Numele : Doan Van Khanh

Grupa : 2401 ISE

N=5

TEMA
Exercise 1,
Length of longest line L= 88.83 + (0.15×5)= 89.58 km
Zero - sequence Impedance Z h =(25.28 +0.2 ×5)+ j(98.52+ 0.2 ×5) = 26.28+ 99.52j Ohm
Positive – sequence Impedance Zd = (5.81+0.1 ×5)+j (33.91+0.1×5) =6.31+ 34.41j Ohm
Line angle α = arctag (X d /R d ) = arctag ( 34.41/6.31) =79.61 ⁰
Neutral Impedance Compensation Z N =KN Zh
1 Zh
| KN | = × ( Zd − 1) =0.649 which is especially
3
important for cable distance protection
Distance Relay Stetting ( numerical relay was considered ) for OHL ,Un=220kV
R<<X --→ Z apr X
1.1 ZONE I (stage 1)

Operation Forward
XL (1) = 0.85 XL =0.85 ×34.41 = 29.25 OHM -→ 29 Ohm /0 s (instantaneous)
Setting for Teed feeder require Parametric from B as well.
1.2 ZONE II ( stage 2)

Operation Forward
XL (1) = 1.2 XL =1,2 ×34.41 = 41.29 OHM -→ 41Ohm /0.4s
(tZ2 = tZ1(down) + CB(down) + Z2(reset) + Margin)
Exercise 2,
2.1
From the oscilogram ,I suggest (Second )Phase to Earth Fault
2.2,
𝑉𝑐 100 𝑘𝑉
Z mas = 𝐼𝑐+𝐾𝑛∗𝐼𝑏 = 6 𝑘𝐴+ 6∗0.649 =10.10 ohm stage 1 was tripping.

Exercise 3 (pe cele 5 laborator mi am aleg lab 3 si 4 )

LAB 3. Referat CTs & VTs
Protective relays require reasonably accurate reproduction of the normal, tolerable, and
intolerable conditions in the power system for correct sensing and operation.
Operation system protection depend very much upon what is happening in power system and
our ability to measure conditions. Sending information is provided to protection system through
instrument transformers . So its importance to study CT and VT.
Low voltage and current also permit relay equitpment to make small and precise .
 Fig 3.1 Current transformer and Merging Unit .
For the input quantity to the accuracy expected the CTs,VTs shoulb be particulary measurement
(measurement distinguish with protect ) .That is the reason why CTs,VTs has more than 2
secondary circuit .Its showed as figure below :
f fig 3.2
1.1 Accuracy Limit Current of Protection Current Transformers
Protection equipment is intended to respond to fault conditions, and is for this reason required to
function at current values above the normal rating. Protection class current transformers must
retain a reasonable accuracy up to the largest relevant current. This value is known as the
‘accuracy limit current’ and may be expressed in primary or equivalent secondary terms. The
ratio of the accuracy limit current to the rated current is known as the 'accuracy limit factor'. The
accuracy class of protection current transformers is shown in Table 3.3

1.2 . Measuring Voltage Transformer error limits

For protection purposes, accuracy of voltage measurement may be important during fault
conditions, as the system voltage might be reduced by the fault to a low value. Voltage
transformers for such types of service must comply with the extended range of requirements set
out
 Fig3.4

2.POLARITY
Polarity is important in transformers and in
protection equipment

2.1 TRANSFORMER POLARITY

The polarity indications for transformers are well
established by standards that apply to all types of
transformers. There are two varieties of polarity:
subtractive and additive. Both follow the same rules. Power and instrument transformers are
subtractive, whereas some distribution transformers are additive.

2.2 RELAY POLARITY

Relays involving interaction between two input quantities from the power system may have the
polarity marking that is necessary for their correct operation. There are no standards in this area,
so if the polarity of the relay connections is important, the relay manufacturer must both specify
the polarity markings and clearly document their meaning. Relays that sense the direction of
current (or power) flow at a specific location and, thereby, indicate the direction of the fault,
provide a good practical example of relay polarity.

LAB 4 Studiul releelor electromagnetice

Aim: To study how to wire a relay
Se studiază aparatele din schema de montaj de mai jos și se realizează montajul folosind ca
legături conductoarele puse la dispoziție, ori în cazul inexistenței acestora, realizarea lor folosind
materialele puse la dispoziție

1. Equipment Required:
1) Timer
2) IDMT relay (Model ?)
3) Auxiliary D.C. supplies = 110V
4) 1 phase Dimmer stat = 230V, 10A
5) Ammeter AC (0-15A)
6) Rheostat (? ohm, ? Amp)
2. Connecting wires

The learning of power system relay protection requires some practical drills. This
laboratory experiences, I was learning to use the tools and conventions relay, use
equipment correctly and safely( ampere meter..) and making observations.