1

2
 AFGHAN OPIATE TRAFFICKING
THROUGH THE SOUTHERN ROUTE

3
Acknowledgements
The Afghan Opiate Trafficking through the Southern Route report is an output of the Afghan Opiate Trade Project in
the Statistics and Surveys Section, Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs,
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. It was prepared under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of
the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, and the guidance of Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend
Analysis Branch .

Editor
Chloé Carpentier, Chief, Statistics and Surveys Section

Authors
Hayder Mili, Programme Officer, Statistics and Surveys Section
Saurabh Sati, Consultant, Statistics and Surveys Section
Jacob Townsend, Consultant, Statistics and Surveys Section

Contributions to the analysis

Statistics and Surveys Section: Silvia Aue, Hamid Azizi, Deepika Naruka
Country Office in Afghanistan: Mir Sayed Fawad Ahmad Alaie, Mohammad Rafi Kabiri, Sayed Jalal Pashtoon
Country Office in Pakistan: Abdul Qahir Khan, Shaukat Ullah Khan
Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa: Dina Fayad
Regional Office for West and Central Africa: David Izadifar
Regional Office for Southern Africa: Anna Logun

Data processing and mapping support

Odil Kurbanov
Irina Tsoy

English language editing

Amabel Luers

Graphic design and layout

Bolat Kubeyev

The authors wish to thank colleagues from the Division for Operations, the Division for Policy Analysis and Public
Affairs and the Division for Treaty Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, for their invaluable inputs and
comments .

UNODC is grateful to national and international institutions and organisations for sharing information and knowledge
with the report team, including ,in particular, the World Customs Organization, INTERPOL, the Combined Maritime
Forces, the Arab Bureau for Narcotic Affairs, Council of the Arab Ministers of Interior and governments, law
enforcement agencies and public health departments of Afghanistan ,Canada, China, Germany, India, the Islamic
Republic of Iran, Italy, Malaysia, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

The preparation of this report benefited from the financial contribution of the United States of America .
Disclaimers
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Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to:

Statistics and Surveys Section

Research and Trend Analysis Branch
Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs
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 Table of Contents:
.H\ˉQGLQJV 
Introduction 

2YHUYLHZRI$IJKDQRSLDWHWUDIˉFNLQJRQWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH 

2. Afghanistan 
2SLXPSURGXFWLRQ 
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4. The Islamic Republic of Iran 

+HURLQWUDIˉFNLQJ 
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5. Middle East and Gulf countries 

+HURLQVHL]XUHV 
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6. South Asia 

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7. East and South-East Asia 

7KHVRXWKHUQURXWHDQG$VLDȠVHFRQRPLFLQWHJUDWLRQ 
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8. Oceania 
6XPPDU\ 

6
9. Africa 
(DVWHUQDQG6RXWKHUQ$IULFD 
:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFD 
6XPPDU\ 

10. Europe 

0DMRUURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV 
6XPPDU\ 

11. North America 

7KHLQˊXHQFHRIWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH 
7UDIˉFNLQJURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV 
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12. Responding to the challenges of the southern route 

Annexes 

7
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1
UNODC (2013), World Drug Report 2013, UNODC, p.ix, Vienna: United Nations publication.
2
UNODC (2010), World Drug Report 2010, p.59. Vienna: United Nations publication.

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3
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.30. Vienna: United Nations publication.
4
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.30. Vienna: United Nations publication.
5
A subset of opioids comprised of the various products derived from the opium poppy plant, including opium, morphine and heroin.
6
Government of India, Ministry of Shipping, “Maritime Agenda: 2010 – 2020”, January 2011, p. 6.

12
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14
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160 000
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80 000
60 000
40 000
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9
UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p.93. Vienna: United Nations publication.

15
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10
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support from UNODC. What these rapid assessments highlight is that the prevalence of cocaine and heroin use in West Africa is about the
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in West Africa”, 2013, p.4.
11
UNODC (2014), The Illicit Drug Trade through South-Eastern Europe, p. 74-75. Vienna: United Nations publication.
12
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16
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13
UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p.x. Vienna: United Nations publication.
14
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See the chapter on Oceania.

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16
UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.62. Vienna: United Nations publication.
17
UNODC (2014), The Illicit Drug Trade through South-Eastern Europe, p.90. Vienna: United Nations publication.

18
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21
UNODC and Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics, “Afghanistan Opium Survey 2014”, p. 6.
22
UNODC and Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics, “Afghanistan Opium Survey 2014”, p. 6.

21
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23
UNODC and Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics, “Afghanistan Opium Survey 2014”, p. 6.
24
UNODC and Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics, “Afghanistan Opium Survey 2014”, p. 41.
25
UNODC and Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics, “Afghanistan Opium Survey 2014”, p. 40.

22
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WKHUHJLRQIRUORFDOXVHRUPD\XQGHUJRIXUWKHUSURFHVVLQJRXWVLGH$IJKDQLVWDQ

26
 Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ ”‡’‘”–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ˆ ˆ‰Šƒ ‘’‹— „‡‹‰ –”ƒˆϐ‹…‡† –‘ ˆ”‹…ƒǡ ‘—–Š •‹ƒ ȋ‡š…‡’– ƒ‹•–ƒȌ ƒ† ‘—–ŠǦƒ•– •‹ƒǤ Ž› ƒ
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•‡‹œ—”‡•‹—”‘’‡ƒ…‘—–”‹‡•ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰—”‡›ȌǤ
27
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23
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24
$FFRUGLQJWR&13$GDWDQHDUO\WZRWKLUGVRIWKHKHURLQODERUDWRULHVLQWKHFRXQWU\DUHORFDWHGLQWKHVRXWK
ZLWKRWKHUPDMRUVLWHVLQWKHZHVWHUQSURYLQFHVDVZHOODV1DQJDUKDULQWKH(DVWDQG%DGDNKVKDQLQWKHQRUWK
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Province 2012 % of 2012 Total 2013 % of 2013 Total

8UX]JDQ    
%DGDNKVKDQ    
)DUDK    
.DQGDKDU    
Nangarhar    
+HOPDQG    
TOTAL 73 100.0 61 100.0

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+HURLQVHL]XUHVKDYHˊXFWXDWHGLQUHFHQW\HDUVZLWKDSHDNRINJLQIROORZHGE\VHL]XUHVWRWDOOLQJ
NJLQDQGNJLQ'HVSLWHWKLVGHFUHDVHIURPWRRYHUWKHORQJWHUPWKHˉJXUHIRU
UHPDLQVUHODWLYHO\KLJK7KLVRYHUDOOLQFUHDVHLQKHURLQVHL]XUHVLVPLUURUHGE\DVLPLODUVXUJHLQVHL]XUHVRI
PRUSKLQHLQDQGZKLFKLVODWHUDGGUHVVHGIXUWKHU7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHKHURLQDQGPRUSKLQHVHL]XUHV
RFFXUUHGLQWKHVRXWKZHVWDQGHDVWHUQUHJLRQVRIWKHFRXQWU\7KLVLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKOLNHO\WUDQVVKLSPHQWV
WKURXJK3DNLVWDQDQGWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQRQWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHDVZHOODVWKH%DONDQURXWHSDUWLFXODUO\
IURPWKHZHVWHUQSURYLQFHVRI$IJKDQLVWDQ

28
Afghanistan, Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, “Afghanistan Drug Report 2012”, , p. 135.

25
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26
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80 000

70 000

60 000
Amount seized (kgs)

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Pakistan 21,265 22,197 32,658 10,989 7,325 1,961 6,064 4,296 1,369 3,754.2

Islamic Republic
12,878 6,939 10,607 9,681 8,977 16,139 8,098 6,811 6,997 10,429
of Iran

Afghanistan 85 1,967 938 5,019 479 7,686 3,179 64,028 43,519 23,979
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EHHQWUDQVIHUUHGWR4D]YLQLQQRUWKZHVW,UDQIRUFRQYHUVLRQDWDGDLU\IDUP

29
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route, March 2014.
30
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27
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28
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
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31
UNODC (2009). World Drug Report 2009, p.61. Vienna: United Nations publication.
32
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33
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34
”‡Ǧ‡˜‹‡™‡’‘”–‘ˆ‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡš’‡”–‘‹––‡‡‘”—‰‡’‡†‡…‡Š‹”–›Ǧϐ‹ˆ–Š‡‡–‹‰ƒƒ‡–ǡ—‹•‹ƒǡͶǦͺ
June 2012.

