Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
LIBRARi
by
Hunter Rouse
1932
Professor A. L. Merrill
Secretary of the Faculty
Mass. Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hunter Rouse
183 077
A word of appreciation to Professor G. E. Russell
for his patience, interest, and encouragement
shown.
After a general, non-mathematical discussion
the discussion.
T A B L X OF 0 0 N T E N T S
TAB OF CONTENTS
Bibliography
I Introduction
1. Discussion of past practice
this type of water motion, with the result that their nearest
change of section. How much more these men could have under-
the discharge face, and time has proven that the assumptions
are safe (see Creager5). But they accomplish little in im-
experiments.
thesis.
3. Methods of attack
equations follows.
forces acting upon this volume are gravity and the pressure
J d -dS~ 9+ -CO 5c
8
Hence d. dSad 0
and 0: (k)
On the basis of this general equation we may now state:
ordinate system,
v. a fl(x,y,z,T)
vy = f2 (x,yz,T)
Vz* f3 (xy,z,T)
If, instead of the Cartesian, we use the natural co-
may be expressed d V
dT
The component of this acceleration in the direction a
then becomes
-n - V^'
I + V
dT V DT
time: 0 _v__
3T
10
coordinates:
Z Wt 30C)
6T ns w
-~ - (b)
V 1nz: c .~ (4')
Hence the total energy is seen to be constant along a given
_ ;(Z
o~)n and()
(0 Z a
_
or o V = 9 l + C whence V C-e )
x1 Xf '3 9D w
± T
x -Y + V X~4l
_-Aj
v - V = (9)
x o t ad
By combining the equations 7 and 8 the familiar equa-
t ion of Laplace results:
7 0 (10)
vs = = 2 - va = '= = 0 (00)
the profile into equal sections (see Figure 6). The approx-
(equation 6).
when both are unknown. For this we must depend upon equa-
tion 5.
the surface.
From the foregoing discussion it is not difficult to
also by a pressure drop; the same is true for any weir dis-
c(jX
it will be seen that a horizontal acceleration may still
potential head does not change and the total energy must
flow.
the pressure gradient and the pipe axis always equals the
V d v dD (04
The factor 0( may vary from 1.0 in the ideal case of
the above conditions hold true. But once the stream fila-
values as follows:
W zD
These values are shown graphically in Figure 7. Since
vr = Q
n
=: a
T Cos 0(
be expressed: D H- D I - Q15)
relation
Q= V =D T(H-D) (ii)
is differentiated with respect to D and the result placed
and
M~ D (9
25
occurs.
However, this value is a mean of the velocities over
linear and curved flow. Yet this is not true for sudden
equal wave velocity. Yet one must not forget that the
is more complete.
Horizontal
COS b D
d + P co3
~P - Pv a w Q2b \A/ (20)
Vertical
+
tP' oa b Y A b- b
2Z zg?2
since the floor no longer affects the acceleration; simi-
point. Since
Y
W
= 7N Q and z
wD
(z5)
in which H. is the height of the energy line above the
be closely approximated.
Q C- } (2)
where H is the height of the energy line above the weir
in the formQ
Q~CK Vh (Z0)
wherein 3I/
of the crest (see Figure 9), where each stream filament will
For a weir of finite height (Figure 10) the water will not
in question.
accelerate more slowly and the lower ones more rapidly than
this point has been reached may the profile of the nappe
surface becomes less; for the limiting case, the lower sur-
36
the channel - that is, the depth beyond the limit of the
approach.
line flow.
channel.
ual slope between the channel entrance and the critical seo-
the discharge will depend in all actual cases upon the length
accompanying discussion 2
hence C -. 1
the ratio between the depth at the crest and the critical
Once the discharge and stream profile are known, this varia-
the sheet, and H the height of the energy line above this
the crest equals the height of the weir crest above the
Q 2 ( z. 6.0 .
the requirements:
is the fact that while the acting head on the crest may vary
rection as well.
Two results are at once obvious: the nappe is forced
crested weir will not change, is obvious from the fact that
section, but the critical depth will still have the same
magnitude.
face of the weir as long as the pressure did not approach the
air to enter the sheet so that it tears itself away from the
way.
obviously change not only the stream profile but also the
will not be changed; that is, the falling sheet will be-
not hold; similarly, any other form of curved face for the
head on the weir than that for which the curved face was
will be no fixed space into which air can force its way
III Experimentation
be described.
meter well and vernier hook gage reading to 0.01 cm. The
one wall of the channel, a concrete wall was built into the
pipe leading into the atmosphere below the flume. The tem-
meter borings.
then being set into the concrete floor flush with the sur-
flow - 125 liters per second per meter of crest - was seleo-
second per meter - the first two being chosen to give res-
Qa La(ia
010 Lb)
in which Q represents discharge per unit length of crest,
and L represents any linear measurement.
