Chapler - 19
SeAq #ffi.i:;,r,i.trry9$ sp EC t F t cAnoN s FoR soM E t MpoRrANr REzA t R-MATERT ALS,
The plans must indicate a suggested scheme for jacking operations and
supporting the existing structufe.
a The Contiactor may use the method indicated or use alternate methods.
The method of jacking operations and the method for temporarily
supporting the existing structure shall be of the Contractor's choosing but
will besubject to approval by the Engineer.
a The Contractor shall submit detailed drawings showing all elements of the
proposed jacking operations and temporary supports he proposes to use,
including design calculations, for approval by qhe Engineer.
a No materials shall be ordered and no work shall be performed until
written approval by the Engineer has been obtained.
Approval by the Engineer will not in any way.relieve the Contractor of
his responsibiliry for dre safety and adequacy of the jacking and support
systems and operations, and indeed of the structure itself.
The Contractor will not be permitted to iack the ends of a girder after the
cleck joint at that location has been sealed.
Jacking of the girders will be permitted only during the times and dates
specified by the Engineer.
The Contractol shall supply all iighting and equipmenr thar is requir.ed to
safely perform the jacking operations and alI leiated work.
No vehicular/railroad traffic or pedestrians will be permitted on the
structure during the actual jacking operations or while tl're dead load of
the span is still being supported by the jacks.
As a means to accomplish this, the Contractor shall set-up and maintain
the detour shown on the plans.
The detour wiil be permiued only during the times and dares specified by
the engineer.
It shallbe understood by the Contractor that the detour will only
permitted durihg the jacking operations of the Girders.
The time length of all operations for Bearing Replacement shall be
short as possible so as to minimize anj/ inconvenience to the Traffic.
a The amount of jacking movement required to release and remove each
bearing shall be the very minimum required.
ffi- Ralna's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge.Engineers
Q f!
REPAIRS, PROCEDURES & IECHN|QUES
. The Contractor shall subrnit to the Engineer for approval, at least 30 days
before the staft of jacking opel.arions, the method he intends to use and
the procedr.ire he intends to follow in removing and ieplacing tire
Bearings.
' The removal of the bearings shall not commence until the load from the
jacks has been transferrecl to the tempomry suppolts and the temporaly
supports secured unless the jacks have rbeen safely supported and
secured on the positively supporting structrlre.
. All Fixed Bearings and Expansion Bearings th^t aie to remain and any
uppel portions of Expansion Bearings that'is to remain, shall be cleaned
and painted with two coats of zinc dust-zinc oxide paint primer or as
specified.
Surface preparation shall be in accordance with Steel Structures Painting
'
Council SSPC-SP5 I'Commercial blast Cleaning".
. The first coat zinc dust-zinc oxide paint primer must be applied within
four hours after the surface preparation has been completed.
e Jhs Contractor's attention is directed to the necessity of providing nleens
to measure constantly the possible yielding or deflection of the te[rporary
suppolts and shall continuously observe this at all times.
. This precaution is of importance since any yielding of the support system
can lead to collapse ot at least will induce additional permanent residr,ral
stresses in the strucrure.
. The jacks shall be immediately unloaded in the event of any yielding or
deflection of the remporary supports which shall be immediately
corrected by the contractor.
. The Contlactor shall immediately notify the Engineer. of such condition.
. Jhe contractor's attention is directed to the fact that it is of extreme
iilportance to have safe temporar.y supports.
be ' It will be the sole responsibiliry of the contractor to provide and maintain
adequate protection for the temporary supports for the duration of the
contract.
as
e In the event the temporary supports fail and any damageis done to the
stlncture, the Contractor shall correct this damage at his own expense.
. rtr7hen no.longer required, as determined by the engineer,
all materials
used for the temporary supports shall be clearecl from the site.
nurrt fi" M Manuatfor Highway and Btidge Engineers
ffi
Chapter - 19
. In the performancb of the work under this item, the Contractor will be
fully responsible for any damage to the existing construction and the
Contractor shall use extreme care and exercise every precaution
necessary to prevent damage or injury thefeto.
.. Any damage as a result of the Contractor's operations shall be repaired or
replaced by him at his own expense to the satisfaction of the Engineer at
no cQSt to the client.
4. Quantity and Payment:
. The quantity of new expansion bearings lor which payment will be made
will be a l,rmp sum covering all the work indicated on the plans and in
accordance with the specifications.
. Payment for new expansion bearings will be made at the lump sum price
bid in the proposal for the item "new expansion bearings", which price
shall inc.lude the performance of all the woik specified herein and as
. shown on the plans and the cost of furnishing all labour, materials,
equipment including structural steel, bolts, nuts and washers, jacks and
jacking operations, temporary suppolts, removal and disposal of portions
of existing expansion bearings, shims, welding, galvanizing, cleaning and
painting and all else necessary and incidental thereto.
I 9.20.'BEARING' REPAIR
L. Descriptlon:
'Strapping' of bearings shall include the furnishing and installing of galvanized
steel angles to strap bearings together, as indicated on the plans and in
accordance with the specifications.
2. Materials:
Structural steel for angles shall meet the requirements specified in ASTM
designation A36 Steel and shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with
ASTM Designation AL23.
3. Methods of Construction:
Methods of construction including fabrication, erection and welding of steel
angles to base plates shall meet the applicable requirements specified. No
painting o[ galvanized steel angles will be required.
Surlaces of galvaoized steel angles damaged after welding operations shall be
re-gaVanized in the field in accordance with the specified requirements.
--- enOr""o
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge
ffii SPEC/F/CAIIONS FOR SOME IMPORTANT REPAIR-MATERIALS,
REPAIRS, PROCEDURES & TECHNIQUES
4. Quantity and Payment:
The quantity of strapping of bearings for which payment will be a lump sum
covering all the work indicated on the plans and in accordance with the
specifications.
Payment for strapping of bearings will be made at the lump sum price bid in
the proposal for the item 'strapping of ,bearings', which price shall include the
performance of all the work specified herein and indicated on'the plans, and
the cost of furnishing all labour, materials and equipment including structural
steel, galvanizing, welding, and all else necessaly there,for and incidental
thereto.
I9.2I. TEINPORARY SHIILD OVTR RAIII,VAY TRACK
1. Description:
Temporary shield shall include the furnishing, erecting and subsequent
removal of a temporary protective shield over the railroad tracks, constructed
to provide a safe working platform during construction of the bridge and to
preclude the dropping of any materials that may endanger the safety of the
' railroad and its opelating irain services.
. Structural steel, unless otherwise indicated, of all rypes, sizes, shapes and
configurations shown on the plans, shall conform to the requirements of
ASTM A36,
. Plywood shall conform to the requifements of Commercial Standard CS
35 type hardwood exterior technical Type 1.
. Timber and lurnber to include posts, bridging filler, nailers and all other
indicated uses, and terms shall be select structural grade pine or equal.
e Fasteners shall conform to the following: structural steel fastened with
ntrts, bolts, washers or bent U-bolts conforming to the requirements of
ASTM A307 or as specified . . . except as otherwise indicated on the plans.
. Fasteners for attachment of wood-to-wood members and plywood to
wood construction shall be of required size commercially available
standard comlnon galvanized nails; where structural steel is attached to
wood construction, fasteners shall conform to the requirements of ASTM
A307 as specified above for structural steel.
. All lasteners shall be galvanized in con{ormance with the applicable
requirements of ASTM A123 ot ASTM A153.
ffi RainatnrebManuatforHighwayandBridgeEngineers -----&
f -
chapter - Ig li*irhti,f-*iffitt**S
' Roofing paper shall be 15 pounds felt conforming to rhe r€quirements of
ASTM D3158; adhesive and sealanr shall be of coici or hot applied and of
the Type recommended by the producr manufacturer designed for rapid
and frll aclhesion between roofing paper layers and wood substrates.
3. Methods of Constructlon:
' The contractol'shall submit detailecl drr*irrgs sho-ing all elerqents ol the
system he proposes to use and design caiculations there-for, for approval
by tire Engineer and shall constmct the shield in accordance with the
approved working drawings.
' The contractor shall construct the temporary shield dur-ing periods of
track outages as specilied in these speciiicaticns.
SPEC/F/CAIIONS FOR SOME IMPOKTANT REPAIR-MATERIALS.
REPAIRS, P ROCED U RES & T ECHN IOU E S
price bid. fo' the item. "temporary shield" in the proposar, which price
shall
include all costs for labo'r, materials, tools, eqiripment for t'e temporary
protective shield, cornprete as shown on the plans and specified
herein, and
lhe subsequenr removal and disposal when di.ected by tire bngineer.
19.22. TttBACKS
1' Description: The work shail consist of designing, furnishing and instaning a
permanent pre-stressed anchor tieback system at the locations
indicated on
the plans, or where ordered by the Engineer.
The work will require the in_place testing of the tieback system.

' The contractol'shall not commence furtirer progressive schedules of work 2. Matetials:
u'til tl-re protective shield has bedn completed and remporary groundi.g Tieback tendons shall be fabricated from single or multiple erements
measures have been implemented.
' of
the following:
o All fasteners shall be drawn r-rp tight or set flr"rsh and, should any type of (a) steel ba's conforming to ASTM Designation A-722: ,Unco,ated
' fastener become ioosened for any reason, it (or trrey) shall be maintained Strength Steel Bars for pre_stressed Concrete,.
High-
tight/flush at all times during constrlrction.
(b) Seven-wire strancl conforming to ASTM Desig nation A-47G:
\walkways of plywood construction
' shall be protected ancl sealed, without 'uncoated seven-wire stress-Relieved str.and f6r pre-stressed
the use of nails, and alr roofing shall be faitened in prace using asphart Concreter.
adhesives.
(c) v/ires conforming to ASTM Designation A-42r: ,uncoated stress-
" AII work shall be of 'rigidly secured in place' construcrion, fitted to the Relieved Wire for pre_stressed Concr€ter.
bridge skew and. to provide safe working conditions without any
endangerment to the railroad operations, property or other facilities.
(d) compact seven-wire srrands conforming to ASTM designation A-
779-80:'Uncoared seven-rwire compaited, stress-ReriJved steer
' upon compleltion the bricrge construction and permanent barricade, Strand for pre-stressed Concreter.
_of
and when directed by the Engineer, all temporary ;onstrucrion attached
to or suspendeci or cantilevered from. the bridge, shall be removed and ' The rension members (rendons) shali be of such size rhat the design
load
disposed off the site. does not exceed 60 per cent of the guaranteed ultimate tensiie
strength
of the tension menber.
Removal shall be carefully conducted in consideration of alr factors of
track outages and safety as specified herein for construction of the shield.
. Couplers for tension members (tendons) shail be capable of
developing
100 per cent of the guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of
the tension
4. Quantity and payment: rnernber.

The quantiry of temporary shield for which payment will be made will not
be ' Anchorages shall be capable of creveloping 95 per cent of the guaranteed
measured but all cosls for the work of this section shall be included in the ultimate tensile strength of the anchor material when tested in
an un_
lump sum price for the work shown on the plans. bonded state.

' Bearing blocks,/plates shall be'fabricared from mild sreel

layygnt for furnishing, erecring, maintaining and removing of the temporary and be capable
shield will be .made for the quanrity as above determined] ar the lumi surn of developing 95 per cent of rhe guaranteed minimum uliilui" t"rruil.
Load (strength) of the pre_stressing steel.
@ Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
W ffi nurrrn tr, td Manual for Highway and Brldge Engineers -, ....- -, - ***K
'.-€?w?'-i'
Chapter - 19
resPEc/F/cArloNs'o**":#E'{FEEH,JrEi,j!!f ,!{[i;f,lif;
. Chemical additives to control bleed or retard set may be used with the
a All end hardware shall meet the requirements of ACI 318.
anchor grout.
a Grease used to coat the stressing length of a Tendon shall be . Expansive additives will not be allowed.
compounded to provide corrosion inhibiting and lubrication properties.
Acceptable greases for the stressing length shall be:
. Other usual Additives if used, shall be mixed in accerdance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
- Exxon Rust Ban 326
. Epoxy resin will not be allowed as a substitute for cement grout.
- Chevron Polyurea EP Grease, #2 grade or equal:
. Shop drawings shall be submitted to the Engineer for written approval.
Grease other than above shall be submitted to the Engineer for his
approval and shall not be allowed to exceed the maximum allowable
. Each tieback shall have a minimum un-bonded length of i5 feet (4.58 m)
quantify of certain substances as shown in the following table. or as specified in the plans. The contract drawings .must indicate the un-
bonded length required for each tier of tiebacks.
Substance Maximum Allowable Test Method . .The tieback shall be installed at an angle as specified in the plans.
Quantity-PPM . The minimum total tieback lengths ale indicated on the contract
Chlorides 10 ASTM D-512 drawings.

Nitrates 1.0 ASTM D-992 . In no case shall the anchor length be less than 15 feet.

Sul-fides 1.0 APIIA-"tesf 3. Methods of Constructlon:

methods: sulfides . The holes for the anchors may be either driven or drilled.
in water."
. Core drilling, rotary drilling, auger clritling or percussion drilling may be
a Centralizers shall consist of plastic, steel or any material not detrimental used.
to the prc-stlessing steel.
o If the hole will cave-in i.e. nor srand open, casing shall be installed as
\food centralizers shall not be used. required to maintain a clean and open hole.
Centraiizers shatl be capable of positioning the tendon in the middle of . The hole diameter shall not be less than three inches if pressure grouting
the drilled holes and of providing no less than 0.5 inch of grout cover is used in the bond length and four inches otherwise.
along the bonded length.
. If pressure grouting is not used (pressure grouting is defined as grouting
a Spacers shall be used to sepante elemenis of multi-element tendons. with a pressure greater than 60 psi.). The diameter of the drill bit shall not
They shall be fabricated from material, which is non-detrimental to the be smaller than the specified hole diameter minus 1,/8 inch.
pre-stressing steel.- . The hole shall extend a minimum of two feet beyond the specified bar
A centralizer-spacer combination can be used. (tendon) length.

Sheathing shall be a smooth plastic tube having a minimum wall thickness

. The holes shall be drilled to the inclination specified on the contract plans
of 0.02 inch and shali encapsulate the total stresslng length of the anchor. within a plus or minus three-degree tolerance.
The grout to be used for anchorage shall consist of a pumpable mixture
. The tendon shall be installed in the casing or hole drilled for the anchor.
of rypes I, II, or III Portland cement, sand and water meeting the . Care shall be taken to ensure that the tendon's corrosion protection is not
requirements ol ASTM C 150. damaged during handling or installation.

arrdot En1ineers I Ru,n, --, ee lqanuat ror ntgnway ano Bnoge Engtneers
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and fi "
&---
--€!41*ffia4d*"
chapter - 1e mffiffi*Ee&ifki+li
The tendon in the bond length shall be installed in such a way as to
ensure that it has a minimum of half-inch grout cover.
a The bond length of the tendon shall be degreased prior to installation by
using acetone, MEK, or MIBK. No residue shali be left on the tendon.
Othel' substances n1ay be used subject to approval by the Engineer.
Q Pbrformance Test.on'Anchors'
If artesian or flowing water is encountere<l in the drilled hole, pressure
shall be maintained on the consolidation grcut until rhe grout has initially
set.
SPEC/F/CAIIONS FOR SOM E IM PO RTANT REPAI R-MATERIALS,
REPAIRS, PROCEDURES & IECHNIQUES
The first fwo 'anchors' installed at their specified design load
-
capacity and 75 per cent of the remaining anchors (locations to be
chosen.by the Engineer) shall be performance tested.
All iemaining 'anchors'shall be proof-tested.
-
- Performance tests shall be made by incrementally loading and
unloading the anchor in accordance with the following schedule:

After a hole is drilled to the final depth and warer-righrness (if required)
is attained, the tendon shall be inserted.
Anchor tendons shall not be subjected to sharp bends.
Centlalizers providecl at a maximum of 10 feet center-to-center spacing
throughout the boncl length shall be used 16 ensure that the tendons do
not contact the wall of the drill hole and no less than 0.5 inch of grout
cover along the bond length is achieved.
The grouting operation shall be performed after the tendon is inserted.
Gror,rt shall always be injected at the lowest point of the anchor.
The grouting equipment shall be capable of continr,rous mixing and shall
produce grout free of lumps.
a Tire grout pump shall be equipped with a grout pressure gauge capable
of measuring 150 psi.
The annular space berween the sheathing and the drilied hole shall be
filled with grout for its entire length.
A pipe or trumpet integral with the bearing plate shall extend by
sufficient distance from the anchor plate to encapsulate the front portion
of the sheath.
o The trumpet void shall be filled wirh grease or grout.
On completion of tl-re work, the anchorage shall be encased as shown on
the contract drawings.
TESTS
- At each load increment the movement of the tendon shall be
recorded to the nearest 0.001 inch with respect to an independent
fixed reference point.
- The jack load shall be monitorecl witl-r a calibrared load cell.
- The loacl cell shall be calibrated by an independent testing
laboratory within 14 days of sta$ of testing the anchors.
- The Contractol'shall provide the Engineer with the calibration curve
before start of testing.
- At the completion of the test the anchor load shall be reduced to
0.80 P and transferred to the permanent stressing anchorage.
* Each load increment shall be helcl. until movement ceases or for two
minutes, whichever is longer.
Loading and unloacling mtcs (tons per minute) shall be submitted
-
by the Contrzctor tbr approval.
The creep test shall <'onsist of holcling the 1.33 P load for'50
-
minules.
a - Vhile the load is maintailted constant, anchor movement (total
' movefirent) referenced to a fixed point, shall be recordecl at.
AJ/2,7,5,1"0,30 and 50 minutes.

- Anchor testing and stressing: each anchor shall be tested,

- The maximum test load shall not exceed 80 percent of the

guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of the tendon.

&-* Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

I f nutut r," H Manual for Highway, and Bridge Engrnee.rs - '-"-"- -*-' '-g
! i*rusF--qrll?rt-
Chapter - 19
re SPECIF/CAIIONS FOR SOME I M PORTANT REPAI R-MAIERIALS,
REPAIRS, PROCEDURES & TECHNIQUES

Two copies of all test clata shall be submitted to the Engineer.

Cycle Load
The Engineer will review all performance tests to determine if the
'anchor' is acceptable. An anchor will be accepted if:
1 0.00 P
o.25P (a) The total elastic movement obtained at the design load exceeds
) 80 per cent of the theoretical elastic elongation of the stressing
AI length and is less than the theoretical elastic elongation of the
o.25 P stressing length plus 50 per cent of the bond length.
0.50 P
(b) The creep movement does not exceed 0.080 inch during the
o.25P
time increment between 5 and 50 minutes regardless of tendon
3 AL length and load.
o.25P For anchors that the Engineer finds unacceptable, the contractor
0.50 P shall submit a written proposal containing a suggested course of
0.75 P action.
0.50 P
The action to be taken wiil be subject to written approval by the
o.25 P
Engineer.
4 AL For anchors that the Engineer finds unacceptable, the contractor
o.25P shall submit a written proposal containing a suggested course of
0.50 P action.
o.75 P
The action to be taken will be subject to wr'itten approval by the
1.00 p
Engineer.
o.75 P
0.50 P (ii) Proof Tests
o.25 P The proof tests shall be performed by incrementally toading and unloading
t AL the anchor in accordance with the following schedule:
o.25p At each increment, the movement of the tendon shall be recorded
0.50 P to the nearest 0.001 inch with respect to an independent fixed
o.75 p reference point.
1.OO P - The jack load shall be monitored with a load cell.
r.25P
t.33P (Hold 50 Minutes for creep test
Adiust to transfer load of 0.8 P)

P = Deslgnloadforthe anchor
AL = Alignment Load

:lt,t' Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Bridge Engineers

f f Ruin"'" ritd.Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
-",isffimi.*F
Chapter - 19 SPECIF'CAI/ONS F AR SOM EI IIIPORTANT REPAIR-MATERIALS,
RFPAIRS, PROC E D URES & TECHN I QU ES

AASHTO NAME
l,olad,
T23 Making and Curing Concrete Compressive Test specimens in
0' the field.
o.25 P
0.50 P T 1.41 Sampling Fresh Concrete
o.75 P
1.00 P T2 Sampling Stone, Gravel, and Sand for Use as Highway
1.25P Materials
1.33 P (Hold for creep test) Adiust to
transfer load of 0.8 P ^r u7 Sampling Hydraulic Cement

726 Qualiry of Water to be Used in Concrete

- Two copies of all test data shall be submitted to the Engineer.
- Acceptance criteria for an anchor, which has been proof+ested shall T22 Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrcte Specimens
be the same as the pelformance test.
T 119 Siump of Portland Cement Concrete
- The creep test shall hold the 1.33 P load for'5 minutes.

- \fith the load held constant, anchor movement (total movement) M85 Portland Cement
shall be recorded at 0 second, l0 seconds, 2 minutes, and 5 minute
intervais. M6 Fine Aggregate for Portland Cenent Concrete

- If the movement between the 30 seconds and the 5 minutes reading T 1.04 Soundness of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulphate or
is 0.080 inch or more, the load shall be maintained for an additional
45 minutes and the movement measured. Magnesium Sulfate

- ff the addltional movement exceeds 0.080 inch, the anchor shall be T 712 Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregate
relected.

- All movements shall be measured in relation to a fixed reference T 21, Organic Impurities in Sands for Concrete
point.
T 176 Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of the
4. Quantity and Payment:
Sand Equivalent Test
The unit price bid shali include the cost of .furnishing all labouq equipmenr,
and materiai required to complete the work.
727 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
The quantity to be paid for under this item shall be the number of anchors
successfully installed, tested and accepted. MBO Coarse Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete

NOTE: Some of the AASHTO STANDARDS which may be referred to are: r96 Resistance to Abrasion of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by Use
of the Los Angeles Machine

Raina's Field Manuat for llighway and Eridge.engineers f neinas Fietd ManuatfotHighwbyand Bridge Engineers
fi
Chapter - 19

M31 Deformed aqd Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete

Reinforcement

M55 Steel \Telded'$?ire, Fabric, Plain, fqr Concrete Reinforcement

M L94 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

T 726 Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Labontory

M 205 Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders Vertically

M I2I Creosote Primer Used in Roofing, Damp-proofing, and

\flaterproofing

M 1.48 Liquid Membrane-Forming Qompounds for Curing Concrete

M 235 Epoxy-Resin Adhesives

2O.O IOAD TESTING OF

BRIDOE EIEMENTS

20.r. fUTI. SflI.E I.OAD IESTING OF BRIDGE 20.4. t0AD T[STt[c A'Pt[[':
RillEl{TS
20.4.1 Generol
20.2. I.OAD TTSTII{G A SRIDGI
,SUPERSTRUO|'RE' 20:4.4 SchemslicArrgngementsforAxiol
(ompression lood-Testing of ftles
20.2.2 Test lotrd ond fieoieticirl
, (ompulotion of Deflecfions
29.d5 Apparotus for ileosuring Movement

20.4.6 Spqp,fldop,fiotconlnfluence
20.2.5 lood Applicotion ond Testing
lnlerprelolion of lesl Resuhs sre
20.2.6 Assessmed of Resulb
20.4.1 'Pile tood Testing'ond 'Procedures'
20.3. 10AD TISTNG A'(AtSSolt' (A
touilDATtoil ,w[il.'l

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana ArfaOe enOineers f f arinu'" ri"ld Manuattor Highway and Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 20
20.o LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ETEMENTS
20.t tUtt S$tE t0AD TESTI]'|G 0t BRIDGE ELtlJlEl{TS:
20.t.t A fr-rll-scale load testing of, say, a bridge deck, may become necessary if its
load rating cannot be ascertained through detailed structural investigative
computations (even assisted by relevant diagnostic tests) Perhaps because the
as-buiit drawings may not be available or structural integrify mav be doubtlul
or it may be a contract condition to test-load a particular representative
element of the bridge.
20.1.2
The typical tull-scale load test may 'm:nge fiorn a simple proof test coupled
with a visual inspection, to sophisticated test loading vehicles
instrumentation to measure the strains and deflections!
Loading may be applied by means of fr,rlly loaded vehicles of known axle
weights and spacings, simulating the design trr,rck loading.
Other loading rnediums such as concrete blocks of known weights, water
tanks, or hydraulic iacks, can also be used.
Load is applied in increments and the structural response,is monitored to
an'ive at a stipulatecl elastic load limit (for 'Routine' Load Test) before the
loacling is discontinued.
20.r.3
Load tests can be expensive, and, on larger bridges,. they require
conSiderable pianning, and demancl the use of sophisticated equipment.
Testing in remote locations can present aclditional difficulties.
Load tqsting can be justified where the effect of defects and/or
deterioration on load capacity cannot be deterrniqed by analysis alone.
Howevet a decision to cary out full scale load .testing should not be
undertaken without a serious thought.
20.t.4
. A Research Proiect of a few years ago ('Comparison of Measured and
Computed Ultimate Srengths of Foul Highway Bridges'-Highway
Research Record, No: 382, FIRB, NCR, 1972,U. S. A.) onthe Bridge Load
Ra,na's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Enor"","
E*--
LOAD TESTING AF BRIDGE ELEMENTS
CapaciLy Estimates by correlation with Test Data, contains a summaty of
about 150 references pertaining to load testing of bridges.
. The report contains a detailed discussion of factors, which enhance the
l:o d capacity of existing bridges.
r These factors include the effect of iateral load distribution, unintended
composite action, Llnintended continuity, and several other contributing
factors.
20.1.5
. Load testing may be done for a whole bridge deck in a span, for a
foundation caisson (preferably prior to its plugging), for a foundation pile,
or other structural items, depending on the requirement.
and . The first three items, being more usual to test, will be discussed here.
20.2. IOAD TESIII{G A BRIDGE'SUPERSTRUOURI' :
20.2.t The load test is intended to check and establish the selviceabiliry and working
strengthof the superstructufe for the. limit state of 'deflection and local
dzmage'in a particular span (vis-)-vis a critical section, fof its critical bending
or shear, etc.).
20.2.2 Tesl Lood ond lheoreticol Computotion ol Delledions :
. This 'Test Load' is the equivalent static load equal to 'the impacted
working design Live Load' (applied in addition to all dead loads) piaced
for maximum effect (bending monlent, shear; deflection, as the (?se may
be) and applied either through an appropriate test-loading-truck or
through loading platforms resting on tyre-contact area plates simulating
actual contact areas of actual wheel-tyres.
.the
. If a+y of the final dead ioads, e.g. wearing course, parap.gts, etc., are not
yet in position on the structure, equivalent loads should be plaqed for
sirnulation.
. Also, the.effective contact area under a wheel-tyre may be calculated on
the basis of tyre Pressure of 5.50 kg/cm', terking the contact dimension of
a wheel-tyre in the direction of traffic as 25 cm normally.
f f arin"'" ri"H Mahual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 I i
l!
Chapter - 20
I . LOAD TESI/NG OF8R/DGEELEMENIS

20.2.3 Note the deflections and crack widths (if 24 hours after removal of
^ny)
the test load in order to see whetl'ier the recovery is complete or there is
under the above-mentioned test load placed rongitudinalry and
transversely for the desired effect (e.g., for maximum bending moment any residual deflection, etc.
at
midspan section in the extreme girder in a girder_slab type itructure, or
for.maximum bending momenr at midspan iection of a unit-width sirip 20.2.6 Assessment ol Resutts:
under the longitudinal centre line of the extreme truck (closest to the kert a) ......If
in a slab type superstructure, etc.), calculate theoretically the deflections ' r Increase and decrease in deflections at a point
at various critical sections, assuming instanraneous value for
follows a linear
the concrete relation, with actual deflections not exceeding the theoretically
modulus. of elasticify and considering the section property only
-.o.,rr", of the estimated ones by rirore than about 5 per cent;
structural deck (ignoring the contribution of wearing parapets,
etc., to the section properties). . The maximum crack width in reinforced concrete does not exceed
abou.0.25 mm to 0.30 mm (but no cracks in case of prestressed
20.2.4
concrete);
' The above calculations should preferably be carried out by a suitabre grid
analysis.
. The cracks, if any (in reinforced concrdte), close upon removal of
test load but may not completely disappear;
' It may also be done (approximately) manually, using reaction factors for
different girders (by Courbon's Method or Littie and"Morice,s Method, or
. The deflections at the end of the 24 hours of maintaining the test
load do no[ exceed the coresponding values at the start of this 24
using the AASHTo Live-Loacl Distribution Factors, as applicable) in
girder-slab a1{ hours period by about 2.5 pel cent;
lox type supersrrucfures, and by usinj appropr.iate .
dispersion-width formulae in slab_rype superstructures. The residual deflection at any point 24 hours after complete
unloading does not exceed 5 per cent of the maximum observed
20.2.5 Lood Applicotion ond Testing :
deflection at that point (i.e., recovery is 95 per cent or more);
a) After placing the equivarenr compensating loads for any dead roads
that ......then
may not have been praced up to the timi of load testing, fix deflection
gauges (supported on unyielding supports) under the"'structure, just . the superstructure may be accepted for seryice.
touching its soffit, at the premarked criiical
'points'. b) Precauiions,
Appry the test lo-ad in five equar increments (incruding the weight
piatforms in the first incremeni), alrowing about two h5urs in
of (i) There shall be sufficient instruments for accurately measuring smali
befween
---- order deflections of the superstructure (horizontal and vertical
completion of one load increment and coiarnencement of trr"
"."i. movements in box sedions and curved and skew decks).
About an hour after completing a load increment, note the.{eflections
and (ii)
any crack patterns together with maximum crack widths. Strong scaffolding, capable of supporting both the superstructure
weight as well as the test load, must be erected and placed in
b) After measuring the defrections, etc., one hour after applying the
fifth, i.e., position under the superstnicture prior to testing, leaving a gap
the final load incremenq keep the resr load maintain.ii*
24 hours, under the deck-soffit which is sufficient for the deck deflections.
and agakr measure the deflections and crack widths (if any)-"6""t
c) Remove the tesr road in five equal decrements, a[owing about Adequate precautions shail be taken to safeguard the personnel at
two hours and in the vicinity of the test area..
in berween completion of one load decrement.and commencement
of the
next. (iii) If any severe cracking/spalling, etc., appears at any s?age of test, the
Note the deflections and crack widths (if any) about one hour . test shall be discontinued, load removed immediately and matter
after the
end of each load decrement. quickly reported to the designer, in detail.
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Briage Engineers
] ] a"ir"'" rirld Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers -@
.-"-!,@S€.arilwnfr"'
rl I
li
i Chapter - 2A
LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS
c) Some Important Considerations :
By the same token, both these effecb may be of somewhat similar
(i) The bridge creck hogs o'sags owing ro its top and bottom surfaces magnitudes if the span is short!
being at diff-erent temperatllres.
If this is nor understood carefully, the resulting serrations in the
This is sn.ain-induced deformation. load-deflection graph may misguide one into feeling of creep
In simply supported cases, however, no moments are induced problemsl
by
this. (v) If the readings are taken during night-time, and in case the span is
Any change in the temperatures of the creck surfaces durins small, then, even if the values of temperature incluced deflections
the load
test will therefore affect the observed deflection ,""ai"jr.. --^- ^"' (as rccorded by the gauge in the dummy span) are adiustecl in
the
The true varr"res of deflection due to test road alone are, 'load versus deflectiont graph of the corresponding gauge of the
rhe recorded vdlues of deflecrion
therefore, loaded span, this graph rnay still .not look neatly lineart -
algebraically-;j;;J';;'";"
temperature-induced defl ections. This may I>e partially explained by the fac that the dummy gauge
(ii) \xzlrere day temperatures are high, the deck may be
loacred and
does not reflect the true temperature incrucecr deflections in tiie
unloaded at night in order tJ iminimise, temper"tt,.e_inJucl.i loaded span because the soffit of the loacled span may be lit
cleflections. continuously by srrong arc lights whereas the dr,rmmy gauge may be
Or-re additional read merely by torchlight or an isolated light.
.gauge must, however, be positioned in a neartty
similar span which remains unaffected by the test load, in The arc lights are an adclitional heat-source in the loacled span,
cheik the magnitude of temperature deflections! ";;;;" which wotrld in fact tend to further cieflect this deck (bonom iibre
Ia i'' location in tl.ris span (which is not effected by the tesrloacr, hotter/cooler than rop fibre).
call it rhe durnmy span), this aclditional gauge must be ptacecl
aiine Hence the dummy-span gauge would not be truly representing the
same locarion as some crirical gauge in thi loaded
gauge under the maximum predicted deflection point.
,i;, ;:g:, ;" temperature-deflections of such arc-lit loaded span (....point to
nate).
(iii) Tbe actuaujt regordcd' defitecfions in tbe span betng
taadcd
represent tbe ,algebralc, summatlon oy ilte
(vi) In many test load cases, it is observed that rhe measured load
effects: f"Ao;i"g ;;" response of the deck differs significantly from the theoretically
calculated behaviour.
(I)The (doutnutard.,/upward) deJflections due to the test road
and The decks are, in actual fact, much stiffer than assumed in the
(2)'veryrng'in'magnrtude' and hout-uputard-and-now- theoretical computations, and hence the actual behaviour, as
dotonutard, dejlecttans due to differtnf ap irra iiii* measured, tends to show lesser deflections..
suqface temperatares during tlte-t"est - ' There can be several possible,reasons for this:
(iv; The true downwaril/upward deflectio n ar. any particular instant (i) In the theoretical
due analysis the bridge deck may be assumed to
to the test load alone is the algebraic sum of ilre measurecl
deflection and the deflection clue ti temperua)re at that be 'ideally,suppor:t€d. ' '
instant at
that location. However, the width over which the deck in fact acruallv
'bears
In the load test of a deck of, for instance a 30 m simply on the seating arrangementsr inavtU iarge r6laiive dd th" sp"r,
supported span, the .bridge
deflections due to rhe resr load ;ilf so that therratation at,the supports wiil;be constrained.
be much greater than those due to temperature variation. S."..iii
The deck is, therefore, subject to ibtational restraint at its
. Effect (2) will then be ctrowned by Effect (l). supportsl
The rnagnitude of this restraint liei some."r,hcre between the
E,-_-_-*__ Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Sridge Engineers
ffi Rainas rieto Manuat for Highway and Bridga Engineerc
ffi
 I

lr
! Chapter - 20
LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS

rsimply supported' and'encastrer

conditions. - The jumps in the load .versus deflection curves under
And if the span is short (say 7 to 70 m), this effect will reduce maintained test load and, to some extent after removal of the
the span moment not insignificantly! load, are a matter of scale.
.
(2) In the theoretical analysis the deck is generalry assumed to act - The absolute values of the lchange, in deflection could be
as a thin plate. minuscule;
since there can be considerable frictien between the soffit and - These jumps, under maintained test load condition, may be due
its seating, some of the load could perhaps be carried by essentially to the deck hogging or .in
'arch_ sagging response to
action'. temperature variation if the span is small.
This effect would, howeveq be of secondary importance if the - They are not then primarily caus€d by creep.
span is not short.
- Creep would only cause sustained change in deflection under
(3) Conventional design practice assumes that the parapet does not sustained load, not an oscillating deflection (now more, now
contribute to the srructural strength of the deck. less);
The concrete parapet in actual case is, however, more or less - When deflections are small, even a small change in their
integral with the deckl magnitudes will appear as a Iarge'percentage change'.
Ir musr therefore contribute some stiffening effect to the edge of - The reason for erratic jumps (i.e. the ,periodic jerks, referred to
the slab, and thus to the whole deck section. above) must not be lost sight of before coming to alarming
Even the wearing coat (if of concrete) can further stiffen conclusions!
the
dcclr. c) trffcct uf Assuurptkrns ln Grlllage Analysis:
(4) The theoretical analysis assumes rhat concrete strength is the (i) initially a grillage analysis (through a suitable aompurer program).
minimum as specified. may be made assuming the.deck to be pin ,upport"d at nodes over
The average strength of concrete in the actuar structure could the bearings, with no edge stiffenings.
however be-greater (hence higher E-value and therefore lesser (iD Modified grillage analysis may rhen be made auempring to take
deflections). account of reasons (1) and (3) in (c) above. This may be done by:
(5) Periodic random ,releases' (periodic 'jerks') of the (1) Assuming higher flexural and torsional stiffnesses for the grillage
aforementioned'rotational restraintsr and the'possible members above rhe bearings (the support diaphragms) l_
horizontal friction,, coupleci with the unpredictable up or dow., increasing by an arbitrary factor.
temperature deflection (particulady if the span is small), could
account for sudden and'sometimes erratic jumps in the load_
' (2) Assuming a part of a parapet section to acr structurally with the
deflection graph. . deck, thus enhancing the'flexural and torsional stiffness of the
longirudinal edge members of the grillage.
d) Acceptance Cdteda
(iii) vith regard to the choice of the arbitrary factor in (1) above
' Acceptance criteda for the load-test performance sometimes may multiplication of diaphragm stiffness by 1.0, may be found to r"aaito
not appear satisfactory (particularly if the span is small), causing the 10 to 40 per cent reduction in maximum deflection depending on
fear of ,creep and residual deflection'! whether the span is long or shorr.
. This, however, may be .discounted in case of such spans, because_ Multiplication by a factor of 100, however, only causes a further 5