29
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4 000
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35
UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.147-152. Vienna: United Nations publication.
36
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37
UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.45. Vienna: United Nations publication.

30
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3 000

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0
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38
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31
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32
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United States of America
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0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000
Amount of heroin seized (kg)
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40
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.ix. Vienna: United Nations publication.
41
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42
UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.59. Vienna: United Nations publication.

33
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44
UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.28. Vienna: United Nations publication.(estimates for 2009)

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18
12 000
16
Amount seized (kgs)

10 000 14

Percentage
8 000 12
10
6 000 8
4 000 6
4
2 000
2
0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
Pakistan Perсentage of global seizures
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Punjab 12%
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47
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37
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40 000

35 000

30 000
Amount seized (kgs)

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000
5 000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
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38
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Balochistan  
Sindh  
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Punjab  
,VODPDEDG  
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*LOJLW%DOWLVWDQ  
TOTAL 100 100
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Heroin seized in Punjab Heroin seized in Punjab

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UNODC (2012). World Drug Report 2012, p.89. Vienna: United Nations publication..
65
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67
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68
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69
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70
UNODC (2009), Addiction Crime and Insurgency – The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opiates, p.28
71
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.8. Vienna: United Nations publication.

46
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UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p.24. Vienna: United Nations publication
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Department of State, “International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR)”, 7 March 2012.
79
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UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.33. Vienna: United Nations publication.

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Province Number of Seizures $PRXQWVHL]HGNJ Distribution (%) of amount seized

Bushehr   

)DUV   
+RUPR]JDQ   
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%R\HU$KPDG
/RUHVWDQ   
TOTAL 65 6187 100
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700 000

600 000

500 000
Amount seized (kgs)

400 000

300 000

200 000

100 000

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
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Frequency of route Seizure Percentage of total heroin seized
Destination region
detected DPRXQWNJ (outside the Islamic Republic of Iran)
0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOI6WDWHV   
Africa   
(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLD   
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100
MENAHRA (2012), “Assessment of situation and response of drug use and its harms in the Middle East and North Africa”.
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101

56
Table 7: Heroin seizures in the Middle East and Gulf region by country, 2004-2013 (kg)102
Countries 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Bahrain 1 1  14 32 9 4 8 1.7
Israel 68 140 92 136 303 392 471 18 130 52
Jordan 186 118 131 43 23 70 256 92 46 244
Kuwait 39 36 19  15 12 4 17
Lebanon 2 1 3 13 3 69 6 12 20 16103
Oman 4 4 9 23 30  14 98
Qatar 9 1 2 0 6 12 0.003
Saudi Arabia 53 0 40 41 60 56 111 51 17
State of Palestine 0.04 0.01 10.6 0.02 0.06 0.26 0.14 1.09 0.59
Syrian Arab Republic 6 25 7 110 47 102 51 92 38 28
United Arab Emirates 91 183 130 178 388 250 210 135 158 108
Yemen 0 189 0
TOTAL 357 481 375 759 878 981 1074 503 455 565
Source: UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ) and Database on Estimates and Long-term Trend Analysis (DELTA); Mini-Dublin group reports;
Arab Bureau for Narcotic Affairs; documents of the 28th Arab conference of the heads of drug law enforcement agencies and Report forwarded by
countries to the Council of Arab Ministers of Interior on efforts on combating drug trafficking in 2013, figures have been rounded.

Map 19 illustrates heroin seizures reported in the region between 2010 and 2013, with two prominent
patterns. Firstly, ports and airports have clearly been important sites at which interdictions have occurred. This
is in contrast, for example, to the situation in Pakistan, where many major seizures happen along roadsides.
Between 2010 and 2013, according to the seizure cases for which information was available, the common
mode of trafficking was by sea, accounting for two thirds of seizures by weight. The next most common modes
were by land (19 per cent) and air (14 per cent). Consignments sent by mail accounted for less than 1 per cent
of the overall weight of heroin seized. In terms of the number of seizures made, 74 per cent of those reported
involved heroin trafficked by air and 20 per cent by land.104

Numerous seizures have been made at airports in the region; various shipments destined for the region
were also intercepted at airports in other countries. Although the amounts trafficked by air are small, the
frequency is high and indicates the need for improved vigilance at airports. In relation to maritime trafficking
opportunities, it is notable that most of the berths for trade and cruise vessels, including cruise facilities,
passenger liners and ferries, dhows105 and small speedboats, are located within commercial shipping ports.
This presents opportunities to traffickers and makes detecting and seizing drugs difficult for law enforcement
agencies.

Secondly, Map 19 illustrates a clear cluster of seizures in Israel, southern Syrian Arab Republic and northern
Jordan. It is unclear whether this suggests the existence of an integrated network of opiate trafficking, or
results instead from a higher law enforcement activity. Some cases reported to UNODC have involved, for

102
Although Iraq did not officially submit information in its Annual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ), a report from a meeting of epidemiological
experts in 2012 presented some limited data on seizures in the country. According to this report, hashish and opium were the two most
commonly seized drugs between 2004 and 2013. Interim Report of the Inaugural Iraq Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG),
8-9 May 2012, Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Diwan, J., Al Hemiary, N., Hasson, A., and Rawson, R.A.(available at: www.uclaisap.org/iraq/html/CEWG-
publications-reports.html).
103
Council of the European Union, Report to the Mini-Dublin Group by the Romanian Chair, “Regional report on the Near East”, December
2014, (available at: //data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-16959-2014-INIT/en/pdf).
104
UNODC Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP) and Individual Drug Seizures (IDS).
105
Dhow is the standard name used to describe various different types of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts used in the Red
Sea and the Indian Ocean; See http://nabataea.net/ships.html

57
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107
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108
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109
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‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡”‘‹•‡‹œ‡†‹ ‘”†ƒ‹ʹͲͳ͵‹•‘–…Ž‡ƒ”„—––Š‡…‘–‹—‹‰…‹˜‹Ž™ƒ”‹›”‹ƒ”ƒ„‡’—„Ž‹…‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡‹’ƒ…–‡†–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰
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110
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111
ANGA Report of 2013.
112
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113
ANGA Report of 2013.
114
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in various countries of the Middle East and the Gulf States.
115
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ȧ,Q%DKUDLQHYHU\VHL]XUHLQYROYHGKHURLQWKDWKDGEHHQLQJHVWHG,QDOOFDVHVFRXULHUVKDGWUDYHOOHG
IURP3DNLVWDQ

117
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118
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‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†”ƒ„‹”ƒ–‡•ǡ„—Šƒ„‹‘Ž‹…‡ƒ†—„ƒ‹—•–‘•Ǥ
119
”—‰•‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ
120
 ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘ʹͶ…–‘„‡”ʹͲͳʹǡ‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‹ƒ”…‘–‹…• ‘”…‡ȋ Ȍ‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•‹–‡”…‡’–‡†͵ƒ‹•–ƒ‹
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ– ‡††ƒŠ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹”’‘”–ƒ†”‡…‘˜‡”‡†͹Ǥͷ‰‘ˆŠ‡”‘‹Ǥˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡ ‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͷǤ
121
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59
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Region of origin/ departure Number of cases $PRXQWRIKHURLQVHL]HGNJ

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South Asia  
Africa  
(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLD  
Other  
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VWDWHGWKH\DUHPRUHOLNHO\WRVXSSO\WKH%DONDQURXWHSDVVLQJHLWKHUGLUHFWO\LQWR7XUNH\RUWKURXJK.XUGLVK,UDT
DQGSRWHQWLDOO\6\ULDQ$UDE5HSXEOLFEHIRUHPRYLQJLQWR7XUNH\

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7KHODUJHVWKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQWKHUHJLRQLQWKHSHULRGLQYROYHGKHURLQWUDIˉFNHGE\VHD7UDIˉFNLQJE\
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60
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LQ 3DNLVWDQ LQYROYLQJ KHURLQ GHVWLQHG IRU 2PDQ WKHUH ZHUH QR UHSRUWHG VHL]XUHV PDGH LQ 2PDQ RI KHURLQ
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5.2.1 Destinations

