Transcript of IB Chemistry mind map?

IB chemistry
Topic 1

Quantitative
Chemistry
Mole concept

The mole unit is a number used to measure the amount of atoms in a specific substance.

The number is 6.02 times 10 to the power of 32.

The number can be considered as a unit, such as a dozen.

The mass of mole of a substance is known as the molar mass

Formulas
Relative Atomic mass is the weighted mean of all the relative isotopic masses of an
element relative to carbon-12.

Empirical formula is the smallest possible ratio of the elements which makes up a molecule,
while Molecular formula is the actual number of elements which make up a molecule.

You are expected to use this information to solve problems.

Chemical equations
Remember gaseous chemical equations are often all ideal gases, hence the volume of the
gas should be use as the representation of the moles.
Mass and gaseous volumes
Theoretical yield is the predicted yield of of substances of the equation, any differentiation
from this number could be expanded upon.

Ideal Gas laws and molar volume (22.4 dm3 mol-1) should be revised.

The idea of limiting reactants problems involving theoretical, experimental and percentage
yield should be revised as well
Mind Map
solutions
solute= The thing being dissolved
solvent= The thing that does the dissolving
solution=a liquid product with those two things above

n=cv
Topic 2
Atomic structure
2.1 The atom

Relative charges of the subatomic particles should be known.

Atomic number (z) is the number of protons and electrons given that it is at it's neutral
state.

Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons.

Neutrons never change in IB chemistry.

Isotopes of an element,

Radio Isotopes such as C14 in carbon dating and Co60 in radiotherapy is two things you
should at least know.
2.2 Mass Spectrometer
The five steps of the mass spectrometer should be revised.

2.3 Electron Arrangement

Line spectrum shows discretely colored lines at the specific energy level where an electron
moved from one shell to another.

Continuous spectrum is a continuous spectrum of the visible spectrum, showing all the
energy wavelengths which the substance absorbs.

Topic 3
Periodicity
3.1 The periodic table

Should become familiar with the electron arrangements, how the periodic table is
formulated.

Group is vertical

Period is horizontal

Electron arrangement up to 20

3.2 Physical properties

Define the term first ionization energy

(Energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of substance in a gaseous
state)
Able to use trends to predict ionization energy, electronegative melting points for period 3
only.

compare electronegative values.

Chemical Properties
Contrast elements with their chemical properties.
Must known:
-Alkali metals with water
-Alkali metals with halogens
-Halogens with Halide ions (redox)

Talk about the nature of acidity across period 3.

General Remarks
Bonding
Topic 4
Ionic Bonding
Bonding or Electrostatic attraction between cations and anions in an lattice structure where
each ion is surrounded by six oppositely charged ions.

Exists because atoms want to achieve noble gas configurations as it is the most stable.

Need to memorize common ions.

Usually, anything with a electronegative greater than 1.8 is considered ionic.

Covalent Bonding
A form of bonding involving the sharing of valance shell electrons in order to reach a inert
gas state.

Revise Dative Bonds.

Bond Length and Strength

Bond Polarity
Shapes
VSEPER THEORY

Rough numbers such as 109 degrees can be used rather than 109.5 since IB tends to ask for
a range of numbers.
Intermolecular Force (forces between molecules)
As opposed to intramolecular forces
Molecular polarity is when the electronegative doesn't cancel out.

Van Der Waals

Dipole:Dipole

Hydrogen FON
Metallic Bonding
Bonding between positive ions and a sea of free moving electrons.

Apart from knowing the properties of each bonding type, their general chemical properties
should be studied as well.

Giant Covalent
A special type of covalent bonding.
Energetics
Enthalpy
Exothermic reactions are were energy is being lost to the environment and bonds are
formed.

Endothermic reactions are where energy is being absorbed and bonds are lost.

Ways to measure change in heat

Calorimetry

Use Q=mc(change in t)

Graph will need to be extrapolated.

Remember the m is the mass of the thing you're heating.

result/moles of reactant gives the heat energy per mole.