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana aridge Enoineers rieu Manual
] fi aaina's for Highway and Brldge Engineers i:it i
 Chapter - 20
LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS

to 10 per cent decrease in estimated deflection values!
These results tend to fr.rstity the assLrmptions made in (1) and (2)
a[ove.
All this explains why the acrLlal' deflections, as observed, are
generaily lesser than those calculated simply and theoretically.
20.3. IOAD TISTNG A TCA|SS0N' (A F0UNDAT|0N 'W[l.L'):
' In this time the thixotropic strength gain around cohesive soil
surroundings matures because time is needed to dissipate the surrounding
adhesive cohesion.
. Indeed, in cohesive soils, the sinking of caissons (or driving of piles)
demands lesser efforr if sinking (driving) is resumed aftet ; few days
'rest'.)
20.3.5

20.3.t I.t should be remembered that in the actual design of the well foundation,
'it is prudent to either ignore the skin friction onlhe well surface or at best
This should preferably be done before the well is bottom ,piugged'.
consider only half of it as dependable _ at alt. f
a The 'test,load' is calculated so as to balance the assumed 'ultimate soil ' ' The 'well', tested as above, wilr then be safer, because alr the roaci
resistance' against the ,bearing area, of the rcutting edge, together with an
balancing (computation of base-pressures, etc.) will be done on rhe basis
assumed skin ffiction on the outer surface of the well-steinng till about 2
of the rsafe bearing capacity' of substrara ancr possibly very slightly
m below the sr-rrrounding gror-rnd level taking clue account oithe buoyant
increased well-size to suit.
weiglrt of the submerged pan of the well and clyweight of the dry part
of the well. " (This safety measure, many opine, is wise in view of unknown
factual
ubsoil behaviour.)
20.3.2
The calcr,rlated 'test load' is then applied in five equal incr.enents ancl the 20.4. IOAD TtSTtl{G A 'Pt[E':
'sinking' of the well observed regularly.
Before commencing the loading, tl.re well is temporarily plugge<i with 20.4.1 GeneroL
sand up to half the culb height to prevent 'squeezing outr of soil from a)
under tlre cutting edge bcaring ar.ea.
r In areas in which no reriabre experiences are avairable about the
20.3.3 behaviour of formerly established pile foundations (if any), every
major project requires a crearer knowledge nt bearing
If the sump was large, the well inirially will sink fasrer. capacity. ""t'ir,"ii
If the actual eft'ective sinking during testing does not exceed about 0.005 ' This cap b.9 obtained by making a loading resr on a pire which has
inch per ton of 'test loadr with the total ,test load' maintained for 24 hours . been installed in rhe same way as the othlr piles wiil be.
(uniess the well is on rock), and if upon removai of the testload there is
no appreciable rebound, the well nray be accepted for service,
r 1 Th"r" field tests have to be made weil in advance of the actual
construction, in order to permit working out a design, which suits
remembering that the well is nor yet concrete-pluggedi Rebound may
the test results.
occur only if the subsoil is predominantly cohesive.
b) A loaddns test ls,usualf,y. m-ad.e on singlb ?tiles, by applying ro rhe.pile
20.3.4 head a direct load on a platform, or by yicklng ao*it dead load
The amount of such rebound in predominantly cohesive soils will be
"llinrti by
on a platform, ol br jacking against a crossbiam held-down anchor
piles at each end.
much less if the testing is done after one to three months of constructing
the caisson.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana aridee Enoineers

fi aaina's rien Manuat for Highway and Bidge Enginebrs -.------.* -- -**&
]
Chapter - 20
LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS

c)
20.4.4 Schemotir Arrongemenls for AxiqF(ompression Lood-Testing ol Piles:
a Plles lngranular.solLs may be load+ested after several days after
the pile is driven, by when load test arrangements also have been These ar€ shown in Figs. 20.1, 20.2 and 20.3, as various akernative
made. arrangements, and the one apprppriate to a particular site may be selected
|
from these.
:

Files in cobesiae so/Is, howeveq should be tested after a

significant time elapses (about 30 to 90 days) so rhat the thixotropic
strength gairl of such surrounding soil is substantialiy complete.
a In any soil, sufficient time should elapse to allow partial dissipation
of residual compression and frictional stresses under the shoe and
around the shaft, respectively. STEEL PLA
HYORAULIC
JACK
20.4.2
OIAL GAUGES PLATE
a Load testing of a pile will be discussed here more in terms of general
detail...... US Practice.
BEAI(
In an actuai Project, follow the applicable codal provisions (in respect of
settlement under testload, the factor for Test Load, etc., as may be iegally
binding on the contract). TEST PILE ANCHORE PILE

20.4.3
Figure 20.1 Schematlc set-up for applying load to pile, using hydraullc-jack
(a) acting agalnst anchored reactlon frame
W'here feasible, the immediate area around the test-pile shall be
excavated to the proposed pile cutoff elevation.
WEIGHTED 8OX OR PLATFROM
The test-pile shall be cut off or built up to the proper grade as
necessary to permit construction of the load-application apparatus,
placement of the necessary testing and instrumentation equipment cRoss SEAms
and observation of the instrumentation.
'Where necessary, the unsupported TEST BEA
length of ihe test pile shall be
suitably braced to prevent buckling withour influencing the test STEEL PLATE
results. HYDRAULIC
(b) .,ACK
OAUGES
TEST PLATE
If the hydraulic jack pump is to be left unarrended at any rime
during the .load rest, it shall be . equipped with an auromatic
regulator to hold the load conslant as pile settlement occurs.
TEST PILE
Calibration report shall be furnished for all testing equipment for
which calibration is required, and shall show the temperature at Ftgure 20.2 Schematlc set-up for apptylng load to plle uslng hydraulic-iack
which the calibration was done. acting agalnst weighted box or platform

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

I I n"ina's ri"u Manual for Htghway and Bidge Engineers
 Chapter - 20
LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS

stems or sufficient gauge blocks shall be provicred

greater travel if anticipated,
to allow for

WEIGHTS
. The gauges shall have a precisiop of at least 0.01,, (0.25
mm_)
. Smooth be-aring surfaces (such as glass), perpendicular
CROSS direction of gauge-srem ravel, shall frE pr"rijJ?uinr,
to the
BEAMS ,tr" g".rg"
.WEDGES stems.

TEST BEAMS .. Scales used

!o measure pile movements shall read [o \/64th of an
inch or to 0.01r' (0.25 mm).
TEST PLATE
DIAL GAUGES (c)
CRIBBING
REFERENCE ' Dial G.auggs - two parallel reference beams, orle
on each side of the
BEAM ' tesr-pile, shall be o'iented in a direction tt-tr, p..-ir,
fracing their
supports as far.and independently as pr.acticable
from inchoi piles
or cribbing.
TEST A minimum of two dial gauges shalr be mounted on the
PILE ' reference
beams, app. roximately equidisiant from the center
opposite sides of the test:pile, with stems paralrel to
of and on
the rongitucrinal
axis of the.pile and bearing on lugs firmly attachea
to it" sides of
Ftgure 2O.l Schematic set_up fof apg{fnS load the pile below the test plate.
directly to plle uslng weighted
platform o Airernari:,1Y: rl" two dial gauges slrall be rnounred on opposire
sides of the test-pile, berow iheJest plate, wirh
stems-pa=,.atter to ue
rongitudinar axis of rJre pile and bearing'"" lrg;]i;.n.,i;artachecr
ro
the reflerence beams.
20.4.5 Apporotus lor llleosuring lllovement:
(d) For rest on indiviclual batter-piles, the dial gauges shat be mounted
(a) arong
a line perpendicular to the direction of batter.
All reference beams and wires shall be independently
supportecl
with supports firmry embeddecr in the gt;"J;;;
clear disrance of
20.4.6 some foctors rhor con lnfluence rnrerprerolion of
Test Results:
no less than 8 ft (2.5 m).from the resr_;ile oi pit._gro.rp
and as far.
as practical from the anchor pile or cribbing. '
(a) Pgtential residuar loads in the pile, which could influence
Reference beams shall be sufficiently stiff the
- - inrerpreted
instrumentation such that excessive variations.in
ro support the distribution of load at the pile tip and along the pile
,h"R
readings do not
occur and should be cross_connecred ro prouiae
aAOlti"#f .rg,Oiry.
(b) Possible interaction of friction loads from test pire
with upward friction
transferred to the soil fiom anchor piles obtai'ing
If steel reference beams are used, one end of eacir part $ ail of their
beam ,nlff f" support in soil at levels above the tip level of the rJsjpile.
free to move horizonrally as it.,. U"".r, fl"g,n .nurrges with
temperature variations. (c) Changes in pore water pressure in the soil caused
by pile driving,
(b) construction filr, and othef constfuction .perations,
whictrmay innr".r".
the tesr resurrs for frictional supporr in reiatively impervio.s
a Dial gauges shall have at least a 2,, (SO mm) ravel; longer gauge clay and
,;il;;;^;,
siJt.
@*-- Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bldge Engineers
ffi I Rainat rre H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

*j:i&F-.; '..*rrl@e#ed,Fs#*4:arrr-
 Chapter - 20
LOAD TESTING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS
(d) Differences between conditions at the time of testing and after final
constnrction, such as changes in the grade or groundwater level. these the pires are test-loacled only to 1.25 times their design
load
value.
(e) Potential loss of soil supporting the test pile from such acrions as
(b) Basic Procedure.for 'Ultimate Load
excavation and.scour. Test, on a pile:
(D Possiblel differences in the performance of 'a pile in a group, or of a 'pile
(1) select the appropriate pile-loading merhodorogy from
the various
group' from that of a single isolated test pile. schematic arrbngements shovin earlier. erra'rlge these
details,
qehearse the procedure, train the crew
(g) Effect (oh long+erm pile performance) of fabtors such as creep, and orcheLate the steps.
. environmental effects on pile material, negative friction loads not
(2) . Load rhe pile in increments of 0.25 X, up ro 2
X (where X =
. previously accounted for, arid strength .losses. design load value of a pile, in tons), giving 2 hours
rime
between two successive load incrcments.
(h) Requirement that all conditions for non-tested piles be basically identical
to those for test pile, including such entities as subsurface conditions, pile
. Nore the pile-settlement ar the beginning and at the
end of each
type, lgngth, size and stiffness, and pile installation rnethods load increment.
and
equipment, so that application or 'extrapolation' of the test results to such a Leave the 2 X load on the pile constantly for 24 hours
other piles is valid. and if
then .rhe total net (effective) sertlement does not exceed
0.01
inch per ton ofTest Load, or 1 inch, whicherr", t.rr"i ,t,"
J.r,g,
20.4,7 'Pile load Testing' ond 'Procedures': load capacity (i.e. working load capaciry) of the pile can be
(a) General- taken X Tons.

(1) Initially a few represenrarive piles, placed slightl y away fiom the o However, if the pile appears to be able to take more
load
,working piles' (i.e. the piles which will
be used for the briclge without exceeding the settlement limits, apply more load _
a
foundationi), must be test loaded to 'ultimate' or to at least 'rwice' smaller incremenl of, say, 0.1 X per increment, and note
the
the design load value (working load varue) so as ro ascertain the total net (effective) settlement after 12 hours o[ placing
the rotar
true design load capacity. additional load.

(2) 'Ihe actual ,number of such piles, and their locations vis_tr-vis the ' That total test road, at which this settrement reaches o.0l
inch
locarion of various foundations in the b'idge, will depend on the per ton of its value, or 1 inch, whichever lesser, shall
be taken
magnitude,oJ rhe piling work, the uniformiry or otherwise of the as the ultimate load capacity of the pile.
subsoil characteristics, etc. . Half of such test Load can then be taken as the design (i.e.
In certain projects, the client may directly specify the number of working) load capacity of the pile.
pileS to be tested to rultimare' (1 in 200 is not unusual).
., . Now- remove this test Load in four equal decrements, giving
(3) once these ultimate load tests have been carried out and working one-hour gap between ending one decrement and commencing
. load (i.e. design load) capaciry of the pile established, the design the next; and note the corresponding net settlements also.
' work is completed and the construction work taken up. Note if any permanent settlement has taken place 24 hburs
' after
(4) During this actual project construction work, it is customary (and complete unloading.
' indeed essential) to testload approximately 1 td 2 per cent of the r (A load-settlement curve can be drawn for the loading and
'working piles'. unloading cycles just completed.)
Such tests are called ,Working Load' Tests or rRoutiner Tests, and in Nofi: If the pile settlement exceeds the above-mentioned limitation
either before the test load reaches the 2 X value, or in less
Raina's Field Manual far Higllway ana Bridge Engineers
than
fi J ^o'oo r*ru Manuat tor tlgnway ancr Bidge Engineers
."jry__.__
Chapter - 20

24 hor-rrs after the load reaches the 2

X value, then the pile is
assnmed to have an ulfimate capacity
of less than 2 X.
A'fresh pile and a fresh urtimdte'load test (to
less than,2 X value)
I^,1,3"-"ij!!1,1:1,
,r",, the capaciry ;;;;; b.-i;;;;
englneenng iudgment.
(c) Basic procedur€ for the ,Routitrb,Test
l.e. ,Working Load, Test on a
Pile:
The procedure here is similar to that described
above for the
Ultimate Load Test:bdt the
'Test Loadr t.r. i, o.rfy I.25 X and
the settlement criterion.is
'either 0.005 i;;[;ito., of this Test
Load, or 1,/4 inch, whichever lesser,.

on
IT 1t: as allicl.a \forking
De used
Load Test has been done, can srill
'working pilq' in the hridge foundations, unlike the
pile on. which Ulrimate Load test is lon.
iv,,fri.f, is no more
usable as a regul4r working pile).

2l .o NISHES

2t.t GUARD RAII.

21.2 noAD ilAntfiltcs

21.3 IRATflC Stclts

RainaE Field,Ma:nuat for Highwey.ana driage

ErrEineei:
f . Raina\ Field Manuat.tor H ighway and. Bidge: E nginea rs
Chapter - 21
FINISHES

2l.o FtNtsHEs d) Ensure that the temperature of materials applied hot is correct.
e) A good line on road markings is essential. It is the only thing that the
2I.I GUARD RAII motorist rotices about the finish of the road. Make sure thailines are
straight or to smooth curves, as the case may be.
a) Check with the Surveyors / A.R.E. that the lengths of the guard nil. arc
correct and as required. If the contractor is u.sing a rope to set out, this can be easily checked by
; the eye.
b) \fhen wooden posts and spacer blocks are used, check that all the timber
is sound, i.e., not cracked or warped. The preservative treatment
certificates must be approved prior to the posts being used. If in doubt, 21,3 TRAFFIC SIGNS
check with the A.R.E. The wind effect on a traffic sign is quite large. It is essential, therefore,
that its
c) if steel posts base is in accordance wirh rhe drawings and is firmly embedded in
are used, check that the protecrive treatment is as specified the
ground.
and is in good order.
d) \fhen the holes for the guard rail posts are being excavated, check for
a) If the sign is to be illuminated, make sure that the cable ducts are cast
the horizontal alignment and ensure against kinks.
with the base.

e) The vertical alignment is important, and remember that a post can always
b) when the Contractor starts to erect traffic signs, make sure that the cables
are in place.
be driven a little away but there is no way of tifting a post and rnaking
sure that it stays at thar level ! c) Vhen the Contractor starts to erect traffic signs, make sure that the setting
f) Make sure that when the guard rail is erected, no sharp edges are offered out is approved by the A.R.E./Surveyor.
to the traffic. d) Ensure which sign is to go at yMr.jt particular piace so that the
correct
rruurber and rype of posts are known.
C) Check all bolts for tightness whether rhese are bolts attaching the rail to
' the posts or sections of rail to each other. e) The posts must be of the correct colour and properly treated with correct
protective coating. Rernember that rust-and even minor biemishes
can
21,2 ROAD MARKII{GS generate quite large rust areas in course of time.

a) Obtain from the drawings or the Engineer the type of road marking that
is required (whether continuous or dotted) and its width.
b) Check with A.R.E.-Laboratory that the type of material is corect and has
been approved.
c) Road markings should never be applied to surfaces that arc wet or dirty.
If either of these conditions apply, inform the Contractor and your
superior.
i) rJ7et surfaces can be dried by the careful application
of a heater. No
more heat than will get rid of the moisrure should be applied.

ir iD Dirty surfaces should be brushed clean and water-washed (and

dried), if necessary.

Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway ana.erroge Enoineers

f f, Rainab rre H Manuat for Htghway and Bridge Engineers
 22eO UTITITIES

22.1 GH|ERAI',
ez.i s[anicrv ilrrs
22.3 WATER UNIS

,ii , ''

f ^or,r
u -, en Manuat.tor Hqhway and Bddge Enginedrs
 UTILITIES
Chapter - 22

on both sides of any line crossing the pilot road. No work should be carried
22.O UTluTlES out with plant immediately under the lines unless there is adequate clearance.
NOTE: AI.so see Cbapters 3 and 6 regarding 'Location' and 'Illuersi'on'
of o ari ou s Utllitie s /S ero I c e s 22.3 WATIR I.INES
The Contractor is perhaps responsible for laying the waier main diversions
(see tbe contract). He is likely to employ a subcontractor with experience in
22.1 GEl{ERAI
this field, registered and approved by the relevant authority. Ensure that this
22.1.1 'Where the main Contractor requires temporary div€rsionS of utilities that afe
is the case.
shown on the drawings, he must make all affangements to have the work
carried out (including obtaining necessary permissions), phasing it into his
own work.

22.1.2 Before the Contractof assists in the diversion of utilities, he will need to know
the exact locations. This is done by means of pilot trenches to expose any
pipes or cables.
The pilot trenches should be carried out prelerably by hand excavation to
prevent damage to the utilities.

22.1.3 A pilot trench will also be required if utilities are suspected to be near
excavations for foundations. The position of services shown on the drawings
is at best approxirnate and must be carefully checked on site'

22.1.4 A sectiori of the pilot trench should be drawn, showing the position, depth
and size of all utilities that afe found. The Surveyors should be asked to
establish the positions relative to a fixed suruey station.

22.1.5 If the trench is to be left open for some time, check that it is well protected
and properly barriered. If it is in or neaf a highway, ensure adequate warning
signs. If you are not satisfied, report the matter to the A.R.E.

22.1.6 If any utiliry apparatus is damaged, immediately inform the A.R'E'

22.2 ETECTRIqTY [INES

The Contractor may be required to lay the ducts for cables. It is important to
ensure that each duct has a draw wire through it and the end of the duct is
marked by a peg, clearly labelled, which can save hours in finding it again
when the cables are laid.
High voltage overhead lines are a real danget to plant and their oPerators,
paiticularly cranes and tipper trucks. Check that temporary guards are erected
I R inas ri"M Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Raina's Field Manual for Highway anO arfaOe engineers I
--r,saq'5&ffi"<ls*
;"e'*ffi*
 23.O

23.t WHY DAYWoR|(S ?

23.2 STTIRtSPOl{StB[.tTY
zi:r srcurc rHE nr(oRDs r(l' ?,

f R"inu', rir{ Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers

Chapter - 23

23.O DAYWORKS
23.1 WHY DAYWORKS ?
It is inevitable that there will most probably be some unforeseen work in the
contract. Such work will, therefore, be required to be done.under'Dayworks'.
This can be done only on the instruction of the RlE..
For such work, the Contractor is paid for each hour that his labour and plant
are employed on the work which has been instructed, with an addition to
cover materials.

23.2 SITT RESPONSIBITITY

'When works are required to be measured as dayworks, it is the responsibiliry
of the site staff to observe thern and ensure that these are carried out
efficiently. The staff is to record the working hours of plant and labour and
the amount of materials used.
These records should be recorded in your Daily Report sheets.
The contract documenls state that only the "actual time worked" should be
24.O' SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION
paid for since mobilization, travelling time and overheads, etc., are included
in the Contractor's rates for such works.
AND MAINTENANCE PERIOD
A little judgement must be used in assessing the working hours. tffork done
by dayworks is likely to be very inefficient compared to "contract" work 24.1 (tinfl$rt oF suBstAililAr (oillptrTtoN
because of its piecemeal nature. You should take account of any time spent AltD (otvlPttTiot{ oF:PER|0D ot
by the labour and plant while they are stopped, awaiting instructions. mAiltTfttAltc (DtFtcts ltABtuTy plRiotrl
24.2 ft{D-0F-(0NIRACI'SIRV|CS'ilEfitNcS
23.3 SIGilI]{G THt RECORDS
The Contractor will prepare recorcls of his understanding of his labour and
plant times and materials involved.
If you agree that these are correct, thenthese should be signed and a copy
passed to the A.R.E. in charge of the work.

However, if you do not agree, then discuss it with the Contractor and find out
the reason lor the discrepancy. Donrt be afraid to admit that you have omitted
something if the Contractor can show you that it is so.
However, if. no agreement can be reached with the Contractor, make your
own alterations and sign the sheet "For Record Purposes Only". Reasons
should be given for the benefit of the A.R.E.
-' Rainats Field Manual lor Hlghway and Bddge erer""r ! f aainas Fieu Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 Chapter - 24

24.O SUBSHNTIAT COMPTETION AND

The Defects tiabiliry compretion certificate shall
IVIAINTENANCE PERTOD complete satisfacrion thar rhe conrra*or
be issued only afrer
has fulfiled all his obliga;ns
under the conffact.
24.1 CERT|FICATT 0r SUBSIANTTAT (otttpttiloN AND Colnplfftol{ oF D At the same rime on issuing the above certificate, the Engineer
shall
PERIOD OI TTiAINTENANCT (DTTECTS I.IABII.Iil PIRIODI complete the relevant report forms ancl
forward there tJ rrarrlug".-
Maintenance Department with copies to
a) A certificate of Substantial completion either for il *fi; bf
'the
work.s
the Contract File.
or part of the works is issued by the Engineer when, in the opinion of the g) Advance nodce of impending completion
dates can be ea.sily obtained
Engineer these can be safely taken over for public use. from the computer database in order that
a' necessary inspections can be
organised well in advance.
This may not mean that all works are fuily completed, but that these are
in a state that no danger to the public can ensue from the uncompleted
24.2 EIID.OF.CONIRACI'SERVICES' IJIEETINGS
works.
a) on.substantial completion of the project, the
b) .Vh.n ru.h , .".tifi.rt" i, irru"d. th" Engirr"., hu, to irru" to th" be informed, in writing, that the *orkr'u." ready
invorved stakeholders must
Contractor a list of all incomplete and defective works. for the installation of
their services. They shall be asked to provicre
details of tt l.rt",.,o.a
o Ir will no'mally be the responsibiliry of the A.R.E. to compile the list programme and also to attend site meeting "r.
to estabrish precisely the
.of .defects and omissions that are found, and he will be assisted in proposed services corridors to avoid future
clnflicts.
.this by the Supervisors.
b) Although their operations are subject to wayleave
crearance in the normar
' . The contractor wiu complete these"works and any omissions and way, conflicts frequently arise as a result oi
differing ti*" ,.rr., ro, tir.i.
defects thar are found during the Defects tiability period. _ respective installations.

r The listed items onry refer to omissions 4nd defects. Fair AII potential conflicts must be resorved at rhis
'wear and stage and cenainiy before
tear'accident dam the services authorities are given permission
to proceed.
of the Contractor,s oblieations.
Detailed insrructions on the above will be issued by the R.E.
c) $/here they form part of the contract, As-built Drawings and Duct Register
information shall be submined by the contractor prior to substantial
complerion. (otherwise, these shall be the responsibiliry of the R.E.
to
cornplete.)

d) Tbe lssue of tbe certificate of substantial cornplctton shalr per.mlt

the release of part of ttte retention monres rterd agarnst the
contractor and utill arso estabhsrt tbe commurn"*oi and end.
dates of tbe pertod o1f Ma.lntenance (Defects LtabilttJ, pertod).
e) At the end of the period of mainrenance, the works shall be fulry
inspected and all faults, determined to be the contractor's responsibility,
I

I shall be identified, recorded and informed in writing to be made good.

ffi---
I

Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and aiaga angineers

I
I
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
:.i{ff-
 25 .o H IGHWAY MATERIAI TESTING

f aaina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

I
I
1

Chapter - 25
HIG HWAY M ATER I A L T ESTI N G

25.O HIGHWAY MATERIAT TESTING

il 5. Bituminous mixes are used in the surface course of pavement; some
types
1. For the c'nstruction of highways, it is imperative to carry
out tests on the
of bituminous mixes are also used in the base course of some fle"ibl.
' involved cohstruction materiars for their scientiric aesign pavements. These paving mixes are designed to withstand the
varying
and economic
utilisation' The economy in consrructio" a.!""a, upon the conditions of climate and traffic. There are-several methods of bituminou!
-inherent
maximum use of local materiars. The prime objective mix design. One of the more cofilmon methods is indicated in the list
of ihe different tests
is to know and classify the soil and pavemenr materials, below.
depending upon
their physical and strength characteristics. $ 6. MAIN TESTS:
2. Different fypes of pavements are constructed fog roads
for safe and L TESTS ON
comfortable movement of various rypes of vehictes at aesirea SWGRADE SOIL:
speeds. The 1) Grain Size Analysis
pavemenls are raid over a prepared soil surface
calred subgrade.
Therefore, it is necessary first to test the properties
or the .urgr"ae soit
2) Consistenry timits and Indices
and to evaruate its supporting capacity under adverse
conditions, before taking up the design and consrruction
moisture
of the
r' 3) Compaction Test (proctoq Modified procror) _ MDD vs. OMC
4) Field Densiry Test by Sand Replacement Method
pavements. The basic tests needed on the subgrade
soir for this purpose 5) Triaxial Test
are for the identification and classification of the soil,
its density, and its
moisture and compaction characteristics. It is also necessary $
6) California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
to determine 7) North Dakota Cone Test
the strengtl.r characteristics of the subgrade for the a"rign'Jpnrrements 9:
over it. some of the impoftant tests on subgrade soils are
indicated ahead.
B) Plate Bearing Test
3' Pavements are crassified into two major groups: 9) Soil-Cement Mix Design
flexible and rigid. The :
pavement sections, which do not fall in any one
of these types, are II. TESTS ON ROADAGGREGATES:
' classified as semi-rigid or semi-flexible. Depending
upon the technique
and the material of construction, the pavements are 10) Aggregate Crushing Value Test
classified as (i) \(rater
Bound Macadam (ii) Bituminous Bouncr Macadam (iii) 11) Abrasion Test
cemeni concrere :
and (iv) soil stabirised pavements. In most constructions, 12) Aggregate Impact Tesr
stone aggregares i
are commonly used ingredients. The stability of road 13) Soundness Test
ston"s i, l,rJge; Uy
studying their resistance against impact, abrasion, crushing 14) Specific Gravify and lVater Absorption Tests
and
weathering action.. The other properties of aggregates
- which are 15) Shape Test
important are their shape factor, specific gravity, waie-r
a6sorption, rerative 16) Stripping Value
affiniry with bitumen, etc. The important tests on aggregates of Road Aggregates
for use as
pavement material have been indicated ahead. III- TESTS ON BINUMINOUS MAIERIAIS:
4. In preparing a homogeneous mix of stone aggregates and their 17) Penetration Test
binder,
the aggregates are bound together in a pavement component
layer using 18) Ductility Test
binding agenrs like (i) soir slurry (ii) bitumino's mareriars
like biruminous 19) Softening poinr Tesr
emulsion or curback (or tar) and (iii) portland cement.
inrrq"r"rr, 20) Specific Gravity Test for Birumen
required on these binders as well. physical tests tit" p"net.uiiol, "."
auctilrry,
softening point, flash-fire point, erc., are adopred i" 21) Viscosiry Test
testing
the bituminou: The viscosiry resr is also "i"rriryi"g;.rd
included"for defining 22)Flas]n and Fire point Tess
these rnateriarsTi*ir:tr..
for their scientific use. various tests on bituminous 23) Tests on Cutback, Emulsion and Tar
material are also indicated ahead.
24)Joint Filler and Sealer
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and gridge Engineeg
Raiia's
o'.Fen Field Manual for Highway and Bddge Engineers
Chapter - 25

IV. TESTS ON BTNUMINOT]S MIXES:

25) Marshall Stability Test
NOIE:
o Derailed descriptions of are dnailablein standard
these tesfs
litelture (e.g., the relev_anre.i;;, l;ai"" and the A'TM /,
AASHTO srandards) to which reference shouta.Ue ;;:""'
o Tests on cement and cement concrete
mixes are not included in
the above list. However, these too are elrtensively
dealt with in
the above standard publications, to which
made.
reference ;h.;il-;;
c It is unnecessa?)) to describe tbe detaib of tbe aboue
present MANUAL.
tests in tbe

26.0 SOME DETAITS OF G

STEEI' TENDONS AND
ANCHORAGES
26.1 wP[s 0F sTrH. toR PRtSTRESSilc
25,2 PRISIRESSIIIG IEIIDOIIS

Raina's Field Manual lot Highway aN *iaSe,eneineers

f f n"inu's ri"td Mdnuat tor Highway and Bidge Enginears
Chapter - 26
SOME DETAILS OF PR€SIRESS/NG.SIFEL,
IENDOA/S AND ANCHOFVIGES

26.OSOME DETAITS OF PRESTRESSING diameter of each die, and consequently of the wire.
Rolling may also be used
STEEI, to produce the same result. Rolring, whether hot or cold,
TENDONS AND ANCHORAGES be deformed or indentecl, if required.
enabies the steel to

26.1 It is usual to apply heat reatment to all prestressing steels except

TYPES OF STETI. TOR PRTSTRTSSING those of
natural hardness, and secret or proprietary processes
steer for prestressing concrete must have are often ur.d. Ordirrrry
high tensire strength and adequate oil quenching is generally considered to te unsatisfactory. other
ductiliry. These qualities are found in methods,
term_ed n,ar tempering, are used and cooiing
is often carried out in lead, salt
(i) Carbon or allov steel, hot rolled, but otherwise or oil baths.
unfeated,
(ii) cold worked steel, which is drawn Although the effects of the foregoing processbs are
or deformed, and preferabry actual properties of any steel can be determined
known qualitatively, the
tempered, and only by tests. It is essential
that sufficient satisfactory data shourd be availabre
(iii) Hot rolled and rempered before any type of steel is
sreel. used for prestressing.
carbon or alloy steel has a carbon content
not greater than lo/oand this is
mainly responsible for irs high tensire strength. Strength of Prestressing Steel
liloying .t"-.r,r, such as
--improve
manganese, nickel and may The practice of specifying a minimum strength for prestressing
arso be adde"cr to steel has been
mechanical properties .
of the steel, and various t-r.u, ,r"ur*..rts havethe
-chromium superseded, in recent standards and codes of practice,
by the concept of a
beneficial effect. These treatrnen* make a
use of the fact that if steer is heated cbaracteristic strengtb clefinecl as that value beiow
to a which not more than 5o/o
temperature higher than about 850.C (1550.F) of^resr resurrs fall. Tvpical values are 210000-240000
transformation temperature), its finar structure
(termed the lbti;'ii<tooresoo
and the extent to which its kgf/cm,; 1450-1650 N/mm,) for wire; 240000_260000
properties are improved depend on the nftin, degOO_tiioO
rate of cooling. ff ,n" ,r."f is cooled kgf/cm'; 1660-1800 N,/mm) for strand; and 150000 lbf/in2 (1O5iO
slowry from its kgf/cm";
transformation temperature, the treatment 1040 N/mm) for alloy bar.
annearing, if it is ariowed to coor fromthe is termed
transfofmation temperature at its
normal rate, the rfeatment is termed normarising.If, Slress-Stroin Relofionship
is suddenly cooled from above the rransforrirrlor,on the otti. t u.,a, .t""t
,".np.."tJr" ro room An ideal sress-strain diagrarn for prestressing steel is shown
temperature bY immersion or quencbing
in oil, its hardness and brittleness are which meets the following requirements.
in Figure 26.1,
appreciably increased euenching is uzualry
fo'owed bt ;;o"** process
in which the steel is reheated to about 4OO'C (750oF) (i) It is imperative to have a high tensile stress which must
and allowed fo cool in be accompanied
air. This reduces the brittreness of the
sreer. If the steel ,, .d;;;red by only a small amount of creep. This is achieved if
from the permanent
above the transformation temperature to elongation at the working stress is small, and the type
about 450.C (g50.F) and then of ,r".i fo. i"n
' allowed to cool srowly to .oo* t"-p"."ture, the,stress-strain diagram is linear for a large p.optoion ',t
and has an effect similar to that of quenching
the process is termecJpatenting; .i,n. ,fU_"*
and tempering. The term s/ress tglO ls used. This properfy is measured ny tne proof
stress which is
, rerieuing is used. to describe heat treatmenr
io. p.olo.rgJ'p..r"oJ", ,uou, defined as the stress which produces a.certain permanent
deformation
260.C (500.F) or a shorr period at ubo.rt "
500.C (950.F). ineierm s;taOftbnng
(usually o'20/o but somerimes 0.170)
on first loading, and steer which is
denotes heat trearment at about 4O0C suitable for presrressing, should have a high proof
1759 F) combined with a tensile stress stress 1nig"." Z6.i).
of about 650/o of the ultimate strength of
the steel.
cold working of steel increases its strength, and is mainly ca'ied out by
drawing wire through a series of dies,
Jirn progr"rrive reductions in the
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and
SidOe engineers I Raina's rieu Manuat for Highway and Bddge Engineers
-
f
- .sil^s&4,itn+.-.rd i.,
 Chapter - 26
E saME DErAtLs oF pREsrREss/N6-srEEt, rFNooNs
AND ANcHoRAGEs
_ _ jt' failure
(ii) It ts arso most desirabrc tbat an uhimate eronga,on
yielding immediately of apprecrable
magnkude shoird be obtainecr in order to-reduci
preceding failure posstble tb.e, cba.nce of suddcn:fracture; this Ji mu"n a"
rnuy ooi occur, for
High limit of proportionality example; with piano wire, which ,has a very smaft
prestressing wire and elongation at failure.
o
strand have a minimum erongation"of Letween
3%o
and 50/o, which is quite sufficient with satisfactory
boi-rd; ,t rrJ.r. for alloy
' bars is about 10/0. "
The stress-strain diagrams for various rypes of sreer
in Figure 26.3 indicate rhat
the ultimate elongation tends to decrease as the
ultimat."r*ngih increases. L
is clcar, tberefore, trrat plano utlre ls not dntlrelli-
strain
prestfessrn& despite tts rtigb proofstress, oOt" yo,
Flgure 26.t ftdealstress-straln diagram for prestressing "ut
as rts urthn;te eronga.tion rs
steel aery llmlted" 01 the other hand, milC steel
aeformeJ Uur],-rflict, f,.""
a large uldmate elongation, are unsuirable because
"nO
45000
p-roof stress' Figure 26.3 also shows that a
;i;*l
'JJiliJ;;,;;;;
distinct yieid point
alloy bars, and this influences the urtimate strength
o'".1r." i' to*-
40000
0.1y of structures with bonded r,

steel in which the sreel is the weaker part and

17000
failure is rniuateo ty its
36000 excessive deformation in some cases by its fracture.
I

31500 II E 250
Prsstressing strands
.g
I
1()00
I
-
o o
;
3
ztooo
;o
Prostressing wire (Z mm) 16000

G
Jo 22500 J
10000

18000

7000
13s00 10000
6000
HighAlloy bar
5000
9000

1.0
4500 600

0,2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1,2 Hlgh strsngh roinforcing steol

