During the year, six numbers of mines were recommended for ISO 14001:2004
Certification. Certification will be issued by Certification International (UK) Limited, UK. Already three mega
projects of SECL Gevra OCP, Dipka OCP & Kusmunda OCP along with nine other opencast mines, have been
certified for Environmental Management System (EMS) as per ISO 14001:2004 up to 2009-10.
Members may be aware that at present, there are 54 completed projects in SECL with rated capacity of
29.589 MT. There are 37 on-going projects under implementation (as on March-2011) with rated capacity
of 120.94 MT. Production from these projects during 2010–11 was 112.70 MT. To further augment the
production and achieve the targeted production programme of SECL during XI plan and beyond, 17 new
projects are approved and are under implementation. To further increase the coal dispatch system, Rapid
Loading System (SILO) have been planned and approved in 03 projects namely in Kusmunda, Gevra and
Dipka Areas. SECL is planning to set-up 2 Nos. of Coal Washery on its own on BOM (Build-Operate-Maintain)
concept at Korba Coalfield and at Raigarh Coalfield to cope up with the MOEF stipulations to despatch
below 34% ash to Power Houses. One washery of 5 MTY capacities will come up at Baroud Opencast of
Raigarh Area and another washery of 10 MTY capacities at Kusmunda Opencast of Kusmunda Area. Creating
transport infrastructure and managing logistics to move coal from the point of origin to consumption units
is a major challenge for sustainable development. The Railways has a major share in coal movement Matrix
(around 49%).To cater the need of coal evacuation various development activities with respect to
construction of new sidings are taken up considering increase in production of coal in near future. and-
Raigarh Coalfields in Raigarh Area spreads over an area of 3700 sq.km and have 2068.9 MT of coal reserves
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as on 01-04-2010 and has potential to produce huge quantity of power grade coal. Presently only 4 mines
having total capacity of 6.27 MT are in operation. M/s RITES has submitted survey report for this zone
which is pending for approval with the Railway Board for construction of railway sidings. Early completion
of the rail network in this zone can serve the nation through coal energy to the extent of more than 50 MTY
in near future.
Similarly, to achieve 50 MTY capacities in near future in Kusmunda Area, additional Railway Siding like
washer siding, rapid loading system and new rail network from Kusmunda to Gatora by MGR mode is under
consideration. Similar efforts are being made for new Railway Siding in near future in Bishrampur Area,
Bhatgaon Area, Jamuna&Kotma Area and Sohagpur Area. This will certainly enhance the despatch capacity
to a greater extent.
IMPORTANT NATIONAL AWARDS BAGGED BY SECL FOR TOTAL PERFORMANCE, SAFETY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL:
SECL’s commitment to excellence resulted winning of several national awards, rankings and recognition for
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1997-98 SCOPE Award 1
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3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has permeated management practice and theory up to a point where
CSR can be referred to as the latest management ( Guthey, Langer,&Morsing, 2006). However, so far CSR
integration into business processes has been very uneven. Hockerts (2008), for example, finds that most
firms conceptualize CSR primarily as a tool to reduce risks and operational cost. Only a minority of firms is
In recent years the business strategy field has experienced the renaissance of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) as a major topic of interest. The concept has not surfaced for the first time. CSR had already known
considerable interest in the 1960s and 70s, spawning a broad range of scholarly contributions (Cheit, 1964;
Heald, 1970; Ackermann & Bauer, 1976; Carroll, 1979), and a veritable (truth) industry of social auditors
and consultants. However, the topic all but vanished from most managers' minds in the 1980s (Dierkes &
Antal, 1986; Vogel, 1986). Having blossomed in the 1970s CSR all but vanished and only Re-emerged in
recent years.
CSR resurfaced forcefully over the past ten years in response to mounting public concern about
globalization. Firms find themselves held responsible for human rights abuses by their suppliers in
developing countries interest groups demand corporate governance to be transparent and accountable.
However, nearly two decades of neglect have helped to undo much of the past achievements of corporate
social responsibility. It is thus no surprise that both practitioners and scholars are struggling once again to
answer the question what the strategic implications of CSR are. The literature on CSR and innovation draws
CSR has been constructed by Ackermann (1976) as managerial discretion. According to this view managerial
actions are not fully defined by corporate policies and procedures. So although managers are constrained
by their work environment they nonetheless have to weigh the moral consequences of the choices they
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make. The view of CSR is strongly anchored in the business ethics literature (Jones, 1991; Donaldson &
Davis (1973) describes the iron law of responsibility, as the fact that firm exercising power will eventually be
held accountable by society. At this level CSR can be best understood as a quest for organizational
legitimacy. Firms are under the obligation not to abuse the power invested on them by society or they risk
losing society’s implicit endorsement. More recently this view point has resurfaced as a firm’s need to
retain its “license to operate” (Post, Preston, & Sachs, 2002: 21).