On the completion of these experiments, the downstream
end of the dam was given a straight slppe of 1 horizontal
to 2 vertical (Photo 7), and similar runs were made with
identical discharge quantities. The slope was then changed
to it horizontal to 1 vertical (Photo 6), and the measure-
ments repeated, and finally a fourth group of runs was
conducted with a downstream face in the form of a quarter
circle with a radius of 20 centimeters (Photo 5). Inlets
for wall piezometers had previously been arranged so as to
provide measurements in seven different vertical sections
for each model form and discharge. Two more sections of
piezometers just above and below the crest would have been
Photo 3.
54
rollers.
Let us first consider the sharp-crested weir. It was
below the static head. This reduction is best seen from the
the lowest regions, this would also reduce the pressure head
does not occur until the critical section has been passed.
importance.
sharp angle, and even a smooth, easy curve could not lead
that the pressure head upon the upstream face has as a maxi-
mum value the total head of the flow, or the sum of pressure
however, that the curve will not reach zero at the crest
Kennedy
15 to design the lower spill face according
to the
trajectory of free fall based upon the assumed velocity at
point lower down, for the air is partially swept away again
by the rush of the water; but this process will recur con-
entire structure.
structures.
is to be preferred.
after the weir nappe has its maximum elevation some distance
horizontal floor.
suit both the demands of the flowing water and the require-
.Ar1
Fi g.v I
m y
dy
0
+avx-dx
ax
TI v
0 X
Fig. 2. Fig. 5.
I ljou,.
conA4 C5t.t
Vx
vs= _
_
3n a s_
Fi gc, 6.
OU,-E-
Enerqy Gradien+
Fi. 7
Energy distribution
asuming constant
Soliall points
(Ideal flow)
N
Q
/
/ z D
/
Ii
Fiq. 7b
Acual d5iribuiton
of enerqj if friction
is considered
Q )N /
Area'a' Area'b'
A
T V
2Q
Zvclz
+ _ p, Z.Dvb AM= v -_
wzg wa23z~ aD
Fig. 3b. Law of Momentum as applied to the
Hydrau I ic Jump; cjraphical representation of
'5upporhnq Force s " after Rehbock 3~
Q 17.6) ft
Fiq 11.
/ft.N
406 z 1,060
4i0& KW 145
0.90
ji
Yalues after
von Mises
Rehbock
0G.5W haccia
(a C
,
C- 0.715
S-0.70.
D0 *1~
IL0.611 .0
OUs~3~'
5urface Iev41 in
approach chdnnel
Energt Gradient
Presure heado measured
'by movabl plo1k pirometer
h H
w
-~4
vZ
2p
w 05co*
D-h= p= 40 cm
Pressure heads
maeured b Fig.15. Prof ile of shorp-
Egt ae fw, r created w'eir discharging
I251/s/m / howing presurt
distribution over weir fact
and throughout falling sheet
Diogram developed b
eemetrica\ cim±h~1e-
from dda for Q =122 1~
+20
nergyGradient-.
_______________________
-i - - I
_________________________
___________________________
Pressure head
Wall piezome~ter5
0
4-
U
10
+40 +20 +1
Flogor Pazomeers
1OV/fr
1.
----------
-----------
Lnerqy Gradi nt
Curve of
floor preooure
44d
Wall piezometero
Q Po~ijive pressures
(F)
Q
4-
_nergy Oradient
- Wall pi~zometer~
_nermyGradient
Wall piezometers
Crit ico I Preosre heode are
Sec ion plotted positive to
ot+49cm left and negative
to right of sectiorn
+
Cuorve of floor:
ig.v17. Profile 0f broad-created Cureoplotd
weir.edowidren fo opinq verticoul from
*urfaoce oweir
under a discharge of 1250
Diagram showS ocation of f oor
and wall piezompters, mneafure
prcessureo. and mognitude of roller
tQ -to -- 20
Y2cak
5urface level in
approach channel nerg Gradient
Roller
Curva of preasure
on epillwa4 face -
z5m
30
o.t~-
3urface level in
approach channel
Energy Gradient
Curve of pressure
on spillwatg face
13m
Pressure headb
are plotted
vertically from
apillwaj face
ROU.fL-