1,4
0.01 0.,1
400
Extension - percenl
0.5 in (72.70 mm) diametel Dyform strand; 0.01olo llild stesl
- off_set 3B,250 lbf (17.350
kgD;0.10/o off-set 42,800 lbf (19,414 kgfl; Load at 1o/o ext. lrl,tOO bf itg,ln 200
2000
kgf); Breaking load 48,000 lbt (21,772 kg|; Modulus of
elasticiry = Z7.BS'x-tO,
lbf/in, (1,9,602 kg7mm,) Area = 0.174 irt (tn.ZS mm)
Flgure 26.2 lnad €xtension diagram(proof load) strain. percent

'-"*
Ftgure 26.1 - various steels
Stress-strain dlagram for
Ralna's Fiold Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engin"o f ! na/nab ae H Manuat for Highway and Bddge Engineers
til-.t::.
aff"ggn*"
 Chapter - 26
:r#.$lcFffi{gar'**rtffi.4 soME DETAILI oFpREsrR€ss/NG-srEEL, IENDINSANDANIHo&AGES
The modurus of erasiicity for prestressrng steel
depends on rhe type of
steel employed, and values should be obtained from
the supplier of the steel.
Table 26.r chemical composition of Alloying Elements of
Typical values are 25 x i,06 n>f/in" (r]6 x 106 kgf/cm,; o.r7i Prestressing Wires and Strands
x 106 N/mm,) for
low-alloy bars,28 x IO6 lbflinz (1197 x 106 kgf/cn";'0.1,9i
x 106 N/mm,) for Element Minimum % Maximum %
carbon sreel wires, and berween 23.5 x 1.06 ind 29 x
' kgf/cm" 0.7G3 x 106 - 0.2 x 106 N/mm,) for srrands. a ,ypi.ui
t"0, lbf/in, (1.65 x 106
Silicon
0.60 0.90
i"ua-exrension 0.10 0.35
curve for srrands remains rinear for only about rrurf Manganese
typical 0.2o/o proof stresg is between 850/o and " ir ii, Iength, and a Sulphur
0.50 0.90
95o/o of tfr. nr."t i.rg toua. 0.05
0.05
26.2 PRTSTRESSII,IGTTNDONS
The drawn wire is to be free from surface or other defects,
Prestressirrg teyd3ns,Jtormatly take tbefortn of separate and the finished
utires, taires wire or strand must be rree from oil and grease unless otherwise
spun togetber beltcal$t toform strands, or borL n6, specified by
pr"-tensioned steel, the purchaser. Light superficial rusring is ailowed, provided that
wiies, strands, and occasionally bars are used singly, there is no
to permit the concrete visible scaling or pining of the surfai. In the case of wires (BS
to bond clirectly to them; when post-tensioning is used, 2691), the
i, ir p"r".ii".l coils supplied to the purchaser must not include welds; except that,
to group the separate tendons together, so as to recluce""-*"n the number of by
agreement berween the buyer and the supplieq special lengths
anchorages and ducts required to accommodate them. may be drawn
wh"n g.o.,p.d in this from rods welded before tr-re patenting process is applied. For stfands,
way, the tendons in each duct are usually termed a cable. no
length of strand may be joined to another l:y any rnerhod, though
separate
wires wirhin the strand may be welded togetrier prior to patenting. No
British Stondords for Tendonj
' welding is allowed after patenting or during or after wire drawing. If special
The requirements for prestressing tendons are set out lengths of seven-wire strands (BS 3617) ar.e required, and provided
in the following Br.itish rhe user
Standards: is made ftllly aware of the reduced mechanical properties involved,
not more
than one wire in any 4O m (130 fr) may be weldld after patenting
BS 269IJ969: Steel wire for prestressed concrete. or drawing;
this relaxation applies to the seven-wir.e strand only.
BS 35r7:r97. stress rerieved seven-wire steel strand
for prestressed The tolerance on dre nominar diameter of pt'esttessi,g raire (BS 2691)
concrete. is
+0.025 mm (10.001 in.) forwires under 2.5
mnr (0.r0zrin.) in diameter., and
BS 4757:7971': Nineteen-wire steel strand
for prestressed concrete. +0.050 mm (10.002 in.) for wires of 2.5 mm (0.104 in.) or more
in diamerer..
If the wire is to pay out straight from the coil, rhe internal diameter of the
BS 4485:1969: Cold worked high tensile alloy steel
bars for presrressed coil
shall not be less than 1.8 m (6 ft) for wires of 7 mrn (0.276 in.) diamerer
concrete. or
greater, or 1.2 m (4 ft) for wires less than 7 mrn (0.276
in) in diameter. In
seuen-u)ire strands (BS 361D, the nominal diameter of the
Wires ond Stronds cenrre wire (King
wire) is to be at least2o/o greater than that of the surrounding wires; af'ter
heat
The wire is required to be cold drawn from plain carbon
steel (BS 2691) or treatment, ii is to be, wound onto coils of such a size
[Jnd not less than
patented plain carbon sreel (BS 3G17 and,44SG); the 600 mm (2 ft) in any case] that it pays off reasonably srmi;hr. The
chemical ."_pJii"" i, rorerance.s
shown in Table 26.1,. on rhe nominal diametbr of the fin'jshed srrand are + 0.4 mm (+ 0.016 in.)
and
-0 2 mm (-0.008 in.) in all cases. For nineteen-wire shands (BS
475D, different
requirements arc laid down for treated and ,as-spun' strands. A treated
strand
has a nominal diameter or 18 mm (0.725 in) wirh rorerances on
' diameter of
+0.5 mm (+0.02 in.) and -0.25 mm (-0.01 in.) The rrearmenr
comprises low-
temperature heating as a continuous linear process, after which it
is to be
wound on to coils with a minimum diameter of 900 mm (3 ft), trom which
Raina's Field.Manual for Highway ana Bridge Engineers
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.
...... .-.,_:4,r.,
 Chapter - 26
:

S,ME DETAIL' ,FPRESIRE''/NG-.TEEL, IEND'N' AND ANCH,RAGE'

off'substantia'y straight'. 'As-spun' strands, with nominal
!]f
25.4 mm (L in.), 28.6 mm (7.L25 in.j and
diameters of Condltions in which wire is supplied:
31.8 mm (1.25 in.) have rolerances
on diamerer of +0.6 mm (+O.OZ4 in.) and _0.25 mm (_0.01
in.) in all cas-eq no
heat treatment is required, and the minimum coil
diameter is i.: m 6 ft). 1 2 3
Cold drawn. Gold drawn.
Testing Description pfe- pre-
sbaightened straightened, Cold
In the case of wires (BS
2691), the manufac*rrer is required to provide normal drawn
one low
loadlextension curve for each parcel of wire, relaxation relaxation
a parcel being defined as any
quantity of finished wire p-resented for testing o.204 stress, as percentage B5 90 75
at o.r" time. Tests are to be
made on samples taken from the end of o"ne ".ry
coi'l in every rirr. *itrur, tt. relaxation
parcel, but rhe resurts of rhese are only required
ro be kept io, 1000 hours from:
inspection by the purchaser. "rr"ii^ul. 70% lnitial stress 5o/o 2o/o
80.06 lnitial stress 8.5o/o 3o/o
Table 26.2 Mechanlcal properties of Wires (BS
2691)
specimens are tested for characteristic strength, proofstress, and reverse bend
Conditions tests; relaxation tests may also be called for. The specified values are shown
Nominal wire Specified characteristic Reverse in which in Table 26.2; the wire is deemed to comply with the requirements for
diameter strength bend radius wire specified characteristic strength provided that not more than two of any 40
supplied consecutive results fall below the specified value, no results are less than
95%
of the specified value, ancl none are fnore than 230 N/mm, (24 kgf/mm,;
mm !n. N/mm2 kgf/mm2 lbttinz 33,500 lbf/in) above ir.
mm tn.
7 0.276 1470 150 214000 20 'For
0.8 1,2 Stronds
*7
0.276 't570 160 228A00 20 0.8 .1,2 The manufacturer is required to provide dated test certificates prepared from
.5
0.197 1570 160 228000 15 the relevant test results. Tests are to be made on samples cut from each coil;
0.6 1,2,3
5 0.1 97 't720 175 they comprise a iensile test, an elongation test, a proof-load test (for seven-
248000 15 0,6 1,2,3
wire strands only), and, if required, relaxation test results. For seven-wire
4.5 0.177 1620 165 235000 15 0.6 2,3 strands, proofJoad tests and load-extension curves are called for only for
,4 one
0.1575 1720 175 248000 't2.5 test piece in every five for nineteen-wire strands, a pr.oofJoad test is required
0.5 1,2,3
*3.25 only for treated strands; for these, the test and the plotting of a load-extension
0.1 28 1720 175 248000 10 0.4 3 curv€ are specified for one test piece in every three. For
3.25 0.128 870 190 'as-spun' strands,
1 27000a 10 0.4 3 load-extension curves are to be plotted for ,every test piece. The values
0.118 1720 175 248000 1o
:
sgecitied are summarised in Table )61; tnespecified characrerisric srrengrh is
0.4 3
2.65 0.104 defined in rhe same way as that for wire, except rhar no upper limiting ialue
1670 190 270000 7.5 0.3 3 is imposed. 1he minirritim elongation at failure is specified as
3.50/0, except for
2 0.079 2020 205 291b00 ras-spun' nineteeir-vrire
5 0.2 3 strahd; no value is specified for this. .

Re-testing may be done in the event of fairure of a sampre to meet

' Preferred specified characteristic strengths the
requirements.
asee Table ahead
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and anage
ensineers
f I c",t,"t ri" b Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers ._--@
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ri
ll Chapter - 26

SOME DETAILS OF PRESIRESS/NG.SIEEL, IENDONS AND ANCHORAGES

Bors
Table 26.3 Mechanical properties of Stf,ands (AS j617,47j7)
No chernical composition is given for the steel, except that surphur and
phosphorus must not exceed 0.05%, but the manufacturer is required
to ]onditions
provide the chemical analysis on requesr. Threacrs, if provided, are Nominal
tobe cord- diameter of
Nominal area Specified characteristic in which
rolled; no welds are permitted, and the bars are ro be protected at of steel BS No.
all times strand load strand
from the effects of locar heat. Torerances are specified only supplied
on the mass; on
the basis thar rhe density of the steel is ZS:O kg/m, (O.Z1S lb,/in3),
the (mm) (in.) (mm') (in') (kN) (ksr) (tb0
variations permitted are +4o/o and -2o/o for'a batch (defined
as a number of
lengths of one size from one cast) and +6o/o and _2o/o for any.one 6.4 0.253 24.5 0.038
bar. 7.9 0.312
' 37.4 0.058
44.5
69.0
4540
7040 5500
10000 1 ,2
1 1 ,2
From the purchaser's viewpoint, the requirements for testing are 9.3 0.366 52.3 0.083 93.5 9530 21 000 ,2 36'17
less 1
satisfactory than those included in the standards for wires and 10.9 0.430 71.A 0.110 125:O 12750 28100 1 ,2 (7-wire
strands. The '12.5 0.492
manufacturer is required to provide documentary evidence 94.2 0.146 165.0 16820 37100 1 ,2 strand)
of the test results 15.2 0.600 138.7 o.216 227.0 23150 51000
obtained, and the records of the tests musr be avairable for 1 ,2
inspection by the
purchaser or his representative. The routine tests
comprise a tensile test, a 1B 0.7 210 0.325 370 37730 83180 4757
proofJoad test and a minimum elongation (of 60/o); one sample 25.4 1.0 423 0.656 659 67200 1481 50 (19-
is to be taken
from every 5 metric.tonnes within a batch. The sarnples 28.6 11/g 535 0.830 823 83920 1 85000 wire
u"
-uy cut from the 31.8 660 1.020
ends of processed tendons, or from off-cuts produced dr-rring 1Vt 979 99830 220100 strand)
processing. The
specified characrerisric loacl and the 0.2o/o proof load (defined Condition in which strand is supplied:
as the lJad at
0'7o/o total strain) are given in Tabre 26.4; the breaking
loacr for the thread is Number
required to be at reast 950/o of that for tl.re bar. The modulus
of elasticity is to 1 2 3
be determined from the test readings and recorded. The breaking
roud i,
Description Normal . Low
As
required to be not less than 95o/o of the specifiecl characteristic relaxation relaxation
road]and not spun
more rhan two oui of the lasr 40 test resuits may be ress than heat treated heat treated
the specified A.2o/o Proot stress. as percentage of 85 90
values; no upper lintiting value is specified.
characteristic
Provision is made in the standard, whereby a purchaser relaxation after
may, if he wishes, 1000 hours from:
check that a batch anains rhe specified characteiistic load.
efier detir,".y, i"r-, 70% lnitial stress 7o/o 2.5o/o 9%
bars are selected at random, and test pieces are cut from B0% lnitial stress
one end ofeach'bo.; 12o/o 3,5% t4o/o
if one should fail at less than95o7o of the specified value, that bar is
rejected.
If rwo fall below this value, the whole batch is deemed not to comply
with Wires, Stronds ond 80ru for Pre-Tensioning
the requirements of the standard.
It was thought at one time that a satisfactory bond berween tensioned steel
The purchaser may require the maker to provide evidence and concrete could be obtained only by the use,of wires of small diameter.
of the reraxation
properties o[ the tendon. The standard also includes provisions
for re-testino This led to the use of indented wires. single smooth wires of 0.2 in. and 0.276
if samples tested by the maker should fail to meet the requirements.
in. (5 and 7 mm) diameters have proved satisfactory for pre+ensioning since
their surface conditions are such as to ensure a good bond. IndenteJ wires
also provide a good bond, but the indentations must not be so large so as to
reduce appreciably the cross-sectional area of the wire or cause fatigue failure
at the notches. seven-wire strands are also widely used for pre-tendioning; in
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Briage Engineers
Q Rainat rie b Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
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Chapter - 26
soME DETATLS oF pREsrREss/NG-srEEL, rENDoNs AND ANcHo*ocEs

addition to the nomal surface bond, they provide a mechanical bond with the
concrete, because of the configuration of the wires comprising the strand.
Table 26.4 Properties of Cold-vorked Htgh-Tensile Alloy steel Bars (Bs qts6)

Nominal size Specified characteristic

Minimum 0.2% proof load
load
(mm) (in.) (kN) iks0 (ibf) (kN) (kgO (lb0
"20 0.78 325 32850 73100 275 27750 61900
22 0.87 375 37900 84400 325 32850 73100
'25 0.985 500 50600 1 12500 425 42900 95B00
28 1.11 625 63000 140600 525 53000 1 18100
Flgure 26.4 Cross-section of dyform strand
'32
*40
1.26 800 80900 180200 675 68050 152500 High-alloy steel bars with special indenrations have also been used for pre-
1.57 125A 126200 281 500 1050 106000 236500
srze.
tensioning. In this case, the bar is tensioned in a manner similar to that
described ahead for post+ensioned alloy bars; but after the concrete hardens,
'With pre-tensioned
steel,a cettain minimum embedded length, termed the the end anchors are removed and the prestressing force is transmitted soiely
trallstnission lengtb, is necessary, along which the force. is gradually by bond, as for any pre-tensioning. when selecting a suitable size of wire, it
developed in the concrete by bond. The transmission length required is desirable to ensure that the number of wires is sufficient to distribute the
increases when the diameter of the wire increases and also, to some extent, compressive stress well over the concrete but not so great so as to irnpede the
when the sttengrh of the concrete is reduced. \x/ith small wires the prestress placing of the concrete. In general, it appears desirable to provide aileast six
in the concrete is developed over a very short length, but with larger sizes, wires in the tensile zone, but to avoid the adoption of a multitude of wires if
.the required length may be 2 to 3 ft (0.67 to 0.9 m). It should be nored that the number of wires is less than six, the failure of one wor.rld greatly reduce
the rate of transmission is.not uniform. More than half of the prestressing force the factor of safety of the mernber. For this reason, the use of only two or
is transferred to the concrete in the first quarter of the trans;ssion leng"th and
three wires in a member strould be avoided where possible.
up to 85%o may be transfe'ed in the first half. The rransmission iength for wire
may vary befween 50 and 160 diamerers, and the following general
recommendations are given (CP110)' Tendons lor Post-Tensioning
Many cables with different arrangemenrs of wires ancl sriands and different
Plain or lightly crimped wire: 100 diameters; B0% transfer in first 70
methods of anchorage are available for post-tensioning. The main types are
diameters
briefly described here:
Heavily crimped wire: 65 diameters; B0% transfer in first 54 Historically, the two basic types are represented first by the Freyssinet cable
diameters
and. later by the Magnel cable. In the Freyssinet cable, the wires, which
Strand, 9.3 mm (0.366 in.) diamerer: 200 mm x 25 mm (8 in. + 1 in.) usually number twelve, are closely spaced around a central spring, or core
Strand, 1.2.5 nm (0.492 in.);diamerer: 330 mm x 25 mm (13 in. 11 in.) helix, thus forming a cable of annular cross-section. The cablei *"y b. ,r"ry
small, and special care is then necess4ry to ensure satisfactory grouting, neat
diameter: 500 mm I 50 mm (20 in. t 2 in;)
Strand, 17.8 nim'(0.7 in.)
cenient and water being used for the purpiise. The spacing gf c4bles should
A special strand, known as Dyformi is made by British Ropes Ltd. The strand also be considered. In the Magnel cable, multiples of four or eight wires are
is first formed in the normal way and is then compacted to form the cross- provided in horizontal layers, and the wires are well separated by spacers,
section,shown in Figure 25.4. rt this case, the objective is primarily to increase which allow easy grouting wirh cement mortar. with rhis ryp" oi cable, a
the force which a strand of a given diamerer can apply; there ii no gain in considerable prestressing force may be concentrated in a single cable. The
transmission properties, but the space taken is reduced. Magnel system itself is no longer commercially very much in use now.
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and eridge Engineers
fi f R r"s ri"ta Manuat tor Highway ancl Brldge Engineers
Chapter - 26
JViViE DE_NItSOF PKE-SI'iE-SS/VG-SIEEL, TENDONS
AND ANCHORAGES

Many othel rypes are available, including ccl systems and psc (Great Britain) four-wire ducts of the psc system are the smallest in size as no
spacers are
and Leoba, Holzmann, and Beton-und-Monier Bau Gesellschaft (Germany), used, the arrangement of the wires being such that the space
available for
which more or less follow the Magnel principle with regard to the use of grout is not less than that obtained with spacers:
spacers; Systems Franki-Smet (Belgium), Morandi (Italy), Hochtief, and Grun
and Bilfinger (Germany), which more or less foilow the Freyssinet principle. Sors for Post-Tensioning
other early rypes like Gifford-udall and Gifford-Burrow systems are no longer
Two types of steel bars have been developed for use in post-tensioning.
commercially available. BBRV and Losinger VSL (Switzerland), and prescon They
(usA), represent a type intermediate between Magnel and Freyssinet. ' arg used in the Macalloy sysrem.(Britain), srressreel in the
USA and the
In some Dywidag sysrem (Germany). In the Macailoy sysrem, high-alloy
systems of this type, the wires may be distanced by spacers, but are not sreel bars
from 18 mm (3/4 in) up to 40 mn (l-5/B in.) diametei are
necessarily separated by them. In the latter case, if the wires are bent up, they used. In rhe
Dywidag system' the brars are of low-alloy steel of natural
touch each other., forming a group into which the grout may not go. hardness, but with
a definite yield point and are usually 25 mm(l
in.) in diamerer, although bars
In some types of cable, spacing may be obtained automatically if (Neptune or of lesser diamerer are also avairabre. in the Dywidag system, irigh-rrtoy
sigma) wires with diagonal cross ribs are used instead of round wires. The
' with greater strength.have also been introduced.
unrs
cross ribs of adjacent wires touch each other at points only, since the ribs on
The bars may be insertecl into hores or placed within rubes or
opposite sides of a wire slope in opposite directions, and sufficient space is sheaths in the
concrete' in the same way as cabres; the Macailoy ,yrt"- orro
available befween the wires to allow the easy admission of grout. i*iu.t., u fou.-
bar rendon. Ir is possible ro obtain a good bond if rte gro,.,iin;
is carefrrlry
The cables may be inserted into holes fo'necl in the conirete or placed in done with neat cement and water, The bars may be pla.Jd
rer"tirely close to
ducts (tubes or sheaths). The Baur-Leonhardt cable (Germany) may also be one another, in the same way as Freyssinet cables.
placed around the outside of the concrete, forming closed loops. This cable
consists of closely spaced stranded wires, and is, therefore, of the Magnel type. Anchoring Prestressing Steel
cables comprising single or multiple srrands, which can be inserted in holes There are four basic methods of anchoring the steer afier
it has been
or placed in tubes, have been introducecl by Anderson and Roebling (USA), tensioned. Three of these are representecl by the Freyssinet,
Magner and
Rheinhausen (Germany), Freyssinet and SEEE (France), pSC, Stress BLck and Macalloy methods respectiveiy; the fourth is represented
by ccl, psc and
ccl systems (Great Britain), and most suppliers of post-tensioning systems BBRV systems,
non' provide components for anchoring strancls. In order to obtain the
greatest possible strength of a large stranded cable, it is necessary that
rn the Freyssinet system, an the wires or strands of the cable are wedged
the (locked) befween a cylinder, which is embedded in the concrere, and
outer wires should be stranded in the same direction as those forming the a cone,
which is inserted therein. In the Magnel system, pairs of wires
inner core; such strands are described as parallel lay. are anchored
by fla1 wedges to plates, termed sandwicb plareg which in
turn transf.er the
As a consequence, an untwisting torque rnay occur drrring tensioning in ' pr€ssessing force to the concrete through an ancl-ror-plate;
as pr-eviously
systems in which the jack is restrained from rotating (though most strand jlcks mentioned, this system is no longer avairabre. tn the uacalloy
system, trre
now permit rotation during stressing). At transfer, this torque may be prestressing force is also transferred to the concrete.through
an anihor_plate,
transmitted to the prestressed unit,'and it may occasionally be large enough by means of a nut tightened on a thread, rolled on to the
e"nd of the bar. rvith
to warrant consideration in the design. lhe system, soft steer 'ryrinders, c6ntaining ,h; ;;;;';ie push.d
'EEEa die; fhreads are roiled en ro rhe ,*adg;;;;;"rij
through
In addition to the medium and large cables already described, there are ,,..,o u."
tightened to anchor the tendons. In the Dywid"g
several types of cables with rwo, three, four, six and eight wires, which
are throughout their length are available.
#,"-, bars wirh threads
used to provide smaller presh'essing forces. In all these cabies, wires of 0.2
and 0.275 in. (5 and 7 mm) diameter are generally used. The rwo_wire and

Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana eriAge Engineers ! n ars rle H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
ffi
r,:.i-:..rr::1rffi.{.,"8;+
Chapter - 26
W SOME DETAILS Or FR.STRESSITVO-S'EEL, IENDOA/S AND A,VCHORAGE'
In the fourth method, single wires or strands are secured to cylindrical grips
by means of one or more wedges, or alternatively by bunon heads formed on
A continuous cable is used in the Baur-Leonhardt system, in which the
tensioning is done by jacking apart tlvo parts of the structure
the wire (BBRV and Prescon). The wedge system has also been adopted for arounci which
the cables are looped. Arternatively, separate cables may be
bars (sressteel and -lVlacalloy alternative anchorage) and for cables of single used, one end
being anchored in the structure and the other in , .o.rrbl"
or multiple strands (CCL Systems, pSC, Stress Block, and Anderson). anchor_block to
which the jacks are applied.
vhen the wires are secured by wedges, whether they are concrete or steel
Another post-tensioning system, which is, in fact, the ordest,
cones or steel wedges, some slipping is unavoidable when the pull on,the is that cleveloped
prestressing steel is relaxed. This may affect the tensioning stress substantially
by Coyne, and used mainly for retaining walls, dams and barrages.
It
compriseS a straight cable of 600 ro g00 wires of 0.2
if the prestressing tendon is short'. ri/hen the steel is secured by a nut, the in. (5 *rnl aiJ*"t..,
strapped together to form a bundre. one end is embedded
process is simple and no slip occurs during transfer. Moreover, no difficulty
is
in a bulkhead of
concrete and held by bond, and the other end is fixed to a
experienced in regulating the prestressing force at any time. Because of the rarge steer drum
many advantages of this method of .anchoring, it is employed in several of the
filled with cement mortar, thereby forming an anchor-head to wrrich
the
jacking force is applied. This system *u, ,rr"d
cable systems previously mentioned, including some systems which use to prestress the first presrressed
strands. In several systems, the separate wires of the cable are secured to a
. concrete pressure vessels for nuclear reactors at Marcoule (France).
threaded anchor-head before tensioning. The wires are then tensioned cables may have the same type of anchorage at both ends,
or the wires may
simultaneously and anchored by means of a nut. The wires are connected to be embedded in the concrete at one end before they are
tensioned; loops or
the anchor,head by upsening and enlarging the ends of the wires (BBR{ other shapes, which ensure satisfactory anchorage, may be formed
at the dead
Prescon), by concreting the wires into the head (Beton-und-Monier. Bau, end of the cable.
Holzmann A.G.); or by looping them around a cross-bar with a threaded hole
(Leoba)' In some of these systems, it is arso possible to employ The systems described in trre foregoing can arso be used for prestressing
a temporary circular containers or pipes by arranging the cables in overlapping
anchor-plate and dispense with it as soon as cement mortar or concrete, :lrcs;
special anchors ate availabre with some systems to simplify
which is insened round the anchor-heacl, hardens and secures the head to the th" *ori . circurar
concrete. The anchor-plate is then removed. The anchor-head is usually , structures can also be prestressed by means of wire under
tension w.und
around them in the form of a continuous helix (preroacl, BBRV
conical. The advantage of a positive anchorage, which will not slip, is thereby and Dy.widag
systems). The British construction firm, Taylor wbocl.ow
retained without'the cost of a permanent anchor_plate.. Ltd., has also
developed a wire-winding system for large pressure vessels.
In the original Holzmann large-cable system (Germany), the cable comprises
layers of four oval-shaped well-spacbd wires, and is secured by means Reloxotion of Sfiess in Steel
of a
wedge to a large prefabricated member (corresponding to a female cone
or r/hen a high tensile steel wire is stretched and rnaintained
large grip) which also forms the anchor-plate. In the improved (Holzmann) at a constant strain,
the initial force in the wire does not remain constant
KA system (KIem Anker, i.e., clamp anchor system), now being used, up to but decreases with time.
Thg
'decrease
of stress in steel at constant strain is termed as relaxation. rn a
40 oval-shaped or recrangular wires with diagonal ribs are by'-"u.,, prestressed member, the high tensire steel between the
"h-f"d
of transverse bolts and nuts, which are tightened against the outer plates.
anchorages is more or
less in a state of constant strain. However, the actuar
relaxation wilr be rather
In the Losinger VSL system (Switzerland), up to 36 wires are secured to an less than that indicated by a test of a tendon at constant
length, as there will
anchor-head by means of a single.conical wedge with circumferential grooves be a shortening of the member due to other causes. vith the
high tensile
in which the wires are housed. steels at elevated stresses, the relaxation of stress has been
observed and it
increases with the magnitude of initial stress. If rhe stress
is maintained
constantly, fhe material exhibits a plastic struin over and above
I tl.re initial
In a shod tendon, the eltension may not be very much more than the slip! elastic strain, generally referred to as creep.
Hence, after locking at one end, the
prestressing is again applied at rhe other end of the eble in an
attempr to make up for the slipped effect!
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
] f Rainat rre H Manual for Highway and Bridge Enrgneers -.--.-.*
rux
Chapter - 26

SOME DETATLS OF PRESIRESS/,VG_SrEEL,

TEND}NS AND ANoHORAGES
The cold drawn steels creep (relax) more than heat treated or tempered
steels
due to their lower magnitude of proof stress. The phenomenon of creep grouted' tbere rs the
is ltosstbititt o/ sf,ress corrosion reading
influenced by the chemical composition, Micro_structure, glain size catast?op bic ifaihtre of tbe stntiurJ. s1. 0
variables in the manufacturing process result in changes in the-internal
and
-
structlrre. several hypotheses for explaining the mechanism of creep
crystal t'jf:*::T"n rypes of co'osion
are presented by several investigators.
in steel Jr*,]f,"o frequentry encounrerecr iq i,-
corrosion A criticar *{= :lffr*"L&fJjTf ::K;::
The steel in a prestressed concrete member strictly does not remain
constant condition of either stress or strain. The most sevefe
under a
steel in strucrural concrete is feported
protective measufes to prevent
"i!^ir#:Ki'q
some of the impoftant
"r*ii"r.. include
condition stress corosion plotection ffom
generally occurs at the stage of initiar stressing; subsequently, chemical contamination
the strain in the high tensile steel u'.Jg'ouii"g
steel reduces as the concrete deforms under the prestressing or ducrs soon arrer
force. o;:::fft'J;"',:1,::::ror
The code provision for the relaxation of stress in steel is based
on the results Hydrogen lrnbrittlement
of the 1,000-hour relaxarion iest on specimens. Experience has shown
tiuirrr" Atomic hydrogen is liberated due
loss recorded over a period of about 1,000 hours from to the action of acids on high tensile
an initial stress of 70o/o
of the tensile strength is about the same as the ioss experienced over This pener'ares into rhe steer surface, steers.
a period
fractures on being subjected
iIil ir brinle and resurting in
of four years from an initial stress of Goo/o of the tensile strength. According to tensire ,tr"rr. gu"? smat amounts
to of hydrogen
stussi, the relaxation curves obtained over 1,000 hours can be considerabte deteriorar,o,ii.,
extrapolatei by ,rr" rensile srengrh
a logarirhmic plot. The Indian standard specification prescribes the ffij,:-#:i,#cause of high
1,000-
hour relaxation test wirh a relaxation of stress not exceeding Use of high arumina cement
70 N/mm, for and blast fi;rnace slag cement which
cold drawn stress relieved wires. In the absence of this, the 100-hor-rr sulphicles, when used to make is rich in
rest is also provided for with a rimiring varue of relaxarion prestressed- .o.,"r"r", may give
'9T?:t?" srress of hyclrogen emb.ittrement. use rise to
40. / N/mm'. of dissimilar -""r, ,".r, as aruminium
for sheaths ro house higli tensile,r""i;;;;;y and, zinc
aho resulr in hydrogen
Experiments have shown that a reduction in relaxation stress in steel is of sulphur, *r,i"r,
possible by preliminary overstressing! A :#|,i:,|;ffT,,TiX,in5"*s in.contac wirh high
ltrerhninary oabrstress oJ 5-ro% "o,lr"
can result
malntained for tuto or three mlnutes results in a considerablc strength due to hydrog""tJffff;*moisture' in reduction in tire
reductlon in the magnitude o1f relaxatiora Some of the codes
permit Table 26.5 Strand Data
temporary overstressing with correspondingly lower magnitudes
of reraxation
stfess. 7 strand

Stress Corrosion
blaxation alter
The phenomenon of stress corrosion in steel is particularly Nominal Nominal Nominal Minlmum
dangerous since it diamelsr arga of masa per Sp€clR€d
results in sudden brittle fractures. Stress corrosion cracking characteristic 0.2./" Minimum lo{d of load of
of steel results of strand steol 1000 m
load proof elongation f0./. ol
' from the combined action of corrosion and static tensile stres"s,
which may be
run toad
800h of

either residual or externaily applied. This rype of attack in alloys

is due to the chNiacterls(c
internal metallurgical structure, which is influenced by composition, mm mm'
heat kg KN KN
tfeatrnent and mechanicar processing. The causes of the susceptibility 9.3 52.3 vo
of high 411 93.5 79.5
tensile steels to stress corrosion are manifold. schwier rr", 10.9 71_O 564
,"portaa that heat_ 12.5
125.0 106.3 7 12
treated wires are specially prone to stress corrosion fractures .2 744 165.0 140.3
when compared 15.2 138.7
to drawn wires. rf tbe ducts of post-tensroncd metnbers a.re not quickry 110t 227.0 193.0

@---- (Contd.)
', ^'d4$rO.&{B:*Wwyi
fi ert rsroHManuatfor Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 26
SOME DETAILS OFPR€S]TRESS/A/G.SIEEL,
IEA/DOIVS AND ANCHORAGES

853617 strand Srrond Doro (Ioblec ?6.5 ond 26.6)

Maximum There are several grades prestressing strands avairable. All prestressing
relaxation after strands are stress_relieved, ,of
but furth", pro'".rr", are often
1000 houE from to reduce
the steel. Th"J ";pi;;;
rhe losses a.ising from rhe relaxation tf
Nominal Nominal Nominal
maa3 p€r
Specified
Mlnimum
O.2yr Minimum
lnitial lnitial combination of ap-plied heat and stress, carried ;;J.;; invorve a
dlameter area of
1000 m
characteristic
proof
load ot load of out undei such varying trade
of atEnd steel elongation 7A% ot 8OU. ol names as tbertnalislng" nortna.Iislng"
run
load
load the the etc
- A compact strand is. pulled through a die after being
Specitied spun as a saanded cable,
charccleristic which not only physicaily modifies-the cross-sectional
load
shape, but also enhances the
str"ngth characterisrics of the stranded cable
mm
as a resurr of the further ."ld;;rki";.
mm' kg KN KN % %
9.3 52.3 411 84.1 Table 26'6- Forces in Drfferent Types,
10.9
93.5
'125.0
Num'ers and srze of strands
71,O 564 112.5 3.5 2.5 3.5
12.5 94.2 744 165.0 148.5

15.2 138.7 101 227.O

Strand size Number of Cross;
1 244.3 Type
mm strands in kN
area 100% 70%
12.7 DYF 7
L-R strand 1463 1024
18.0 DYF 4 '1520 '1064
Nominal Minimum load at lolo relaxation 't5.2 STD 7
Nominal Nominal 1 589 1112
diameter maag per Specified chamctoristic
area ot Nomal- 15.4 SUPA
1000 m load 1750
of stmnd st4l lun relaxation Low-relaxation
12.5
1225
strand STD 12
stmnd 1980 1386
15.2 DYF 7
mm mm? kg
2.to0 1470
KN rbf KN KN 12.9 SUPA 12 2208 1545
12.7 112.O 890 209.0 46,985 12.7 DYF 12
181 2508 1 755
't5.2 165.0 1300 300.0 67.443 260 18.0 DYF 7 2660 1862
18.0 223.0 750 380.0
15.2 STD 12
1 85,427 330 2724 1906
12.5 STD f9 3135 2194
15.2 STD 15 3405 2383
Bridon SUPA-7 strand 12.9 SUPA 19 3496 2U7
15.2 DYF '12
Nominal Nominal Nomlnal 3600 2520
dlameter mass par Speclfisd chaEcteristic Nomal- 15.2 DYF 13 -3900
area of Low.relaxation 2730
1000 m load
of. strand stel run
relaxation
strand 12.5 STD 25 '.q't2s
strand 2887
15.2 STD
mm mm' kg KN tbf titrt KN
12.9
1s 4313 301 I
SUPA 25
9.6 56.0 440 102.5 23.(X3 .47.1 4600 3220
92.3 15.4 SUPA 19 4750
1 1.3 76.0 600 138.0 31.024 117.3 332s
12.9 100.5 800 184.0 41.365
124.2
't65.6
12.3 STD I
31 51 15 3580
156.4
15.2 DYF 19
15.4 143.2 r iso 250.0 8.202 212.5 225.0 5700 3990
12.9 SUPA 31
In order to prevent hydrogen embrittlement, it is essential that steel is 18.0 DYF 19
,r7y, 3992
properly protected from the action of acids. protective coverings like 7220 50v
bituminous crepe paper covering during transport reduce the chaices of For the purposes of assessing presfessing .strand
contamination. The steel should be protected from rain and excessive extensions, calculations
should be based on values of E taken from tests
humidiry by storing it in dry conditions. on specimens of th,b actual
shand used. For design pu{poses, a figure of 200
kN/mm, may be used.
Raina's Field Manual tor Highway and Bridge Engineers
fi N a",ir"t r,t, td Manuat for Highway and Bddge Engineers
-rs-++l:_.-.r**ys.;r&:-a, . r ..1.
Chapter - 26 ii-,. SOME DETAILS OF PRESTRESS/NG.SIEEL, IENDONS AND ANCHOF(/IGES

Coublers: An economic range of couplers has been designed for simple

assembly on site. The first-stage tendon is stressed and anchored in the
normal way using standard equipment and the dead-end of the second J
tendon is assembled around it, using swaged grips on each strand to afford
maximum security. -T 7r-

) =
1
'Ihe coupler assernbly is enclosed with a conical cover, which has a grout
:1
access point for second-stage grouting.