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GLUHFWLRQV:LWKUHJDUGWRVHL]XUHVIRUZKLFKLQIRUPDWLRQZDVDYDLODEOHIRUWKHSHULRG7DEOHVKRZV
WKDWDVLJQLˉFDQWDPRXQWRIKHURLQZDVGHVWLQHGIRU$IULFDSHUFHQWIROORZHGE\(XURSHSHUFHQW(DVW
$VLDDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDSHUFHQWDQG1RUWK$PHULFDSHUFHQW7RZDUGV(XURSHWKHFRXQWU\OLVWHGPRVW
IUHTXHQWO\DVWKHFRXQWU\RIGHSDUWXUHLQWHUPVRIERWKQXPEHURIVHL]XUHVDQGZHLJKWZDVWKH8QLWHG$UDE
(PLUDWHVQLQHFDVHVWRWDOOLQJNJ:LWKUHJDUGWRKHURLQGHVWLQHGIRU$IULFDWKHPDMRULW\RIVHL]XUHVOLVWHG
WKH8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHVWKUHHFDVHVWRWDOOLQJNJDVWKHFRXQWU\RIGHSDUWXUH7RZDUGV(DVWDQG6RXWK
(DVW$VLDPRVWRIWKHVHL]XUHVLQYROYHGKHURLQWUDIˉFNHGIURPWKH8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHVWRPDLQODQG&KLQDˉYH
FDVHVDQGNJDQG+RQJ.RQJIRXUFDVHVDQGNJ$QDGGLWLRQDOFDVHLQYROYHGNJRIKHURLQWUDIˉFNHGIURP
4DWDUWRPDLQODQG&KLQD)LQDOO\WRZDUGV1RUWK$PHULFDWKHUHZHUHVL[UHSRUWHGFDVHVNJLQYROYLQJKHURLQ
WUDIˉFNHGIURPWKH8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHVWRWKH86$DQGIRXUFDVHVNJLQYROYLQJKHURLQWUDIˉFNHGIURP4DWDU
WRWKH86$,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHZDVDVLQJOHFDVHNJRIKHURLQVPXJJOHGIURP4DWDUWR&DQDGD

Table 9: +HURLQWUDIĆFNHGIURPRUWKURXJKWKH*XOIFRXQWULHVE\GHVWLQDWLRQ

Destination Approx. % of total number Amount of heroin Approx. % of total

Number of Cases
region of cases in region VHL]HGNJ amount seized
(XURSH    
Africa    
(DVWDQG6RXWK
   
(DVW$VLD
1RUWK$PHULFD    
TOTAL 45 100 314.5 100
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122
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123
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ƒ–ƒ–ǣ™™™Ǥ…—•–‘•Ǥ‘ˆǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‹“Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ǫ“ᐑ†‡Ȁ͵ʹȌǤ
124
”—‰•‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ‡’‘”–‡†‹”ƒ“‹‡†‹ƒǤ
125
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ƒ†‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ––‡”•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”ƒ†‹††Ž‡ƒ•–‘‹–• ‘”–›Ǧ•‡˜‡–Š•‡••‹‘ǡŠ‡Ž†‹–ƒŽ›ƒǡ—”‡›ǡͳͻǦʹ͵‘˜‡„‡”ʹͲͳʹȋȀ
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126
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61
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127
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128
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129
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130
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131
Š‡•‡…‘—–”‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡ؖ‡†ǯ˜‘‹”‡ǡ‡›ƒǡ‹„‡”‹ƒǡ‘œƒ„‹“—‡ǡ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒǡ‰ƒ†ƒǡƒ„‹ƒƒ†‹„ƒ„™‡Ǥ
132
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.33. Vienna: United Nations publication.
133
—„ƒ‹’‘Ž‹…‡ǡ
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–‡–‘†‡α͹͸͸ͷ͵Ƭ•™‹–…Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡α‡Ƭ‘ƒ…Š‡αͳͶͲͻͻͲ͵ͲͲͻʹ͸͹Ȃƒ……‡••‡†‘ͳͷ‡…‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȌ
134
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–‡–‘†‡α͹͸͸ͷ͵Ƭ•™‹–…Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡α‡Ƭ‘ƒ…Š‡αͳͶͲͻͻͲ͵ͲͲͻʹ͸͹Ǧƒ……‡••‡†‘ͳͷ‡…‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶȌ

62
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Amount Mode of Intended
Date Departed From Information Source
NJ 7UDIˉFNLQJ Destination
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  8QNQRZQ
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144
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145
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, Annex I. Vienna: United Nations publication.
146
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.27. Vienna: United Nations publication.
147
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148
According to the 2013 Annual Report of the Indian National Narcotics Control Bureau, regardless of changes in the overall volume of heroin
•‡‹œ‡†‡ƒ…Š›‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›ˆ”‘‘—–ŠǦ‡•–•‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡ˆƒ‹”Ž›…‘•‹•–‡–ƒ–ͶͲǦͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•‡‹œ‡†‡š…‡’–‹ʹͲͲͻƒ†
2010 (note that this does not necessarily correlate to the total amount in circulation).
149
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.31. Vienna: United Nations publication.
150
UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.31. Vienna: United Nations publication.
151
ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡŠ‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽˆ‰Šƒ‘’‹—–”ƒ†‡ǣƒ–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ’ǤͳͲ͹ǦͳͲͺǤ‹‡ƒǣ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǣ”ǤǤƒŽƒǡ‡’—–›
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in Indian context”.
152
India, Narcotics Control Bureau, “Annual Report 2012”, p.18.
153
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production of drugs in Indian context”.

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India, Narcotics Control Bureau, “Annual Report 2013”, p. 5.
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India, Narcotics Control Bureau, “Annual Report 2013”, p. 8.
156
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157
ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆƒ”…‘–‹…•‘–”‘ŽǡDz—ƒŽ”—‰‡’‘”–‘ˆƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǡʹͲͳ͵dzǡ’Ǥ͵ͺȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ†…Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ„†Ȁ
”‡’‘”–̴†…Ȁƒ—ƒŽ̴”‡’‘”–̴ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ’†ˆȌǤ
158
Deepali Gaur Singh, “Afghan Women in the Diaspora: Surviving Identity and Alienation”, Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies,
NTS - Asia research paper No 4.
159
India, Narcotics Control Bureau, “Annual Report 2013”, p. 10.
160
UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.108-109. Vienna: United Nations publication.

68
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4 500 1 200

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1 000
3 500
Number of seizures

3 000 800

Amount seized (in kgs)

2 500
600
2 000

1 500 400

1 000
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0 0
2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
Heroin cases Heroin seizures (kg)
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161
…Ž—†‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•—„‹––‡†„›†‹ƒ‹‹–•”‡•’‘•‡–‘—ƒŽ‡’‘”–—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•Ǥ
162
‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ•ʹͲͳͳǦʹͲͳ͵
163
India, Narcotics Control Bureau, “Annual Report 2011”, p. 50.

69
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Denmark - 2 Other - 23 Canada - 27

Indonesia - 3

China - 13 Australia - 19

South Africa - 12
United Kingdom - 18

Spain - 14
United States - 6

Netherlands - 10
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2009 2010 2011

1XPEHURISDUFHOV   
4XDQWLW\RIKHURLQVHL]HGNJ   

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164
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•—„‹––‡†„›†‹ƒƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒ‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹””‡•’‡…–‹˜‡—ƒŽ‡’‘”–—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ǡ”—‰•‘‹–‘”‹‰
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165

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70
Arrests

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120

100
Number of people arrested

80

60

40

20

0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
Afghanistan Myanmar Nepal Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Others
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166
India, Narcotics Control Bureau, “Annual Report 2012”,, p.1
167
†‹ƒǡƒ”…‘–‹…•‘–”‘Ž—”‡ƒ—ǡDz—ƒŽ‡’‘”–ʹͲͳ͵dzǡ’ǤͷǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ʹͲͳ͵ϐ‹˜‡‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•™‡”‡ƒ””‡•–‡†ˆ‘”Š‡”‘‹Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†
offences.
168
India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Narcontrol: a journal of narcotics Control Bureau, March 2014, Issue 1.
169
Š‡†‹ƒš’”‡••ǡǮ‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ””‡•–‡†ǡŠ‡”‘‹™‘”–ŠʹǤͷ…”‘”‡•‡‹œ‡†ǯǡʹͺ—‰—•–ʹͲͳͶǤ
170
Bangladesh, “Annual Drug Report 2013”, p.24.
171
Bangladesh, “Annual Drug Report 2013”, p.24.