With freeman’s (1984) seminal book the focus moved from legitimacy and morals toward new theory of the
firm. Social considerations are thus no longer outside an organization but are part of its purpose of being.
CSR thus becomes a question of stakeholder identification involvement and communication (Mitchell, Agle,
& Wood, 1997; Morsing & Beckmann, 2006; Morsing & Schultz, 2006).
The purpose of stakeholder management was to devise a framework to manage strategically the myriad
groups that influenced, directly and indirectly the ability of a firm to achieve its objectives.(Freeman &
Velamuri, 2006).
The aim of stakeholder management is thus to analyze how a company can serve its customers and be
lucrative while also serving its other stakeholders such as suppliers, employees, and communities. Recently
the stakeholder perspective has dominated the reinterpretation of CSR pushing the question of the
legitimacy of corporate power as well as the moral dimension of managerial decisions more into the
background.
The latest literature tradition to have impacted our understanding of corporate social responsibility is that
sustainable development. It was the Brundtland Commission (1987) that for the first time systematically
emphasized the link between poverty, environmental degradation, and economic development. Its
definition of sustainable development, as meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the
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ability of future generations to meet theirs, extends the responsibility of firms both inter and intra
generationally. Thus firms are expected to also consider traditionally unrepresented stakeholders such as
the environment and as well as future generations. Although many CSR authors have taken up the notion of
a “triple bottom line” (Elkington, 1997) there remain important tensions between the CSR and the
Innovation is the process through which productive resources are development and utilized to generate
higher quality and or lower cost products than had been previously available. It requires the visualization of
a range of potentialities that were previously hidden and that are now believed to be accessible. Thus,
innovation strategy is in its essence, interpretative and therefore subjective, rather than 'rational' and
Literature bringing together CSR and innovation has emerged gradually over the past decade. One
interpretation of “social innovation” can refer to improvements in the CSR process. Examples could be
improved social reporting tools or CSR management systems. In this review we do, however, not consider
these kinds of improvements and instead focus mainly on product related social innovation. In the
following we will discuss some of the main themes standing out from literature. Broadly speaking there are
two schools of thought: The first line of publications deals with innovations aiming at social improvements
(i.e. health, education, community development). Here the term social innovation can refer to product
innovations with a social purpose. A subgroup of these types of innovations concerns “Base of the Pyramid”
thinking. Social innovation is also used to refer to the process of starting and improving social enterprises. A
second group of authors put environmental innovation at the heart of their work. These literature
contributions have coalesced around the theme of eco-innovation, which more recently has spawned the
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CORPORATE SOCIAL INNOVATION
The term “corporate social innovation” was first introduced by Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1999: 125) who
argues that firms should use social issues as a learning laboratory for identifying unmet needs and for
developing solutions that create new markets. She describes, for example, BankBoston’s effort in setting up
a Community Bank, which has eventually evolved into a new market for the bank. Similarly Bell Atlantic has
equipped schools with HDSL computers, in the processing learning a lot about how to use and market this
new technology. The term corporate social innovation is increasingly taken up by practitioners. Patrick
Cescau CEO of Unilever for example defines corporate social innovation as a way of finding new products
and services that meet not only the functional needs of consumers for tasty food or clean clothes but also
their wider aspirations as citizens. However, as pointed out by Hockerts (2008), most firms remain focused
on CSR as a tool to reduce risks and operational cost. In his study of twelve multinationals he finds that only
firms with very high social performance rankings think about CSR as a means to drive product innovation.
He proposes that corporate social innovation requires the creation of knowledge structures that result from
investments in corporate social performance. Examples for such scripts could be CSR management and
communication tools.
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4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the way to systematically solve the research problem. Research methodology just
does not deal with research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods. It may be understood
as a science of studding how research is done scientifically and systematically. In it, we study the various
steps that are generally adopted by the researcher in study of his research problem along with logic behind
them. it is necessary for researcher to know the research method, technique He must also clearly
understand the producer would apply to problem given to him. All this means that it is necessary for the
Research methodology is a way to solve systematically the research problem. In it the researcher studies
the various steps that are generally adopted by researcher in studying his research problem along with the
The main objective of the project is to understand what corporate social responsibility is and how it is
important for an organization in different areas for social activities in relation to South Eastern Coalfields
3. To give necessary suggestion to enhance the effectiveness of CSR so as to ensure sustainable industrial
growth.