Table 26.7 Freyssinet Multi-strand Anchorage

Cable Characteristics
-,t {
11

Cable Type Cable lnitial Design lnitial Design Force JACK CttAfiAtrE DIA€RAN
Diameter Force {80% ult.l (70% ult.) Sc,{-e ; oNE r4gAllE REpREsEN.IE w rw (+in)
mm tn. mm tn. KN kip force KN kip force
12t15
rigate 26.7
12t0.6 62 2Vz 2 180 490 1 907 428

12t13 12tO.5
B.knd'End Anchorages: The normar anchorage can be used in accessible
52 21/a 1 584 355 1 386 311
dead-end positions; but for situations where the anchorages are to
be cast into
the concrete, or are inaccessible, a range ofblind-end ancho."ges is provided.
Freyssinef &J(ietand alglordgs tuvr tr following Oimensrofr
l) t2/rg 61s1(121s,6t z)tzlsnn Looped Ancborages: This is the preferred solution where a bond rength
is
available, but due allowance has to be macle in the overail design
for thilo*
build-up of srress along the rength of strand casr into the concrete. This
.i anchorage is only suitable for small cables.
E
E

E
A saddle is fixed in position to space the strands and to assist in
the
distribution of the load to the concrete. A grout access point must be provided
near to the sheath termination.
gaaaged Anchorages: This anchorage permits
oml
I
tot
a rapid build-up of stress
behind the guide. swaged grips are used to ensure maxim.,- .".uiiry
ancl the
,q, tcYa\ zh't (161 ,,4'l lzr;: whole assembly is completed with a cast-iron cap containing a grout
access
rigure 26.5 Figure 26.6 point. This rype of anchorage can be used for any size of cable.

Table 26.8 suta$ed Gr'lps: The swaged grip consists of a hardeneci steel inner coir
over
A,nchorage Cenfres and Edge Disfances which a ductile steel body is compressecl by drawing it through a die using
a
light, portable and robust jack designed for continuous site work. These
Anchorage size swaged grips are used in couplers and blind_end anchorages.
Centre to Centre Centre to Edge
mm ln. mm tn mm tn.
12t15 12rc.6 325 13 200 I
12t13 12t0.5 27A 1lvz 150 6

@-*--- Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Biage Engineers

I I n"ina'" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
-u4!@W..-rr*-
tl
Chapter - 26 SOM E DETAILS OF PRESIRESS/NG-SIEEL, IENDONS AND ANCHORAGES

os ab,
g!s E9F
Cru*i!..cr
bES
zEa
tailrttflt
Gctda
!9.'
E ,.>
ti.er da?
u E-'

Crwt
r.lF
Crot .a6!l
!ii 39i
dEZ

hicticn 00
gohl Looprd
Cooarl cc*t
o
fbllln o
I oo€on T;fiqt o
(2J thc' K' rtrlgg @uPlar (b fnclooreo.nchor.p
I e
t
Iu o
I $
c I u

3
I E
I c)
*- .; b0
il
Qrklc t I * ah

Swa@ o
gflp8 Sturtn Ig {J
OD
atl

€
Enc ct9
tr
,; o
G) Thcswagodlndcap6d g lt 0
eochorrgt el
el
:.! !l
qJ
Figure. 26.8 (a), (b), (C) Freyssinet system
fl th
6
q)

a rr
o
$rl"$ o\
\o
N
I i n$'$E$
llr s;t 00
E
l$
I
E
It!ilti
;
J

ffi- Raina,s Field Manual for Highway ana ariagu engineers

f f R"in"'" ri"H Manua! for Highway and Bddge Engineers
Chapter - 26

SOME DETAILS OF PRESIRESS//VG-SIEEL, IENDOA/S AND

ANCHORAGES
[xternal Prestressing
System 1
Renovoble Externol Prestressing
Placing rof prestressing cables on the outside of stmctural concrete is by no
means a new idea. Many applications of this type over the past years, in
various countries of the world, are based on this idea.
The use of external prestressing has proved to be ol particuiar interest for the
strengthening of structr.ires, whether for the purpose of adapting them to new
loading regulations, or to make them comply with new design regulations and
to completely restore their capability of resisting applied loads.
It was however, in France, at the instigation of SETRA* that externai
prestressing was given a pride of place among the modern techniques used
System 2
in the constmction of new structllres.
Freyssinet has designed and developed a new range of anchorages, which
Figure 26.10 12 K lt External prestresslng anchorage (Freyssinet) .
takes into account disn-rantling requirements, safety in placing and under load This method offers numerous advantages:
and reinforced corrosion protection, which ensures the durability of the
prestressing.
o As the duct is exrernal to the structure, the quality of sheath placing and
its watertightness may be checked at any moment.

A New Ronge of Anrhoroges-Two Syitems of (obles r The cable,/sheath friction co-efficients are low, and the high co-efficient
of transmission results in an appreciable improvemcnt in the efficiency of
This new range of external prestressing anchorages offered by Freyssinet
the plestressing.
International aliows a choice between two systems of cables.
r The system is easily dismantable ancr alrows replacemenr of the cable if
Syslem l:0rdinory Strond (obles (normol or super grcdel necessary.

The cable is formed of ordinary srrands threaded in the traditional nunner

into a thick, high-densiry polyethylene (HDPE) sheath. System 2: Plsstic (ooted Greosed Strond (obtes
The cable is formed of strands, individually coated with a layer of
The duct, which is continuous from one anchorage to the other. passes freely -greased
high density, hear-exrruded polyethylene and grouped rogerher inside a thick
through the intertnediate concrete cross-beams by means of sleevLs; generally
HDPE sheath.
of metal, cast into the colrcrete of the structure cluring pouring.
when the structure is cast in situ, the duct, which is continuous from one
Tlrebe sleeves may also act as cleviators. anchorage to another, passes through the deviation cross-beams
of which it
stressing and grouting with cement grout are then carried out in the traditional forms an integral part.
manner with standard equipment. vhen the structure is precast, special arrangements must be envisaged and
defined case by case.
The originaliry of this method, which is proposed and parented by Freyssinet
International, resides in the fact that the sheath is injecied with cemeni
grout
prior to stressing, which prevents all interaction between stinds
t French Ministeriat Service for Technical Design of Roads and Motovays. during stressing and avoids damage to their individual protection
: r.1 ;; (grease + plasric coating). t;;
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana atiage engineers
I
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
'-'5*ffi-,ern-
Chapter - 26

Very,low co-efficients of friction and safety against coffosion are thereby

guaranteed.
Stressing is then carried out strand by strand, in stages, using a monostrand
jack or in the traditional manner with a multlstrand jack.
There are multiple advantages to this method:
o . Strand/sheath friction co-efficients are extremely low and the high value
, i, of the co-efficient of transmission of the cable results in highly efficient
pies_tressing.

o Stressing strand by strand allows the use of lighter and, therefore, more
easily handled stressing equipment. The size of the jack does not
constitute an obstacle to the instalment of large prestressing tendons.
Th'e use of a monostrand iack - less btilky rhan a multi-strand jack
- allows positioning of the axis of the cable closer to the wall of the
structure, which is particularly advantageous when the cables are
' dnchored in internal blisters.(either cast in place or bolted on).
r Fourfold protection (HDPE sheath, cement grout, polyethylene coating
and grease) guarantees a very high level of safety against corrosion. 27.O PIANT
o Ulterior adjustment of the prestress, during the life of the structure, is
always possible, provided that the jacking lengrhs of strand, allowing
gripping by the jack, are left uncut after the initial stressing operation.
27.1 iltTRoDUCilOlt 27.10 CO,ilPRESSORS ond VAR|0US
27.2 EARTfiWoRt( PrAl{T PIITUTATICA1TY OPTRATTD TOOIS

27.3 ROfi [X(AVATtoil PtANr 27.I I PORTABI.E TRAFFI( SIGIIAI.S AIID

(oltTRot ulilrs
27.4 PRODUCIION OT AGGRTGATES
27.5 TRAI|SPORT|T{Gr0udil${T 27.t 2 loutPil$tT usAct RAIIS
.{, . :, -,!, r' :

27.6 WAIIRII|G rourpnr*r 27.r 3 Srou${cl 0F,RoAD ColtsTRufftoil"

WPICAI. IOUIPIRETITS U$ED A}ID IHIIR
247 GQilPAgtg-il Eoutmffr RATID CAPACITIES
27.8 PLAlll'und E0utPilfftT for BITUilI{0US
27.t4 Typt(At. tltv$tToRy ot ptAilI
(Aspholfi,cl Work
RTOUIRTD TO 9ANSTAOORIIY
27.9 Pl.AllT firr GtlEl{T COltCRtIt - (oilpttTt soilE sAnptt HtcltwAy
fllAKlllG, l,AYltlG, (OfiP.ACT|IG ond WORKI
FmtsHiltc

Ralna's Field Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers

f R",lout ri" H Manuat fot Highway and Bridge Engineel
ll
Chapter - 27

PLANT
27.O PTANT The soil, upon compaction to the desired
density in an embankment, occupies
lesser volume. This reduction in volum"
ir't..*.a as ,shrinkage,. The
27.1 tilTRoDUCTtoil compacted volume is about 10%o less than
the volume of the soir in the natural
state (prior to its excavation). In_ order
Briefly enumerated here is some of the plant usually used ro get over these difficulties, the
construction. However, this is not an operator's manual,
in highway contractor is usually paid on the basis
o"f compacted volume of the
for which reference embankment.
must be made to the manufacturer's manuals and op"raiing
irrrtr.iitior.rr.
27.2.2 (eoring ond grubbing
27.2 EARTHWORK PI.ANT
,"d grubbing
are done by dozers, rippers and roorers. A
tracror of
27.2.1 Earthwork involves a number of operations, and a variety -Cl"T:q
50-130. H.P. rows the ripper and ropter. fn"
be put to use.
of equipment can .iip", consists of a heavy rea_
shaped beam of welded plates mounred
on iolo st..r wheels. The beam
carries tynes (sharp,. fork-like formations), generally
Use of macbineryfor earthuork three in number.
Replaceable hardened'ripper shoes rit on
to-ine"ends of the tynes and these
Type ofjob M achi nery normally employed the ripping and.loosening.
:lo:t-d" The The penetrarion of the rynes is abour
o Clearing and grubbing Tractor dozer, rooter or ripper output of a ripper is about 3ObO cu m per hour
!r3^-!,6m. in ordinary soil,
1500 cu m per hour in hard dry clay
o Excavation of soil Shovels, draglines, scrapers, dozers ancl 500 cu m per hour in muram.
o Transportation of soil Scrapers, dumpers, trucks Grubbing the top soil, generally up io an extent
of 15 cm, is done by a dozer
o Spreading earth blade. A ffactor-dozer of 9O-t2O Up i,
Grader, dozer n", f."rry'.1"".u,r..'r-bl!!".
o Watering
capacity of 160-200 Hp may be needed. The "r"J.
tractors are preferablycrawler type.
Water tanks, sprinklers, pumps and pjping system About 0.2 hectare of land can be grubbed under
o Compaction average conditions per hour.
Rollers of different types.
il
Swell ond shrinkoge of Soils ,'t
I o) Irodbrs

upon excavation, the soil increases in volume and this increase jlri , A tractor is a versatile equipment which can
be put to a variety of uses in
is termed rl road construction, such as:
swell. some typical percentages of swell of soils are indicated li
inTable 27.1.
o To pull rippers and rooters
Table 27.1 Swell of soils
Soil
o To pull towed scrapers
Swell (per cent) Range Average value
which can be used o To pull sheepsfoot rollers
for calculations o' To push load scrapers
Clean sand or gravel 5-1 5 1B
Top soil 10-25
o To pull towed pneumatic rollers
20
Loamy soil 10-35 20
o To perform miscellaneous jobs such as pulring
down trees, acting as
Common earth 2045 power unit for winches and hoists, etc.
25
Clay 30-60 There are two main types of tractors:
35
Solid rock when blasted 50-80 60 o Crawler type, and
Murram 25-35 30 o Pneumatic wheel type.

Raina's Field Manual for Hlghway ana Bidge Enoineers j a"ina'" ri"H
'^.*ffi*.i.
f Manuat for Hlghway and. Bridge Engineers
---._-_---@
Chapter - 27

PLANT
Crawler tractors have a low maximum speed, about
10 k.m.p.h., and are used
primarily where high speeds can be sacrificed in order Tractor-dozers can be crawler_mounted or the
to obiain gooa t,,..lo., pneumatic_wheels
and high drawbar pull. They are also preferred where
the .o"o ,",r.rn." i, .,ot Crawler-mounred dozers-have a digging and,travelling_*ith_lord; type.
firm' The prbssure under the tracks is as row as 0.4 to of abotrt 2.5 K.M.P.H. Ttris may-6e "about 4 to 5 K.M.p.H. slJJ
0.5 kg/cm2. pneurnaric
pneumatic wheeled dozers.
for the
wheeled rracrors are used for moving at high speeds
{.,ptJ SO f.U.p.g.j on
firm ground. The sizes of tractors and their Jpplcations The tractor-dozers may be used fyr
are indicated in Tabre earth over short leads, say
27.2:
upto 100 m. They are not economical.loving
for longer hauls.
Tahle 27.2 D"Llr. are also used for spreading earthwork. The tractor_d ozers are
Tractor sizes and applications available in sizes ranging from 65 io 200 H.p.
The of-orai.ru.i
Sze
dozers for moving earth is indicated in Table
27.i, ""rpu,
Applications
40-50 HP Towing one double-drum sheepsfoot roller and Table 27.3
towing Output of tractor_dozers in earthwork
smaller rippers (1 Tonne)
70-90 HP Towing two double-drum sheepsfoot rollers, 7_g Output tn cu m per hou r tn borrow.p!t measure
cu m
scrapers, 3T rippers, push-loading scrapers.
Type/Size Lead Lead Lead Lead
'110-130 HP Lead
Towing 10-'13 cu m scrapers, 6 T rippers and push 15m 30m 60m
loading 90m 120 m
scrapers.
Crawler Type
65 HP.
bl lroctor-dozers(Bult-dozersl BO HP
45
75
30
50
15 10 B
25 1B 15
A tracror-dozea populgly called bull_dozer, is a rractor 130 HP B5 55 20
wirh a 3_3.5 n Wheeled Type
20 18
long and, 0.9-7.2 m high blade mounrecr in iront
of it. If rhe blade of the 165 HP
equipment is set at an angre it is calted an angle clozer. 90 60 35
The blade of sonre 25 20
dozers can be tirted in the vertical plane to a titt
of about 1 in 10. Trre
equipment is very versatile and can perform the foilowing
nr.r"tiorrr,
^' c) Scropers
o Clearing and grubbing of land (vegetation and tree stumps). scrapers scrape i.e. dig their own load as they
move forward and combine
the operarions of digging, Ioading, hauhnj and
a Removing top soil from burrow areas. blade, which can be raised or rowJred ,rp,o"20
dischargi;.;;;ilg
i
cm, is pu,ed through the l
o opening up pirot road formations in on steephill sides earrh causing it-to traver up the face oithe
blade into the bowr of the
to such a scfaper' some of the earth falrs forward into i
width that other equipment can move in and complete a carrying apron. .when the
,t _orf.. bowl is full,-the apron is lowered to_preven, ,fiilug"
o Moving earth for short distances, say upto 100 " l"ni"g
m. is,raised.. After haulage.the. material is dumped "ia,.t* *;""r#,
biy lowering "jg"
,

a edge to the desired height.abovc.the fill

Cutting a formation for laying pavement layers. and opening the fron"t upron. it.
blade then seryes as a strike off beam.
o Moving earth in situations q'here the turning space
for other plants Scrapers can be (i) towed scrapers and (ii) motorised
such as scrapers is not available. scrapers. i

o Towed scrapers are for shorr hauls,

Spreading earth in layers. say 150_500 m, and at a
maximum speed 1019d K.M.I.H. For longer rraurs, ir, ;;' ;;;"-'"f
o Clearing construction sites of debris. 300-500 m, motorised scrapers are used. T"hese attain speeds of
P. H or more. 30 K. M.
Since motorised scrapers
effon, a pusher tractor-dozer is usei
develop htgh ;;;;
Rainas Field Manual for Highway ana eriage Engineers i" "u"rro,
.otnuirrution. " one dozer
usualy ,

e Raina\ Field Manuat tor Highway and

Bridge Engineers
)r.-.; .;r{....(*;..{g+rr,. ; !
 !i
nt
Chapter - 27 g
!i PLANT

works in combination with 3-5 scrapers. tri

ll o For shaping the cross_section during construction.
g:
Towed scrapers are avajlable in sizes of 7_72 il o For rnaintaining the cross_section of the embankment.
cu m Struck capacity.
Motorised scrapers arc auailable in sizes upto il
gl
25 cu m and mole, though o For maintaining gravel surfaces.
a size of B-10 cu m struck capaciry is comlon - -o-'
lor highway *o.kr. r!l
A towed scraper of B cu m struck capaci\y requires Graders are either towed or self_propelled. The
a 90 B.H.p. crawler {
CI
.rl autopatrol or motor grader, are *oi.
latter, also called
tractor. A motorised scraper of g-10 .., _ ,t.u&
capacity needs a dozer
jl The grader has a blade
of 165 HP for push loading. II "o--on.
of abour 3.5 m, but its effective length during ,pr"^J;;-;;;;;;;;.;;
$i
The blade can be ser ar any angie. e ;t ;;;;;;;;; ^.
The output of scrapers with an operating *i popular size. The normal grading speed is
rod_rio i,
factors and a 50 min working hour
efficiency of 650/o,normal swell 'Rt 3 K.M.P.H. The Jutput of "a
ilai."Ji n Table 27.4: il grader for spreading the e"rth, *hich is achieved
generally in 4 passes, ls
"." ;l!l about 13O0 sq m per hour, assuming G5o/o operating
Table 27.4 rl efficiency and a 50
i;l min working hour' Assuming a normai compacted-thickness 'of
Output of Scrapers rayer as
'.1
15 cm, the output in terms of compacted volume
cu m per hour in terms of borrow-pit measure works out to about 200
I
cu m per hotrr.
I cu m struck capacity 12 cu m struck capagity
towed scraper motorised scraper el lrench Excovuting tquipment
Soil type One-way lead of One-way lead of This is a hydraulically contro'ed dipper arm and bucket which is
150 175 250 300 350 300 450 600 750 900
mounted on a stong rectangular frame on the rear
of the m"chin. ana
m mmmm mmmmm 200 1
m m
can be traversi:d across this frame for ease of lining
up ,t" ,;;;il;; ;r*
1. Light loam or 45 40 35 30 with a line of excavation. The frame also carries ja.ks
crumbly soil
25 60 55 45 40 35 30 25 stabilizing the machine whirst excavating. Maximum
fo, levellini and
excavation a"pt-n *irr
depend upon rhe size of rhe machine ai<l is
2. Sand and 45 40 35 30 25 60 55 45 40 35 30 machines can excavate up ro a depth of
usually ar leasr 3.5 ;:;;g.,
gravel 25 5.0 m. depih. notation of the a..m
is limited to about 1800.
3. Good common 45 40 35 30 25 58 50 45 .40 35 30
earth 2s
fl looding equipmenr
4. Clay, hard 40 38 33 28 23 55 50 40 38 35 28 This consists of a large bucket which is mounted
and tough 23 on the front of the
tractor frame by means of pivot arms (one on each
side) and raised or
5. Murram 40 38 33 28 23 55 50 4A 38 35 28 23
ioweied by lydraulic rams. This bucket c"n be
used for loadino
6. Hard murram 40 38 33 28 23 55 50 40 38 35 28 fuqgine, dozing, grading, site stripping,. snow clearing, etc. e se#l
levelling device enables the machine i" #u".ir"
2s bumpy ground without
7. Clay, wet 40 38 33 28 23 55 50 40 38 35 28 2s
appreciablb spiliagi'of the contgnrs of tf,e
Uuct et.
and sticky
The. bucket capaciry is usuaty abour o.75 m3 and the weight
of the
loaded
dl Groders bucket in the raised (traveliing poritior, is counter_baflun."O
Uy *fr".f
weights anached to the large diamerer rear wheers
Graders are used fcrr a number of purposes: una , uriturt oJ"igii",
rhe,rracror (whe1 tlre dipper arm and bucket
:T ::T_._f u." fiir"a,'?t.r"
o For spreading heapecl earth into layers. act as counter-balance weights).

Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and eriago J au,tnrs ri" H Manual for Highway.and Bridge Engineers
Engineers
f
-,Ydiffi**e*.,...s-4
:'.i"',"'
 l\"
ii Chapter - 27

PLANT
The operating pressure for the hydraulic systems is of the order
of
7N,/mm2 upwards which is often referred to as 0.7 hectobar (I bar
=1
atmosphere).
The tractor-type excavator/roader is used for the maioriry of small-scale
roadworks. It has a considerable advantage ovef most other plant
i: since it
can travel on the road under its own power it speeds of
up to about 20
miles/hour (see Figure 27.1)

Figure 272 (b) Dragline (for b'Ik excavatron or excavation

in bad ground,
frart loding bu*ct bo* ochr oqvlprrnt
: where the excavator can stand clear of the area to be dug
out)

l---
iocls fr

Figure 27.1. Wheeled tractor / excavator

g) [xcovolor (Trcckedl
For major trenching work and burk excavation, tracked excavators
are
used with a variety of digging equipment for the different operations
Flgure 27.2 (c) Face shovela(for digging at arvertlcal face.in
required. The equipment is shown in Figures 27.2 (a) _ (d).

i
I

Flgure 27.2 (d) Sktmmer (for gradtng or levelling)

Ftgure 27.2 (a) Back acter (for trenchtng)
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and aridoe Engineers
f f
control is usually by steel wire hawsers which are used
to move the
boom and digging arms by leverage as they are wound
on to the cable
drums. Hydraulic control equipment is common on
machines designed
for back acter and face shovel work.
aaina's Fieta Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineerc

dhiruF\-
 Chapter - 27

PLANT
Flydraulically operared back-acter equipment is
shoyn in Figure 27.3
The excavator is a crawler tracked chassis unit
to enable the machine to
travel over the ground, with a cab mounted on
a large circular ring so that
it can rotare through the f'll 360" circle. The motJr;;;;;;;i;;";';; tnn&
fitted in the cab from which the various digging ldl. d.!fingm
units are mounted.

rom

bqdy
hydroulic
rotn

sucllm
({. toot ntv! rnd slniH ) nm rdm Ele &l

Figure 27.4 Diaphragm pump

0perotion
Depressing the handle raises the diaphragm (of
suction on rhe underside of rhe diaphiagm] -leather
or rubber) causing
Figure 27.3 Ttackedexcavator (hydrautic) thus drawing in liquid. on lifting
the handre, the diaphragm is forcei a-o-#n,'J;;;
the flap varve and causing
The machine can be r_rsed to provide itself with the non-rerurn valve ro open, allowing
a level_working platform, rh" ;;;;;i" flow,through. r,rrn"""in"
which is essential.for efficient and safe operation. is again low.ered, the valve
This rype of plant has_to be transported from
faldte
water to flow out through the spout. "ffiJ;;i ,h; rising diaphragm causes rhe
site to site. --- speed 4!r\
Its "rvvv across
country is limited to about 2 miles,/hour. 27,3 ROCK TXCAVATIOI{ PLAI{T

h) DIAPHRAGTII PUIUIP 27.3.1 Rock excavation is achieved by drilling

and blasting. The equipment used for
This is a_simple rype.oj pump capable of pumping this work consists of air compressors ancl
warer conraining grir rock drills.
znd sand. This material worrld raiidly claiage a pisron
rype pump. 27.3.2 Ah compressors
Compfessed air, is used for (i) drilling
rock, (ii) operating pneumaric
equipment such as pavement breakers,
clay cutters.t". sinking.
compressors worked rv er!.t.i'"ur"p"--*""r^'iiJri*.r,gi.,"
".rA.(iii)-*"ll
:;fifj: rr"

Th: *plgiry of an air*compressor is expressed in rerms of the volume of air

delivered by it in cubic,feer per min (Cffvfl
in the f.p.S. system or in cubic metres
per minute (cMM) in meffic sysrem.
m"-"om*on sizei used ili i,-i,' S"^"i e
cMIv{' The compressor delivers
g"rg" pr"*rres in the range 5- B kg/cmz.
"ir ",
The consumption of air by various types of pneumatic tools at an abpfessufe
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana Bn?ge
Engneers
ffi Raina's Fiel(t Manuat for Highway
and Bidge Engineers
,g-HW^
rl
Chapter - 27
PLANT

of 7 kg/cmz is indicated in Table 27.5. rncalculating the total requirement for

various pneumatic equipments, the fact that all of them m"y .,oi be working
27.3.3 Drilling
at the same time is taken into.account by applying what is called a rDiversity Drilling into rock is accomplished by jackhammers or wagon drills (drifters).
Factorr'. Diversity Factor is the ratio of actual consumption of air to the A iackhammer is a. pneumatic percussion type drill small enough to be
maximum calculated requiremenr of all units if they worl simultaneously. A handled by a single person. The weighr ranges from 4.5 kg to li tg. ft e
factor of 0.5-0.7 is generally used. hammer gives 2000-2500 blows per minute. The motion of the pision is
transmitted to a rungsren carbide drilling bit through rhe drilling rod.'A
Tabte 27.5 jackhammer can drill holes down to 6 m depth. The drilling performance of
Air requirement of pneumatic tools iackhammers is indicated in Table 27.6:
(air at 7 kg/cm2 pressure t Table27.6
S. No. Dri I I i ng performance of lac kham mers
Air consumption CMM
1. Rock Drills (-Jackhammers) Weight S. No Diameter of hole Class of Rock Drilling performance
4.5 kg mm (m/hr)
0.4-0.7
7;0 kg 0.5-1.0 1 45 Soft 4.5-6.0
11.5 kg 0.9-1.4 Medium 3.04.5
15.0 kg 1.6-2.1 Hard 1.4-3.0
20.0 kg 2.3-2.9
25.0 kg 2. 60 Soft 3.0-4.5
2.6-2.9
35.0 kq 4.0-5.0 Medium 2.2-3.0
2. Wagon drills (-drifters) Weight Hard 1.2-2.5
30.0 kg 3.5 \wagon drills are mounred on masts supportecl on wheels. They can drill holes
45.0 kg 4.0 upto 115 mm diameter for depths upto 10 m. They arg ponable and can drill
65.0 ko 5.5 holes at any angle. The performance of wagon drills is indicated inTable 27 .7:
3. Chipping Hammers
Light 0.4-0.7 Table 27.7
0.7.0.9 Performance of wagon drills
4. Clay Diggers S. No Diameter of hole Class of Rock Drilling performance
Light 8kg 0.5-0.7 mm (m/hr)
Medium 12 kg 0.7-0.9
15 kq
1 45 mm Soft 9-16 m
'5. 0.9-1.0
Pavement breakers Medium t-g m
Weight Hard 4.5-8.0 m
14 kg 1.3
25 kg 1.4 2. 60 mm Soft 9-:tG m
40 kq 2.1 Medium 6-9 m
6. Concrete needle vibrators Hard 4-7. m
Diameter 6.5 cm 0.5-0.9 3. 75 mm Soft 9-16 m
7.5 cm 1.1-1.4 Medium 5-9 m
10.0 cm 1.3-1.5 Hard 1.5-5.0 m
4. 100 mm Soft 3-6 m
Medium 1.5-3.0 m
Hard 0.6-1.8 m
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f f, n".us rr u Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
.,sl*ffir.-ts!i
Chapter - 27

PLANT
2t.3.4 Blosling
Tablc 27.8
Brasting is done by explo^sives. The normar explosive Output of Crushers
used is dynamite of a
concenrration of about 40-600/0 of geratine *hi.h i, a
waterproo,f ;"'y-rir." Stze (mm) R" P. M.
dynamite. Detonators are used for charging (triggering the
blast).
B. IT. P. OutputtnT/hr.
ultltout dust and
27.4 PRODUffION OF AGGREGATTS
ouersize lfor a closed

27.4.1 The production of aggregates involves coilection of large_sized

blasting or from natural deposits) and crushing them
stones (by 16 nin 3Omm-
to smaller sizes and 300 x 175 355/400 15/20
sizing. 5 10
400 x 225 365/400 )) /)< 7 75
27.4.2 Crushers 750 x 375 350/385 30/35 30
Rock crushers break larger stones into smaller pieces.
This is often Cone crushers and roll crushers are used
for secondary ot tefiiary crushing to
accomplished in stages, the first stage of crushing produce small-sized stones in large quantities.
being called p.i_",V Rod and ball mills are used to
crushing, the second stage being called secondary crushingl produce very fine aggregates such as sand
and so on. The from stones.
ratlo of reduction of the size of a stone in a crusher is i'"."y
aspect that deserves careful consideration. A ratio rarger'thai
i*fo"r"rr,
4:1. is 27.4.3 Screens
Itkely to result in flaky aggregates.
screens can be of vibratory or revolving type. The former is usecl
Crushers are of differenf types, such as: plants and the lafter for smalr pl".rtr. ,t"r"'rrolving for large
screen consists of a 10ng
a Jawcrushers cylinder perforated with holes of lr.g"rt
size at one end and smailest size at
the other, the intermediate ones beirig rn the
a Gyratofy crushers midcile. vibratory screens are of
deck, type rhe sizes
o Cone crushers * $:fl;i::?]" "r,[" progressively decreasing
"p".,i,rg, at
o Roll crushers * J
. Impact or hammer mills 27.5 TRAI{SP0RTI{G toutPttllt1{T
o Rod and ball milts (for producing very small aggregates
like sand). 27.5.1 Apart from scrapers, the other transporting
equipment commonly used are
+
for secondary and tertiary crushing. trucks anddumpers.
A jaw crasber is the
oldest and rhe mosr famiriar rype of crusher. 2f .5.2 Trucks usually have a rated pay_load
of a fixed jaw and a swinging reciprocating jaw. The distance
It consisrs of 7 tonnes, though ioading upto 12
U"m"".,-ti,. tonnes is common' The unit weights of some of the
two jaws is graduaily reduced as rhe srone riavels downw com-*on ,ou,.-ir".rut,
ard. Jaw;rl;., are indicated n Table 27.9:
are called granulators when used for the production
of uggr"gut., of rir"
20 mm and down. Special jaw plates are neejed for this
p".p;r";;;*r;;"
usually set for 16 mm.
The common sizes of Jaw crushers are 400 mm X 250
mm ancl 400 mmx225
mm. The common sizes of granulators are 300 mm X 175
mm and 400 mm x
225 mm. The outputs are indicated in following Table
27.g:

Raina's Fietd Manualfor Highway and eriage Engineers

Q I aaina's rie{ Manuatfor Highway and Bridge Engineers
'-: -!ilrn.ffiF..r,raejt
Chapter - 27
PLANT

Table 27.9
27.5.3 Dumpers are used for conveyance of earth and other.materiars
Weights of common road materials on a rarge
scale. They are loaded by shovels/dozbrs. Rear dumpers
S. No Material and bottom dumpers
Weight are two popular varieties. capacities from cu m to .20
3 cu m struck volume
Kg./m3 are available. They travel at a speed of 2Q-30 Kr,IpH.
An economic read is 2.5
1. Earth,'loose 1 300-1 600 km.
2. Sand, loose 1 500
3. Sand, wet 1 900
27.6 WATTRITIG TOUIPIUITNT
4. Murram, loose 1500
27.6.t Woter lonkers
5. Stone Boulders
Lime stone 1 300
\'ater-tankers of
40Q0-5000 iitre capaciry are widely used for watering
earthwork and in water-bound macadarn work. A sprinkler
Granite 1 500 attachment with a
bar provides for uniform distribution at any desired
Basalt speed. A water sprinkler
1600 can cater to about 1000 cu m of compacted earthwor| per
day.
6. Stone metal (25 mm-75 mm) 1 500-1 600
7. Stone chips (below 20 mm) 1700 27.6.2 Woter pumps
Small pumps of
2.5-5 H.p., diesel driven, are extremely useful for
pumping/conveying water- for roadway work. A.rkathene
conveying material by truck's involves loading and unloadin g. Table 27.10 pipes 50 mm-100
gives the number of trips per day that can be achieved with a truck for various
' mm diameter are commonly used for this purpose.
leads, assuming an average speed of 25 K. M. p H. and 650/o operational
efficienry. 27.7 COMPACTIOI{ TSUI PIIIENT

Table 27-l,O 27.1.t Com$acti.on oJf solls and. road. material can be achieued
by any one of
Number of trucks ftbefollotltng tbree maln metbods:
One-way lead (km) No. of trips per day 1 'pressure -cornpaction, by dead uteigltg
1.5 I 2 'oibra.tlon - cornpaction' by mea.ns of bottt dead weight and
3 7
excltatlon of tlte soll or road materiaN
5 6 3 'ttnpact -cornpaetlon'by rammer, etc.
6.5

8
5
0l Deod Weighr Sreel-Wheeled rood-Rollers
4
These are of the 6-10 tonne range with provision for
bailasting to increase
10 4 the total weight if necessary. r ,

15 3 The layout of these

-rihirr", !s of a single (steerable) fronr roll with twin
20 rear wheels, edch of which is abour haffihe
3 width of rir" rr"rrt -n o r"rg.
main wheel diameter is required in order to eriminate
30 2 tn" t".ra".r.y'to
'over- penetrate' the .surface, thus creating bow-waves and increasing
rolling resistance.

Raina'$ Field Manual for Highway ana Briage Enoineers

ffi f crr"s fi" H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
il
I

Chapter - 27

PLAlVI

c) Pneumoric Tyred Rollers

{pTRs}
These are normally used for. compacting
surlace dressings ancl are of
B -10 tonnes in weightr The wheeL afe contained
on rwJ axles with 5
wheels on rhe reading / axles and 4 on the
trairing il; is also the
steering axle..Hydrau.lic-ste.ering is used. The ";;,are
wh]eeh independentry
mounted to give 5o to 6" of pivoting on the
front axle.

Figure 27.5 Deadweight sieel-wheeled roller

The roller wheels are usually capable of being ballasted with water or
sand (i.e. additional weight which may easily b-e added or removed)-
It is a requirement of the roller that it shourd be able to change the 0rmuU
direction of travel, or srart off, smoothly and without
'dwell' partiSularly
when rolling such materials as hot-rolred asphalt. speed ranges from 1.5
- 5 miles,/hour are usual. Hydraulic drive syitems are used.
When rolling bituminoris marerial, the optimum (best) speed has been
found to be 1.5-3 mires/hour and for moit bituminous mlterials a waLer Figure 27.7 pneumatlc_tyred roller
sprinkler systern (fitted as standard) needs ta be used.
Tandem rollers may be used in place of the three-wheelecl variety. d) Vibrotory(ompoction
Vibratory rollers fall into the following
main caregories:
bl The Tondem Roller
.
This roller is often used and may be fitted with a chipping spreader (Figure 27.10 (a))
for used mainly for footpath work.
adding coated chippings to a new bituminous wearing .ou.r.. Tandem
rollers are more difficult to use for edge roiling than lhe three-wheered . used fbr footpath
roller. hard shoulder and caniageway **t ClgoOZZ_lQ-CrD

Figure 27.6 Tandem roller

Figure 27.8 (a) Single drum pedestrian-controlled vibrating
Raina's Field Manuat lor Highway ana Briag" ergin."r"
-_lr i*:@stra$r*1j
8
.. !.. -
E Raina's Field Manual for Highway and
Bridge Engineers
roller
ffi
Chaptet - 27

PLANT

a Self-oroo.elled heavy rollers:

.These usually have a pak of driven
pneumatic tyres and ."T" piu^oj
sryle ste"rnf (alowing <5-o' ,;;;;
movement on each side (Figure
27.1t).