71
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172
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰‡”‘—•”—‰•‘–”‘Ž‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǡ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‡ˆ‡…‡ƒ†”„ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡDzƒ†„‘‘‘ˆ”—‰„—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
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173
”‹ƒƒǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
174
Š‡ʹͲͳͳƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡’”‹…‡‹†‹ƒ™ƒ•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ–̈́͸ǡͶ͵ʹȂŽ‡••–Šƒƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹…‡‹”‹ƒƒǤ
175
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰‡”‘—•”—‰•‘–”‘Ž‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǡ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‡ˆ‡…‡ƒ†”„ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡDzƒ†„‘‘‘ˆ”—‰„—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
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176
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰‡”‘—•”—‰•‘–”‘Ž‘ƒ”†‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǡ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‡ˆ‡…‡ƒ†”„ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡDzƒ†„‘‘‘ˆ”—‰„—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
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177
”‹ƒƒ‘Ž‹…‡ǡDz‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•„›‘Ž‹…‡ƒ”…‘–‹…•—”‡ƒ—ʹͲͳ͵dzȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’‘Ž‹…‡ǤŽȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁƒ”…‘–‹…Ǧ
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178
Š‡Š‡”‘‹Šƒ†„‡‡Š‹††‡‹•‹†‡ƒ”–‹ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ’‘–ƒ–‘‡•‹ƒ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‡†…‘–ƒ‹‡”Ǣ•‡‡ƒ†‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡ
“Annual Report 2014”..

72
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18
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Number of people arrested

14
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India Pakistan Others
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179
International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), 2014.
180
International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), 2013.
181
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182
‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ…‘‘‹…ƒ†‘…‹ƒŽˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹˜‹•‹‘ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‘”Ž†‘’—Žƒ–‹‘”‘•’‡…–•ǣŠ‡ʹͲͳʹ‡˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
183
DzŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•„—•‹‡•–ƒ‹”’‘”–•ǫdzǡŠ‡
—ƒ”†‹ƒǣ‘”Ž†‡™•ƒ–ƒ„Ž‘‰ǡ͵Ͳ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
184
Dz‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•…ƒ””‹‡†dzǡŠ‡‘”Ž†ƒǤ
185
Dz‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡˆ”‡‹‰Š–ȋ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘ǦȌdzǡŠ‡‘”Ž†ƒǤ
186
Airports Council International (2011), “Cargo Volume: Loaded and unloaded freight and mail in metric tonnes”.
187
‘”Ž†Š‹’’‹‰‘—…‹ŽǡDz‘’ͷͲ‘”Ž†‘–ƒ‹‡”‘”–•dz
188
UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, Annex 1. Vienna: United Nations publication.
189
UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p.28. Vienna: United Nations publication..
190
UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.50. Vienna: United Nations publication.
191
˜‡‘”‡…‘ˆ—•‹‰Ž›ǡƒ––‹‡•–”ƒˆϐ‹…‡”••‡‡–‘—•‡™‡•–‡”Š‹ƒƒ•ƒ–”ƒ•‹–œ‘‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ‹•–ƒƒ†‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
‹—‰—•–ʹͲͳͳǡŠ‹‡•‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡••‡‹œ‡†ͷͻͳ‰‘ˆŠ‡”‘‹ˆ”‘ƒ˜‡Š‹…Ž‡‹‹Œ‹ƒ‰’”‘˜‹…‡ǡ‡•–‡”Š‹ƒǡ”‡’‘”–‡†Ž›–”ƒˆϐ‹…‡†ˆ”‘
ƒ‹•–ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡†‡††‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘„‡‹‰ƒœƒŠ•–ƒǤ–‹•†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž––‘†‡ϐ‹‡–Š‹•ƒ•‘”–Š‡””‘—–‡‘”•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡Ǥȋƒ†
IDS database, reported by WCO).
192
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›Š‹‡•‡‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒ™‘”•Š‘’‘Dzˆ‰Šƒ’‹ƒ–‡”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‘—–‡dzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡʹͶƒ”…Š
2014.
193
Council of the European Union, Report to the Mini-Dublin Group by the Australian Chair, “Regional report on South East Asia and China”,
October 2013, p.34.

74
Figure 34: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&KLQD

12 000

10 000
Amount of heroin seized (kg)

8 000

6 000

4 000

2 000

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH$54DQG'DWDEDVHRQ(VWLPDWHVDQG/RQJWHUP7UHQG$QDO\VLV'(/7$

Figure 35: 1XPEHUDQGDPRXQWRIDQQXDO$IJKDQKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&KLQD

350 1 800

1 600
300
1 400
250
Number of seizures

1 200
200 1 000

Weight (kg)
150 800

600
1 00
400
50
200

0 0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
Heroin cases Heroin seizures (kg)
6RXUFHȢ$IJKDQ2SLDWH7UDIˉFNLQJRQWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHVWDWLVWLFVVHL]XUHVDQGUHFHQWWUDIˉFNLQJWUHQGVLQ&KLQDȣSUHVHQWDWLRQE\&11&&RIˉFLDO
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$WDUHJLRQDOOHYHOVHL]XUHGDWDVXJJHVWVWKDW$IJKDQKHURLQUHDFKLQJ(6($XVHVERWKVHDDQGDLUWUDQVSRUW
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHQXPEHURIRIˉFLDOO\UHSRUWHGKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDEHWZHHQ
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VLJQLˉFDQWO\EHWZHHQSHUFHQWDQGSHUFHQW,QKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQWKHUHJLRQWRWDOOHGNJHTXDO
WRDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRIWKHJOREDOWRWDO0RVWRIWKHVHL]XUHVZHUHUHSRUWHGLQ&KLQD0DOD\VLD0\DQPDU
7KDLODQGDQG9LHWQDP

75
 Figure 36: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ(6($FRPSDUHGZLWKJOREDOWRWDO
Amount of heroin seized (kg) 90 000
80 000
70 000
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
East and South East Asia Global Total
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0DOD\VLD0RQJROLD6LQJDSRUHDQG7KDLODQG0RVWRIWKHVHVHL]XUHVZHUHPDGHDWRUFORVHWRWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
KXEVVXFKDVDLUSRUWVDQGVHDSRUWV

76
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6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP'03DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV,'6

77
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QRWRQO\DGHVWLQDWLRQIRUWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHLWLVDOVRDWUDQVLWSRLQW'DWDSURYLGHGWR812'&VXJJHVWVWKDW
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LQWR&KLQDSDUWLFXODUO\YLDPDLODQGDLUWUDYHO

,QWKHFDVHRIKHURLQEHLQJWUDIˉFNHGE\PDLOLWXVXDOO\GHSDUWVIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ3DNLVWDQDQG,QGLDZLWKWKHPRVW
IUHTXHQWO\UHSRUWHGGHVWLQDWLRQEHLQJ&KLQD2WKHUURXWHVIRUKHURLQWUDIˉFNHGE\PDLOKDYHEHHQIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ
DQG3DNLVWDQWR7KDLODQGIURP,QGLDWR,QGRQHVLDIURP$IJKDQLVWDQWR9LHWQDPDQGIURP3DNLVWDQWR+RQJ.RQJ
7DEOHDQG7DEOHVKRZEUHDNGRZQVRIVHL]XUHGDWDE\UHJLRQVRIGHSDUWXUHDQGGHVWLQDWLRQ

Table 13: 6HL]XUHVRIKHURLQWUDIĆFNHGDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHGHVWLQHGIRU(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDE\

UHJLRQRIGHSDUWXUH
Origin/departure No. of Amount of heroin Distribution (%) Distribution (%)
region seizures VHL]HGNJ of no. of seizures of amount of heroin seized
3DNLVWDQ    
South Asia other
   
WKDQ3DNLVWDQ
Africa    
0LGGOH(DVWDQG
   
*XOI6WDWHV
TOTAL 248 2,439 100% 100%
6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP'03DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV,'6

Table 14: 6HL]XUHVLQYROYLQJKHURLQWUDIĆFNHGIURP(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHWR

H[WHUQDOPDUNHWVE\GHVWLQDWLRQ
No. of Amount of heroin Distribution % Distribution %
Destination
seizures VHL]HGNJ of no. of seizures of amount of heroin seized
South Asia    
Africa    
Oceania    
1RUWK$PHULFD    
(urope    
0LGGOH(DVWDQG
   
*XOI6WDWHV
TOTAL 58 424 100% 100%
6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP'03DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV,'6

194
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒ™‘”•Š‘’‘Dzˆ‰Šƒ‘’‹ƒ–‡–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡dzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡʹͶƒ”…Š
ʹͲͳͶǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͲͻǡͳͶ͹‰‘ˆŠ‡”‘‹ˆ‘—†‹ƒ…‘–ƒ‹‡”ȋ…‘…‡ƒŽ‡†‹…‘––‘›ƒ”•Ȍ™‡”‡•‡‹œ‡†‹Š‹ƒǢ•‡‡ƒ†
‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡDz‘–ƒ‹‡”‡‹œ—”‡•ˆ‘”ʹͲͳͶdzǤ
195
—ƒŽ‡’‘”–—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡‘•–‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†‘‰Ǧ–‡””‡†ƒŽ›•‹•ȋȌǤ
196
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›Š‹‡•‡‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒ™‘”•Š‘’‘Dzˆ‰Šƒ‘’‹ƒ–‡–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡dzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡʹͶƒ”…Š
2014.

