BUM1113 Techical Mathematics

Chapter 1:Fundamentals

Laila Amera Aziz

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

September 4, 2016

Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Techical MathematicsChapter 1:Fundamentals September 4, 2016 1 / 17
 Chapter Overview

1 Review of Factoring
Common factor
Difference of Squares
Trial and Error
Sum and Difference of Cubes
Grouping

2 Review of Fractional Expressions

Multiplication and Division
Addition and Substraction

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 Review of Factoring

Factoring is an act of expressing the polynomials as a product of two

or more non-constant polynomials.
The purpose is to simplify polynomial equations.
Example
1 x 2 − 16 = (x − 4)(x + 4)
2 y 3 − 19 y = y (y − 13 )(y + 13 )

There are five factoring techniques. The techniques can be combined

until each of the factors obtained is irreducible over the integers.
Example of irreducible expressions:
1 x2 + 9
2 x 2 + 2x + 3
3 x 2 + 6x + 12

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 Technique 1 Common Factor

Always look for the common factor of highest degree.

Example
1 2x 2 + 4
2 2x 4 + 8x 3 + 10x 2
3 3(x 2 + 2) − x(x 2 + 2)

Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Techical MathematicsChapter 1:Fundamentals September 4, 2016 4 / 17
 Technique 2 Difference of Squares

For quadratic expressions:

(x 2 − a2 ) = (x − a)(x + a)

REMINDER!! : x 2 + a2 6= (x + a)2

Example
1 x 2 − 16
2 9x 2 − 2
3 (a − 4b2 )2 − 36
4 y4 − 1
5 2x 3 − 18x
6 5x 5 − 5x

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 Technique 3 Trial and Error

Example
1 x 2 + 4x − 5
2 y 2 + 10y + 25
3 2z 4 + 7z 2 + 6
4 x 3 − 2x 2 − 11x + 12
5 x 3 − 3x 2 + 6x − 4

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 Technique 4 Sum and Difference of Cubes

For cubic expressions:

x 3 + a3 = (x + a)(x 2 − ax + a2 )
x 3 − a3 = (x − a)(x 2 + ax + a2 )

Verify and memorise the formula.

Example
1 t3 − 8
2 125 + (y − 1)3

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 Technique 5 Grouping

Example
1 x3 − x2 + x − 1
2 x 2 − y 2 + 6x + 9
3 ax 2 + ay + bx 2 + by
1 3
4 x(x − 3)− 2 + (x − 3) 2

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 Exercise

Factor the following expressions:

1 121x − x 3
2 a2 b2 − 225
3 y 2 − 2y + 3
4 2u 2 + 7u + 3
5 1000 − 8v 6
6 144 − (x − 3)2
1 3
7 (2y + 3) 2 − 13 (2y + 3) 2

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 Exercise (Past Test and Exam)

1 Factor completely the following expressions.

(a) 12x 2 (x − 1) − 4x(x − 1) − 5(x − 1)

(b) x 4 − 10x 2 y 2 + 9y 4

(Test 1 Sem11516)

2 Factorise the following polynomials.

(a) 16x 4 − (y − 2z)2

(b) x 2 − 16y 2 + 10x + 25

(Final Sem11516)

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 1.2 Review of Fractional Expressions

A fraction is reduced to lowest or simplest form when the numerator

and denominator contain no common factors (other than 1 and -).
Example
x2 − 4 (x − 2)(x + 2) x −2
2
= =
x + 2x x(x + 2 x

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 Multiplication and Division

Example
Simplify the following fractions.
1 3−2x
14x−21

2 x 3 −27
x(x−3)

3 x 2 −5x+6
a(x−2)+b(x−2)

x3 30x+18
4
5x 2 +3x
· 15x 2 −9x

3x 2 −5x−2 x 3 −1
5
x 2 +x+1
· 4−x 2

x 2 −64 x+8
6
x 2 −9
÷ x+3

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 Addition and Substraction
To combine two fractions by addition or sustraction, the fractions must
have a common denominator. Rules :
a c a+c a c a−c
+ = and − =
b b b b b b

Example
5x−1 2x−1
Simplify x+1 − x+1

5x − 1 2x − 1 5x − 1 − (2x − 1)
− =
x +1 x +1 x +1
5x − 1 − 2x + 1
x +1
3x
x +1

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 For fractions with different denominators, the first step is to convert to a
common denominator. Use the least common denominator!
Example
Simplify these fractions to lowest terms.
3 5
1
a + a2

1 7x
2
2x + 10y 2
−2

15 x+1
3
x 2 +x−6
+ 2−x

1 1
4b
− 3a
4
5
+ a1
6b2

5 (a−1 + b−1 )−1

1
u−
6 u2
1
−1
u2

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 Exercise

Reduce the fractions to lowest terms.

1 y +2
y 4 −16
2 9uv −12v 2
6u 2 −8uv
3 a3 −b3
(a−b)3
x 2 −4 2
4
x+2 · x−2
a3 +b3 (a+b)3
5
a2 −4ab+3b2
÷ a2 −2ab−3b 2

3z 6
z−2 − z 2 −4
6

1
y +h
− y1
7
h

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 Summary

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

factor an equation using several techniques until each of the
factors are irreducible.

simplify a fraction to lowest terms.

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 Thank you!

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