Figure 27.8 (b) Tbln drum pedestrian-controlled vlbrating roller

a Medium-size tandem rype, usually with one roller being vibrated (mainly
1-4 tonnes in weight) (Figure 27.11).

Ftgnre Z7.ll Heavyself_propelled vibratlng roller

The small pedestrian-controlled
rype is lhe most
from single to double a**.orrrti_,";;.-il;*"rswidery used, and is changing
wide and 45a-700 mrn in diamer., are abour 600_1000 mm
,,.,our,rJRJ,uty ,r, a framewhich carries
the engine and bansmission. The vibra-tr,
an eccentric weight mounted inside
;#ur- ;;ir; t;#o*r",
the rolr or drum and rotating at
cycies/minute. The centrifugal force 3000_5000
Ftgure 27.9 Tandemvibrating roller
the dead weight of the ma&ine - o.o6;; amounrs [o abour four times
<".g. ,'"". r""ie vibratory rolrer courd
an effective weight of four tonnes) have
Larger tandem machines (Figure 27.8) havingone
or both roilers vibrated. io*.r"r, the-manufacrurers, tables should
some have the facilities of 'offsetting the druirs' to be consulted for the exact measure
assist in radiused work. of force generating weight.
Vibrarion automatically cuts out and in when changing In the larger vibratory rollers,. the vibratory
direction.
frequency tends to be lower,
ranging from 1000-5000 cycles/mi.,u,"
a Me-diunl to heav,v towed of trailer r'pe:
5-10 tonnes weight with single
roller of L.2 - I.5 m diamerer and 1.51 2.5 m wide (f,igurJ
i,i,t'"
'rycles/minute being found, uy pru.ti.", io gi";'gooa
,r*;;
ZZ.fO). "Oirr'."rlng
results for all materials.
Under certain conditlons, sucb as:
(a) oery ttttck lifts or layers;
(b) material uttl a lttgb moisture content;
axd l

(c) uniform$t graded granular material;

:

a urbratory rolrcr ban experience traction

utbeel motor, mounted i*ectty dfficuhies. An ,ddttionar.
Ftgure 27.'l,O Traller-type vibrating roller employed for ooercomr:g
ii"'n"U
""atti."iry, batis the usual mcthodl
t,odrftcatton is cons*erabte. y:
Trcrs
ttte cost oJf trrrs
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ano amee enoinuers
bJt about 3O%. "iau"ri"i driue improaes tfacron.
f
Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 2z W*SfffflW&H#g*{b$n,.i"ii:;j.:€!*1;sj.d*.qji{.?;.t${ig':.l:5:a;.Yri.l.i.SiFJ,l*..ii$*W,jtSffi}.SS-V PLANT

e) Sheepsloot Roller 3. Sheepsfoot rollers 1. Rolling cohesive soils

This term embraces a very wide range of compaction equipment, covering 4. Pneumatic rollers 1. Rolling non-plastic silts and silty soils
anything other than a smooth roll. 2. lntermediate rolling of asphaltic
The 'sheepsfootr roller usually has a series of rougl-rly rectangular-shaped feet concrete
(or spikes or protrusions) and should be referred to as a 'tamping compactor'. 5 Vibratory roller 1. Compacting sand and cohesionless
Its use is on earthworks where its action reduces the amount of air voids in soils
the soil thus giving increased soil strength and the prorrusions (feet) tie each 2. Compacting all types of soils for
layer of deposited material together. obtaining high densities
3. Compacting granular bases and sub-
bases to obtain high densities
4. Compacting bituminous bases and
surfaces to obtain iigh degree of
Compaction
6. Frog rammer 1. Compacting sand and cohesionless
soils
2. Compacting in restricted space.

27.7.3 Three-wheeled rood roller 8-10 T

This is the most common type rolling equipment and is versatile in
Figure 27.12 Flve - tonne towed vibrating sheepsfoot roller applications. It is diesel powered, the B.H P. being around 35. The diameter
of the front roll is around 105 cm, its width being around 100 cm. The
27.7.2 compaction is needed for various layers of the fill (embankment) and diameter of the rear roll is around 1,45 cm, its width being around 50 cm. The
pavement. The different types of compacting equipment and their rolling width is around 2 metres. The front roll gives a load of around 35-40
applications are indicated in Table 27.1I kglcm width and the rear roll gives a load of 70-80 kglcm width. The speed
of rolling is in the range of 1.5-6.0 K.M.P.H. The output of a three wheel roller,
Table 27.1"1. B-10 I for various jobs is indicate d in Table 27 .l2z
Compacting equipment and their applications
Table 27.12
S. No. Compacting Equipment Applications Output of three-wheel roller 8 - 10 T
Road roller, B-10 T three-wheeled 1. Earthwork rolling (Average operating conditions)
2. Soil stabilisation S. No. Job Output per day of 8 hrs.
3. Rolling granular bases (WBM,
murram, etc.) Earthwork, murram, gravel, soil stabilisation
'Passes
4. Rolling surface dressing, premix 6 425 cu m
carpet, mix seal, bituminous
I Passes
macadam, builup-spray grout. 300 cu m
5. Break-down rolling of Asphaltic 12 Passes 200 cu m
concrete 2. Waterbound macadam 40cum
2. Road roller, 6 T or B T tandem 1. Surface dressing 3. Surface dressing
2. Finish rolling of asphaltic concrete
....Cont'd

@- Raina's Field Manualfor Highway ana aadge engineers

ffi f naina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
 Chapter - 27
PLANT

First coat 650 sq m

CHIP SPRTADER
Second coat 930 sq m
4. Premix Carpet
Carpet 500 sq m
Seal Coat 900 sq m
5. Built-up spray grout 350 sq m
6. Bituminous macadam 300 sq m
7. Mix seal 500 sq m
B. Asphaltic concrete, 40 mm 300 sq m

DIESEI. ROAD ROI.I.I.ER

The chip spreader is constructed from pressed steel with a

square and a
rectangular section. It is a truck mounted chip spreader
iriven from
pneumatic tyred wheel which transmits the drive from-the
road surface to a
dog clutch mounted on a ray shaft. The drive is transmitted
ro the feed roller
through- chain and sprocket mechanism. It is suitable fbr
fitting onto alr
standard tipper trucks and has 2.5 m maximum spreading
width.

27.7.4 Sheepsloot rollers

sheepsfoot rollers consist of hollow circular drums of stee
r r.2-r.5 m rong and
0,9-1.2 m diameter with protrusions (feet) on the circumferential
area at the
rute of 72-78 per square metre of area.
They'are assembled in units of 1,,2 ,3 or 4 drums. The tamping
feet on the
drums are staggered into rows. The length of the feet shour"d
be atleast
sufficient to pass through three-fourths of the thickness of
the roor.1ny".^u.,a
ilPt is ustrally 15-20 cm. The rollers can be ballasted wirh water.
rrr" *"rghi or u
SPEEDCRAFI, 3-wheeled Diesel Road Roller, Model DRR/10 (4 single drum is in the range 1200-1g00 kg when empty and
speed) and 22oo-2*oo ki when
Model DRR-3/10 (3 speed), capaciry B/10 tonnes, generally conforming ballasted. A rracror of 45 Hp can pull a single drum and
ro IS: one of 70-90 ilp can
5502 of 79BBl pull a double drum. A speed of 4 KMPH is common.
sbeepsfoot rollers are suita.ble for coltesioe solls and the moisture
content of the soils should be preferably near their plastic
ii6udi limit. The number
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers : ,:)-!.-::.I.
1'ffi A"rrt ri" M Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
iiB.€L
Chapter - 27
PLANT

of passes of
sheepsfoot rollers depends upon the type of soil, moisture
content and densiry desired. Generally 8-16 passes are needed to achieve the It is well-known that considerable economy can be obtained in pavement
desired density. construction if the subgrade and the pavement layers are compacted to high
densities. compacting to such high densities by static rollers is very difficult
The output of a double drum sheepsfoot roller per day under average and costly. Since vibratory rollers induce oscillations, they are able to (i)
operating conditions is indicated inTable 27.13: achieve break-down of internal friction berween particles of road construction
Table 27.13 materials and (ii) bring about better orientation of particles caused by cyclic
Output of double drum sheepsfoot rollers deformation.

Depth of tncum Thus, these rollers achieve high compaction with only a few passes. Both
layer (loose) cohesive and non-cohesive materials can be compacted by vibratory rollers.
cm. Passes Passes Passes Passes Passes The layer thickness can be significantly increased, resulting in economy. For
20 540 440 360
example, as against a layer thickness of 250 mm for soils compacted by a
3't0 260
static rollet thickness of the order of 1g00 mm can be easily tackled by
22.5 600 500 400 360 310 vibratory rollers. Similarly, as against a layer thickness of 50 mm. for
25 690 510 450 400 350 bituminous layers compacted by a static roller, layer thickness of 250 mm can
be compacted by a vibratory roller.
27.7.5 Pneumotic rollers For compacting soils and granular layers, a frequency of 1500-2500 vibrations
Pneumatic tyred rollers consist of a box mounted over fwo axles, the rear axle per minute (vPM) and an amplitude of 0.8-1.5 mfll are recommended. For
having one more wheel than the front and the wheels of the front axle so biiuminous courses, a frequency in the range of 2000-3000 VpM and an
arranged that they are located in plan in between the rear wheels. Generally amplitude in the range of 0.4-0.8 mm are recommended.
therc are four wheels in the fiont and five in the rear. The assembly is loaded
[o get a pressure of around 300 kg per linear metre measured along the axle. 27.7.7 Frog rommers
Veights in the range L2-45 T are common. Frog ramtners are used.lfor conpacfing cobesronless soils and soiLs in
rVhen compacting soils, the layer thickness should be 10-20 cms. This roller lnaccessiblc and restdcted locations utbere ordinary rollers ca.nnot
is suitable for compacting non-plastic soils and silty soils. The optimum speed utork- They are worked.by ineumatic system or by a Jiesel engine. The
is 4 I(NIPH. They are either self-propelled or towed by a tractor. weight varies from 30 kg to one tonne.

Pneumatic tyred rollers are also used for intermediate rolling of dense
asphaltic concrete. Rollers of 12-1,8 T are used. The tyre pressure should be a
27,8 PIANT ond IOUIPIUIENT for BITUIUI|N0US (Asphohic) Work
minimum of 0.5 MN/m2. The number of passes required is about 8-12. One 27.8.1 In bituminous construction, the following categories of eq'ipment are used:
pneumatic roller is generally required for an output of 25 T/hour.
1. B'itumen stofage equlpment
2t.7.6 Vibrotory rollers 2. Bltumen heattng equipment
Vibratory rollers have become very popular in highway engineering 3. Bltumen spraying equlpment
applications, with the growing need to compact pavement layers and 4. Bitumen mixers
subgrade to a high degree of density.
5. Paver Flnlshers
5. Compacting equipment
* French Ministerial Service for Technical Design of Roads and Motoruays.

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bidge Enoineers ]

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
i 4!F#-4':&rr*%X!.
 Chapter - 27
PLANT

27.8.2 Bitumen storage equipment 27.8.5 HoT-mtx AspHAtT (Btluflt$tl ptANrs

Bitumen is stored in drums or in special bulk handling Tanks, \W.agons and Ifot mix aspbah (IIMA) paving materials are a mixture of size_graded, high
Tanker Lorries. Bulk handling involves less wastage anJ is cheaper. quality aggregate (which can include reclaimed asphalt
parrerrrenf lMpD, n.rd
liquid asphalt,'which is heated and mixed in measured
In the bulk sysrem of handling, hot bitumen is filled in rail tank-wagons or quantiries to produce
HMA. Aggregate and RAP (if used) constitute ovet
. tank lorries at the refinery. These have special arrangement for heating 92 o/o of the total mixture.
Aside from the amount and grade of asphalt used,
bitumen when in transit. The bitumen rail wagons or tan"k-lorries deliver hot mix characteristics are
determined by the relative amounts aod
birumen directly to the works on to special storage tanks. rypes of aggregate andlor RAp used.
A certain percenrage of tine aggtegate (iess ttrai"zimicromerers
rpmj in
A bitumen tank lorqr has a capacity in the range of 6-12 T. The tank is physical diameter) is required ror ttre production
g..J q;;il"
insulated with material such as gl"r, *ool, asbests, etc. There are
heating Hot mix asphalt paving materials can be manufactured
"f "ro
flues running along the length of the tank. A pump with a capacity of by:
about
200-300 litres per minure is provided. (1) batclt mi.x plants,
A bitumen tank trailer, towed by a tractor or a truck, is also usei for moving (2) cofitnuous nix (rt lrc outsid.e dryer drum) ptants,
bulk bitumen to rhe work-si,.. Th" capaciry is of the orde ;""ii-i r.The (3) para.ilellflotl drum n lx plants, and
tank
is adequately insulated and an arrangement for heating and pumping is
provided. (4) counte!flout drutn mix pla.nts.
Stationary bulft b^itumen storage tanks are instailed in bulk bitumen This order of listing generally reflects the chronological
depots. A order of development
capacity of 1'0-20 T is economicar and convenient. Arrangement for and use within the HMA industry.
heating
and pumping is provided. ln 7995, approximately 500 milrion rons of HMA were produced
at the 3,600
(esrimated) active asphalt plants in the
27.8.3 united states. of tbese J,6ot) prants,
Bitumen boilers approxlrnately Z,3OO are batclt plants, I,OM are pctra.llcl'flou.t
clrum
Bitumen b<lileri are needed for heating bitumen obtained in packed mlx plants, and 3oo are.counteqflout drum mrx
form.
HMA production from batch and drum mix plants is
litants. ti" .tat tggo
Boilers of a wide range of capacities are avairabre - 100-10,000 litres estimated at about 240
capacity.
Small boilers are fired by coal or firewood, but large boilers are fired million tons and 260' milrion tons, respe*i.'"1y. ebo,rt g5o/o
by of ftants ueing
oil-burners. manufactured now are of the counteiflow drum mix
design, *t it" uut.n
plants and parallel flow drum mix plants accoun t
for 10o/o and"5ilorerpe.tirr.ty.
27.8.4 Bitumen presrure distributors Continuous mix plants represent a very small fraction
(s0.5Vo).
of ,n" ptu.rt in ur.
A birumen pressure distributor is a tank of capacity 100-10,000,litres
mounted
on a lorry, having oil-fired burners and a pump. A spraybar unit witA norit" An II{A- pla*-can be constructed as o permanent plant,
mouttted (easiljt reracated) plant, or a portabre ptan{
a skid._
is fitted at the rear of the tank iust above the road-suiface. Bitumen Alr prants
can be can
applied at a pressure on te the road surface to iuit the,specifications have RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt.pavement) processing
of e.g. capabilities. Virtually all
plants being manufa*ured today in the u.s. hav.
surface dressing, grouted macadam, lpilt_qp:s.pr?y.grout, seal.goat,
tack coat, iip ;r".;rri"g ;;pabiliry.
etc. The quantiry of birumen can be aciurately controlred ty a metering Most plants have the capability to use either gaseous
fueis (natural"gas) or fuel
device. The speed at which the vehicre operates contt'ols the rate of oil. However, in the U.s., between 70 and 90 percenr of the
spreadl HMa iifroduced
The width of the spray bar can be set to a suitable.value. using narural gas as rhe fuel to.dry and heat ih.
"ggr"gut"
A hormix prant whether stationary centrar plant, semi-mobile
plant or a fufly
mobile plant, consists of the following
"o-pon".rrr,

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2. CONTROL DOOR FOR
I ADJUSTING THICKNESS
I OF MATERIAL MOVING
I ovER coNVEYoR BELT
I 3- CONVEYOR BELT
I
4- DRYER DRUI\4
5, BLOWER 9. BUCKET ELEVATOR FOR FILLER 13. \A/EIGH HOPPER
6. AIR DUCT 10. FILLERSTORAGEBIN 14. DIAL SCALE FOR WEIGHING
7. BURNER COMBUSTION 11. SCREENS 15. MIXER
CHAMBER 12. AGGREGATE STORAGE BINS 16. BITUMEN TIPPING TROUGH
8. BUCKET ELEVATOR 17. BITUMEN PUMP
FOR HOT AGGREGATE

I
Figwe 27.13 Cross-section of hot-nix ptant.
r't
H ?
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 r'
ch a pte 2z tig8ffiffi?.ffi,s'-i;jLi-lRi.li'ii';1"R;.tir]'*I:t?i:if"r'jlffi PLANT

Bitumen, heated to the required temperature, is pumped to the

elevated
storage tank.
I
d
The various materials from the aggregate bins, the filrer bin.ancl the
! asphalt
@ H
IT .2" stomge tank are weighed accurately to weights previously determined.
The
q
"e{l dry aggregates are first introduced into the mixer,-and dry mixing is done
for

s I 5.E e,E ol about 15.seconds. Asphalt is then introcluced and the mixing ciontinued
E b i€iI dl another 45 seconds. The mixer is generally of a fwin pug--i[
for

il
c
;gr8 q blades rev-olving in opposire directions ai a speed or 6o-roo
type, having
'n.p.rr,r.
rrr"
6 a
R
r.@@ ttal
capaciLy of the mixer can be in rhe range of 500:4000 kC.
5 o The mixed material is discharged into waiting dumper trucks below, for
ol
fE t4 IT dl
transporting to the site.
3 5 xt
TA R 'Et
nr F Hot-mix plants can be of various capacities ranging from 20-160 T/hour.
li fi -dl
6 (Jl
2z E small capacity mixing plants, where an arrangement is made for clrying
8e' E
(tt the
66 !l aggfegares, are avairable. They are cafied, mini-bot-mix pr^nts,
IU d k The cap-acity
l$ E € canbe 3-5 T/hr or 5-70 T/hr.
ilt--- 3 The relatively recent development in the bituminous mixing prants
x
U d
li is the
2 bD Drum Mixer plant. in this, the drum is used for drying the lggr.gut",
d u,_,d
I mixing with bitumen. The cord aggrellates are proportionea ana rea into
5
I
€ initial portion of the drum where a powerful blrrner provides the
the
* B heat ror
6 drying. As the aggregates pass on further in the rotating drum, a
measured
o quantity of bitumen is introduced. The mixing conrinues L the
$
q o furthe. portion
d c)
o
of the drum. In this arrangement, the hot elevators of the conventional
mixers
I o are dispensed with, thus resulting in a simpler unit. Savings
in energy and
5
F
Irr A reduced pollution are claimed to be the advantages of the Drum
MiK;.
(!
lr
q) Parallel Flow Drum Mix plants:
c I
(, Figure 27.1'5 shows the parallel flow drum mix process. This process
3 is a
I continuous mixing type process, using propprtioning cold feed
controls for
I6
6
v the p-locess materials. The major differlncl befween this process
and the
2 F: batcli process (mentioned eartier) is that the arrr". ir used not only
to dry the
p
ll i N
o
material but also ro mix the heated and dried aggregares wittr
rhe riquid
k
? ) asphalt. Aggregate, which has been proportionJ Uy size gradations,
is
OD
introduced in to the drum at the buinei end. As the drurn-
tt aggregates, as well as the combustion products, move toward
rotates, the
E
5 the other end
of the drum in parallel. Liquid asphalr flow is controried by a variable
z flow
pump_electronically linked ro rhe new (virgin) and RAp (Reclaimed
n)i
d Asphalt Pavemenr) weigh scales. the asphalt is ^ggtegate
ri-troJuced i" trr" *i"i'g'ro.r"
irp
5b midway down the drum in a lower temperafure zone, along
with any nip u"a
particulate matter (pM) from collectors.

@*_--- Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Endge engmeers m il Raina's rre H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
-ffi
Chapter - 27
Chap-27.qxd:Chap-21-1.gxd L2/24/OA tt:54 A-[,t
*+:
The mixture is discharged at the end of the drum and is conveyed to either a
surge bin or HMA storage silos, where it is loaded into transport trucks. The :"rr;::!.i.,r.'.j.::,1;r::r;;.,1&KEi,${!ir*r:li:.,}..,i..';?:fiij:,::*:.'i.',ir;t.,1::":.t....2:;:
1.4NT
exhaust gases also exit at the end of the drum and pass on to the collection
system.
Parallel flow drum mixers have an advantage, in that mixing in the discharge
end of the drum captures a substantial portion of the aggregate dust, therefore
0l
lowering the load on the downstream PM (Particulate Matter) collection 6
.u" dl
(nl
equipment. For this reason, most parallel flow drum mixers are followed only
by primary collection equipment (usually a baghouse or venturi scrubber). /6r
\a,
- Egf 3
However, because the mixing of aggtegate and liquid asphalt occurs in the dt
$ffE c
hot combustion ploduct flow, organic emissions (gaseous and liquid aerosol)

#
0
may be greater than in other asphalt mixing processes. Because data is not
o
o
J
,Etxs 6l
(nt
E @@@ .xl
availal>le to distinguish significant emissions differences between the two E,t o
El
process designs, this effect on emissions cannot be verifted. @ 6e
HE 96 EI
Counterflow Drum Mix Plants: $g 3
o lil
4h o 'dl
Figure27.L6 shows a counterflow drum mix plant. In this type of plant, the FI
uc
material flow in the drum is opposite or counterflow to the direction of o qt
E
exhaust gases. In addition, the liquid asphalt mixing zone is located behind o L ot
o @'j
the burner flame zone so as to remove the materials from direct contact with E n
o
Rll
kl
z
hot exhaust gases. I o
Hg
dI
ol
z k
Liquid asphalt flow is controlled by a vafiable flow pump which is
vo @F.'
electronically linked to the virgin and RAP weigh scales. It is
$z u E
^ggtegale (!
iniected into the mixing zone along with any RAP and particulate matter from o k
o bD
primary and secondary collectors. I d
5
Because the liquid asphalt, virgin aggregate, and/or RAP are mixed in a zone 6E
Er b
cq o
removed from the exhaust gas stream, counterflow drum mix plants will likely Eg di
-{= tr
have organic emissions (gaseous and liquid aerosol) that xe lower than those o
o
in parallel flow drum mix plants. However, the available data is insufficient to FE o
(J

discern any differences in emissions that result from differences in the two q
processes. A counterflow drum mix plant can normally process RAP at ratios
of up to 50%o with little or no observed effect upon emissions. k
C)

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rap-27.qxdrChap-21-1.qxd L2/24/08 l1:54 Ar,1 Paqe,-lqs 5

PUNT

SOMT OT THT REI.TVAI{T PI.ANT FROM SPEEDCRAFT (INDIAI

ASPHATT BATCH MIX PIANT

pi
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Batch llpe Asphalt Mixing plant (capacity ranging from
B \o 60 TPH up to 160 I?H)
Fl
a F.
N Cnnpristng.
A $
\s/ t)
k O A batch feeder system fitted with independent variabredrive
a
€)"' bD electric
rr motors and one bin fitted with a vibritory motor.
t5 d?

f Raina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bddge Engineers

 Chapter - 27
PUNT

o Fully insulated Dryer fitted with automatic silenced burner complere

with infrared probe, pre heater and Dryer feeding conveyor.
o Hot elevator system.
a Four deck vibratory screen.
o Five hoppers for storage of hot aggregates.
o Aggregates, bitumen, filler and hot mix weighing unit.
o Bitumen storage and heating system with hot oil heat exchanger.
o Fully computerised control panel with pC, pLC, Video, printer and
power room.
. Bag type air pollution control sysrem wirh NOMEX bag filters
complete with exhauster and chimney.
o Filler elevator for recovered dust from bag filters.
a Hot mix silo with 2 compartments, discharge doors, intermediate
hopper and level indicator.

DRUIII IllIIX PI.ANT

INSIDE VIEW OF DRYER DRTIM

ComprlsinL

4-Bin Feeder
It is of single chassis construction. At each Bin a radiar gate is provided
which
can.be opened in any position to regulate the aggregate flow.
Individual
endless belts are provided below the gates to discharge
Capactty: 15 to I2O TpII (Modets DM-IS to DM4O) material onto th.
gathering belt.

:
I
l
Raina\ Field Manual fot Highway and Aridge Engineers
I f a"irt'" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 Chapter - 27 . : .. I ..'. PLANT

Vibroting Screen Control (abin

A single-deck vibrating screen is provided on the slinger conveyor to remove A fully automatic control panel with feather touch controls is provided
for.
oversize te received from the 4-bin feeder. controlling the. quantiry and qualiry of production with an
^ggteg op.."',o, rii,i.,g^rr-,
airconclitioned comfort.
Slinger Conveyor All systems are completely synchronized with automatic / manual
control of
An inclined conveyor mounted on idlers receives aggtegate frorn the burners, load cells, mix temperature, cold feed /. mineral
proportions, etc Manual contror is possibre through
/ bitumen
gathering conveyor and feecls it to the dryer over-ride system.
Adequate safety measures are adopted to avoid overloaf,ing,
short-circuit, etc.
Dryer Drum
[D0 Tonk
The dryer is accurately fabricated to ensu{e proper heating of aggregates with
One LDO Tank of 2500lrrs. capacity is provided with
minimum heat loss. Specially designed flights lift and cascade the aggregate each plant.
to recluce the final moisture content to 0.50/o (by weight). It is sr,rpported on
steel rollers through steel tyres with idlers and guide rollers and is provided
with segrnented dliving sprocket. A fully automatic high-pressure ar,rto jet Lifftr
burner is mounted at one end of the drum. The discharge chute design
I=ilI
discharges heated aggregate clirectly onto the loadout conveyor.
romffitt
Bitumen lonks
One/Two Bitumen Tanks of 15/20 MT capacity each are provided, fabricated
from steel plates with 50 mm glasswool insulation, manhole, thermocouples,
nri
nit
etc. Bitumen is pumped to the dryer drum thror,rgh pipelines. Tanks are fitted
with independent on-off rype burners.
Totalfuer on Control panel
Multicyclone [xhoust
The dr"rst collection .system consists of enclosed multiple cyclones, exhaust fan MOBITE HOT MIX PI.ANT
and chimney.

lood Oul (onveyor

Mixed aggregate from the dryer drum is discharged on an inclined conveyor
provided with a hydlaulic hoppel at delivery end for feeding the Mix into
Tippers.

Mineral Filier
Fabricated from steel plates, it feeds the required quantity of rnineral to'the
SPEED.RAFT (India) Bitumen Mixers are extremely
drurn. compact and entirely serf-
contained bitumen and aggregate mixing plants, trailei
mounred ;; Z ;;,
pneumaric wheels with drawbar and nriniabre
ro ensure i"J"g.'^eil
controls are within easy reach of the operator. "rry
960 Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers .: ':
ffi1fi eairrs f,e H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
- r'.*r ,.'-.:r.r..ri i'
*- .,:,, - 1 s.a.e -1.,...,.,. -
-at:
 Chapter - 27
PLANT
Easy accessibiliry to all parts and lubricating points for regular and quick
Botchina (hute
maintenance has been given utmost importance in design. All materials used
are of correct and specified grades and are properly tested. The batching chute is suitably designed and
has a fixed volume. The
di.s9lar'e
of hot aggregare from chure t p"aaf" mixer
is Uy _""", f""*
which carries out fwo operations simultaneousry-
Iype ond Model it opens the radiar"fdoor
" for
discharging the aggregate into the paddle
'Speedcmft' Bitumen Mixer, Model SBM-10, capacity 6/tO mt. per hour, mixer and also croses a deflector
plate at the top of the chute to pr"rr"nt
generally conforming to IS:5890. any material being discharged into the
chute while the radiar door is open. a thermometer
is supplied to register the
temperature of the stone in the chute.
Power Unit
Powered by Simpson S4(I) / Kirloskar RB-33 water cooled diesel engine Drum Hoist
developing 41.5/37.5 bhp @ 1500 rpm with 12 V electric srarring affangemenr.
A wire rope hoist is provided with lifting frame for easy
The unit is fitted with a power take-off clutch and reduction gearbox. and convenient
loacling of bitumen from barrels into the U6iter.'
Ieeder
Bitumen Boiler
A bucket elevator is provided, which discharges aggregate into the drying The bitumen boiler is of adequate capacia/ and
cylinder through the feeding ring is provided with a burner and
suitable heating arrangement to prevent the
bitumen from catching fire.
Drying Cylinder Air is supplied from the blower. Molten bitumen is
lifted by means of a
bitumen pump through a pipeline intb the bitumen bucket. Approximate
The drying cylinder is 2 mtrs. in length and of 0.70 mtrs. diameter and is fitted fuel
consumption of the bitumen burner is 11 ltrs,/hr.
with replaceable lifting flights. It discharges heated aggregate into the storage
ring. It is supponed on two roller tracks running on 4 nos. guide rollers and
Bitumen Feed Pump
is driven by chain and sprocket wheel.
A bitumen pump is provided with the bitumen
boiler. It is driven by chain
Aqqreqole Burner and sprocket from the line shaft-
A single burner, having approximate fuel consumption of 28 ltrs./hr. is fitted
Bitumen Bucket
to the discharge end of the drying cylinder. The fuel consumption depends
on the condition of the A fuel pump is provided for feeding fuel A. calibrated bucket is provided in which the
molten birumen is colrected for
^ggregate.
and the air is suppliecl by means of an air blower. discharge, as required, into the pugmill.
rhe luantiry of bitumen can be
metered through a 3-way cock connection.
Air Blower
lUlixing Drum
It is driven by the engine through a v-belt and is of suitable c pacity for the
burners provided. The aggregate and bitumen are mixed in a
separate paddremixer type drum,
fitted with two paddre shafts mountea witn-"rms
and tips which rotate in
Storuge Ring opposite directions. The shafts are gear-driven
and mounted on lubricated
gunmetal bushes' The paddle tips are coated
The storage ring is fixecl to the discharge end of the drying cylinder and is with speciar n"ra rr"i.rg uiio; to
give them longer life in operarion and are
fitted with lifting buckets which discharge rhe hor into the batching arso replaceable. This ;;;;"",
^ggteg^te provides positive mixing and_gives a homogentus
chute discharged through a door at the bottom whiJir
mix. The contents are
is operated by a hand lever.
Fiit6'2:i Raina,s Fierd Manuar for Highway
ana en?ge Engineers
ffi R ir""ri"H
ffi Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers ---_-*
-f . '. ''-FcF'
 Chapter - 27 ;:

PLANT

Chimney
WET MIX MACADAM PI.ANT
A chimney is provicled to draw out the hot gases. A sliding deor is also fitted
which collects the fine dusr in the chin'rney box. This dust may be fed back
into the feeder. To facilitate transportation, the chimney can be folded

(hossis
The whole unit is mounted on a strong chassis of welded and bolted
construction with .rolled and folcled steef sections and fitted with 4 nos.
pneumatic fyres. Fouf strong mechanical parking jacks are fitted to the i

chassis.

Bitumen Mixer Model SBM-10

i
Length 7100 mm l

width 2000 mm i
I
I

Height with chimney 5250 mm i

Height with chimney folded 2850 mm Feolures

Drier drum diameter (outer)
Drier drum length
Batching chute capacity
Pugmill capacity
Bitumen boiler capacity
Fuel tank capacity (Burner)
Fuel tank capacity (Engine)
Bitumen bucket capacity
Aggregate size usable
700 mm o Modern Vct Mix Ma<.edlrn Tct.lrnology
2000 mm . Produces High euality Mix
300 ks o Ikrrtable or Stationary
350 kg
o Fligh Production Rarc.
750 ltrs
o Iiesy to o1rcr:rlt,
175 ltrs
o I{ighly Accurare Aggregate and Additives
Fee<Jer
40 ltrs
o Manufactured as per MOIITH Specification
40 ltrs
Upto 30 mm 4 - Bin teeder
It is of single chassis con.struction. At each
bin a radial gate is provided which
rnr,, ot opened in any position to
regulate the aggregate flow. Individual
endless berts are provided below the!at",
gathering belr.
t, air.hr.ge material onto the

Vibrating Screen
A single-deck vibrating screen is providecr
on the sringer conveyor to remove
oversize aggre€Jates received from the
4_bin feeder.

: e64 Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers Raina's Field Manual for Highway and
Bridge Engineers
i.,
 Chapter - 27

PUNT
Slinger Conveyor
complete with air_comlr*.."r,. bitumen pump, auxiliary
An inclined conveyor with 600 mm wide bert mounted engine, tank
on idlers receives mounting and other accessories
for uniform und lo.rrt".rt rate apprications
aggteg te from the gathering conveyor and feeds it of
to the pug mill. hot bitumen (or cold rar) as per the specifications
indicated below.
Pug frtill
Bitumen lank
A fwin shaft pug mill mounred on antifriction bearing
provicles quick, Capacity
continuous and homogeneous mix of aggregates 4Oo0/ 50OO/ 6000 litres
ancl additives.
Thickness of shell
4 mm.
Woter Tonk Shape
Rectangular / Ovat shape wirh light
One / Two W'ater Tank.s of resin
.15.
/ 2O MT capaciry each are provided, fabricated bonded rock wool insulation 50 mrri.
thick.
from sreel plates with manhole, n"*-",.i f"Li Manhole 600 mm. dia.
"r".
fllinerol filler Tonk Filter Removable screen filter.
Fabricated from steel plates,. it feeds the Filling of Tank i) Through manhole. ii) Through self_priming
required quantiry of additives to the
pug mill. by own pump.
Temperature Dial type thermometer
(onlrol Cobin of range O" to 25go
(minirnum).
A fully auromatic conrrol panel is provided for controlring Tank Contents
the quantity and with calibrated dipstick
qualiry of production with operatoi sitting
in air_conditioned comfort. Measurement

BITUIUITN PRESSURE DISTRIBUIOR Power Pock

Engine 4^-^Stroke rwin cylinder air/water
cooled cliesel engine
of 25 Hp at 2000 rpm.
Bitumen pump Shuttle Block Type 380 to 450 litres per
minure.
Compressor Double cylinder 3 Hp. pressure 9 Kg./sq. cm.
maximum. Capacity 360 litres.

Heolino
Type of Burner Single high pressure oil burner for
adequate heating
of viscous binder, oil consumption B_20
lt/hr.
Tank Capaciry 50 litres.
Model BS/42 /
4000 / S0OO/ 6;A00 SptEDfi AFIS tNDtA Fire Tube 230 mm. dia.
Truck mounted serf-propelred Bitumen pressure
Distributor with suitabre
heating system and variable spray bar to operate
on constant pressure system,

ffi Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Brtdge

Fngrneers i{ffi $-ilfi': n rut riu H Manuat for Highway and Bridge
Engineers
4;3:#EFF- _ -?.il:*3:t*j@r Bffi:,'
 PLANT
Sprov Bor
POTHOI.T RTPAIRING IIIIACHINI
Type Fol<ling type fitted with pressure gauge,
regulating valve etc.
\vidrh Variable width from 2.4 to 4.2 metres by
extension bar.
\widrh Adiusrmenr By closing of nozzles.
Adiustment of height Mechanical.
Pre-heating of spray bar By full circulation of preheated bitumen.
'-t-.ttl
Distance of nozzles 225 mm.
Spraying pressure To be adjusted between 0-5 bars.
Hand lances 2 nos
Cleaning By air pressure or diesel oil.
Rate of application 0.3 to 1.0 Kg. ,/ sq.rn. Calibration chart will l>e
The plant quickly and effortressly repairs potholes,
provided inside the driver's cabin and at the shoulders, urility curs,
alligatored areas, cracks and fissures. rlss tt
operator's platform. i t g. or pressure positions the
boom anywhere within a 100 square metre working "n area with a verticar range
of 1525 mm. above to 610 mm. belo* parr.-e.ri ler,"l.
0perotion
The operation of the spray bar is from operator,s platform at the rear. Generul
The_ following specifications cover this truck mountecl
Iruck road maintenance
machine' This uses air to clean cracks and surfaces,
spray hot emulsion over
TATA 1613 SE Truck Chassis of \XrB-4225 mm. ancl 4x2 configurarion or the area ro provide tack coat, and fully coated
asphaitic material ,o p-"ia"
equivalent. The driver's cabin will be b'ilt as per R.T.o. requirement. The dense coating to bring repaired area up to grade.-
battery used for starting the diesel engine conforms to ISI. (Bureau of Indian
Standards). Dimensions
Length 8550 mm.
'sridth 2400 mm.
Height 2900 mm.