78
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Table 15: 6LJQLĆFDQWKHURLQVHL]XUHVUHSRUWHGE\0DOD\VLD

Date Origin/ transit country Weight Number and nationality of arrestees

NJ
 3DNLVWDQ 3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV
NJ

 Malaysia NJ ,UDQLDQQDWLRQDOV

 Malaysia NJ 3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV

 3DNLVWDQ NJ 3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV

 Nigeria NJ 1LJHULDQQDWLRQDO
NJ 0DOD\VLDQQDWLRQDOV
 Thailand
NJ ,QGLDQ0DOD\VLDQ
6RXUFH0LQLVWU\RI+RPH$IIDLUV0DOD\VLD

197
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽƒ––Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡™‘”•Š‘’ǡDzˆ‰Šƒ’‹ƒ–‡”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡ǣ•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡ•‡‹œ—”‡•ƒ†
”‡…‡––”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–”‡†•‹Š‹ƒdzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͶǤ
198
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽƒ––Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡™‘”•Š‘’ǡDzˆ‰Šƒ’‹ƒ–‡”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡ǣ•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡ•‡‹œ—”‡•ƒ†
”‡…‡––”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–”‡†•‹Š‹ƒdzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͶǤ
199
–ƒ–‡ƒ‘ˆƒ‹•–ƒǡDzš’‘”–•ȋƒŽƒ…‡‘ˆƒ›‡–•Ȍ„›ƒŽŽ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†’‘”–•ȋƒŽƒ…‡‘ˆƒ›‡–•Ȍ„›ƒŽŽ‘—–”‹‡•dzǡʹͳ‘˜‡„‡”
ʹͲͳͶǡȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•„’Ǥ‘”‰Ǥ’Ȁ‡…‘†ƒ–ƒȀ‹†‡šʹǤƒ•’͓‡š–‡”ƒŽȌ
200
Including both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country. Data obtained from the World
ƒǡDz‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•…ƒ””‹‡†Ȁ›‡ƒ”dzǤȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ†ƒ–ƒǤ™‘”Ž†„ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”ȀǤǤ
ȌǤ
201
Š‡ƒ…‹ϐ‹…•‹ƒ”ƒ˜‡Ž••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ’”‡†‹…–•ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ••‹˜‡‰”‘™–Š‹˜‹•‹–‘”—„‡”•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆͳ͹Ǥ͹Ψƒ—ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
‰”‘™–Š‹›ƒƒ”ˆ”‘ʹͲͳͶ–‘ʹͲͳͺǡͳ͵ǤʹΨ‹ƒ„‘†‹ƒƒ†ʹ͹ǤͷΨ‹Šƒ‹Žƒ†Ǣ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡
‘—”‹• ‘”—ǡDz•‹ƒƒ…‹ϐ‹…‹•‹–‘” ‘”‡…ƒ•–•ʹͲͳͶǦʹͲͳͺ‡’‘”–dzǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͶǤ

79
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RI UHSRUWV IURP 0DOD\VLD SURYLGH H[DPSOHV RI (6($ȠV FRQQHFWLRQV WR WKH VRXWKHUQ URXWH IRU ORFDO XVH DQG
RQZDUGWUDIˉFNLQJRIKHURLQ8QWLO0DOD\VLDQDXWKRULWLHVEHOLHYHGWKDWKHURLQLQWKHFRXQWU\ZDVDOPRVW
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WKHVRXWKHUQURXWHIURPWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQDQGHVSHFLDOO\3DNLVWDQ Malaysia has also reported an
LQFUHDVHLQORRVHO\RUJDQL]HG1LJHULDQJURXSVWKDWGHDOLQDYDULHW\RIGUXJVLQFOXGLQJ$IJKDQKHURLQVPXJJOHG
DORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH
Figure 37:+HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ0DOD\VLD
900
800
Amount of heroin seized (kg)

700
600
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202
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2014.
203
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ‘Ž‹…‡ƒ–ƒ™‘”•Š‘’‘Dzˆ‰Šƒ‘’‹ƒ–‡–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡dzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡʹͶƒ”…Š
2014.
204
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ‡’‘”–‡†„› ǡƒ‹•–ƒǤ
205
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ‡’‘”–‡†„› ǡƒ‹•–ƒǤ
206
ƒ†‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡDz‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž‹ƒ‹•–ƒǣ•‡‹œ—”‡•dzǡʹͲͳͶ
207
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ‡’‘”–‡†„›Ǧ”—‰•ǡƒŽƒ›•‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‹Ǧ”—‰‰‡…›Ǥ
208
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ‡’‘”–‡†„› ǡƒ‹•–ƒǤ
209
”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘„›ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒ™‘”•Š‘’‘Dzˆ‰Šƒ‘’‹ƒ–‡–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘—–Š‡””‘—–‡dzǡ‹‡ƒȋ—•–”‹ƒȌǡʹͶƒ”…Š
2014.
210
ƒ†‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡDz‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž‹ƒ‹•–ƒǣ•‡‹œ—”‡•dzǡʹͲͳͶ
211
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ʹͲͳͶƬ…—””‡––‡α‰”‘—’ȌǤ

80
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212

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Table 16: *HRJUDSKLFDORULJLQRIKHURLQERUGHUVHL]XUHVLQ$XVWUDOLDå

Proportion of heroin originating in Proportion of heroin originating in 8QNQRZQ
Year
South-East Asia (%) South-West Asia (%) origin (%)
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213
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process using acetic anhydride.
214
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215
 ˆ ‘–‡ǡ ƒƒŽ›•‡† •‡‹œ—”‡• ‹ ʹͲͳͲ ƒ† ʹͲͳͳ ™‡”‡ ‹ϐŽ—‡…‡† „› •‹‰Ž‡ Žƒ”‰‡ •‡‹œ—”‡• ˆ”‘ ‘—–ŠǦƒ•– •‹ƒ ƒ† ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– •‹ƒ
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„‡ƒ†‡™‹–Š…ƒ—–‹‘Ǥ
216
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82
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180 000

160 000
Wholesale Price of heroin (US$)

140 000

120 000

100 000

80 000

60 000

40 000

20 000

0
Pakistan (2011) Australia (2012)
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Table 17: 6HOHFWHG VHL]XUHV UHSRUWHG LQ 2FHDQLD LQYROYLQJ RSLDWHV WUDIILFNHG IURP 3DNLVWDQ DQG WKH
,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ

Date Drug $PRXQWNJ Transportation Seized Country 7UDIˉFNHGIURP

0DU Heroin  0DULWLPH Australia 3DNLVWDQ

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Australian agencies,GHVSLWHDUHGXFWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQUHFHQW\HDUVWKHZHLJKWRIWKH
FRQVLJQPHQWVKDVEHHQODUJH

217
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218
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219
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220
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221
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222
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83
 Table 18: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ2FHDQLDNJ

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Australia     

1HZ=HDODQG     
TOTAL 194.5 513.5 609 1,090 429

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223
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224
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225
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226
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Date Amount Method Route 5HPDUNV

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Date Amount Purity

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248
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Date Amount Method Route 5HPDUNV
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Date Amount Method Route 5HPDUNV