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4.2 THE RESEARCH PLAN AND SAMPLING PLAN USED IN THE STUDY
The following table can be taken as a guideline for preparing this section.
RESEARCH PLAN
Data collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact
the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. Data can be defined as the quantitative or
qualitative values of a variable. Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas. Data in itself
cannot be understood and to get information from the data one must interpret it into meaningful
information. There are various methods of interpreting data. Data sources are broadly classified into
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Primary data is the data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience. Primary data has not
been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or
altered by human beings; therefore its validity is greater than secondary data.
Secondary Data is the data collected from a source that has already been published in any form. The review
of literature in any research is based on secondary data mostly from books, journals and periodicals.
INTRODUCTION
The Mines of Coal India and its subsidiaries are located in different parts of the country spread in 8 states,
and relatively in isolated areas with little contact to the outside society. Mining of Coal has profound impact
on the people living in and around the areas where the mines are established. The obvious impact of the
introduction of any production activity in such areas change the traditional lifestyle of the original
inhabitants and indigenous communities and also change the socio-economic profile of the Area. Hence,
the primary beneficiaries of CSR should be land outsets, PAP and those staying within the radius of 25 Kms
of the Project. Poor and needy section of the society living in different parts of India should be second
beneficiaries.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social
In the aforesaid backdrop, policy o Corporate Social Responsibility of CIL has been framed after
incorporating the features of the Companies Act 2013 and as per notification issued by Ministry of
Corporation Affairs, Govt. of India on 27.02.2014 as well as DPEs guidelines and broadly covers the
following:-
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Welfare measures for the community at large, so as to ensure the poorer section of the Society
Contribution to the society at large by way of social and cultural development, imparting education,
training and social awareness specially with regard to the economically backward class for their
MEANING
Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and
contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families
1. Social responsibility becomes an integral part of the wealth creation process - which if managed properly
should enhance the competitiveness of business and maximize the value of wealth creation to society.
2.When times get hard, there is the incentive to practice CSR more and better - if it is a philanthropic
exercise which is peripheral to the main business, it will always be the first thing to go when push comes to
shove.
But as with any process based on the collective activities of communities of human beings (as companies
are) there is no 'one size fits all'. In different countries, there will be different priorities, and values that will
shape how business act. And even the observations above are changing over time. The US has growing
numbers of people looking towards core business issues. A concept whereby companies decide voluntarily
AIMS:
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To understand how a company’s CSR initiatives are perceived by their stakeholder groups and
others.
To gain an understanding of how a company’s CSR performance compares to that of its peers.
OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of CSR policy is to lay down guideline for the coal companies to make CSR a key business
process for sustainable development for the Society. It aims at supplementing the4 role of the Govt. in
enhancing welfare measures of the society based on the immediate and long term social and
environmental consequences of their activities. CIL will act as a good Corporate Citizen, subscribing to the
SCOPE:
As per schedule VII of New Companies Act 2013 the following should be the Scope of Activities under
1. Eradicating hunger, poverty and malnutrition, promoting preventive health care and sanitation and
2. Promoting education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills
especially among children, women, elderly, and differently able and livelihood enhancement
projects.
3. Promoting gender equality, empowering women, setting up homes and hostels for women and
orphans, setting up old age homes, day care centres and such other facilities for senior citizens and
measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups.
4. Ensuring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, protection of Flora and Fauna, animal
welfare, agro-forestry, and conservation of natural resources and maintaining quality of soil, air and
water.
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5. Protection of national heritage, art and culture including restoration of buildings and sites of
historical importance and work of art: setting up public libraries, promotion and development of
6. Measures for the benefit of armed forces veterans, war widows and their dependents.
7. Training to promote rural sports, nationally recognized sports, Paralympics sports and Olympics
sports.
8. Contribution to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central
Government for socio-economic development and relief and welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the
9. Contribution or funds provided to technology incubators located within academic institutions which
FEATURES OF CSR
An evaluation tool using a set of core question common to all groups based on primary research.
Sector specific questions to gain depth of understanding of how “engaged” key stakeholder groups
BENEFITS
A wide ranging and robust vehicle to assess position in terms of CSR based on the perceptions of a
The ability to look holistically at the awareness of CSR activities on key stakeholders.