(hossis
TATA Model 1613/42 or equivalenr.

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway ana eriage engtneers

$$$i$
ffi R,t,"t ri" H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
"@
 a

Chapter - 27

PLANT
Dischorge Nozzle ond Cooting System
Aggregote Delivery System
General : Capable of LO}o/o coating prior to discharge. Typ. : Screw fed to rear mounted power flow
Nozzle : Machined aluminium with internal spray ring_tapered to positive displacement air lock.
accelerate materjal.
Airlock : Rear mounted.
Coating System : Spray bath at nozzle internal spray ring.
Hopper capacisy : 4.5 cu.m. (option of 6 cu. m.)
Tonk
Asphth Delivery System
Asphalt tank 950 ltrs.
pressurized asphalt tank by opening valve conrrol located
Insulation Fully insulated with weather tight cover. lfi.r.*n station.
operator at

Openings 200 mm. quick opening.

Hydroulic Svstem
Heating 6000 watt - 1.1,0 V/220 V. Pump
Low noise vane.
Fuel tank 75 ltrs.
Flow controls Pressure compensating.
Flush tank 150 ltrs.
Hydraulic tank 85 ltrs. with sight gauge.
Ingine Filters Dual-suction and return filter
Horsepower Minimum 63 Hp
Colour
Filter Oil bath.
Highway safery yellow.
Battery 12 Y/1,9 Plates.
(rock Filling Arocftrnent
Workinq Areo
crack filling wand with regulator built
Total into handre for apprying asphalt
100 Square meters emulsion only' Includes fear mounting
brackets and self retracting reel.

Electricol
Radius : 6350 mm. fully articulated. Single phase industrial 220 y generator
heating element and insutated
to power asphalt emulsion tank
stroke :
Vertical L525 mm. above to 610 mm. below pavement_self dt"i;;;;j";l;..
supporting feature.
Controls : .Operating position 1g30 mm. from material spray
minimum.
Air : High volume lobe blower.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Bridge engineers

W ffi R",trrs r,ala Manual for Highway and Bridge
Engineers
 Chapter - 27 ..:..-'..'' .:
_t. .. ,..1 .-. .:..,.,,,... .. .. ._ t,.,,- .i . 1LANT

MECHANICAI. BROOM machines which use its working principre. It

is useful to summarize the major
functions and design parameteis-of ,.,.h u p"u"r.
These are as follows:
(a) To receive hot or cold materials, coated
or uncoated, from a very wi.e
range of tn-rck designs without spiilage or damage
to the vehicles in the
shortest possible time.
(b) To.trutrr'ute and spread this material
to a vafiety of widths and depths
without segregation to form a hard level surface.
(c) To give the mat the maximum amount
of compaction possible under
varying conditions and stili retain a satisfactory surface
finlsh.
(d) To give vely accurate control to the levels of the mat
both longituclinary
and transversely.
(e) To provide satisfactory flotation and
The sweeper is constructed from a pressed steel she| which gives operaring conditions.
traction over a wide range of
an
excellent strength-to-weight ratio. It is a tractor mount sweeper-
ch.iven frorn (D To be capable of simple and highly reliable
the tractor, shait and is available with a srnall debris collector box operarion, with good
and *ater accessibility
spray eq.ipment as optional. The sweeper is designed for use with to facilitate maintenance.
almost any
tracror which is fitted with hydmulic lift, three point linkage and power T. carry out these functions, the designers of the
take_ paver have attemptecr to
off ancl can lte fitted or detachecl in less than five minutes. build into the machine a means for carfiring out
these tasks in the easiest ancl
Brush sectiol-rs are supplied in crimped steer wire or porypropyrene rlost e:o.ngmical way possible. Although the basic
and are design of pavers has
easily replaceable. The casto. wheels fitted to the rear changed little over the last Nvenry years, in detail,
sweeper to of ;;;.;;r;.,
follow road undulations. The sweeper may be used to""Jt"rin"
sweep straight
have been made' These were a, intended ro
make the "o.,ri",
task'or tr,"
(for collection) or in rwo angled positions eirher side. and/or maintenance fitter easier, to lay material "p..ulo.
The spiash gJard"h.rd
fitted to a finer specrfication'anJ to
to sweeper is easily removed carry out this task more economically.
_the to allow the collector anachiient to be
bolted into place. To provide for varying conditions, there is ,ongeof
a sizes of paving machines
available, these cover the following operatini
(old-mix plants widths (typic"l Fi;;;;-;,"
27.8.6 quoted):
cold mix asphalt plants are those where the aggregates are nor heatecl. 1- 3 rn, 2-4.25 m,2.5 -5.25 n,2,5 _G m,2.5 _B m,and7.5_
only 12 m (rwirr,
the bitumen is heated in a boiler and added io ihe mixer. cota side by side machines).
mixrng- is
generally done for light chipping carpet and rarely for bituminous
The plants ar.ailable may have capacity of 0.15_0.20 cu m 01. -a.rd;-.
0.30_0.35 .cu rn.
^
or more. Thcy are mounted on a steel chasis having pneumatic wheels.

27.8.7 PAVING PI.AI{I

Flaating Screed Paaers
The,floating screed paver is the type with which most roadworkers
wilr be
familit4 and the majoriry of bituminous material mats are f"ia UV pr"i.g
ffi;l - Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bidge engineers
[tBS,.i . . . Ra/na's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge
Engineers
l9e9;r
 I
I

Chapter - 27
l !4.ffi6,i5r:|.li'ilfiii.::t.tri:;?F'-1i{" pLANr

thickness change' Hence, the change must be

made earry enough for the
proper thickness of mat to be obtained where it
is requirej.
mwly lcid FYtf6. A free-floating screed is a dynamic and not a static probrem.
In other words,
I the screed remains in equilibrium only whilst _o'i.rg
paver is allowed to stop a malformalircn of the
u.a time the
mat'results.".,r.ry
For precision
paving it cannot be stressed too strongly that the
paver. should noibe
to stop during the whole dayrs work if this can be accomplished, allowed
rcr..d 6d ?frt t as even
small pavement blemishes will readily be seen.

49.'r ro rp..od ffit.rtol

It ts, of cortrse, app"eciate4 tbat to keep a macblne
utorkingfrom
to lull eldlll o{ mchlm sta'rt tofinish of tbe day and mor.tingfotthard the
wltole time u,itrrout
stopping is oirtual$t impossi.ble, a.s any untoward
loF.d b odi6i incident sucb as
Ioadlng aehlcles breaking d.oun, out oypnase runnlng
oy:aehi.les dun
to traffic ligrtts, or any sucrt rbytrtm ireaktng maj iecissttate
paaer coming to a bak beca.use of ta.ck oy iateiaf tbe
Figure 27.17 Flexiblc pa.uing macbine llou)eoet) tbe
gomplcte laying operation should be ptan;ed so tbat tbe macbine
These rnachines may be either wheeled or tracked. The larger wheeled la.ying speed is tuned to tbe suppbl of materials
aaallable.
machines have:
The figure of 3 m refered to-previously is the nanrral
paving length (distance
o Two pairs of driving wheels (pneumatic tyred). from any change in height of the tow-point for the
mat thickness to reach its
o Two conveyors. required thickness change) and will, of course,
vary between individual
pavers being dependent on screed design and
o A variety of screeds (interchangeable):
its relationship toite base unit
of the paver, and also on rhe [ype of m]aterial being handlei.
(a) Tamping screed, when machine laying the flexibre materials, the fonowing
important: "--d points
r' are
(b) TamPing,/vibrating screed, \ \

, (c) Vibrating screed, 1. Make sure that the bottom of the screed is clean (this
should be cleaned
at the end of each period of working and checked
(d) Heavy duty concrete screed. work).
before restarting

o A speed of travel when laying which can be varied between 0.6 m/minute 2. cl-reck the tamper for adjustment and wear. rr,/hen
and 30.5 m/minute. it is at the bottom of
its srroke, it should extend slightry below the bottom
of the screed plate.
o A travelling speed when not laying materj^l of up to 16 km,/hour (10 3. Heat the screed plate before starting laying operations.
miles/hour).
4' Make sure that the materiar in lorries waiting to
unroad is kept covered
o A hopper capacity of 9 to 13 tonnes. with tarpaulins.
The basic principle of a free-floating screed is that the thickness of the mat 5' Do not staft raying operations untir at least fwo loads of material are on site.
can be altered by adjustment whilst the machine is travelling.
6. Operate the paver with the minimum number of stops.
It has been found by experience rhat it takes approximately 3 m (10 ft) travel
from any change in height of the tow-point for the mat to reach its required 7' {eeg a steady feed to the screed, with sufficient matefial to cover
the
shaft of the rransverse distributing augers.

*-=rTiry*=
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Briage Engineers
ffi Rr,lnrs ri" Id Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
*&
 Chapter - 27
PUNT
8. Shovel material from the sides of the hopper to the centre (to
avoid it Hoppers
,._. _b..o-trg chilled before laying). Hoppers have low dump crearance to handre all
9. Do not leave marerial in the hopper when laying is interrupted. raised or lowered hydraulically to give a
type of trucks. The wings are
smaller overall width for
10. If narrow strips are laid by trand arongside the machine, they transpoftation' and for serf-creaning action during
should be feeding trr. ,rpt nrti.
left high enough to allow for extra compaction and rolled immediately concrete onto the conveyor. "r
and before the material can cool.
11' Vhen butting up ro previously laid and compacred material, Convevor
rproud', so that, after lay slightly
rolling, the joint is uniform and fully'comp"E*0. Twin bar conveyors are provided to feed the
material from hopper on
--- to
-: the
This joint should be ,pinched' using the heavy wheel of the screws (augers). The conveyors can be independently
roller. cont.olteO.
't PAVER FINISHER Spreading Saewi (Augersl
The asphaltic concrete flows from the main hopper
into another hopper
containing rhe augers. These augers are adjustable
io rn. rutt *r^Jf,, or
the paved surface and each side has independent "ou.,
.orlr.ot.-'
Optionol Tomoer
Initial compaction of the material,is effected thrpugh
the optional tamper. The.
is acruared by means of eccentric yourna[ *oun*J
:amqer
bealings.
on *rjy loir".

Screed
A fully floating,
heated, operated and vibrating screed is
provided, covering the full^hydraulically
length of ihe parred widrh. Ir ensures a
predetermined thickness of the asphaltic
concrete rayer by,t.itr"g-.ir1rr.
excess material. The screed is adjustable for
height and camber.
Power Unit (onlrols
Kirloskar/ simpson equivalent water cooled/ air-coored diesel
engine- of All controls are provided within'easy reach of
the operator from a comfonable
adequate horse-power provided with 12 volts electrical
starting ,yrr.ri. driving seat.

Ironsmission
General
Through a multiple Au$
.1f a 4 speed
and reverse gearbox and- differential
gearbox to an auxiliary low, high
unit provided with differeruial rg.tirrg
The material specifications of all parts is as per
ISI recommendations viz.
abrasion-resistant steels for hopper,
faciliry. Final drive from rhe differential to the wheers i, screws, ,r,np.r, ,..""a
and sprocket mechanism. Hydraulic traction option is also
rhr;";h;;il .irri" "onrr"yor,^^ger
etc'' all gears and sprockers are of.requisite'quariry-of
st""r prnp"ay
available. treated' Easy accessibility to all parts for maintenance, ""ii'spectionir""r-
ano
overhaul has been given utmost importance
in design.

ffiF ' Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge erOr""o S nrrrs
r'.r!w*E:Fs._+ar*
I ro u Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
-ffi
 ii

Chapler - 27 g;{1i"E*ffi'wsffiffiffiiir*iiir,ii{i1ir.;r.ii!.']r;ffi ptAlvr

Slondord Equipment 2. Mixing Plant

Oil,pressure metet water temperature meter, ampere meter,72 volt horn, full
3. Spreading machines, and
extensions for screws, screed and tamper, hour meter, edger plates, guides,
cut-off shoes, bevel edges, screed heater, spray down equipment, 4. Compacting and Finishing machines.
comprehensive tool kir, operaror hand book, semi rotary fuel pump for filling
fuel tank from barrels and working ,/ traveling lights. 27.9,2 Eolthing Plont

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION The ingredients for good concr€te are always proportioned by weight in a
weigl.r batching planr.
MODEL sPF-45 SPF.6O
For details of mixing of concrete, time for mixing, when which material is
Power Unit 40-45 BHP 65-70 BHP
added in the mixing, the mixing speed r.p.m., the agitating speed r.p.m., etc.,
Hopper capacity 7000 Kg. 8000 Kg. reference may be made to the Author's book: "concrete for construction
Facts & Practice" (Shroff Publishers and Distributors, Mumbai; and Tata
-
Conveyor Twin bar type Twin bar type
McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi).
Dia. of screw Spreader (Auger) 254 mm. 300 mm.
Tamper-blows per min. 1000 to 1500 1000 to 1500 27.9.3 ltllixing Plont ....... CONftEIt fittXERS
Vibration 3000 vpm
(oncrete mixers con be divided into three moin typer:
(infl nitely variable-hydraulic)
Working speeds
' (a) horizontal axis rotating drum mixers;
2.O to 23 mtr. / min. 2.0 lo 23 mtr. / min.
Travel speed (max.) 16 Km. / hr. 16 Km./hr
(b) tilting drum mixers;
No. of speeds B forward and B reverse B forward and I reverse
(c) pan mixers.
Mat thickness capacity '10 to 205 mm. 12.5 to 250 mm. (a) Horizontal axis Rotating Drum Mixers
Mat width capacity 2.5 to 4.0 mtr 2.5 to 4.0 mtr. o The principle of this rype of rnachine is a mixing cyrinder set v/ith
Extension width (min.) 75 mm. 75 mm.
its axi.s of rotation horizontal and with a system of curved blades
fixed to the inner face of the drum.
Rear wheel & tyres 10.00 - 20 x 12 PR. 11 .00 - 20 x 16/1 8 PR.
Front solid tyres 560 mm x 405 mm x 150 mm
o By rotating the drum, the cement and aggregates are mixed together
560 mm x405 mm x 150 mm
by a tumbling action.
Permissible variation l -un 5o/o
o The rotation of the drum is provided by an engine fined alongside
the drum.

27.9 PtAl{T FOR CEMTI{T CON(RETE - MAKITIG, TAYING, COflIPACTING o Aggregates are fed into the mixer drum by a hopper and water is
added via a pipe reading into the drum from a water tank and water
ond Fll{lsHtilG metering device.

27.9,1 This Comprises:

(b) Ttlting Drum Mixers
1. Batching plant. In this type, the rotating drum is mounted on a cradle which can itself be
rotated.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge eneineers

I Raina s rre H Manua! for Highway and Bidge Enginees ---*--*-.@
-.n:..4!:!::?ri*.a:!!.'.,.
i"r'
Chapter - 27
PUNT

9. Carry out the following daily checks/maintenance:

In operation, the drr-rm is tilted upwards to receive a batch of aggregates (a) grease all nipples;
to be mixed.
Mixing is carried out with the drum inclined upwards. The drum cradle is
(b) clean and inspect all moving parts for wear;
then rotated so that the drum is tilted downwards to discharge the freshly (c) clean and inspect all wire ropes;
mixed concrete.
(d) check and top up oil ancl fuel (engine);
The drum iself is normally shaped like a cylinder with a tapered nose
section.
(e) check that blades are not bent; broken or working loose;

(c) Pan Tlpe Mixers (f) check that the mixer is set up level, re-level if necessary.

The drum of this type of mixer may be either fixed or rotating with its plant
Concrete Batcbing
circular end plate horizontal. The mixing of the materials is done by
paddles rotating within the pan and the mixed material is discharged by For the production of consistent mixes and for increasing output, a batching
opening a panel in the floor of the drum. The rotating paddles then push plant or batch measuring hopper is useful (being preferred to the use of
the concrete to the hole through which it falls. gauge boxes).

Noles on tbe Mixinp of Concrete The increased output is attained by feeding the materials into the hopper in
the correct proportions (by weight) whilst the previous batch is being mixed.
1. The mixer must have a water tank and gauge and the water must be clean .
as per specifications, not merely potable.
Water Measuring Tanks
2. On some mixers, the cement can be added separately, in others, it is
These are of fwo main types:
added with the aggregates.
Care should always be taken that cement is not fed in first, as it will then 1. Open cisrern, fitted with ball valve and float;
adhere to the insicle of the drum and the blades. 2. Siphon tank.
3. Always wash out a mixer clrum thoroughly, immediately on completion Both tanks are provided with measuring devices; visual operation is used with
of mixing for a given job. the open cistern fype, the siphon rype operation is automatic
4. Do not, on any account, hammer the drum to rcrack off hardening
cement/concrete film, as this will damage the drum shape and reduce the 27.q.4 Spreuding mo(hines
efficiency of mixing. Pavers are used for this, depending on where concrete is laid.
5. Clean the outside of the mixer by rubbing down with an oily rag.
6. For proper operation, the mixer musr be set up level. This helps to mix
27.9.5 (ompocting ond Finishing nschines
the concrete properly and keeps the water gauge accurate. compacting is done by portable screeds (which can.be lifted by rwo men)
and needle and surface vibiators or by self-propelled vibrating rnachines.
7. During abreak in mixing, put coarse aggtegate and water in the drum
and leave the mixer running (to be discarded later). Finishing operarions may be done manually by floating, straight-edging,
belting, brooming and edging, or by machined screeds, depending on the
8, Check regularly that the mixer is running at its correct speed of rotation
(this speed is set by the manufacturer) and that the water gauge is case.
accufate.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eridge Engine"rs
] lf R.alna's Fie ld Manuatfor Highway and Brtdge Engineers 't".
 Chapter - 22
prervr

27.10 C0ilPR[SS0RS ond VARIOUS PNEUMAIKALLY OPERAIED I00tS

In roadwork and bridgework, compressors are used mainly to provide power
to operate road breakers, for vibrators and in well-sinking operations.
a) Power Unit
This power is. provided by means of compressed air, produced on hsq!,
demand by means of an air pump driven by a petrol or diesel engine. A
receiver tank is usually frtted to a compressor, its purpose being to
separate oil particles from the compressed air. Later designs omit the
receiver vessel as the oil separation unit is integral with the pump.
Many of these pumps are of the rotary vane type, which gives smooth
operation with an even (pulsation-free) flow of air, normally at an
operating pressure of 7 kg/cm2 or 7 bar. Reciprocating type pumps are
Figure 27.19 Ttaller_mounted air compressor
also used.

At this pressure t.5 - 2.0 -3l-i.rrt" of compressed air is required to bl lools for Compressors
operate each breaker. Lm3/min is equivalent to 1000 litrelmin or 16.6 a Some are breaking fools such as the: pick (peg point;
litre/ second. narrow
chisel or wedge chisel); spade (digging tool, si".,larcl spade
and
For most roadwork applications the smaller breaker machines are wide flat spade); andaspbah cuaer. Xiaothers are specialist
tools
adequate and arcin trailer-mounted, self-propelled lorry or tractor- such as: tantpers; oibra.tory a.lr pokers; grtnders, etc.
morrnted form. There is a limit to the size of compressor capable of being o Thc bteaker co'sis.s .f a heavy forged steel body which
contains
mounted on a tractor (usually not larger than 5.5 *3 /^in. capaciry). a throttle valve, valve block ancr pist&. compr.essed air produces
a
rapid oscillating morion by the piston (by cliverting the
Table 27.14 air from top
to underside of piston) which in turn forces un uniil or tappit
on to
Air capacity of machine Operating pressure No: of Breakers the tool holder. This, together wirh the weight of rhe breakeq
drives
the.tool into the material being broken.
2.5 - 4.5 m3/min. Tkglcm2 2
Amr41fficr or jacket may be used to recruce the noise from
a breaker
5.0 - 7.5 m3/min. 4 tool. This encloses the breaker body and is basically u Aug
iini.
1o.o m3/min. 6 ,, f:"T reinforced terylene, lined wirh foam rubber urrO ,truip"J io
the handle (see Figure 27.19)
etc.

A typical trailer mounted compressor is shown in Figure 27.18. The unit

is mounted on a heavy chassis within a tough canopy, weighing under
one tonne. Noise reduction is important and some models achieve a level
of 69 dBA at 7 m f.rom the compressor (normal conversation at 1 m is 60
dBA).

@ Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway anot 6nag" E 9lr""r"

...-4***ffi,*ffiw
ffi f R"inrs ri" b Manual for tlighway and Bridge EnQlneers -...
-*"---*s
';^*&F*
 Chapter - 27 PLANT

a HAND.OPERAITD POWTR BREAKIRS

These breakers are either independently powered by petrol engines or
are electrically driven. They can be fitted with a variety of tools and may
be used for breaking up road surfaces, drilling stone and driving in posts.
As the petrol-powered machine is independent of a generator or
compressor, it can be used in awkward situations see Figure 27.21 (a).
The version with an electric motor as shown in Figure 27.21(b) can be
used directly from a power source of 200/3go v or off a transformer site
voltage of 110 v. All these breakers have a percussion rare of 1200 to 1500
blows per minule.
A drilling device may be fitted to the machine which gives an alternating
drilling and hammering acrion. This is capable of drilling 26 to 100 rnm
dianreter holes to a depth of 1 m..See Firyre 27.21. (c)

po&a loPc CloY Di99c

Figure 27.19 Compressor tools

o HYDRAULIC BRTAKER PACK
o HAIID-OPIRAIID VlBRATl0tl I00LS
This is a more recent development in powering breaker tools, etc. The
hydraulic pack consists of a portable 500 ml petrol engine which drives a
hydraulic pump. The unit will take one or two breakers which are
hydraulically operated by supply and return hoses. The unit is compact
and easily transported in the back of a van see Figure 27.20
Figure 27.2'1, (a) - (c) Hand-operated power breakers
Vibration Rammer (Flg,. z7.Zz)
As with the breakers, two main types are in use, one powered by a petrol
engine and the other electrically driven. The vibration rammer. delivers a
series of blows giving a percussion rate of 450 to 650 blows per minute.
Because it can be easily transported and handled, it is used on many
construction sites for a wide variety of compaction work.
By mounting an additional attachment, these machines can be quickly
converred into a pile and sheetdriving unit.

Figure 27.2O Hydraulic breaker

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway ana ariage engineers I ! Rainab Fr'eta Manuat for Highway and Bridge Englneerc
.--s}kryI#
d"-slrl -
Chapter - 27
PLANT

o lnternal Vibrutory Pokers

For vibratory work when laying concrete, the usual poker operating from
a compressor may be replaced by an independent hand-operated unit
powered by its own portable petrol.engine as shown in Figure 27.24 (a).
One rype has a flexible drive shaft from the motor to.the poker, which
pehol engine rotates a 'pendulum' inside the poker head. The driven pendulum runs
inside the outer housing at around 2800 revlmin. Hence different outer
housing sizes will give different vibration rates. See Figpre 27.24 (b).
Another version is the electrically powered high-frequency vibrator which
has either a flexible drive shaft or a power connection to an electric motor
Figure 27.22 (a) Vibration raruner (petrol) incorporated in the vibrator head.

electric rnotor
I

1{
't;

1:
Figure 27.24 {a) Poker Vibrator
Figure z7.ZZ (b) Vibration ralnmer (electr$ ouQr housing

o Vibrolion Plotes
A range of hand operated 'vibration plates' (see Figure 27.23) is available
for the final compaction of bedding concrete and sub-grade materials.
These machines use a vibratory action through a plate and with self_
h"
assembled screed boards can be used as a vibratory unit.

Figure 27.24 (b) Detail of Foker Vibrator

,ut
27.11 PORTABTT TRAFTIC SIGNATS A]{D CONTROT UNITS
The control unlt for a set of Iraffrc slgnal heads can switch to:
a a set time pfogfamme; ' ..

a manual override; i

o vehicle actuation which' is triggered by either a radar detector

Figure 27.23 Yibration plate mounted on the signal head or an inductive loop laid in the road
surface.
E__- ' Rama's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engin""o !
f aaina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bridgo Engineers - -. "@
Chaptet - 27
PLANT

Operalion The electrical supply is 110 V a.c., which is either taken from a 23O/250 V a.c.
Using option 1a tirna progratn tte the control panel allows a programme
set mains supply (possibly a convenient lar'p-post) being rransformed with a
of different times to be selected for the red and green signal on each head. mains adaptor unit, or from a portable generator. The generator used could
This ma1' be necessary where the signals are positioned on a hill or when the be a four stroke, single cylinder vertical air cooled diesel engine driving an
traffic flows mainly from one direction. alternator at 110 v a.c. and would be mounted on a two wheeled chassis.
Ma.nual ooetidc can be used when a signal has to be prolonged or a red Most portable generators are handle starting and have a fuel tank capable of
is required at both ends in order to allow site traffic to obstruct rhe route some 16 hour.s running time.
temporarily.
27.12 t0UlP.I{lHff'usAcI RATES '
If switched to option J it
brings into use the selecred vehicle actuation
devices. A micro wave (radar) detector is mounted on top of each signal head 2f .12.1 The co,stlng i>f equipnent usage rates is necessary for estimaring rhe cosr
and this is pointed in the general direction of the approaching traffic. The of works and for maintenance or propef accounts of machinery in use. Factors
range of a detector. is around B0 to 100 m and this sort of vehicle detecrion is which'govem the usage rates of equipment are:
particularly suitable for progressive roadworks such as surfacing operations.
The other type of detector, that of inductance loops placed on or below the 1. Initial cost of equipment
surface of the road, is thought to be more reliable, but is only suitable for 2'.'llft of Equipment
static sites.
I 3. Salvage Value
r
Iquipment 4. Iritelho.$ of depreciation
The signal heads are made with a hinged front into which the light hoods and
5. Interest
ttfl.r'- . charses
lenses are fixed. Inside the hinged front is fitted high inrensiry optics with
quartz halogen bulbs. A signal head must be fitted with a radar detector 6. M4intenance and Repairs cost
(detachable), in order to be approved (DOE Specification) irrespective of
7. CAst of op€ration
whether the signals are being controlled by vehicle acftrarion on a particular
site (see Figure 27.25). The head is normally supported on a tubular stand 8. Qverhead charges.
having a folding tripod base.
27,12.2 lnitiol rost ol equipment
rodor delector
The initial cosr of equipment can be easily detennined by enquiries in the
local market. If any equipmenr is imported, all the incured in
"*p"nr.r
connection with freight, customs dury, clearance charges and handling
charges are also to be considered.

27.12.3 lile of [quipment

rJ7hen equipment is used, it wears out in due course, demanding replacement
of worn-out parts and maintenance. As the equipment becomes older and
older, the cost of maintenance and repairs also irrcredses. A time may
eventually come when the hourly cost of owning and operating the machine
will be greater than the average hourly cost of output. This indicates that the
equipment has reached the end of its economic life and should be scrapped.
The kfe af equipfltent commonly adopted for the purposes of determining
Filgul.e 27.25 Traffic signal head
the usage charges is indicated inTable 27.'1.5.
E-----;-*- Raina's Field Manual tor Highway and Bidge Engineers
f I aaina's.rieu Manual for Highway and Bddge Engtneers
-'-.r',.r:+,ar*€r4a !-.
Chapter - 27 i .' ,.:,, .- ..:,:.' PLANT

Table 27.15 27.12.5 Depreciotion

Working fi'fe of road-construction equipment During the process of using the eqr,ripment over. its economic life, the
S. No. Equipment Working life (hrs.) equipment progressively loses its value from its initial cost to salvage value.
si.ce the equipment was used on various works during its lifetirie, those
Road rollers. B-10 T '18.000
works should bear the initial cost (minr-rs the salvage value) of the equipment
2 Truck-mounted watertanker 100,000 in proportion to the acfual use. In othe'words, the owner should recover the
cost of equipment from the various works on which it has been used.
J. Tractor 12,000
There are various methods of calculating depreciation, but the one many use
4. Tractor-dozer. pneumatic tvred 12.000
viz., the st.aight line method, is the most simple. According to this meihod,
A Scraoer. motorised 12,000 the.seful life of the equipment is assumecl in sbme units (hours or kilometres,
6. Towed scraper 15.000 gt..) o,ld the depreciation per unit (hour or kilometre) is obtained by dividing
the total initial cost (minus salvage value) by its useful life. However; the
7 Grader 15,000 depreciation is highest during the first year, less the next year, and lesser ancl
B. Trucks 20.000-30,000 icsser thereaiter.

9. Air Compressors 10,000

27.12.6 lnterest fturges
10. Stone crushers and qranulators 10,000
The capital invested on the equipment woulcl have earned some interest hacl
11 Bitumen boiler, 1000-1500 litre capacity 10.000 it been invested elsewhere. Tiius it is appropriate to include the interest on
12. Hot-mix olant. 25 T 15,000 capital in determining the usage charge.

13. Bitumen mixers, B-10 T 10.000

27.12.7 Repoirs ond mointenoncc rharges
14. Bitumen pressure distributor 15.000
The equipment gets worn out due to use. parts need to be replacecl when
15. Paver Finisher 15,000 they are worn out. Labour is involved in such repairs and in periocric
rnaintenance. It is generally found that the repairs and maintenance
16. Chip Soreader 15.000 charges
represent 40 to 7500/o of the investment charge (initial cost less the .salvage
17 Soil Stabiliser 12,000 value).
18. Bitumen storage tank 15,000
27.12.8 Cost ol operotion
'fyres wear oLlt more frequently than the main equipment. Life of tyres ranges
The cost of operation consists of wages of crew and the cost of consumables.
from 10,000 to 50,000 km, depending upon the type of surface on which they
The cost of crew wages srrould include all benefits such as reave sarary,
operate. I[ is, thcrefol'e, customary to delete the cost of tyres from the cost of
p|ovident fund, medical facilities, etc. The cost of consumables inc]udes
the new equipment and treat tyres separately. fuel
and lubricants. A rough and ready method of caiculating the fuel consumption
is by rhe following formula:
27.12.4 Sclvoge volue
Salvage value of equipment is its resale value after it is used for its full Quantiry of diesel : 0.15 lirre per B.H.p. per hour
working for a period eqtral to its economic life. A salvage value of 209lo is Thus a diesel grader, with a B.H.p. of r.15, workingatT0o/o efficiency, on
a 50
generally considered in the calculations. minutes hour, will consume:
0.15 X 115 X 0.7 X 50/60 = 10 litres of diesel per.hr.

990 Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway atzd Bridge Enginee i.:;J:i,;. Engineers
f-;.'i':,ii nalnat rre H Manuat for Highway and Bridge -Iiiift ,
 Chapter - 27 PLANT

The lubricating oil needed will depend upon the B. H. q the capacity of Sfrubiice llo.3
crank-case and the number of hours between oil changes, etc. The following
approximate formula estimates the quantity of the lubricating oil requirement: Ea.rtbuork (Excaaation* and. Embanktnent* *)
q = H.P.X0.7X0.003+c/t * [xcwotion
where q = quantity of lubricating oil in litres per hour Equipment Productivity/hr
H.P. = Rated H.P. Type Hard rock Rock Soil
0.7 = operating factor 't.
Bulldozer (i) Cat. D-10 40 Cu. m 70 Cu. m 180 Cu. m
c = crank case capacity in litres (ii) Cat. D- 9 25 Cu. m 50 Cu. m 140 Cu. m
t = time between changing of oil in crank case, (iii) Cat D- B 15 Cu. m 30 Cu. rn 100 Cu. mr
which is generally about 100 hours.
Thus a 100 H.P. engine, with a crank-case capacity of 15 litres, requiring lmbonkrnent
change every 100 hours, will consume lubricating oil at the rate of Plant Productivity
approximately:
(a) Loader (i) Cat.988 300 m3ihr
q =100 X 0.7 X 0.003 + 75/700 : 0.27 + 0.75 - 0.36 litre per hour.
(ii) Cat.977 270 m3lhr
In addition to lubricating oil for the main engine, other oils such as br4ke oil
(iii) Cat.966 1Bo m3/hr
and gear oil,.and grease and cotton waste are also needed. These may cost as
[tuch us tlie eflglfle uil] (iv) Cat.950 120 nr3/lrr
(v) Cat.930 100 m3/hr
27 .13 SEQUENCT.OF'ROAD COI{STRU(TIO]'I",TYPICAL TOUIPMEilTS USED (b) Dump Truck Mercedez 3823 12 m3/Load
AI{D'THTIR RATED $PA(ITIES: (c) Motor Grader (i) Cat. 16 G 120 m3/hr
(ii) Cat. 14 G B0 m3/hr
Sequenc6 Nri. I
(iii) Cat. 12 G 60 m3/hr
Suraeylng Work and. staktng (d) Water Tanker Mercedez2624 18 m3/Load
(e) Compactor Dynapac CA - 51 120 m3tht
'seqiidnts'llo.2 ' Sequence to.4 '
Cleartng and Grubbtng: done either by bulldozer or motor grader,
depending on the nature of ground and depth of excavation and as per S ub - Gr a dc p rep ar atlo n-
special specifications of the project.
(A) Excavating
(B) Loading
(C) Hauling
(D) Spreading and Mixing
(E) Compacting

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Eridge Enoineers

fl I R rus n" H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers *-
- :'.S{?.- ,.--q! +,,dti*Hrj#irq
Chapter - 22
PLANT

Equipment Type Productivity Equipment for (I): Spreading and Mixing

For (A): Bulldozer (i) Cat.D-10 (Motor Grader) (i) Cat. t6 c 6O m3/hr
(ii) Cat.D- 9 as in sequence No. 3 above
(iii) Cat.D- 8
(ii) Cat. 14 G 40 n3/h(
(iv) Cat.D- 7 90 m3/hr (soit) (iii) Cat. 12 G 30 m3/bt
(v) Cat.D- 6 70 m3/hr (soit) j; Equipment for (f): Compacting... .as in Sequence No. 4 above
For (B): Loader (i) Cat.9B8 3oo m3/hr ''
iaqu.ii. iii,.'i '
(ii) Cat.977 270 m3lhr Bttumtnous Bas e Course,/Wearing Cours e
(iii) Cat. 966 180 m3/hr (D b-strittg Flant. .......-,,.-,^..,,....Productivify up to 300 t/hr
(iv) Cat.950 120 m3hr (iD lhspf1altPlrnt ... Productiviry up to 300 t/hr
(v) Cat.930 100 m3/hr (iii) Bitundn Tanker. up to 45 t/Load
For (C): Hauling Mercedez 3823 12 m3lLoad (iv) Loaders for Plants (various)
For (D):
(v) , DumprTrucks for Hauling Aggregates and Asphalt
'Spreading and (i) Cat. 16 G Bo m3,/hr (vD Pavel,,..,....... .r"rp to 300 t/hr
Mixing' (ii) Cat.14 G 6o m3/hr (vii) Sphalt Distributor
(Motor Grader) (iii) Car.72 G 40 m3/hr (viii) Rollgrp (liffgrent rypes:.Light steel Roller, Pneumatic
For (E): Compacting Dynapac CA-51 Tyred,Roller and Heavy steel Roller).
120 m3/hr

Sequence No. 5
Sub-bases or Aggregate Base Course
(F) Crushing Aggregate.
(G) Loading.
(H) Hauling.
(I) Spreading and Mixing.