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261
‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡDzʹͲͳʹ—„Ž‹
”‘—’…‘—–”›”‡’‘”–‘‘œƒ„‹“—‡dzȋͳͷͶͷ͹ȀͳʹȌǡǡ”—••‡Ž•ǡʹͲͳʹǡ’ǤͺǤ
262
Š‡ʹͲͳʹ—„Ž‹
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Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒǡ‹–‡†‹‰†‘ƒ†ƒƒ†ƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡…‘‘†‹–‹‡•dzǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ǡȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ
‘Ž—‡ǡ’ǤͷͲ͹ǣDzƒ›†”—‰Ž‹ƒ‹•‘‘ˆϐ‹…‡”•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒ‘Ž‹…‡‡”˜‹…‡‘ˆϐ‹…‡”•ǡ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒ‹•„‡…‘‹‰ƒ’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘”
–”ƒˆϐ‹…‡”•–‘™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡–Š‡‹”•–‘…•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•†”—‰•„‡ˆ‘”‡•‡†‹‰–Š‡‘–‘‘–Š‡”…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥdz
263
‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒ
‘˜‡”‡–‡™•‰‡…›ǡDzƒ„‹‡–™‡Ž…‘‡•Ǧ”‹–‹•Š…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘†”—‰„—•–dzȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•ƒ‡™•Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ
œƒȀˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ȁ…ƒ„‹‡–Ǧ™‡Ž…‘‡•Ǧ•ƒǦ„”‹–‹•ŠǦ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ†”—‰Ǧ„—•–ȌǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘ǡDz‘—–Šˆ”‹…ƒƒ™•‹†”—‰•„—•–dzȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ
‡™•Ǥ„„…Ǥ…‘Ǥ—ȀͳȀŠ‹ȀͺʹͷͻͶͷ͸Ǥ•–ȌǤ
264
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‡Ž‰‹ƒ—•–‘•ǡ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͶǤ
265
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ
266
Department of State, INCSR (2006), Volume I, p.504.

96
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267
‘‰‘‰ǡʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡‹ƒ‹•‘ˆϐ‹…‡ˆ‘”•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ…‹ϐ‹…ǡDzƒŽ›•‹•‡’‘”–ǡdzʹ†‹••—‡‘ˆʹͲͳ͵ǡ’ǤʹͶǤ
268
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ
269
 ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ʹͲͳͳƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ––™‡”’ǡ‡Ž‰‹—•‡‹œ‡†ͶǡͳͷͲ‰‘ˆŠ‡”„ƒŽ…ƒƒ„‹•–Šƒ–Šƒ††‡’ƒ”–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ‘”–‹
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‡‡Ǧ‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡDzʹͲͳͳ”‡’‘”–dzǡ’ǤͳͳǤ
270
ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ”ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰ƒ†–Š‡—Ž‡‘ˆƒ™‹‡•–Ǧˆ”‹…ƒǣƒŠ”‡ƒ–•••‡••‡–Ǥ‹‡ƒǣ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
271
ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ”ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œ‡†”‹‡‹ƒ•–ˆ”‹…ƒǣƒ–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ’ǤͳͻǤ‹‡ƒǣ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
272
”—‰‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ
273
UNODC (2014), World Drug Report 2014, Annex 1, p.x. Vienna: United Nations publication.
274
UNODC (2014), World Drug Report 2014, Annex 1, p.x. Vienna: United Nations publication.
275
UNODC (2005), World Drug Report 2005, p. 133. Vienna: United Nations publication.

97
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800
700
Amount seized (kgs)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
West and Central Africa Africa
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276

98
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Date Amount Method Route 5HPDUNV

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  &RQWDLQHU
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277
‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡDz‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‹‹Ǧ—„Ž‹
”‘—’„›–Š‡ ”‡…Š†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘dzǡ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ”‡’‘”–‘‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒǡʹͲͳͶǤ
278
‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡDz‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‹‹Ǧ—„Ž‹
”‘—’„›–Š‡ ”‡…Š†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‘dzǡ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ”‡’‘”–‘‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤͳͳǤ
279
™‡–›Ǧˆ‘—”–Š‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ†•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”—‰ƒ™ˆ‘”…‡‡–‰‡…‹‡•ǡˆ”‹…ƒ††‹•„ƒ„ƒǡͳͷǦͳͻ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶǡ’Ǥ͵Ǥ
280
ǡDz‹–‡”…‡’–•ͳ͵Ͳ‰Ǧ™‘”–Š‘ˆŠ‡”‘‹™‘”–Šͻͻ‹ŽŽ‹‘dzǡʹͲͳͲǤ
281
International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), 2013.
282
UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p. 31. Vienna: United Nations publication.
283
”—‰•‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌ‘ˆǤ‡’‘”–‡†„›‡‰‹‘ƒŽˆϐ‹…‡ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒǤ
284
‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡDz‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‹‹Ǧ—„Ž‹
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99
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285
‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡDz‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‹‹Ǧ—„Ž‹
”‘—’„›–Š‡ ”‡…ŠŠƒ‹”ǡ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ”‡’‘”–‘‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒdzǡƒ›ʹͲͳʹǤ
286
ƒ†‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡDz‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž‹ƒ‹•–ƒǣ•‡‹œ—”‡•dzǡʹͲͳͶǤ
287
ǡDz‹ˆˆ‡”†‘‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”—‰ƒ™ˆ‘”…‡‡–‰‡…›ȋȌ”‡…‘”†ϐ‹”•–ƒŒ‘”•‡‹œ—”‡‘ˆƒ”…‘–‹…•‹ʹͲͳʹǤ
288
Š‡‘Ž›ƒ”‹–‹‡†”—‰•Š‹’‡–†‡’ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘‹‰‡”‹ƒ–Šƒ–‹•ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ™ƒ••‡‹œ‡†‘ʹͲ—‰—•–ʹͲͳͲǡƒ…‘–ƒ‹‡”…‘–ƒ‹‹‰
ƒ”‘—†ͳ–‘‘ˆ…ƒƒ„‹•™ƒ••‡‹œ‡†‹‡‡‰ƒŽǤ

100
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250
Amount of heroin seized (kg)

200

150

100

50

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
Benin Nigeria
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50
45
40
35
Amount seized (kg)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
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IRU'UXJV&RQWURO&,/$'

289
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290
”—‰•‘‹–‘”‹‰Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋȌƒ††‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”—‰‡‹œ—”‡•ȋȌǤ‡’‘”–‡†„›‡‰‹‘ƒŽˆϐ‹…‡ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ”‹…ƒǤ
291
Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰…‘—–”›‹•—‘™Ǥ
292
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘˜‹†‡†„› ǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͷ

101
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DQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQW%HQLQDQG&¶WHGȠ,YRLUH6HFRQGWKHUHDUHˊLJKWVIURP(DVWWR:HVW$IULFDWUDQVSRUWLQJ
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United States 18%

Spain 10%

Unknown 63%
South Africa 2%

Cameroon 7%

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293
ƒ†Ǥ‡’‘”–‡†„›‡‰‹‘ƒŽˆϐ‹…‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ†‡–”ƒŽˆ”‹…ƒǤȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ‰‡œ‹ƒ†‘‰ƒ‡Ǥ‹–Ȁ™’•Ȁ
™…Ȁ…‘‡…–ȀˆˆʹƒͻͻͺͲͶͺ†ͷͷͷͶ…ƒͳ͸ƒ‡„͹ͺͲ͸ͺʹˆͲͲͺȀ…”‡Ǧ•ǦʹͲͳͳͳͲʹ͸Ǧͳʹ͸ʹ͸ͺǦǦ‡”‘‹ƒǤ’†ˆǫα ƬΨ͵ለʹƒͻͻͺ
048d5554ca16aeb780682f008)
294
UNODC Database on Estimates and Long-term Trend Analysis (DELTA), 1990-2011
295
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ȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ†ƒ–ƒǤ…‘•‹Ž‹—Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ†‘…Ȁ†‘…—‡–ȀǦͻ͹͹ͺǦʹͲͳʹǦȀ‡Ȁ’†ˆȌ
296
 ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—„ƒ‹ȋ‹–‡†”ƒ„‹”ƒ–‡•ȌȂ„‹†Œƒȋؖ‡†ǯ˜‘‹”‡Ȍ”‘—–‡ǡ˜‹ƒ……”ƒȋ
ŠƒƒȌǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›„›
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„‡…‘‡Ž‡••ˆ”‡“—‡–Ǥ‡‡‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡ‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‹‹Ǧ—„Ž‹
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297
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298
‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡ‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‹‹Ǧ—„Ž‹
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299
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300
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301
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302
‹‰‡”‹ƒǡʹͲͳ͵ǡ’ƒ”–‹˜Ǥ
303
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102
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304

