INDEX

1. ABSTRACT

2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION

2. INTRODUCTION

3 .TABLE DESIGN

4. PROJECT DETAILS

5. CONCLUSION

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT

This project is about developing a LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. This project

gives us the complete information about the library. We can enter the record of new
books and retrieve the details of books available in the library. We can issue the books to
the students and maintain their records and can also check how many books are issued
and stock available in the library. In this project we can maintain the late fine of students
who returns the issued books after the due date.

The Project has the following main functionality:

1. Introduction about the LIBRARY FUNCTIONALITY.

2. Add New Book.
3. Add New Member.
4. Keep Information about Issued Book.
5. Keep Information about Returned Book.
6. Keep Information about List of Books available in the LIBRARY.
7. Keep Information about Number of Members of LIBRARY.
8. Give a option to EDIT the book and member information.

Process Description

The Library Management System is designed & developed for a receipt and
issuance of books in the library along with the student’s details. The books received in
the library are entered in Books Entry form and the new student is entered in the student
entry form. When the student wants to get the desired book the same is issued on the
availability basis to the student. The issuance and due date for the returning of the book is
also entered into the Book Issue form under third menu Book Issue. The student has to
pay the fine if any on the basis of no. of days delayed deposit of the book in the library.
 C++
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" –
data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to
design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include
features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism, and
inheritance. C++ programming languages now support OOP.

ADVANTAGE OF C++

1. Speed of the resulting application. C++ source code can be optimized much more than
higher-level languages because the language set is relatively small and very efficient.
2. That leads to a second advantage that C++ has which is its application in Firmware
programming (hardware). That is due to its ability to use/work with assembly and
communicate directly with controllers, processors and other devices.
3. C/C++ is a building bock for many other currently known languages. Look up the
history of C++ and you will find that it has been around for some time (as programming
languages go anyway).
4. That leads to the final advantage that I will touch on (there are no doubt others and
disadvantages as well); C++ is a compiled language versus an interpreted language.
Explained simply, this means that the code is compacted into executable instruction (in
the case of windows anyway) rather than being "translated" on the fly at run time. This
feature also lends heavily to the speed of C++ programs.

DATA TYPES USED

* Void

* Boolean

* Character

* Integer

* Floating-point

* Array

* Pointer
Void (C++)
When used as a function return type, the void keyword specifies that the function does not return
a value. When used for a function's parameter list, void specifies that the function takes no
parameters. When used in the declaration of a pointer, void specifies that the pointer is
"universal."

If a pointer's type is void *, the pointer can point to any variable that is not declared with the
const or volatile keyword. A void pointer cannot be dereferenced unless it is cast to another
type. A void pointer can be converted into any other type of data pointer.

A void pointer can point to a function, but not to a class member in C++.

You cannot declare a variable of type void.

Boolean (C++)
The Boolean data type is used to declare a variable whose value will be set as true (1) or false
(0). To declare such a value, you use the bool keyword. The variable can then be initialized with
the starting value. A Boolean constant is used to check the state of a variable, an expression, or a
function, as true or false.

Character (C++)
C++ stores character type internally as an integer. Each character has 8 bits so we can have 256
different characters values (0-255).

Character set is used to map between an integer value and a character. The most common
character set is ASCII.

Integer (C++)
Integers are whole numbers with a machine dependent range of values. A good
programming language as to support the programmer by giving a control on a range of
numbers and storage space. C has 3 classes of integer storage namely short int, int and
long int. All of these data types have signed and unsigned forms. A short int requires half
the space than normal integer values. Unsigned numbers are always positive and
consume all the bits for the magnitude of the number. The long and unsigned integers are
used to declare a longer range of values.
SYNTAX ERRORS
A syntax error is a violation of the syntax, or grammatical rules, of a natural
language or a programming language. The following sentence contains an
error of English syntax:
If we write or say this sentence, other English speakers will know that we have
used incorrect grammar, however they will still understand what we mean. Programming
languages are not so forgiving, however. If we write a line of C++ code containing a syntax
error, the compiler does not know what we mean. A syntax error is called a fatal compilation
error, because the compiler cannot translate a C++ program into executable code if even one
syntax error is present.

Examples: Common Syntax Errors

1. Missing Semicolon In the C++ code that follows, three

declarations are
given. Line numbers (chosen in all examples arbitrarily) are shown
to the left
of each line.

int num;
float value
double bigNum;

2. Undeclared Variable Name - version 1 If the preceding code were

compiled
and included an assignment statement, as in

int num;
float value
double bigNum;
bigNum = num + value;

3. Value-Returning Function has no Return Statement

A function declared with a return type must contain a return statement. Consider the following
function,
which is supposed to round its float parameter up or down appropriately:
int RoundFloat (float floatToRound)
{
int roundedValue;
roundedValue = int (floatToRound + 0.5);
}
SEMANTIC ERRORS

A semantic error is a violation of the rules of meaning of a natural language or a programming

language.The following sentence contains an error of English semantics:
My refrigerator just drove a car to Chicago. If we write or say this sentence, other English
speakers may begin to wonder about our sanity, but they will nevertheless know that our syntax
is perfectly correct! Since a compiler only checks for correct use of syntax, it is not able to
evaluate whether or not we have written code whose meaning is correct. Semantic errors are
much harder to detect and correct than syntax errors, and they are also more common.
When there are semantic errors in a C++ program, the compiler does translate the program into
executable code. Most of the time, semantic errors do NOT generate compiler warnings. When
the program is run, however, it does not work correctly.