Q) Compacting.
Equipment for (F): Crushing planr ..............up to 300 t/hr
Equipment for (G): Loading ........ as in Sequence No. 4 above
Equipment for (H): Hauling ...... as in Sequence No. 4 above

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

fi f nuru:" r," M Manuat for Highway and Brldge Engineers
 Chapter - 27
PLr'.NT
27.14 TYPICAI. I]{VII{IORY OT PI.ANT RIOUIRTD TO
SATISFACIORIIY
(OIhPI.TTE SOIUIT SAIIJIPI.T
HIGHWAY WORKS sample ECVs of
US $20m US $9m US $lm
Asphalt paver SP - at least 100 Vhour for 3.25m 'l
Table27.t6 laying width
1 No. No. nla
Plant
Asphalt joint cutter, self propelled
1 No. 1 No. nla
US $20m US $9m US $lm Bitumen distributor - 1000 gal 1 No. 1 No. nla
T EARTHWORKS EQIJIPMENT:
Box spreader/second paver for lane width 3.75m
1 No. 1 No. nla
Hydraulic Excavators - O.7S to 1.25 m3 bucket Vibrating roller - Bomag 232D or similar
6 No. 3 No. nla
Tipper.lorries - Sm3 lfor earthworks & aggregate) 4 No. 2 No. nla
63 No. double-drum vibratory
(actual number dependent upon haul OiJtanJe
29 No. nla
Pneumatic tyred roller - 20 - 24t
1 No. 1 No, nla
Water bowser with spray bar - 6000 gal
3 No. 2 No. nla FOR SIRUCIURES;
Grader - Cal. 12 G or similar.
3 No. 2 No. nla
(2 No. fixed with scarifiers) Wheeled backhoeiloader - JCB 3C or
1 No. 1 No. nla
Bulldozer with ripper - at least Cat. Dg or similar similar
1 No. 1 No. nla
Bulldozer - Cat. D7 or similar ., Well-sinking equipment consisting of steel framed
No. 1 No. nla 3 6ets 3 sets 3 sets
Wheeled loader - Cat. 950 B FEL or similar derick dSt power winch and
4 No. 3 No. nla
Drag line - 22 RB or similar
1 No. 1 No. nla 0. 75m3 grab (or pile-driving equipment in case of piles)
T QUARRY EQUIPMENT
Concrete mixer - pan type - 2m3lmix '1 No.
Ouarry'Crushing plant,- at lcost 100 Vhour (60 nla nla
2 No. 1 No. 80vhr)
Weighbridge - S0 t nla
I No. 1 No. nla Concrete mixer - 14110 size
Dump trucks (off-highway) - 30t paytoad 3 No. 3 No. 3 No.
4 No- 3 No. nla
Face Shovel - Cal.24S or similar Vibrators - prime mover with 2 x 50mm
No. 8 No. 7 No. 7 No.
Track drills
1 1No. nla pockers, etc.
2 No. 1No. nla
Compressors to suit track drills above Generator for concrete batching plant
2 No. 1 No. nla 1 No. nla
Generators - sized to suit quarry and asphalt plant nla
2 No. 2 No. nla Mobile concrete pump - 60Vhour
t ASPHALT EQI|\PMENT 1 No. nla nla
Truck mounted mobile crane - 30 t
A.sphalt mixing plant - at least 100 Vhour including 1 No. nla nla
'1 No 1 No' nla
bitumen storage tanks Mobile crane' eg 10t lron Fairy or similar
nla 1 No. 1 No.
Pug mill at least 1003m/hour Dumper, 'tm3 min. capacity
1 No. 1 No- nla 4 No. 4 No. 2 No.
Tipper trucks for asphalt transport - 1 2t B No. 6 No.* nla
(*) Req uired if asphalt not supplied by others.
'rr'rCont'd.
.a
Cont'd
"* ECV : Estimated Contract Value

@_--__---- Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana ariage enaineers

] I f Raina's Fierd Manuar for Highway and Bridge Engineers
,-rl|lsrffiri{.,F*. I

{\Qg8#!gEnmffiiwds*rm**,**
Chapter - 27
PUNT
In addition to tbe aboue plant fleet, tbe contractor uould be expected to indicate tbe
otber items of equipnxent tbat be proposes to make auailablefor ibe contract works. Acknowledgement:
- i, il
Some information sourced from the following references
For contract ucilues of us $5 intltion and aboue, inuoluing botb road and bridge works,
acknowledged with thanks:
is gratefully
:tbe ntumbersof ttems called up are only indicqtiae.
1. U.S. Mineral products publications (various)
For contlact uafuJs below us $5m, tbe numbers indicated are compulsory.
2. U.S. Asphalr Institute publicarions (various)
NOTE:
Other small plant and tools to be available from sample-Contract ECVs of 3. Principles and pracrice of Highway Engineering _ L.
R. Kadiyali
Contractor's'plant-store', including: US $20m US $9m 4. Speedcraft Industries, India.
US
150 - 250 cfm mobile compressor 3 No. 1 No. 1 No. ry:$ilTffiAtl6lfi-6iii4i'F.cuipmenr for Highway constructiof
.
350 - 40OA mobile welding generator sets 3 No. 1 No. nla 6. Indian Roads Congress publications (various)
3"- 6" dia. Velovac pumps 3 No. 2 No. 2 No.
2"- 4" dia diaphragm pumps 2 No. 3 No. 3 No.
Generators - 30 KVA for general site use 5 No. 2 No. 1 No.
Reinforcement bar cutters 2 No. 1 No. 1 No.
Reinforcement bar benders 2 No. 1 No. 1 No.
Ariiculated plant transporter and tractor unit 1 No. 1 No. nla
Cargo/flatbed truck w/hydraulic crane 2 l'lo, 1 No. 1 No.
Light Transport (cars, jeeps, 4WD, etc) 15 No. 10 No. 4 No.
Pneumatic tools including jack hammer,
Rock drill and accessories, etc 1 Set 1 Set 1 Set
Prestressing equipment - strand jacks as needed
with hydraulic pump and grout pump 3 Sets 2 Sets 3 Sets
25t and 50t hydraulicjacks 6 No. 4 No. 6 No.
Chain Blocks and Pull - lifts 4 No. 3 No. 4 No.
Oxy/propane cutting gear 4 Sets 2 Sets 1 Set
Falsework system (per bridge)
Falsework system (culverts) I

Shuttering system (per bridge) 'l No. 1 No. 1 No.

Field laboratory equipment 1 Set 1 Set 1 Set
Survey equipment 3 Sets 2 Sets 1 Set
* as required by method of construction, site conditions and time ailowed

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and ariage Engineers

f f Raina's Fietd Manuar for Highway and Bridge
Engineers

T*&
:
 .;;l l

28.O SAFETY AT WORK

28.r WORI( P1ACT 28.5 I{0IES oil stGt{S Al{D,(0ilts

28.2 sAtHY 0t stTt 28.6 tu.Uttl|ilATtltc RoAIW.0R|(S
28.2.1 tive Moin Aspects of Sofety 28.7 SATIIY PROCEDURE BETORT ENTERING A
28.2.2 Soferyof Roodmen from Potenfiol SEWER OR (OIITIIITD SPACT
t I t.,
Hozords 28.7. I tnsure ftat c responsibh person .. ...
28.2.3 Sofef of a Roadmon from Anofter! 28.7.2 SiteProced
Acigls
28.7.3 Generol Precoutions Whih.Working in
28.2.4 Proledion of on lndividuol from the Sewers
(onsequences of his own Aclions
28./.4 tmergencies
28.3 IIIIPORARY SIGIIING OF ROADWORI(S
28.8 GEI{ERAI. SAFTIY COIISIDIRAIIOilS
28.3.1 0vil Low Liobility : '
G6h'e',fiidi;iktiii'
28.3.2 (onect Signs
t. laidohipietirintidn0rlonisorion
28.3.3 Pmitioning fie Signs
2. Housekeepirig oird Soirilorion
28.4 A CHTq(IIST FOR SAFT IXCAVATIOIIS
3. Filsr Aid

f n",ior:" ro b Manuat for.Highway and Bidge Engineers

Chapter - 28
SAFETY AT WORK

4. fhe Prevenlion 34. Mtsonry

5. [lecfiiol lnstsllofions 28.O SAFETY AT WORK
35. fiighwoy(onstruction
6. Hond Tooh 36. Quqrries and Grovel
/. Power
Pits 28.t woRK PtACt
Tools
37. Prestressing You will need ro:
8. Powder Arluoled Tools
(a) Ensure tbat all practices ofl site conlfortn to trre appropria.te
9. lodders .

lcgislatior,"^
10. Scoffolding 'I
(b) Attempt
I
to improoe on tbe mlnqm.um legal rgqutrement by, say,
I l.
I

Hohh, (rqnes ond Deri*s I

encouraging a clea4 ordedy site, utttb usell-stacked. materiak and
j

12. lleovy Equipment i

clcar access noutes;
13. Motor Vehicles :

I
(c) Identtfy potentlal hazards tba.t could exist on tlre site, and take the
14. (onveyers ond (oblewoys nece ss ar)t pre c autions.
I

15. Morine [quipment (d) Be ui.gtlant in ensut:ing tlrat young persons under Ig years and
older tne4 placed utitlt utork new to tbem, are a.dequatety tratned
16. fquipmentMoinlenonce and. supertsised in tbeir uork.
17. Gorcges ond Repoir Shops A place oJu;ork does not haae to be alfenced-offarea of lnnd, but cottld
18. Borricodes equal$t be regarded a.s a portion of tbe lttgbuay that bas been
19. Hondling ond Shroge of Lloleriols demarca.ted and, hence, constitutds a slte!
20. [xrovqtion ond Shoring
21. Pipelines
28.2 SAFTTY 0F StTt

22. Demolifion 28.2.1 Flue main aspects of sa.fety should be considered when taking precaurions
to ensure safety on a highway site:
23. Pile Driving (a) The safety of tbe traaelltngpub@
24. Tunnek
(b) ITte protection of roadntenifrom tbe trauelllng pubtic;
25. Shofts
(c) fibe safe4r oTyaadmenfrompotentialltazards on aparticular slte;
26. (ompresed Air Work
(d.) Tbe safety of road.menifrom eacb otber,s actions;
27. Boilers
28. Pressure Vessek (.) ih" protectlott oJf dn indtatd.ualfrorn the consequences ojf bls ou)n
flctions.
29. Explosives
Aspects (a) and (b) wiil require a system of temporary roadwork signing to
30. lnflommoble Gosesond Uquids
be established at and on the approaches to the site.
31. Welding und tuiling
32. Steel Ereclion
33. (oncrele(onslruclion
Chapter - 28
SAFETY AT WORK

28.2.2 Sofef of Roodmen from potentiol Hozords

{b} Eledrkity on Sire
(ol tolls Electric current is always a potential hazard, at a site.
Almost half of the accidents in construction work
are due to the falrs of men
c su?Flrfor sites: rJirhen temporary lighting is installed or portable tools
or materiars' Men nor onry fall from working praces, are used, the risk of serious injury
cante leisened by using a transformer
"rii. they also slip and fail
when making
.their
way from one part of tt to another, a4a g"t 1
. to reduce the normal supply of voltage of 250 V to 110 V or less. The
injured when badly sracked transformer unit is connected to the incoming supply, and any portable
-"t rLl, fall on" them. , "r., "tro:
i

tools or equipmenr
T" th91 plugged into the transfoimer. Care ii always
necessary to.ensure that cables are properly terminated
To Prevent Persons from Folli,rig: 'i
I andthatlive wires
are not exposed to casual.contact. Having correctly sei up a supply
r Keep the site tidy and get rid of rubbish. store marerials I to a
methodically and hand tool, it is vital ro prevent cables lyinlg in warer or being leit'in
establish clear routes through the site.
!
such
I
a position as to become damaged or trip passers_by. Nowadlys, portable
r Provide hand rails for stairs and, gaogways over trenches. ;
I generators for use on sites supply 110 Vor less, tut
I early models may
I supply higher voltages, and care must be exercised if, for example, a
set
o Fence of cover a[ openings in floors,.holes in ground and simirar I
is used to power remporary traffic lights.
hazards. I

o Provide goocl lighting on stairs, passages and other access routes. : t Serutces i.n the alclnitJt oJf Site: prior to. sire work beginning and
o Use only well-const11c19d laclders properly secured, and i
throughout the whole of the construction period, precautiJns mist
I
be
where I taksn 16 prevent accidental contact with live underground or overhead
necessary, suitabre scaffording for all work that
cannot u" a"". ,ur"ry cables. \Where possible, safest way to prevenr this happening is for
from the ground or from a building.
I
_the
arrangements to be made to disconnect or divert the eleciricity
;
Supply
r Check that any safeguards, such as guard r.ails,
loeboards, hand rails and
I
i
Authority's cables. During the design stagc of highway co.struetir.r., *,r'rt,
covers over openings in floors, which have been l information as ro rhe whereabouti of electricity supplies is sought and,
provided, are kept in
place. j together with surveys made on site, wil usua[y reveai the positioi
of any
plant.
To Prevent llloteriols fiom fdling: o Underground Cables; These are normaily buried in the ground
at
Ensure that materiars are properry stacked and depths of 450 mm ro 1.m and are often protecred againsr auir g.
that they are not rikely to be iy
layer of material indicating the presence of a cable oi tiles. some"cabl.s
u
blown or knocked over.
are armoured by a wrapping of steel tape but many have only
If persons are working regularly in places where a light
they: are liable ro be struck covering oJ hessian over the lead or aluminium sheath. The orrf..
by falling material.s, provide u ,t.o.rg protective.;r;:#;;;;;;;; covering of most cablbs is easiry damaged by mechanical excavators
advisable over passageways in corrinion use. . i. .
O
it is even possible to pierce them with a hand tool such as a pick.
and

cable markers indicating

Provide Sofe{ Helmets. ,the position of a buried cabre are found in
exceptional cases, but normally there is no external indication that
a live
o Materials should not be tfuown down haphazardry
from a height. Lower cable is_ beneath the ground surface. pirot hores can establish
the direction
them or provide a chute or, if the materials are to be
thrown aoirn, ba.rier
of a cable iun but it must be remembered that the depth can fructuate,
off the area into which they will fall. cfearly, if there is any doubt as to the v/hereabours u" ;rbi",
t\en assistance must be obtained from the Electriciry"rBoard."*irthg
r Pip^-es should be placed at an angle of
450 to the run of the trench and
sufficiently far back ro prevent them from being accidentalry \x/hen demolishing a buitding, first make sure that the electriciry
knocked inro supply
the excavation. has been disconnected as the removal of electricity meters io"r'.rot
necessarily mean that the supply cable has been cut off from
the mains.
Chapter - 28 'i,!.'1. .nr. :
Do not handle or attempt to alterithe position of any cable, and if a cable
is damaged or uncovercid, notiry/ the Electricity Board immed idrcIy . A stte
foreman sbould keep a. list of emergencat telepbone numbersifor all
s ero ice s re adily a.a alla.b lc.'
()aerhead Electric lines: Thele are normally not insulated, and if .a
metallic obiect is brought into cont)ct or even into close proximity with
an overhead conductor, then an electric current will te discharged
through the object to earth. It follows thht before work commences on a
site the position of all overhead lines sno\p be noted. If a line passes
overhead, then precautions should be taken t\revent crane iibs, scaffold
poies, and vehicle-tipper bodies getting too chse. Elect goal posts for
restricted clearance and route.
28.2.3 Sclety ol o Roadmon lrom onofher's Arlions
Many dangers arise from the thoughtless actions of men unconcerned with the
safety of their workmates. Some of the more conunon and those resulting in
a high incidence of accidents are listed below:
(a) Treading on nails proiecting from loose timber is a very commonplace site
accident. When timber framing or shuttering is dismantled, nails should
be removed or knocked flat or the timber should be stacked where it
cannot be trodden on.
(b) Failure to replace guarding equipment after carrying out work which
necessitates its removal.
(c) Careless operation of machinery without ensuring proper safeguards such
as help in reversing or use of a banksman with cranes or earthmoving
machinery.
(d) Not reporting defects in machinery and equipment, resulting in unsafe
plant being used by others.
(e) Creating makeshift and unsafe situations such as substandard electrical
connections and trailing cables, etc.
28.2.4 Proteeiion of m lndividuol from the (onsequences of his own Actions
'injures
Vhen a person himself through his own actions, the cause is usually
either ignorance of the work process involved or just carelessness. It follows
that the person must be trained or made familiar with any techniques before
being allowed to begin work. Many accidents can be prevented with the use
of protective equipment, such as;-
SAFETY AT WORK
(a) High visibility and reflective iackets for men working on highways.
(b) Protective spectacles or goggles when working with hammers and chisels
or cutting machinery on concfete or stone.
(c) Face masks when cutting concrete or stone with disc cutters.
(d) Helmes when working below other workmen or in situations where
objects are liable to fall from above.
(e) Ear muffs or plugs when using compressed air tools such as breakers and
drills. Also when working with piling equipment.
(f)
Gloves in manual activities such as kerbing.
(g) Protective bqots with steel caps and soles will prevent injuries through
treading on nails.
If plant and equipment are not used sensibly then considerable risk is
involved. For example, ladders should be set at the col'rect angre (one out for
every four up) and always secured, preferably at the top, but failing this, by
a person standing at the bottom, to prevent slipping.
Finally, many highway workers are injured by unthinkingly reaching or.
stepping out from a protected work area on to the path of an oncoming
vehicle-
28.3 TTI,IPORARY SIGNING OF ROADWORKS
28.3.r Highway authorities, contractors and statutory undertakers have both a clail
ktw liabtlttlt and indeed a requiremenr under the Health and safety at !/ork,
to warn road userS of obstructions on the highway caused by roadworks.
They also have an obligation to remove the signs when the work is complete,
as these, in themselves, constitute an obstruction, and failure to comply with
this requirement is an offence liable to a fine under the Highway Acts.
Furthermore, highway authorities should have powers for. enforcing safety
measufes on roadworks carried out by statutory undertakers. However,
statutory undertakers should, and normally do, consult the police and the
Highway Authoriry in good time about the safety measures required in any
specific situation.
28.3.2 (orred Signs
The design and sizes of temporary and permanent traffic signs should be
strictly followed. Any signs other than these are illegal, and a person erecting
them on the highway is liable to prosecution
for Highway and Bidge Enginaors
Chapter:28 SAFETY AT WORK

28.3.3 Positioning the Signs Are spoil heaps far back enough and are they being worked upon whilst
men are in the excavation below?
The Traffic Signs Manual should give information as to the best positioning
and use of temporary signs at the approaches, on site and at the end of the a Pipes, bricks, tools; etc., should.be away from the edge of the trench or
roadworks and can be considered as a code of guiding principles or good positioned so they cannot fall in.
practice, and its recommendations should be carried out when the signing of
Passing traffic should be well clear of trench and stop boards provided
any roadworks is being undertaken.
for dumpers when tipping

28.4 A CHTCKTIST FOR SAFE EX(AVATIONS a Are operatives following a safe procedure both when erecting timbering
4nd withdrawing ti1nbgr prior to backfill?
Before Beginning Work a Should regular testing for harmful gas be carried out?
r Consult with the Safety Officer if particular problems are foreseen. a Are gangways with toeboards and guard rails provided where. necessary?
r Site security: In an area where vandalism, etc., is known to be prevalent, a Is the work fenced off and warning norices posted during daytime? Is the
consult with the Police for regular inspeciion of roadwork sighs and work properly guarded and lir at night?
lamps, etc.
a Finally, have all legal requirements been complied with, both in site woik
o Appointment of competent person ancl provision of registers, abstracts of and entries in registers recording examination?
Acts, etc.
r Decide where site huts, siores, plant compound, etc., are to be located .28.5 1{0TtS 01{ StcNS AND C0NIS
and provide adequate manoerrvring space. (a) Signs and cones must be covered with reflective material and hence have
o Ensure an adequate supply of signs, lamps, barriers, ladders, trench to be kept clean, otherwise their clarity and reflective qualities are lost.
suppoft materials, etc. (b) Cones are normally spaced at 9 m centres, but 3 m centres are usual on
o Position of spoil heaps should not be less than 1 m fiom the edge of the low'speed roads.
excavation. (c) Exit tapers should be at 45", and the cones in this instance are at l.Z m
r Query necessify for briclges and gangways. cenres.
r Location of all public services - expose and mark. (d) When coning out a working area, remember to leave room for the site
traffic and equipment.
When Work is in Progress (e) Once a working area has been established, tools and materials must not
r Are rqen using protective clothing and equipment? Sp left outside this area.
r Are all working faces secure; is timbering adequate and securb; are (D Permanent signs made temporarily redundant by the roadworks should
wedgei tight and condition of timber satisfactory? be covered, but the temporary road signs must not accidentally obscure
other operative permanent signs,
r Are there signs of peeling on unsheeted faces or soil seeping through
sheeted faces? Are proper pumps installed and is pumping clrawingrsoil
from behind timber? 28.6 il.LumtilATfi{GRoADW0RKS
r If ladders are necessary, are they of suitable length and strength, and .(a) After.darkness, lamps having a yellow body and showing a sready amber
secured? light, should be placed mid-way between cones to mark our the works.

for Highway and Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 2B

(b) vrhere there is good street tighting and a speed limit of 40 mph or less, 28.7.2 Site Procedure
lamps, which flash at IZO-I50 times per minute, may be used.
c On site, safeql ba,rt'iers rnust be set up arou,d manboles ancl
(c) High-intensity flashing warning beacons, which give an intermittent utarning signs placed uthere necesss.ry.
amber light, must oniy be used to draw attention to the particular hazard
existing on a site. They are not to be used to mark out the works. o Tbe ganger sbould locate tbe nea.rest telephone and crteck that it
ls in worhing orden (If it is not a public phone, parnti.ssion sboukl
(d) If a sign is placed within 50 m of a streer lamp and the speed lirnit is be obtained. to use it.)
greater than 30 mph, then the sign must be individually illuminated.
o Tbe manbolc, ttshlcb is to be entereS shou.ld. tben be opened,
28.7 togetber urtrt tbe next ntanbore upstream and. downstream (to
SATTTY PROCEDURT BTFORE ENTTRING A SEWER OR COiIFINTD create a draugltt andJhtslt outfoul air).
-
SPACE
t Detector equrpment shourd be used or ahernatiaery cretector ramps
28.7.1 Ensure tbat a responsible person at the depot knows exacty where and (already lit at trte depot) should be cbecked and used as
when the gang will be working. All personal and gang equipnent should
|f'ilous:
A lead a.cetate paper should be moistened. uith gfitcerol,tdistilleel
be checked before leaving the depot.
utater solution rt sltould be lanaered u.dtb tbe lit ditector lamp into
Typical equipment is listed bslasa the manbole to a point Qs ,rettr to trte bottom as possibre. rt should
be lefi in tbis position ifor at Least tuo minutes, and carefully
a Personol Equipment utatcbed to see urtetber the red rigbt srtonts. A1fter tu.to minutes
plus, tbe lamp and pctper should be pulled. up oia inspected. If all
- Bump hat/Safety helmet,
is toell tbe ramp uil be atigttt and the paper sboutd ttit be stained
- Sweat band (for neck), (a broun staln lnd,icates tbe presence of bydtogen sutpltide).
- Lamp (intrinsically safe, cap or hand), o To try to detect unusual conditions, the air issuingifrom tbe open
manbole sbould be sntflbd IF IN DOUBT, STAY OW.
- Salety belr or harness,
- Cotton-basecl PVC gauntlets,
t weatber condiilons tnust be considered. (e.g, men must not er,ter ct
sewer immedlate$t afier A sel)ere stonn).
- Protective clothing,
o rf tlte gqnger consrders trre sewer to be safe, be should post the
- Thigh boos (rubber) with studded soles, 'top man,(or men) anel ensure that tbe ,top ma.n,umderstands tbe
- Breathing apparatus: rsaverr set. folloutng duties:
Ife nust keep cantact utith tbe mcn undergroumd. Euery fiue
a Gang [quiprnent riinutes, the utorkrng team sbould. aduise their bottom man' that
thej,t are all rtght. rhe hattom man' sbourd pass trtis ,nessage to
- Detector lanrps or detection equipment (to give warning of tbe top man,. All messages ,nust be acknoutledged" the top man,
dangerous gases and of lack of oxygen),. lf
fails to bear fron tbe uorklng team, he t ust call tlte rescue
- Lead acetate papers and wetting agent Glycerol) to detect hydrogen seralce.
sulphide,
- Ife tnust neaer leaue tlte seuter unattended.
- Breathing apparatus: working or rescue set safety apparatus: fwo
-
16 m x 16 mm life lines,
Ife tnust mot go into the sewer at all without lcaaing c,
responsible person on top as a replacement top rrrarl
p ai' !e F ialrt,Ite n
.

-Il-_r/rb@rr,,. for Highway and Bddge Engineers

.gjlg{,j
Chapter - 2S
- Ife ,nust report slrns of possible ra'in (upstream). In tbls
eaent, tbe ga'nger uiU cail tbe men out of the seuer.
Wben entertng ilJe.seu)er' tbe utorkmen must ah'oays 8o 4s a tearll
Thefollouting man sbould utait until tlte man lnfront calls, before
be stalrts to go dottttr.
28.7.3 Generol Precoulions Whilsr Working in Sewers
r The first man down must take the detecting equipment with him. Should
the flame be extinguished, the lamp must not be relit underground. All
matches and lighters should be left on the ground surface above.
o care should be taken while descending by ladder or step irons. A lifeline
should be used when descending in difficult or dangerous conditions and
also when moving in sewers having steep gradients or that are latge.
Remember that when stepping off the ladder or step irons, a large fast-
flowing sewer can cause a man to lose his footing and be carried away'
Also, if a sewel' is almost level or blocked, there will be stagnant sludge
at the botiom, which can hold trapped gases. Men shoulcl move slowly
and carefully.
r Should a workman feel sickness, dizziness, eye irritation, faintness,
weakness, lack of control of limbs, or breathlessness, or notice any
unusual smell, the gang should immediately leave the sewer.
o If conditions are normal, existing guald chains or bars should be checked.
It must be ensured that guard bars or chains are fixed downstream when
working in large-diameter sewers.
r As a g ng moves further away from the point of entry, additional men
may be required to act as a link between the gang and the top man.
Telephones or communication sets should be used, if available.
r 'When a mah is working in a namow manhole with benching, he should
not stand in the pipe invert but straddle the sewer with his feet on the
benching and if possible, wedged in position. In narrow sewers, he
shor.rld stand with the feet apart, knees bent and braced against the walls,
with one shoulder against the wall and the weight of the body forward.
Then, it is possible for him to move for.ward in a similar way using a
. shovel to assist his balance.
r broken rungs, step irons, chains, bars, masonry, etc., and any abnormal
Conditions in a sewer can change quickly, and the signs of possible risks
are as follows:
.-- D 4:4^t^ o.o .roo,olfo.-Hioh+r. ;ffiffiPgt*r''
SAFETY AT WORK
Flooding
Advance warning from the top man or noise of approaching water;
possibly an increasing flow of air in front of the flood water.
(Vaiting to see if the water rises may leave a man with insufficient
time Lo get out.)
Delidenry ol Oxygen
A feeling of faintness or dizziness and a shortage of breath. A
reduced lamp flame.
Explosive (onditions
Danger can arise from operating a petrol or a diesel engine
lrnderground. A naked light must not be used in a sewer, and it
should be ensured that only spark proof electrical equipment is
below ground.
Gos Build-up
Presence of strange smells and a feeling of sickness, dizziness, eye
irritation, etc. Exhaust fumes can be sucked underground from
vehicles or engines operating rreat att open manhole.
- Possible lnleclion
\When men are working on ironwork or a structure which has been
fouled by sewage, the structure should be scrubbed or cleaned
down with a high-pressure hose and a strong disinfectant. Any cut
or scratch should be washed, treated with an antiseptic and
covered with a waterproof plaster.
a On finishing work, all equipment should be collected and tools iashed
ready for lifting. The top man should call the men out, one at a time and
check that everyone is out of the sewer. The tools should be hauled out,
and the rim of the manhole greased, and the lid closed. Boots and gloves
washed, followed by the hands, neck and face in a thorough
*r"*irl.
a Finally, the depot should be informed that the men are out of the sewer
and then conditions in the sewer should be reported. This should include
circumstances such as presence of gas oi low oxygen levels. The
presence of rats and any damage to equipment or personal injury
(including minor cuts and scratches) should be noted.
r* uhhwAv avl Rridde Enaineers
 SAFETY AT WORK

28.7.4 Emergencies Say where your base manhole is, and if you know them, the
manholes nearest to the casualty.
Detailed rescue procedures exist for men employed in sewers, but the
following points are vital and should be understood by all engaged in o When the rescue teams arive:
highway drainage work. Tell them what happened.
Tell them how long back it happened.
ol (ollopse ol o llion in o Sewer Tell thern what conditions are in the seweq and which way it flows,
If a man collapses for no apparent reason, you must assume he has been and be prepared to give any useful advice.
gassed and then you should, ifavailable, put on yourrsaver'set and place
his mask on, but only if he is breathing and the mask can be replaced dl Getting the Cosuolry to the llllanhole
before it ftlns out in say, fifteen minutes.
If you go down for a casualty who has, or may have been gassed, you
Then: rnust taear breatbing equipment wbich you baue been trained
to use.'
t Prop btm up to preaerrt himfromfalling into tbe effiuent and Do not attempt to use any breathing equipment of a rype in which you
droutning, and report b the top man" Get out carefuw, as have not been trained.
quick mooements n ay stlr up more gas and jtou rlill certain\t unless the casualty is nearer to the upstream manhole, it is usualry best
use ,nore oxygerl to drag him downsrream head first, if possible. In this way, the eifluent
o Do not go backfor him utitbout breatbing equiprnent sucb as flow helps, and is less likely to splash tver his head.
tbe utorking or resct e set. As from the time be collapses, you
ma1 ba.ae no more trran ten minutes to get trim out and i.f you 28.8 GE]IERAI. SAFETY COIISIDTRATIOI{S
sta? or go back utitltout hreathing equiprnent, you utill The following list is offered only as a general guide, and is not intended
ro
collapse too, Then, tbere uill be tuo people, not one, to be got be comprehensive, nor should it be follcwed in this form if job requirements
ouL would be better served otherwise.
Most authorities will rely heavily on the fire and ambulance services, but
Generolftetklist
anything you can do to prepare for the rescue before the ambulance and fire
'1,. Accident Preaention
brigade arrive will help. Organisatlon
Obviously, il you can make the rescue yourself uitbout undue risk, you may
a. Schedule for posting safety material.

save a life and reduce the possibility of further injury to others.

b. Hard hat requirements.
c. Safety meetings schecluled and posted.
bl lf o Mon is Hurt ond Not Gossed 2. Housekeeplng and Sanitatlon
a. General neatness of working areas.
If a man is hurt, bnt sewer conditions are normal, you may stay with him
or go back for him; but take all the usual precautions. b. Regular disposal of waste and trash.
c. Passageways and walkways cleared.
cl Whol You nust lell lhe Rescue Servires d. Adequate lighting.
. On the telephone: e. Projecting nails removed or knocked flat.
Say where you are. f. Oil and grease removed.
Say who you are. g. Waste containers provided and used.
Say, as far as you know, what has happened. h. Sanitary facilities, adequate and clean.
.Fndineaa ,1r i, i.
 SAFEW AT WORK
Chapter - 28

7. Pouter Tools
i. Drinking wateE tested and approved.
j. Adequate suPPlY of water. a. Good housekeeping, yrhere tools are usecl.
k. Salt tablets. b. Tools and chords, in good condition.
L Drinking cups or sterilised bubblers' c. Proper grounding.
3. First Aid
d. Proper instruction in use.
e. .All mechanical safeguards in use.
First aid station.
^. f. Tools neatly stored when not in use.
b. First aid supPlies.
c. First aid instruction on the iob.
g. Right tool being used for.the job, at hand.
d. Telephone numbers and locations of nearby physicians'
h. i rViiing rproped/ installed.
Telephone number and location of the nearest hospital' i. Enough men used to handle material.
.e.
f. Injuries reported promptly to proPer persons' 8. Poutder Actuated fook
4. Fi.re Pretsention a. Local laws and ordinances complied with.
a. First instructions to personnel. b. All operators qualified and experienced.
b. Fire extinguishers identified, checked, lighted. c. Tools and charges protected from unauthorised use.
c. Phone number of the fire department posted' d. Competent instruction and supervision.
d. Hydrants clear, access to public thoroughfare open' e. Tools checked and in good working order.
e. Good housekeePing. f. Tools not used on any but recommended materials.
f. NO SMOKING signs posted and enforced where needed' g. Safety goggles or,face shields.
h. Flying hazard checked by backing up, removal of personnel, or use
5. Electulcal Installations
of captive stud tool.
a. Adequate wiring, well insulated.
9. Ladders
b. Fuses provided.
a. Stock ladders inspected and in good condition.
c. Fire hazards checked.
b. Stock ladders not spliced.
d. Electrical dangers Posted.
c. Properly secured, top and bottom. : .. .. .. '
e. Proper fire extinguishers provided.
-'6. Side rails on fixed ladders extend above top landing.
6. Irand Tools e. Built-up lp$ders constructed of sound materials.
l
a. Proper tool being used for each iob. f. Rungs npt oyer L2 inches on centre (preferably).
b. Neat storage, safe carrying. ,. . ;9.. . Step ladde6.fully open wtrefr in use.

i.
c. Inspection and maintenance. h. .Metal laddep ng! used,around electrical hazards.
d. Damaged tools repaired or rbplaced promptly. i. Proper maintenance and storage.
li,
ll,

for Highway and Bridge Engineers

 SAFEW AT WORK
Chaptet - 28

lO. Scaffolding 13. Motor Vebicles

a. Erection under proper supervision. a. Regular inspection and maintenance..

b. Ail structural members adequate for use. b. Qualifiedoperators.

c. All connections adequate. c. Local and state vehicle laws and regulations observed.

d. Safe tie-in to structure. d. Brakes, lighs and warning devices operative.

e. Ladders and working areas free of debris, grease. e. Veight limits and load sizes controlled.
f. Proper footings provided. f. Personnel carried in a safe manner.

g. Passers-by protected from falling otrjects. 14. Conoeyers and. Cablcways

h. Supports plumb, adequate crossbracing provided. a. Properinspectionand,maintenance
i. Guard rails and toeboards in piace. b. Good housekeeping.
i. Scaffold machines in working order. c. Screens and other protection, where needed.
k. Ropes and c4bles in good condition. ' d. Adequate inspection, maintenance ladders, and walkways.
l. Frequent inspection. e. Lighting.
l1-. Ifokts, Cranes and Derricks 15. Ma.rine Equi.Pnent
a. Inspect caQles and sheaves. a. Waterways nrles and regulations observed.
b. Check slings and chains, hooks and eyes. b. Life jackets.
c. Equipment firmly supported. c. Life preservers.
d. Outriggcrs uscd if nccded (stability). d. Fire protection.
e. Power lines inactivated, removed or at safe distance. . e. Engine and machin6ry room safery.
f. Proper loading for capacity at lifting radius. f. Floating pipelines, walkways, and hand rails.
g. All equipment properly lubricated and maintained. g. Hand rails aboard vessels.
h. Signalmen, where needed. h. Decks clear, free of oil and grease.
i. Signals understood and observed. i. Lights.

12. Heaoy Equtpment i. Cable.

a. Regular inspection and maintenance. 16. Equtpment Malntenance

b. Lubrication and repair of moving parts. a. Planned maintenance and inspection programme.
c. Lights, brakes, warning signals operative.
' b. Adequate equipment records.
d. \fheels checked when necessary, tyre pressures checked. c. Proper oilS, fuels and lubricants used.
e. Haul roads, well-maintained and laid out properly. ,17. Garages a.rrd Re?alr Sbot s
f. Protection when equipment is not in use. a. Fire haiards.
b. Dispensing of fuels and lubricans.