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Will provide an evaluation vehicle that will enable a company to compare its position via others.
Will enable a company to built picture overtime and provide monitoring tool.
Will provide synthesized results (CSR index) which will assist senior.
CSR AT SECL
Our CSR policy aims at making CSR a key business process for sustainable Development
for the society. We supplement the role of Government Welfare measures of the society based on the
immediate and long term Social and Environmental consequences of our activities. Engaging with our
community and working towards their development is an integral part of our business. We are committed
to Sustainable development and inclusive growth. In the surrounding areas of our mining projects. This
commitment is translated in to action through a network of CSR projects through which we are dedicated
PROJECT BUNIYAD –
A rural infrastructure development project aimed at developing basic infrastructure in villages around a
believe that social asset Creation in rural area is the (Buniyad) of its prosperity. The project targets around
350 villages of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh for development of community assets road community
centres, school playgrounds, market places, water supply, regular interface and engaged with district
authorities and a local body for need identific-ation and execution of work is at the core of the project.
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OBJECTIVE
ACTIVITIES
8. Gainful utilization of waste water from Under‐Ground Mines for cultivation, etc.
9. Forming task force of volunteers to educate people regarding proper use of Water.
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PROJECT ARMAAN
The project aimed at improving standard and quality of education in rural areas to
supplement the endeavour of Central and State Governments to give wings t of rural children.
OBJECTIVE
ACTIVITIES
1. Providing basic infrastructure like Classrooms with desks, benches, furniture, etc.
3. Laboratory.
5. Playgrounds.
9.Providing educational aids like books, stationary, bags, uniform, cycle, etc. to BPL/SC/ST/female stude
nts.
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10. Supporting technical/vocational institutions for their self‐development by providing
A health care and family welfare program of SECL envisioned for sustainable mining project surrounded by
Swastha Grams. We have a chain of 17 hospitals and 47 dispensaries equipped with diagnostic and surgical
facilities spread across all business units supported by 159 ambulances and managed by 251 doctors /
specialists and 874 paramedical staff who are educated toward healthcare of employees and their families
and nearby village. In addition, SECL provides health services to far-flung areas through 14 dedicated
ambulances equipped as mobile health clinics. We organise periodical special healthcare Campus at these
areas like eye camps, family planning camps, diagnostic camps, etc. and awareness program on health and
hygiene.
OBJECTIVE
2. To provide healthcare.
3. Tocreate awareness about chronic diseases like AIDS, malaria, TB, cancer etc.
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ACTIVITIES
2. Organizing medical camps (diagnostic camp, eye camp, immunization camp, etc.),
Periodic school medical check up, special area camps, blood donation camps etc.
8.Promoting and organizing senior citizen healthcare programs and wellness clinic drugs etc.
10. Providing healthcare facilities through fully equipped mobile medical vans.
PROJECT VASUNDHARA
A climate change mitigating initiative through massive tree plantation, water Harvesting,
‘Eco‐Tourism’, etc.“Respect for (Nature)”is the core of our operations. We are committed
To mitigate environmental impact of all our operations by engaging state of the art technology and training.
We also support wildlife protection at Achankmar Tiger Reserve, chhattisgharh. We are committed for
creating awareness among our employees, children’s and citizens in general on environmental issues. To
emphasize their role in compacting global warming, climate imbalance, conservation of natural resources.
OBJECTIVE
5.To create awareness against use of plastics, polythene, use of coal/wood as fuel, etc.
ACTIVITIES
3. Developing parks
9. Forming and supporting “Eco‐Clubs” among employees, families, school children, and youth.
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5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The data collected through questionnaires has been analyzed quantitatively & presented with the help of
tables & charts. This was followed by observations and conclusions & finally suggestions were made. The
YES 40 80
NO 10 20
yes
No
INTERPRETATION
80% of the respondents agree on the term of adopting CSR by the company.
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Q.2- Has your company drawn up environmental friendliness policy objectives?
YES 40 80
NO 10 20
yes
No
INTERPRETATION:
According to the data analysis, 80% of the respondents said that company drawn environmental
friendliness policy.
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Q.3- Is external parties affected participating in defining the CSR strategy at your company?
YES 35 70
NO 15 30
yes
No
INTERPRETATION:
70% of the employees agree that external parties can affect the CSR strategy of the company.
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Q.4- Are you aware of your company’s expenditure in CSR activities?
YES 40 80
NO 10 20
1
2
INTERPRETATION:
80% of the employees were aware about the company’s expenditure in CSR activities.