Examples: Common Semantic Errors

Infinite Loop An infinite loop, which repeats indefinitely, is often created when a programmer
writes a loop in which the expression tested never becomes false. For example, consider the
following code, which is intended to read a lower case ’y’ or ’n’ from the user:

Floating Point Types :

Floating point number represents a real number with 6 digits precision. Floating point
numbers are denoted by the keyword float. When the accuracy of the floating point
number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the number. The double is same as
float but with longer precision. To extend the precision further we can use long double
which consumes 80 bits of memory space.

Scope and LifeTime of Variables Used

Summary of Scope and Lifetime Rules in C++

Declaration Scope Lifetime

Global All the modules in the project The life of the program execution

Static global Only the module where declared The life of the program execution

Local The block in which it's declared As long as execution is inside the block
 Declaration Scope Lifetime

Static local The block in which it's declared The life of the program

Definition of Scope and Lifetime

The Scope of a particular variable is the range within a program's source code in which
that variable is recognized by the compiler. When scope rules are violated, errors will be
generated during the compilation step. Technically these errors fall in the syntax category
but conceptually they result from improper awareness of how scope rules are applied.

The Lifetime of a particular variable is the range within an executing program in which
that variable is instantiated and retains its' value. When lifetime rules are violated, no
compiler errors result, rather the program will demonstrate logic errors. Logic errors are
typically much more difficult to isolate than compiler errors.

Local Variables vs Global Variables

Variables are categorized as either local or global solely based on there they are declared: inside
a block out outside all blocks. A block is any code fragment enclosed in an left curly brace, {,
and a right curly brace, }. Local variables are declared in a block. Global variables are declared
outside of all blocks.

A local variable is limited in scope to all the code below the declaration until the end of the
enclosing block. The variable is also visible to any other blocks that are enclosed in the original
block.

A global variable is not limited in scope. This type of variable is visible to every module in the
project. A commonly bemoaned shortcoming of C++ is the exposure created by using global
variables. This situation is usually avoided by prohibiting the use of global variables and instead
passing information between modules in the form of function/method parameters.

Static Local Variables

A variant of the 'normal' local variable is the static local. By prepending the keyword static to the
variable declaration, a programmer can alter the lifetime of the variable. This keyword causes the
compiler to preserve the value of the variable even when it goes out of scope; the lifetime
becomes the entire execution of the program.When program execution reenters the blockn in
which the variable is declared, the variable still has the value it had when execution last left that
block.
Static Global Variables

A variant of the 'normal' global variable is the static global. Static global variables are visiible to
all methods/functions in the module where the variable is declared, but not visible to any other
modules in the project. This strategy greatly reduces the opportnities for logic errors in larger
programs. Some coding standards endorse static global variables while discouraging non-static
global variables. By doing this a mechanism for sharing information within a module is still
provided.

TABLE DESIGN

Books : Table

code Book name Author Price Copies

Members: Table

Code Book Code Name Phone

 PROJECT DETAILS

The Home page designed for selection of the different Menus. Following menu options have
been provided in this Home Form:

1. Introduction
2. Add new Book
3. Add new member
4. Issue Book
5. Return Book
6. List of books
7. List of members
8. Edit
9. Quit

DFD :
REQUIREMENTS

Hardware requirements

Number Description Alternatives (If available)

1 PC with 2 GB hard-disk Not-Applicable
and 256 MB RAM

Software requirements

Number Description Alternatives (If available)

1 Windows 95/98/XP with Applicable
MS-office
2 Turbo c++ Applicable
 Manpower requirements

2 to 3 Employees can complete this in 5 days if they work fulltime on

it.

Milestones and Timelines:

Numb Milestone Milestone Timelin Remarks
er Name Description e
Comments
Information week such as the
relating to the number weight age of
deliverable at from this milestone
this milestone the in percentage
start of the total
of the project, etc
project
1 Requirement Complete 1 day Attempt should
s specification of be made to add
Specification the some more
requirements. relevant
Add any functionality
assumption you other than
might have those that are
listed in this
document.
2 Technology Understanding of 1 day The
familiarizatio the technology presentation
n needed to should be from
implement the the point of
project. view of being
able to apply it
to the project,
rather than
from a
theoretical
perspective.

3 Developmen Implementation 1 day The test plans

t of front end of the main should also be
systems screen giving the prepared during
login, screen that this stage.
follows the login
giving various
options, screens
for each of the
options.

4 Developmen The front-end 1 day

t of the developed in the
back-end earlier milestone
databases will now be able.
5 Integration The system 1 day It is always
Testing should be better to test
thoroughly tested each other’s
by running all the modules as one
test cases written is always
for the system. biased towards
his own
High Level/Detailed Design (HLD/DD)
.
Test-Plan (TP)

The test-plan is basically a list of test cases that need to be run on the system. Some of the
test cases can be run independently for some components (report generation from the
database, for example, can be tested independently) and some of the test cases require the
whole system to be ready for their execution. It is better to test each component as and
when it is ready before integrating the components.

It is important to note that the test cases cover all the aspects of the system (ie, all the
requirements stated in the RS document).

No. Test case Title Description Expected Result

Outcome
1 Successful addition Books should be added Book added Passed
of books correctly in order successfuly

2 Successful addition Members should be added member added Passed

of members correctly in order successfuly

3 List of books Total books available in the Deatailed Passed

library on that date should be
correct

LIMITATIONS
 • This system can be used by only the literate persons.
• Generation of reports takes time..
• Security problem.

CONCLUSION

Working on the project was good experience. I understand the importance of

planning and designing as a part of a software development. But it’s very difficult to
complete the program for single person. Developing the project has helped us some
experience on real-time development procedures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/
www.intap.net/~drw/cpp/
www.arachnoid.com/cpptutor/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B