103
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United Kingdom
Rest of Western (England and
and Central Wales) 25%
Europe 31%

Italy 17%
Germany 15%

France
12%

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ODWHVW\HDUDYDLODEOH
Estimated
Country From Seized in
number of users
ARQ and World Drug Report 2014
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*HUPDQ\  Opiates HVWLPDWHGLQEHVWHVWLPDWHV
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TOTAL 774,810
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305
UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.57. Vienna: United Nations publication.
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306

104
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50 000

45 000
Wholesale Price of heroin (US$)

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0
Pakistan (2011) UK (2012)

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307
UNODC (2014), The Illicit Drug Trade through South-Eastern Europe, p.14. Vienna: United Nations publication.
308
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309
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310
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–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–‘–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘˜‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡‰‘‘†•˜‡Š‹…Ž‡•ƒ†ˆ‡””‹‡•Ǥdz
311
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105
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Figure 49: 'HSDUWXUHFRXQWU\IRU8QLWHG.LQJGRPERUGHUVHL]XUHVNJRUPRUH

2011 2012

Unknows 7% Czech republic 5%

Netherlands 2%
Belgium 4%
Belgium 9%

Netherlands 27%
Pakistan 61% Pakistan 84%

Kosovo
(territory) 1%
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PHQWLRQHGLQRIˉFLDO6SDQLVKUHSRUWVZHUH3DNLVWDQ%HOJLXPDQGȞSHUKDSVXQH[SHFWHGO\Ȟ8JDQGD,Q

312
 • •–ƒ–‡† „› ǡ Dz—–‹Ž –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ʹͲͳͲǡ ˆ‘”‡•‹… …‘’ƒ”‹•‘• ‘ˆ Š‡”‘‹ •ƒ’Ž‡• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͹ͷ ’‡” …‡– ‘ˆ
Š‡”‘‹•‡‹œ‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘™ƒ•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–”ƒˆϐ‹…‡†˜‹ƒ—”‡›ǡ”‡ϐŽ‡…–‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ϐŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ—”‹•Š‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†
…”‹‡‰”‘—’•‘˜‡”–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘Š‡”‘‹ƒ”‡–ǤŠ‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”•ƒ™ƒ”‡†—…–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡”‘‹ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹—”‡›ƒ†‹–Š‡
—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡†‹‰†‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†…”‹‹ƒŽ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹’‘”–Š‡”‘‹—•‹‰–Š‹•”‘—–‡dzǤ‡‡ǡDz—ƒŽ‡’‘”–ƒ†……‘—–•ʹͲͳͳȀͳʹdzǡ’ǤͳͳǤ
313
‹–‡†‹‰†‘ʹͲͳʹǡ’ƒ”–‹˜
314
ƒ‹•–ƒǡʹͲͳͳǡ’ƒ”–‹˜
315
ǡDz‹–‡†‹‰†‘Š”‡ƒ–••‡••‡–‘ˆ‡”‹‘—•”‰ƒ‹œ‡†”‹‡ʹͲͲ͸Ȁ͹dzǡŠƒ’–‡”ͷǤ
316
……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ʹͲͳʹ‹–‡†‹‰†‘ǡDzŠ‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ƒ†‡Ž‰‹—•–‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹’”‘‹‡–ƒ•–”ƒ•‹–’‘‹–•ˆ‘”Š‡”‘‹–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰
–‘–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘˜‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡˜‡Š‹…Ž‡•ƒ†‘Ǧ‘ˆ‡””‹‡•dzǤƒŽ•‘•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ǡDz‡˜‡‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ’”‘Ž‹ϐ‹…‹”‹‰ŠƒǦ„ƒ•‡†Š‡”‘‹
•—‰‰Ž‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†…”‹‡‰”‘—’™‡”‡•‡–‡…‡†‹ —Ž›ƒ†—‰—•––‘ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳʹͷ›‡ƒ”•ǯ‹’”‹•‘‡–ˆ‘”†”—‰•—’’Ž›ƒ†‘‡›
Žƒ—†‡”‹‰‘ˆˆ‡…‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Œ‘‹–ƒ…–‹˜‹–›„‡–™‡‡ƒ†–Š‡—–…Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡‰”‘—’™ƒ•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•—‰‰Ž‹‰Š‡”‘‹–‘–Š‡
‹–‡†‹‰†‘ˆ”‘ƒ‹•–ƒ˜‹ƒ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•dzǤ‡‡ǡDz—ƒŽ‡’‘”–ƒ†……‘—–•ʹͲͳͳȀͳʹdzǡ’ǤͳͳǤ
317
ǡDzƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ–‡‰‹…••‡••‡–‘ˆ‡”‹‘—•ƒ†”‰ƒ‹œ‡†”‹‡ʹͲͳͶdzǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤͳͻǤ
318
Šƒ–›‡ƒ”ǡ’ƒ‹”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–‘•–Š‡”‘‹•‡‹œ‡†‹–Š‡…‘—–”›Šƒ†„‡‡–”ƒˆϐ‹…‡†˜‹ƒ–Š‡ƒŽƒ‘—–‡ƒ†–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡ƒ‹‡ƒ•‘ˆ
–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰–Š‡Š‡”‘‹•‡‹œ‡†‹’ƒ‹‹•…—•–‘ƒ”‹Ž›‘˜‡”Žƒ†ǡ„›”‘ƒ†dzǤ‡‡ʹͲͳͳƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡’‘”–ȋʹͲͳͲ†ƒ–ƒȌ–‘–Š‡„›–Š‡
‡‹–‘šƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘…ƒŽ‘‹–ǡ
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319
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106
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812'&LVQRWDZDUHRISURSRUWLRQDOO\VLJQLˉFDQWDPRXQWVRIKHURLQEHLQJWUDIˉFNHGIURP$IULFDWR:HVWDQG
&HQWUDO(XURSHDQPDMRUPDUNHWVRI)UDQFH*HUPDQ\RUWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPEXWLQDOOFDVHVZKHUH$IULFDLV
FRQFHUQHGWKHUHJLRQRI(DVW$IULFDIHDWXUHVSURPLQHQWO\)RUH[DPSOHEDVHGRQWKHGDWDRQGUXJVHL]XUHVLQ
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Figure 50: +HURLQWUDQVLWLQJIURP$IULFDDQGLQWHUFHSWHGDW&KDUOHV'H*DXOOH$LUSRUW

Benin 6%
Cameroon 4%

Nigeria 9%

Kenya 43%
Tanzania 38%

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320
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321
 ”ƒ…‡ǡʹͲͳ͵ǡ’ƒ”–‹˜Ǥ
322
UNODC (2014), The Illicit Drug Trade through South-Eastern Europe, Vienna: United Nations publication.
323
DCSA, “Annual Report 2012”.
324
 Dz‡”‘’‘”–‘ †‹ ƒŽ’‡•ƒ •‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹ ‘Ž–”‡ ʹ͵ ‰ †‹ ‡”‘‹ƒ ’”‘˜‡‹‡–‡ †ƒŽŽǯ ˆ”‹…ƒdz ȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ‰‡œ‹ƒ†‘‰ƒ‡Ǥ‹–Ȁ™’•Ȁ
™…Ȁ…‘‡…–ȀˆˆʹƒͻͻͺͲͶͺ†ͷͷͷͶ…ƒͳ͸ƒ‡„͹ͺͲ͸ͺʹˆͲͲͺȀ…”‡Ǧ•ǦʹͲͳͳͳͲʹ͸Ǧͳʹ͸ʹ͸ͺǦǦ‡”‘‹ƒǤ’†ˆǫα Ƭƒ’Ǣለʹƒͻͻͺ
048d5554ca16aeb780682f008)
325
Š‡ʹͲͳʹ‹–‡†‹‰†‘•–ƒ–‡•ǡDzŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ•–ˆ”‹…ƒ‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ•ƒ‡›‡š—•’‘‹–ˆ‘”Š‡”‘‹•‘—”…‡†
ˆ”‘ƒ‹•–ƒǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ƒ†‡Ž‰‹—•–‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹’”‘‹‡–ƒ•–”ƒ•‹–’‘‹–•ˆ‘”Š‡”‘‹–”ƒˆϐ‹…‹‰–‘–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘
via large goods vehicles and Ro-Ro ferries”.
326
‘”Ž†—•–‘•”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡDzŽŽ‹…‹–”ƒ†‡‡’‘”–ʹͲͳʹdzǡ’ǤͶͷǤ
326
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107
 Table 27: +HURLQVHL]XUHVNJLQ%HOJLDQDLUSRUWVLGHQWLĆHGDVGHSDUWLQJIURP$IULFD