Bond Enthalpies
Revise Hess Law

Bond enthalpy is the endothermic side (reactants) minus the exothermic side (products)

Limitations of using bond enthalpies is that everything has to be a gas

The bond enthalpies supplied are average enthalpies, and therefore results may vary.

Limitations of using the qmcdelta t.

C is the heat capacity of water or x only.
Does not take into account of heat lost to the environment.
Kinetics
Rates of reaction
Can be measured by any property that differs during an reaction.

Maxwell Boltzmann Theory

Collision theory
-Particles must collide
-Collide with the right geometry
-Sufficient Activation Complex

Activation energy is the minimal energy required for substances to undergo an reaction.

Can be measured by finding the gradient of the curve at given points.

Factors
Temperature

Surface Area

Concentration

Catalyst- Remember, only effect rate of reaction

Equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium

Characteristics of chemicals at equilibrium

Acids and Bases
Most chemicals do not go to to completion. Hence it's likely that there is a forward and
reverse reaction.

Dynamic equilibrium is when the forward and reverse reactions continue to occur,but at
equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

This occurs in a closed system only

Kc=Products/Reactants.

Coefficients in front of chemicals become exponents.

When Kc is bigger than 1 the reaction almost reaches completion.

When Kc is smaller, the reaction barely proceeds.

Le Chatelier's

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will partially compensate for the
change. So to minimize it's effects.
Factors effecting the equilibrium constant.
Concentration
-Both sides needs to have a stable ratio of molecules

Pressure
-Depends on which side has more moles
(moves to the side with the less volume.)

Temperature
-Exothermic, considered as a product, kc decreases as temperature increases.
-Endothermic, considered as a reactant

Bronstead Lowry acid and bases and Lewis Acid and Bases.

BL acid donates protons, BL base accepts protons.

L acid accepts electrons, L base donates electrons.

Memorize acid base chart ?

Properties of acid and bases

Indicators, are weak acids are bases which changes color when reacted.

Memorize indicators and their effects.

Reactions memorize
1. Neutralization
Forms salt and water with oh
With metal oxides form salt and water
ammonia to form a salt

2. With reactive metals

Salt and hydrogen

3. With carbonates
salt carbon dioixde and water

4. With hydrogen carbonates.

salt co2 and water
Experiments to determine strong and weak acids and bases
Electricity and indicators
Memorize the properties of strong acids and bases.
PH scale
Power of hydrogen concentration, get's smaller as ph increases.
Very weak bases can be considered a acid and vice versa.
Redox
Oxidation and Reduction
Easy stuff:
Oxidation numbers

Definition of oxidation and reduation

Reducing agent (oxidant) and Oxidating agent (reduction)

Redox equations
1. start with oxygen or Hydrogen, define their oxidation numbers.

2. Balance both sides of the equations

Combine the equations, get rid of electrons.

Redox only occurs when a oxidation number changes.

Reactivity
The more readily a metal looses it's outer shell electrons, the more readily it to undergo
oxidation.

Higher reactive metals can displace weaker metals in their solution.

Standard conditions revise.

Cells
Voltaic cells.
-Anode is neg
-Cathode is pos
-Salt bridge to allow the flow of ions (complete the circuit.
-Connected by an external wire
-Exothermic and produces electricity
-A half cell is simply a metal in contact with it's own ions.
Electrolytic Cell
Not spontaneous.
Anode is pos
Cathode is neg
Electrical energy is converted into chemical energy.
Electrolytes are substances which do not conduct electricity while solid but do in molten or
in an aqueous solution.
Organic Chemistry
Functional Groups
1. spot longest carbon chain
2. The type of bonding
3.Functional groups
4.numbers show where the functional groups are.
Proprieties
Increase chain length:
Boiling Point - Increases at a lesser rate

Melting Point- Increases at a lesser rate

Solubility in water decreases

Remember benzene is a ring with 6 carbons

Functional Groups

Alcohols and halogenoalkanes are stated by their orientation on the atom.

Ie
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Reactions:
General remarks

Organic chemistry is mostly memorizing stuff.