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Q.5- Are you aware of the CSR projects run by SECL?
YES 40 80
NO 10 20
yes
no
may be
INTERPRETATION:
80% of employees were aware about the various CSR projects run by SECL.
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Q.6-Does CSR activities add values to the company profile?
YES 45 90
NO 5 10
yes
no
INTERPRETATION:
80% respondents say yes CSR activities add values to the company profile.
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Q.7- Does your company motivate employees to participate in CSR activities & projects?
YES 30 60
NO 20 40
yes
no
INTERPRETATION:
60% employees say that your company motivates employees to participate in CSR activities & projects.
NOTE:
There are several limitations that on this research study which require for the examination and addition
research in the future. The sample size of this study is one of the limitations. The sample size might not
accurately representation all the employee. This is because there are some respondents were not seriously
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6. FINDINGS
1. In our research report we find that according to employee of SECL corporate social responsibility
2. According to SECL respondents says, CSR activities add values to the company profile.
3. Find in my report that most of the employees say that company motivates employees to
4. Most of the employees think that external parties affected participating in defining the CSR strategy
at your company.
5. According to report most of the employees were not aware about the company’s expenditure in
CSR activities.
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7. SUGGESTION
2. Less than 20% of the employees are not aware of social activities run by SECL. So I would suggest
3. Every employees of SECL can take part in CSR activities, so the employee can know the awareness
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8. LIMITATIONS
During the project there were various constraints which were faced:
1. As the analysis is based on small sample size so there can be chances of less accurate results as small
3. The difficulty of understanding the questions as it was in English language can be a major limitation.
4. As there were large number of employees in the HR department so obtaining information from each
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9. CONCLUSION
SECL is the leading coal production in the family of the CIL. At present time SECL is producing 25% of the
total coal production of coal India. Besides maintaining its position, SECL has also maintained high quality in
other spheres of performance. It provides all the facilities, Satisfaction, terminal benefits to employees like
P.F., Gratuity and sanction order of pension is given on last working day of employees in a formal function.
It has enhanced the belongingness towards the company. SECL has planned to invest over Rs.900crores for
development of coal projects to maintain its status of India’s largest coal producing company. In Every
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10. BIBLOGRAPHY
Ackermann, R., & Bauer, R. 1976. Corporate Social Performance: The Modern Dilemma. Reston:
Brundtland Commission. 1987. Our Common Future. Brussels: World Commission on Environment
and Development.
Cheit, E. F. 1964. Why Managers Cultivate Social Responsibility. California Management Review, 7:
3-22.
Crane, A., & Matten, D. 2003. Business Ethics: A European Perspective. Oxford:Oxford University
Press
Dierkes, M., & Antal, A. B. 1986. Whither Corporate Social Reporting: Is It Time to Legislate?
Donaldson, T., & Dunfee, T. 1994. Toward a Unified Conception of Business Ethics:Integrative Social
Dyllick, T., & Hockerts, K. 2002. Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability.Business
Elkington, J. 1997. Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Oxford:
Capstone.
Freeman, R., & Velamuri, S. 2006. A New Approach to CSR: Company Stakeholder Responsibility. In
Guthey, E., Langer, R., & Morsing, M. 2006. Corporate social responsibility is a management fashion.
So what? In M. Morsing, & S. Beckmann (Eds.), Strategic CSR communications: 39-60. Copenhagen.
36
heald, M. 1970. The Social Responsibilities of Business: Company and Community,1900-1960.
Hockerts, K. 2008. Managerial Perceptions of the Business case for Corporate Social Responsibility.
Jones, T. 1991. Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue Contingent Model.
Kanter, R. M. 1999. From Spare Change to Real Change: The Social Sector as a Beta Site for Business
Mitchell, R., Agle, B., & Wood, D. 1997. Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience:
Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. The Academy of Management Review, 22:
853-886.
information, response and involvement strategies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15: 323-338.
O'Sullivan, M. A. 2000. The Innovative Enterprise and Corporate Governance. Cambridge Journal of
Post, J. E., Preston, L. E., & Sachs, S. 2002. Redefining the Corporation: Stakeholder Management
Vogel, D. 1986. The Study of Social Issues in Management: A Critical Appraisal California
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11. APPENDICES
Name:
Occupation
Designation:
Yes No
Yes No
3. Is external parties affected participating in defining the CSR strategy at your company?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
6. Does your company motivate employees to participate in CSR activities & projects?
Yes No
Yes No
38
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