Year 4W\NJ Departure Transit Destination Arrests Route

  Uganda %HOJLXP Spain &DPHURRQQDWLRQDO (QWHEEH%UXVVHOV

.LOLPDQMDUR$GGLV$EHED
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1DLUREL%UXVVHOV
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(XURSHZKLFKLVXQSUHFHGHQWHG,Q6ORYHQLDUHSRUWHGLWVˉUVWVHL]XUHVRIKHURLQWUDYHOOLQJIURP(DVW$IULFD
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GLUHFWHGWR+XQJDU\E\DLU

Table 28: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ6ORYHQLDOLQNHGWR(DVW$IULFD

Date Amount Method Route 5HPDUNV

+HURLQK\GURFKORULGHSHUFHQW
 J
SXULW\FXWZLWKFDIIHLQH
+HURLQK\GURFKORULGHSHUFHQW
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SXULW\FXWZLWKFDIIHLQH
+HURLQK\GURFKORULGHSHUFHQW
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SXULW\FXWZLWKFDIIHLQH

6RXUFH*HQHUDO3ROLFH'LUHFWRUDWH&ULPLQDO3ROLFH'LUHFWRUDWHRIWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRURI6ORYHQLD)HEUXDU\

327
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‡‡”ƒŽ‘Ž‹…‡‹”‡…–‘”ƒ–‡ǡ”‹‹ƒŽ‘Ž‹…‡‹”‡…–‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”‹‘”‘ˆŽ‘˜‡‹ƒǡ ‡„”—ƒ”›
2013.
328
Information provided by the Central Drug Service of Belgium, July 2013.
329
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108
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Figure 51:'HSDUWXUHFRXQWULHVIRUKHURLQVHL]HGLQ,WDO\
2011 2012
Benin 3% Ghana 2% France 3% Belgium 2%
Belgium 1% Spain 2%
Cameroon 3% Germany 3%
Kenya 4% Turkey 5%

Pakistan 8% Pakistan 6%

Greece 29% Greece 31%

Albania 13% Kenya 11%

Tanzania 25%
Uganda 16% Tanzania 21% Netherland 13%

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Figure 52: 'HSDUWXUHFRXQWULHVIRUKHURLQVHL]HGLQ,WDO\

Pakistan 2% Turkey 1% West Africa 3%

South and South East Asia 4%
West and Central Europe 4%

East Africa 23%

South Eastern Europe 63%

6RXUFH'LUH]LRQH&HQWUDOHSHUL6HUYL]L$QWLGURJD'&6$%DVHGRQVHL]XUHVRINJ

330
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˜•Ȁ…‘–”‘ŽȀƒ‹Ȁ—Ȁ’—„Ž‹•ŠȀƒ”–‹…Ž‡Ȁͳʹ͵ʹ͹ͻʹ
331
‘–ƒ‹‡”‘–”‘Ž”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡDz—ƒŽ”‘‰”‡••‡’‘”–ʹͲͳʹdzǡ’Ǥͷ͵Ǥ
332
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109
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FDQQRWEHH[FOXGHG

Table 29: 6HOHFWHGVHL]XUHVLQ*UHHFHZLWK3DNLVWDQDVDGHSDUWXUHWUDQVLWFRXQWU\

Date Amount Method Route

$LUWUDIˉFNLQJIDOVHERWWRPOXJJDJH /DKRUH3DNLVWDQ,VWDQEXO$WKHQV
 NJ
3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDODUUHVWHG 8QLWHG.LQJGRP
The arrested person had reached
$LUWUDIˉFNLQJIDOVHERWWRPOXJJDJH
 NJ $WKHQVE\ˊ\LQJIURP/DKRUH3DNLVWDQ
3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDODUUHVWHG
YLD,VWDQEXO7XUNLVK$LUOLQHV
$LUWUDIˉFNLQJIDOVHERWWRPOXJJDJH
 NJ /DKRUH'RKD$WKHQV
3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDODUUHVWHG
$LUWUDIˉFNLQJOXJJDJH3DNLVWDQL
 NJ .DUDFKL'RKD$WKHQV
national arrested
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provided by the US DEA, 7 January 2015.
334
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335
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336
Information provided by Belgian Customs, March 2013.

110
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0DUFK
Date Amount Method Route 5HPDUNV
0DODZL0R]DPELTXHȝ%HOJLXPȝ 3XULW\FXWZLWK
 NJ &RQWDLQHU
the Netherlands caffeine

6RXUFH%HOJLXP&XVWRPV

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RIGHSDUWXUHWUDQVLW

Table 31: 6HOHFWHGVRXWKHUQURXWHKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ6SDLQ%HOJLXPDQGWKH1HWKHUODQGVNJ

Country of Transportation Departure
Date Destination Amount
seizure method (transit).country
%HOJLXP 'HF &RQWDLQHU ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ Netherlands 
%HOJLXP $SU &RQWDLQHU 3DNLVWDQ Netherlands 
%HOJLXP )HE &RQWDLQHU 3DNLVWDQ Netherlands 
%HOJLXP 0DU &RQWDLQHU 0R]DPELTXH Netherlands 
Netherlands $XJ &RQWDLQHU 3DNLVWDQ 8QLWHG.LQJGRP 
,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ
Netherlands 0D\ &RQWDLQHU Netherlands 
YLD8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHV
Spain 6HS &RQWDLQHU 3DNLVWDQ QD 
Spain -DQ &RQWDLQHU 3DNLVWDQ QD 
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stop in Spain. Information provided by Spanish Customs, April 2013.

111
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Table 32: +HURLQ WUDIĆFNHG LQWR DQG VHL]HG LQ (XURSH YLD WKH VRXWKHUQ URXWH E\ UHJLRQ RI RULJLQWUDQVLW

No. of Distribution (%) of Quantity of heroin Distribution (%) of
Origin/transit region
seizures no. of seizures VHL]HGNJ quantity of heroin seized
6RXWK:HVW$VLD
$IJKDQLVWDQ    
3DNLVWDQ    
,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ    
South Asia    
(DVW$IULFD    
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Southern Africa    
North Africa    
(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLD    
0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOI6WDWHV    
TOTAL 762 100 6348.5 100
6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP'03DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV,'6

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URXWHWR(XURSH

113
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114
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IURP$IULFDWR(XURSH
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Origin Destination

,UDT/HEDQRQ4DWDU6\ULDQ$UDE5HSXEOLF 'HQPDUN*HUPDQ\,WDO\6ZLW]HUODQG8NUDLQH

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Origin Destination
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338
Some have also stopped in West Africa – see Chapter 10.
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339

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250

200
Amount seized (kgs)

150

100

50

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
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340
UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.73. Vienna: United Nations publication.
341
ƒ‹Ž…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‘›ƒŽƒƒ†‹ƒ‘—–‡†‘Ž‹…‡ȋȌȀƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‡–‡”ǡ…–‘„‡”ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
342
 ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ƒ‹•–ƒǡ–Š‡•Žƒ‹…‡’—„Ž‹…‘ˆ”ƒǡ‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒƒ†‡•–‡”ƒ†‡–”ƒŽ—”‘’‡Ǥ
343
‡’‘”–‘–Š‡ŽŽ‹…‹–”—‰‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹ƒƒ†ƒǡ‘›ƒŽƒƒ†‹ƒ‘—–‡†‘Ž‹…‡ǡʹͲͲͻǤ
344
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒ†ƒǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
345
US Drug Enforcement Administration, “National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2014”.
346
‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ•ʹͲͳͳǦʹͲͳʹǤ
347
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348
US Drug Enforcement Administration, “National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2014”.

116
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350
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Amount Mode of Intended
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355
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356
Canada Border Services Agency.
357
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119
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Distribution Quantity of heroin Distribution (%) of
Region of departure/ transit No. of cases
(%) of cases seized quantities seized
Canada
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Africa    
South Asia    
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South Asia    
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Southern Africa:$QJROD%RWVZDQD'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLFRIWKH&RQJR/HVRWKR0DODZL0R]DPELTXH1DPLELD
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365

Resolution 1244 (1999).

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