. r:;ill
for Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 28

SAFETY AT WORK
c. Good housekeeping.
d. Lighting. 21. Ptpeli.nes
e. Carbon monoxide dangers. a. Shoring and bracing as needed.
18. Bar'ricades . b. Equipment in working order.

z. Floor'openings planked over or barricaded.

c. Proper access to deep trenchbs. i..

b. Roadways and sidewalks effectively protected. 22. Demolition

c. Adequare lighting provided. a. Operations pianned ahead.
d. Traffic controlled. b. Shoring of adjacent structuies.
19. Ifand.ling and. Storage of Materlals c. Material chutes.
A. Neat storage area, clear passageways. d. Sidewalk and other public protection.
b. Marerials nearly sracked. e. Clear operating space for trucks and other vehicles.
c. Stackson flrm footings, not too high. f. Adequate access ladders or stairs.
d. Proper number of men for each operation. C. Regularsupervision.
e. Men picking up loads coffecrly. 23. Pite Driuing
f. Materials protected,from heat and moisture. a. Proper storage procedures.
C. Protection against falling into hoppers and bins. b. Unloading only by properly instr.ucted and experienced workmen.
h. Dust protcction observed. c. Steam lines, slings, etc., in operating condition.
i. Extinguishers and other fire protection. d. Piledriving rigs properly supported.
i. Traffic routing and control. e. Ladders on frames.
2O. Bxcaaatlon and Sborlng f. Care observed by the ,top man,.
a. Shoring of adiacent structures. g. Cofferdams maintained and inspected.
b. Shoring and sheathing as needed for soil and depth. h. Adequate pumping available.
c. Public roads and sidewalks supported and plotected. i. Proper bracing and ties in current.
d. Materials not too close to edge of excavations. 24. Tunnels
e. Lighting at night.
a. Adequateventilation.
f. 'Water'controlled. b. Aclequate lighting.
g. Equipment at safe dis.tance from edge.
c. Good housekeeping.
h. Ladders or,stai-rs provided, where needed.
d.
.
Tunnel supports.
i. Equipment ramps adequale; slope not inconvenient.
. e. Electrical lines.
j. Frequent inspection.
f. Operation of hauling eQuipment.
g. Proper personal protection.
h. Gas detectors used.
 SAFETY AT WARK

Chapter - 28
29. ExPlosiues
i. Proper transportation of personnel
a. Qualifiedoperators.
f. Control of blasting operations'
b. Proper transport vehicles.
k. Dust Protection.
c. Local laws and regulations observed.
1. Drilling safetY observed'
d. Storage magazines constructed as per regulations or as
25. Shafrs . recommended.
a. Ladders and stairs, adequate and safe' e. Experienced personnel handling explosives at all times.
b. Top of shaft baricaded, toeboards provided' f. Cases opened with wooden tools only,
Adequate lighting. C. NO SMOKING signs posted and observed where appropriate.
d. Ventilation. h. Detonators tested before each shot.
e. Inspection and maintenance of elevators and hoists i. All personnel familiar with signals, and signals properly used at all
f. Signals being used. times.

c. Shoring and bracing. j. Inspection after each shot. i

26. ComPressed Alt W'ork k. Proper protection and accounting for all explosives at all times.

Time limits for pressure and exertion observed'

l. Proper disposition of wrappings, waste, and scrap.
a.
m. Advise residents nearby of ttlasting cap danger.
b. Decompressignchamberprovided'
n. Check radio frequency hazards.
c. Gauges oPerating'
d. Exhaust valves' 3O. Inflammable Ga.ses and Liqulds
e. Signals and telephone connection' a. All containers clearly identified.
f. \lentilation. b. Proper storage practices observed.

C. Sanitary facilities. c. Fire hazards checked.

h. A Medical Doctor at site' d. Proper storage temperatures and pfotection.

27. Boilers e. Proper rypes and number of extinguishers nearby.

f, Carrs for moving cylinders.
a. State and local regulations and codes observed'
b. Pressure gauges checked and operating' 31. Veldtng and Cuttlng
c. Equipment in good working order' a. Qualified operators.
28. Pressure Vessels b. Screens and shields. '

a. Gauges operating and checked regularly'

c. Goggles, gloves, clothing.

b. Equipment in sound working condition'

d. Equipment in operating condition.

c. Connections ProPerlY made'

e. Electricalequipment'grounded'. :

f. Power cables protected and in good repair'

g. Fire extinguishers of proper type nearby.
**" 4.**:iraef,*s:irl;*,5lt5rdEHK
''','l!il:r
for and Bidge EnglneeB
 SAFETY AT WORK
Chapter - 28

h. Inspection for fire hazards. I r' \

c. Adequate warning signs and markers.
i. Inflammablematerialsprotected. d. Equipment not blocking right-of-way.
j. Gas cylinders chained uPright. e. Traffic control through constrLlction site.
k. Gas lines protected and in good condition. f. Adequate marking and maintenance of detours.
g, Dust control.
32. Steel Erectlon {
h. Adequate lighting.
a. Safery nets
36.Qua.rrtes and Graael Plts
b. Hard hats, safefy shoes, gloves.
c. Taglines, for tools. Proper signals and safety procedures for blasting.
^.
d. Fire hazards at rivet forge and welding operations. b. Screening plants operated safely.
e. Floor opening covered and barricaded. c. Traffic routed and controlled.
f. Ladders, stairs or other access provided. 37. Prestresslng
g. Hoisting apparatus checked. a. Approved execution drawings and details of anchorages, tendons,
33. Concrete Construction ducting, grout pipes, tendon profiles, types of stressing facks,
limiting values of jacking forces, tendon extensions, expected slip at
a. Forms properly installed and braced. anchors (pull-in), adjustment of extensions with variation in
b. Adequate shoring, plumbed and crossbraced' Modulus of Elasticity value, required concrete strengths at various
c. Shoring remains in place until strength is attained. stages of prestressing, sequence of stressing, etc.
d. Proper curing period and procedures. b. Instructions: what to do if acceptable extensions or jack pressures
e. Check heating devices/cooling t.levices (for' adverse weather are not attained at appropriate conjoint values.
concreting). c. Check on long-term slips (24 hours)
f. Mixing and transport equipment supported, and traffic planned and d. Grouting instructions (cleaning, mix, pressure procedure).
routed.
e. Protection against heating, rusting, pifting, oiling, etc.
g. Adequate runways.
f. Adequately experienced crew, conversant with all procedures and
h. Protection from cement dust. cautions in prestress application.
i. Hard hats, safety shoes, shirts covering skin.. ,. g. Maintenance of jacks, oil baths, gauges, pressure hoses, ioints and
j. Nails and stripped-form material removep,froq,lt.:..
, . : . connections in linbs, master wedges, including regular calibration of
pressure gauSes.
J4. Masonry
h. Proper storage of tendons, ducts, anchorages and equipment.
a. Proper scaffolding.
b. Dust protection provided.
c. Safe hoisting equipment.

35. Higltto ay Constructlon

a. Laws and ordinances observed. .

b. Competent flagmen properly dressed, instructed, posted.

for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 29.A EXPRESSION OF
INTEREST (E.o.lt
FROM CONSUI.TANTS
!

29.r. PURPoSE Al{D DtHl{lilolls 29.2. ilrsTRu(ttolls toR coftlPt[Tltlc IHE

srAl{9{Rg loRns roR ilPREssloll0F
I]ITIRESI'

and Engineers
Chapter - 29 EXPRESS/ON OF /NIEREST (E o. l.) from CONSULIANIS

2. Provide location of Study Area.

29.O EXPRESSION OF INTEREST (E.o.l)
3. Indicate name of Firm or Joint Venture.
FROM CONSUTTANTS
4. Indicate address of main office where this work will be performed
2q.1. PURPOST AI.ID DE]INITION 5. Provide the name, title and telephone number of main contact person.

Purpose: 6. Indicate number of years the principle firm has placticed in the fielcl
The purpose of this application is to provide standard information regarding
. related to this project.

the experience of interested firms wishing to underrake the specified p-;..t.
Responses should follow the standard form and sh.uld be as complete and
accurate as possible, and contain data relative to the specific project for which
you wish to be considered.
Definitions:
"Prtncipals" are those individuals in a firm who possess legal responsibility
for its management. They may be owners, partners, corporate officers,
associates, administrators, etc.
"Disclpline" as used in this form refers to the primary technological
capability of individuals in the responding firm. possession of an acaclemic
degree, professional registration, certification, or extensive experience in a
pa1'ticular field of practice normally reflects an individual,s primary technical
discipline.
'toint Venture" is a collaborative undertaking by two or more firms or
individuals for which the participanrs are borh jointly and individually
responsible.
"Key Pirsons, Specialists, a.nd Indiaidual Coniuhanfs,, as used in this
questionnaire, refer to individuals who will have major project responsibility
or will provide unusual or unique capabilities for the proyect under
consideration.
29.2. l1{STRUCTIONS T0 C0}'lSUtTAl{TS FOR C0tnp[fft]tc rHt
STANDARD FORIIIS FOR EXPRESSION OF INTTRTST
(il0Tft the seriol numbelr osrigned below correspond ro thore in the forms
given oheod):
1. Provide the project name for which this application is being submitted.
7. .If application is submitted by Joint Venture, list participating firms &
outline areas of responsibiliry (including administrative & technical) for
each firm.
8. If respondent is not a Joint Venture, list outside k"y
Consultants,/Associates anticipated for this project.
9. Insert the number of avallablel consultant personnel by discipline
proposed for the subject ploject on line (A). Insert the numbel of in-
house personnel by discipline proposed fol the subiect project on line
(B). \(zhile some personnel may be qualified in several disciplines, each
pel'son should be counted only once in accord and with his or her
primary function. Include clerical personnel as "administrative." Indicate
any additional disciplines including the respective number of people in
each blank space.provided on the form.
10. List up to tenCOMPLETED projects which demonstrare the fir.m's or joint
venture's competence to pefform work similar to that likely to be required
on this project. The more recent such projects, the better. Prime
consideration will be given to projects which illustrate respondent's
capability for performing work similar to that being sought. Required
information must include: (a) project name and client, (b) short
description of work executed, (c) indicate the role and name of the
member of the firm or ioint venture who was the prime on that particular
project, (d) indicate value of work executed, (e) indicate stipulated time
of completion in months, (D indicatb actual time of completion in months.
11. List only those projects which the firm or ioinr venture, or members of rhe
joint venture, are CURRENTLY performing. Required information must
include: (a) project name and client, (b) short description of work being
eiecuted, (c) indicate the role and name of the member of the firm or
I Actual saffing levels,includiog in-house and joint veoture personnel would be determined in the oeK phase for shon listed onsultanb
based on the sptrified sope of work for the prcjec. At this stage, you are only required b indiarc the available number of suff per
discipline in your ffm or ioitrt venture.

for Highway and Bidge Engineers

 Chapter - 29
EXPRESS/ON OF TNTEREST (E.o.t.) |TInCONSULIAIVIS

joint venrure who is the prime on this particular proiecr, (d) indicate
16. A statement of the organisation's turnover for the most recent full year of
stipulated time of completion in months, (e) indicate percent of work
trading or part year if full year is not applicable should be provided.
completed, (D indicate anticipated time of completion in months.
12. Provide brief resumes of key personnel likely to participate on this 17. It is a requirement of the Client that foreign consultancy firms operaring
project. care should be taken to limit resumes to only those personnel in the country be registered with the appropriate body (...e.g. Committee
and specialists who will have major project responsibilitie s. Eaci resume for Organising Engineering Professional Practice (COEPP)). Proof of
must include: (a) name of each key person and specialist and his or her such registration should be provided.
title, (b) the project assignment or role which that person will be expected L8. Completed forms should be signed by the delegated officer of the firm or
to fulfill in connecrion with rhis project, (c) the name of the firm or joint venture (thereby ottesting to tbe concur.rence and commitment
organization, if any, with whom that individual is presently associatecl, (d) of aAmembers of tlteJotnt oenture) responsible for the conduct of the
years of relevant experience with present firms and other firms, (e) the work in the event it is awarded to the organization submitting this form.
highest academic degree achieved and the cliscipline covered (if more ALT INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE FORM SIIOULD BE
than one highest degree, such as two ph.D.s, list bottt), the year received CARRENTAND FACTAAL
and the parricular technical/professional discipline which tliat individual
will bring io the proiect, (D . if registered as an architect, engineer,
suryeyor, erc. show only the field of registration and the year thai sucl.r
registration was first acquired, (g) a synopsis of experience, training, or
other qualiries which reflect individual's potential contribution to*this
project. Include such data as: familiarity with knowledge of the
Government or tl-re Agency procedures in the country oi proposed
assignment, similar type of work perfonned in the past,
-"^"g"_..t.
abilities, farniliarity with rhe geographic area, relevant foreign lalguage
capabilities, etc. Please lhnit sJ/nopsis q1f expericnce onllt f6 cliiectll,
relcaant lnformatlon.
13. Provide information and reasons why your Finn orJoint venture believes
"l it is especially qualified to undertake the project. Information provided
should include, but not be rimited to, such data as: specialized equipment
or soffware available for this work, any awards or recognition received by
a firm or individuals for similar work, special approaches or concepts
developed by the firm relevant to this project, etc. Respondents sl-roirld
supplement this proposal with graphic material and photographs which
best demonstrate capabilities of the t""- propor"d for-this project.
Relevant documents such as company brochures should be aftached.
14. Please provide details of any quality assurance certificarion that your
company holds e.g. IS0 9000 oi equivalent standard. please include a
copy of any certificate. If no accreditation is held, please attach an outline
of your quality assurance policy.
15. Please provide details of any quality assurance ceriification for vrhich you
have applied.
Rqilq:s F!.e!q Mat el&fll,shlr"I, t. ..",,
'.;.:.
t".*ffffisi, uat lor Highway and Bridge Engineets
 c)
Id
OUESTI0NNAIRE for o (onsulring Firm,s
N
o
tXPRtSSl0l'l of INTEREST

PLEASE NOTE THAT IT IS A REQUIREMENT OF THE

CLIENT TFIAT AIL FOREIGN CONSULTANCY FIR.N,TS
OPEMTING IN T}IE CoTINTRY BE REGISTERED WTIH THE APPRoPnToTe
eoDY (. .;.g. .h. .;;MITTEE FoR
ORGANISING ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAI PP"ACTTCE (COEPP)).
PROOF O! SUCH
BE PROVIDED (....Refer to euestion 17) .- - - REGISTRAI]ON
;-^"--*^^''
SHOULD

1. Proiect Name

2. Study Area

3. Name of Firm or Joint Venture

4. Address of main office

5. Name, Title and Telephone number of main contact person

ffi
7. lf the application is submitted by a Joint Venture, list Fanicipating firms and outline specific areas of responsibility H
(including administrative and technical) for each firm.

|lame of Pariibipating Firm Has this Joint Venture

Specific area of responsibility
previously worked with you?

Yes No
1)

2)

3)

8. lf the respondent is not a Joint Venture, list outsi# key ConsultantdAssociates anticipated for this project. tr
th
x.D
Name of the Participating Firm Has this Joint Venture T
Specific area of responsibility In
previously worked with you?
g
Yes No
=
1) 'lr

2)
)
rn'

rn
3) a

4' B
+
d
s) 5

8
6)
e
r
!
a
!
(t
 o
5
s
b

9. Personnel by Discipline: (list each person only once by primary function). Enter proposed number of N
o
consultant personnet to be utilized on this proiect in line (A) and in-house personnel in line (B).

(A) _ _(B) Administrative _ (B)

( A) Urban Planning ( A)
--
(B)

(A)_(B) _- -
(A) _(B) _ Traffic Engineering Economics (A) _ (B)

(A) _(B) _ Transport Planning {A) lB) Desion Enoineerino ( A) (B)

(A) _(B) _ Civil Engineering (A) _ (B) __

(A)_(B)_ Electrical Engineering (A) _ (B) _

10. Recenl COMPLETED work by the Firm or Joint Venture members which best illustrates current
qualifications retevant to this project (Do not list more than ten projects).

Role and name of

Project Name & Client Short description of member of the firm who Value of work Stipulated time Actual time
work executed was prime on that executed of completion of completion
project

1)

2)
B
aQ
o
n rn
.5
a
x.D
o 3)
Ifn
o (t
6 Q
o
a
o
-n

4)
a
m
rn
t,
1
Fp
5)
:
ci

C)
o
a
U>

F
I
zI
6
 10. continued..... V
o
!
Recently COMPLETED work by the Firm or Joint venture members which best illustrates the current o
qualifications relevant lo this project (Do not list more than ten projects).
N
6
Role and name of
Project Name & Client Short description of member of the firm who Value of work Stipulated time Actual time of
work executed was prime on that executed of completion completion
project
6)

7)

8)

e)

10)

.ij_!.1 .,. r:! ir; : rr' ri.

11. All on-going work OURRENTLY being performed by Firm or Joint venture
members.

name
Project Name & Client Short description of member of the firm who Stipulated Percent Actual time of
work executed was prime on that time of completed completion
project completion
o
1)
a
{
s
b 2)
^t.
o*
o
rn
Q p
o 'b
o 3) b
rn
a Ct
Ch

a
'n
4)
{
ni
I[T
V)

;I
s)
$
o
z
U)
r
!
a
=
C,
 o
$
11. continued..... !
o
All ongoing work CURRENTLY being performed by Firm or Joint venture members.
N
o

Role and name of

Project Name & Glient Short description of Stipulated
member of the firm who Percent Actual time of
work executed was prime on that time of completed completion
project completion

6)

7)

h
o
6
q-
l!o 8)

o
=
s
6.
e)
(E'
€
s
o

b
*
ao 10)

a$
o
3
o

I
a

IIo
so
12. Provide a brief resume'of key persons, specialists and individual consultants anticipated to
you for this proiect.
be fielded by

o;
Io a. Name &'Iitle a. Name & Title

.o=
s
; b. Proiect Assignment b. Project Assignment

a
€
s
g c. Name of the Firm with which associated c. Name of the Firm with which associated:
a,
o
aq
o

a
:
rn
d. Years of experience: d. Years of experience:
th
x
o
With this firm.......... With other Firms......... With this firm.......... With other the *rn
o Firms............... tt
a a
o
Degree(s) Near 2
e. Education: /Specialisation e. Education: Degree(s) Near /Specialisation
le
rri
I
f. Active Registration: Year first Registered /Discipline f. Active Registration: Year first Registered /Discipline rn
(t
;I
c
g. Other Experience and Qualifications relevant to the g. Other Experience and Qualification relevant to the a
proposed project : proposed project :

=A
C

F
I
?
d
 13. Use this space to provide any additional information or description of resources (including
any specialist
skills capability) to support your firms qualifications for the proposed project.
N
o

h
s
ei
'lr
6'
d

E
q
o5
s{
3
a.
I
aq
o
rn
o
S.
o
o

I
a

Ih
o
5
14 Please provide details of any quality assurance
certification that your company holds e.g. ISO 9O0O
or equivalent standard. please include a
o' photocopy of any relevant certificaie. lf no
I!
o accreditation is hef{, please attach an ouiline of
your Quality Assurlnce policy.
o
o
; 15 Please provide details of any euality Assurance
t certificatlon for which you have applied.
a
{ 16 A statement of the organisation,s turnover for the
Q
most recent full year of trading (or part year if full
3
year is not applicable) should be provided.
s
ao
fi
17 Details of in-country Registration of Foreign
ln H
6 Consultancy Firms operating/wishing to olerate p
o in the country. 1J
E I
d |n
18 Declaration. 6
e
o
a
Ail the forcgoing is a statement of facts. o
n
Signature: e
1
m
D
In
Name: n2ta
A)

;I
Title:
STAMP C
:o
o
6
=
r
>*t
e
1
C'
 3O.O HOW TO PRFQUALIFY
CoNTRACIOSS FOR iA PARTTCUIAR {
CONSTRUCTION WORK

30.I. INSTRUCTIOIIS TO COIIIRACTORS 30.2.3 The weighfing given lo fie

APPTYIIIG IOR PRTOUATITICATIOII evoluolion cdlerio

30.1.1 Generol 30.2.4 TI/ALUATION (RITTRIA

30.1.2 Submission of Applkofion for 30.2.4.1 'Score Morks' for finqnciol

ftequolificotion' (opobility

30.1.3 Prequolifkotion'Questionnqke' 30.2.4.2 'ftore mirks' for Technkql

, 30.1.4 'Evoluofion'of Applksfions for 0uolifimtions

Prequolificirtion - a preliminory note 30.2.4.3 'Score morks' for [xperience

30;2. IVALUAII0il Cnllmn rcR 30.2.5 0verqll Moximum posible Smre

PRIOUAIITICATIOII AIID
30.3.0 Speciol llolos
HOW IO IVAI,UATE
30.2.1 lhe faclors lo be evoluohd ore

! R",tnr'" ri" H Manuatfor Highway and.Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 30
i-$g
HOW TO PREQUALIFY COTVIRACIORS

3O.O HOW TO PREGIUATIFY CONTRACTORS FOR duly authorised to sign on behalf of the applicant.
sucrr
A PARTICUTAR CONSTRUCTION WORK be indicated by a written power_of_atto..r"y authorisation shall
the
applicarion. "."o.prnying
30.I INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRACTORS APPTYII{G
(f) At documents submitted in time by the appticants sha' be treated
confidential. as

TOR PREOUATITICATION
G) rne client will inform a, appricants of the result of their application.
crient reserv.es the right torreject of accept The
30.1.1 Generol any apprication and to annul
the prequarification.process and reject at
applications, without thereby
The client will receive applications for plequalification of eligible contractors incurring any riabiliry ro the affectea
applicants o. ro
for the construction of . . . . . . .. (title of contract). inform the applicants of the grounds for "r,y^ouiig"rion
G action of thectienr.
A description of the works and general information about the site are given
below:
30.1.3 Prequolificotion,Ouestionnoire,
(a) Tbe prequalification ,questionnaire,
contq.lns nine .forms.
described belout:
FORM IVUMBER TITXE
T.ETITR OF APPITCATION
(The client's co'cerned Manager to give here the necessary information).
II. GEIYERAL INFORMAIION

30.1.2 Subrnission of Applicction lor'Prequolificotion' III. FINANCIAL STAITMENT

(a) Application for 'p'equalification' has to be submitted before IV. WOru(ING E)(PERIENCE
... (date and time) ro .............. .... (name V. CURRENTLTIGAfiON, IFAAIY
and address of client). Documents which are received late will not be
considcred. vr. P[_A.NT & EQUTPMENT PROPOSED

(b) Applications sl.rall be sr.rbmitted in one original and three copies in sealed
VII. STAFFPROPOSED
envelopes. The envelopes shail be marked ,.Applicarion for VIII. SITE ORGANISAIION
Prequalification for Contract.............. ........ (number
and/or title of contract)".
D(. JOI{TVENTURIDAIA
(b) Aront venture must complete a full
(c) All information requested shall be provided in the English language. eiiah partner together utiti F'RM rx
and separate set of these forms for
Information in any other language shall be accompanied by its notarisecl venture successfully
loini u"nturn ioiii rr rh";oi.,,
qualifies, it will be required to submit with
translation in English in which case, for purposes of interpretation of the its Tender
a duly registered and legalised 'joint venture
information, the English translation shall govern. Failure to do so will the share_holding and pirticipaiion of each puitr",.r.
*" shall
agreement, which
' state
disqualily the prequalificarion-applicarion. .
(c) An independently qualified contractor, joint
(d) Answer must be given to all questions in the questionnaire. If necessary,
or venture, may, during the
actual tendering period srrengthen.
additional sheets may be attached. ^ii, ""p""ity'Uyt,,r,inr"qu".r,
incorporarion.with.anorher pr.q.,iufi.d firm
or'joint
(e) Each sheet shall be duly signed by the appricant or a person or persons new joint venture,, but such an irrangement """i"r" t form
will require
a
of ,f."
client prior to tender submission. "pf.o"rf
&-- Raina,s Fierd Manuar for Highway and Briage Engineers
fi *ut"" ,
--iw*w,tr
ffi ld Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
------@
Chapter - 30 HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACI.ORS

(d) Contractors who qualify as part of a Joint Venture will not be deemed to application shall be considered unsatisfactory and the applicant
not
be prequalified on their own account alone. eligible to bid until such discrepancies have been satisfactorily explained
(e) A Contractor may be prequalified either independently and/or in a Joint or resolved.
Venture, but the same contractor will not be allowed to submit bids both The client will not enter into any correspondence with the applicants
'in hts own rtght' and'as a Pa'rtner in tbeJol'nt Venture'. except to seek clarification when necessary.
(D If necessary, additional sheets may be added to the Forms. Each page of (d) The decision of the client to accept or reject any application for
each Forin should be clearly marked in is right top corner as follows: prequalification will be final. The client reserves the right to reject any
or
Form I page I, Form'I page 2, Form I p^ge 3, efrc.
all prequalification applications without assigning any reason,
whatsoever.
(g) Some.of the Forms will require attachments. Such attachments should be
clearly marked as follows: Attacbment I to Form I, Attacbment 2 to
Forrn I,...... etc.
(h) An applicant may enclose copies of any relevant brochures or project
sheets, or any additional information he considers to be relevant to his
application, but only as many pages of such documents should be
attached as are really'absolutely essential. Least number of pages wiII
be apprecia.ted-

30.t.4 'Ivoluofion'of Applkotions lor Prequolilicslion - 0 Feliminory note

(a) The Client will determine the eligibility of each applicant to participate in
the contracts to be undertaken.
(b) An a.pplicanr'sfinancial caFacit! will be judged on the basis of his net
worth. uorking capital and the ualue of tbe un|inlslted portions of
bis current contracts.
If an applicant feels that his financial capacity may be insufficient, he may
include with his application a letter of guarantee issued by a first-class
Bank to supplement his application.
The letter of guarantee should be addressed to the Client and should
guarantee that in case the contract will be awarded to the applicant, the
aoolicant uill be brouided with:
a reoolai.ng l:ine of credlt for an amount requ'tred to augment hls
financial resortrces to an exteflt of 6tleast tefl perceflt of tbe
estlrnated oalue of uork- Sucb reoolalng Ene of credtt sltould- be
m.aintal.ned until the lssue of tbe Certtficate of Substanttal
Coffipletlon
(c) In case discrepancies are found in the information submitted, the

ffi* Raina's Field Manua! for Highway and BrfdOe enOineers f, ] R"ir"'" ri"ld Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - gO
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

FORM-I : tITfiR OF APPLICAflON FORM-ft GEIIERAL II\IFORMATION

Regisiered Business Name Company Name:

Registered Business L. Head Office Address:

Telephone , Cable :

To: (Name of Executing Agency i.e. CLIENT)

Telex No.
Cable Address:
Telephone No.
t Reglonal Offfce Address (if any):
Sir,

1. Ve hereby apply to be qualified with the . (Name of Executing

Agency) as a bidder for ............. ...(proiect and contract).
) 'We Telex No.
authorise (Name of Executing Agency) or its Cable Address:
authorised representatives t'o conduct any investigations to veri$r the Telephone No. .-.-
statements, documents and inforrnation submitted by us and to clariSr the
3.
Facsimile: -
Local Office Address (if any):
financial and technical aspects of this application. For this purpose, we hereby
authorise (any public official, engineer, bank, depository,
manufacturer, distributot etc.) or any other person or firm to furnish pertinent
information deemed necessary and requested by .............
(Executing Agency) to verify statements and information provided in this Telex No.
Cable Address:
_ :

application or regarding our competence and standing.

Telephone No.
Facsimile:
3. The names and positions of the persons who may be contacted for further 4. Country and year in which incorporated
information, if required, are as follows:

4. Iffe declare that the statements made and the information provided in this duly 5. Maln Llnes of Business:
completed application are complete, true and correct in every detail.
Respectfully
(Authorised representative of applicant)

Date Place:

stamp/seal,
, : l;l Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineels arina," riu H Manual for Highway and
J Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 30 HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACTORS

6. Names and Addresses of Pdncipal Bankers: FORM-m : FINAI\CIAL STATEMENT

(To be given separately for each constituent ofJoint Venture in case of aJoint Venture)
Name of Applicant (in case of Joint Venture/Consortium, the name of the
constituent firm) ...........
2. Sunma.ry of assets and l;iabil,ities on the basis of the audited financial
7 Names and Addresses of pdnclpal sub-corrtractors proposed to be
statements of the last five financial years. (Attach copies of the audited
employed on the project. financial statements of the last five financial years).
Year Year Year Year Year

(a) Total assets

8. Attach an 'organisation chart' showlng the structure of the company, (b) Current assets
lncludlng names and posltlons of Directors and key personnel.
(c) Cash, temporary investments and
current receivables
(d) Total Liabilities
(e) Curent Liabilities
(D tlet worth (a)-(d)
(g) Vorking capital (b)-(e)
NOTE: Particulars should be furnlshed separately for qach partner of Joint (h) Authorised capital
Venture/Consortiun-
(D Capital issued and Paid-up

O Current ratio of Assets to

Liabilities (b)+(e)
(k) Acid Test ratio (c)-(e)
(D Ratio of Totai Liabiliry to Net
tXrorth:.(d)+(D

L Annual aalue' of constntc'tlon utorks. executed Ior each of ,be last ftae
financlal vears. and brrlected for the current lrear.
Year Cuffent One Ttvo Three Four Five
ffnancial yeaf yeafs yeafs yerrfs yeaf,s
Yeaf before lrefore before before trefore
At Home
Abroad

Raina's Fietd Manual fot Highway ana Bidge ensineers f I nainat rre ld Manuat lor Highway and Bridge Engineers
I Chapter - 30
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS
4. Credit facilities:
FORM-IV: WORI{ING H(PERTENCE
(a) Name and address of first class/Nationalised Bank providing credit line
(To be given separately for each constiruenr firm of

Joint Venture,/Consortium in case of Joint Venture)

Name o[ the firm:
(b) Total amount of credit line (Attach certificate from the Bank)
1. Total number of years of experiencern ciuil constructi.on utork;
2. Total number of years of experienc e ln speclallsed. constructlon work
5. Bonding Capacltyz (rndicate the works that are relevant to the works for which thls
'Value' of bonding facilities: prequaliftcation application is sought):
6. Approxlmate value of works in hand:
NATURE OF TTORK NUMBER OF YEARS OF EXI'EzuENCE
Value of anticipated orders for next financial year:
D
at Home
Abroad iD

iii)
NOTE: All items should be properly filled in. lVhere any particular item is not iv)
applicable, it should be clearly mentioned as'not applicablc'.
v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)
.1
x)

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers j

! n rrs r, H Manuat for Highway and kidge Engin ---.@
 HOW TO PREAUALIFY CONIRACTORS
Chapler - 30

FORM-W (Contd.)
FORM-IV (Contd.)
WORISNG HPERIENCE
WORKryG HGERIENCE
(To be given separately for each Partner of Joint Venture/Consortium)
(To be given sepafately for each Paftnef of Joint Venture/consoftium)

Name of the Firm!................. Name of the Firm:

3. IIST OF ALL CwIL ENGINEERING CONTRACTS EXECUTED DURING THE 4. LIST OF AIL MA]OR PROJECTS IN PROGRESS
IASTTEN YEARS. Give information about all projects in progress including those where the Company has
received a Letter of Intent but the contract has not yet been aw^rded formally/is about
Name of Client to be started
Name, location & natufe
of work Client
Name o (Consultind (Consulting) Engineer responsible for
Engineer responsible for supervlsion
supervision
Contract price Name, Location & description of the work
Percentage of particiPation
of company in project Perceritage participation of company in
the project
Contracted construction
period MO/YR- MO/YR
Value at contract
Contracted time for
completion (Months)
Yalue Completed & Certified
Actual date of completion
Actual construction time . P€rcentage of practical completion
(Months)
Remarks Date of cqfinnencement

,rVOTnt Scheduled date of completlon

1. This page is to be cerrified by a qualified and certified practicing Auditor
NOTE:
or Chartered Account, otherwise certificates from Clients may be attached.
) Use exlra pages as required.
i. This page is to be certified by a qualified and ce*ified pmctising Auditor
or a Chartered Accountant.
2. Use extra pages as required.

] nain"'s ried Manuat for.Highway and Btidge Engineers

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge ensineers ffi
Chapter - 30 HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

(.ilant) €} o 99d
IiS: ill
FORM - Yz INFORMATION REGARDING CURRENT LITIGATION F€I N
a
lrl
() gf;s
\<z s.9
!l E
E
q.)

a) Is the applicztrt ot any of the Joint SEI EE i.E

Venture constituent partners currently \.o 2 7l 90
4r !a.d(a
b
EE o
involved in any litigation relating to any SE # FI 3E
contract works.in any country?
\TSINO
TT 3 EI EI 9b 3
. tr 5 L'9
If yes, give details:
SF
gB trF 3i
PJ b
Pa
bt 9:H f
aoS
t{ux Ct4-
d.,u
b) Has the applicant or any of the Joint
Venture constituent partners been ^:o
< t'a
g*l
debared,/expelled by any Agency in
any country, during the last 5 years?,
l'ES/NO
itq s$
Hs 5El
Ef;H
Y:&
*!rtd
If yes, give details:
Hl cl F,I
e
p
!,1 0D !1
tdiJ
' (J
lr
cc EJE.
&
I
c) Has the applicant or any of he Joint
Venture constituent partners failed to flH$iE$ FI
)<
2
Hus
E.g

complete any contract in any country

during the last 5 years?
. If yes, give details:
YES/NO 3l ilit ril U
AI
h
IE
q9 Hb
H..qJ
r.c I
Qtr H
(!! (.)
ci
z s ui$
$Hs
FH$$F$ e&F
NOTE; tf any information in this Schedule is found to be incomect or I s hl\
: corlcealed, prequaliftcation application will be sunrrnarily reiected, 9v ts It
U
cd
(.)
E
d
C)
!fo
oE!i
and it can have future repercussions. IO U qJ
=d.:
ODE
() d ()
o d
=lg
o" 0)
E
lf o ile E
d o.
14Hd
$$3$$ El!
J4
I
F
C)
o. qo
o
ti c)

o.
-
t
On
oB
H*H

Hld 1o ! ()
0) q)

d OCJ H$E
02-
r0
(! ($ n
o
'56 rrlx ^ .v^ ts 'qtoE
$i$E$$ cd
k
a1 ? F-l
1l -c F c) cJ
,(, b0 .di a
q)
>, o.
(tu
60J
()-
!.1

i'^ o 9d d
tstr
{Ed
0'
-o qt o. E >': otr I(! -:
i$t ; F3 0Jl
le oi
d
l!
U
o Uo d>
(/)c Fltr F 04 {Jl
I

Raina's Field Manua! for Highway and Eridge Engineers f t

^o,o -
f Bto Manuat rcr ngnway and Endge En4neers
h

o
>
o
DESCRTPTION
YEAR OF
OVNED or CAPACITY/ o
NO: OFEACH
(TYPE, MODEL, CAPACITY) MANTTACfiJRE
LEASED or TO BE PERFORMANCE/
'Water
srin
tankers
Carpenter shop equipment
\Drater Pump

Motor graders
Vibratory rollers
Smooth wheeled roliers
Sheepsfoot rollers
h
0
o
q'
Buildozers
'Water
{! tanker,/sprinkiers
-
o
Excavators
s=
o toader shovels
6' Crushing/Screening
I
G' L,ime/Cement stabilizer
E
Tandem roller
g
a. Pneumatic-tyred roller
*
aa Hot Mix Plant
o
rn
I
:.
Mixing/spreading plant for wet-mix
a
sL S. macadam
o
o

t
a Paver-finisher witVwithout
*I
* electronic sensor device
l: Chip-spreader
t
I
{
f
m
tr
{i

I
ffi
#
DESCRIPTION OWNED or CAPACITY,/
$ NO: OF EACII YEAR OF
(TYPE, MODEI, MAKE, CAPACTTT) LEASED or TO BE PERFORMANCE/
MANUFACTURE
*n o
PURCHASED srzn
# o Binrmen-distributor
f!
o Mechanical Sweeper e
a
$ R
o
Birumen boiler & sprayer
i Equipnient for cutting and bending
E
o- of reinforcement
(d' $felding equipment
E
Prestressing equipment
3 Pile-driving equipment
a.

{
ao
lfell-sinking equipment
m Gantry crane
a-'
o
Launching truss (Girder)
o
a False work System & Qny
I
I
Steel-foimwork for foundations and
i
I
substructure, including sheet
o
{
i
!
Steel-formwork for superstructure {1
l works o
i

I
Truck mounted Mobile Cranes *F
I
I Crawler-Cranes
rS
I
i Concrete mixers
I i
I Concrete vibrators o
o
I

I
. Internal a
!

Jr o Exernal !
c)
!
H (t
 DESCRIPTION OWNED or CAPACITY/ o
NO: OF EACH YEAR OF o
(TYPE, MODEL, MAKE, CAPACITY) MAIII,JTACTI,JRX
LEASED orTO BE FERFORMANCE/ o
PTTRCIIASED srTF
Concrete Transport/dumpers
o
o
Mobile concrete pumps
Thermoplastic road marking boiler
& machine
Self propelled asphalt- joint cutter

for Cement-Concrete Paoernent Constrltction

D
-'
a
Placer-spreader
o;
I! Four track slip-form incorporating
o
secondary spreading auger, Surface
Tamper, fu]I width internai Vibrarot
E mould with stainless steei
o end-finisher
a' Automatic tie-bar- inserter (TBI)
{6
Autornatic dowel-bar-insertor into
3
a. tuIl depth slab (DBI)
Reciprocating,/vibrating screed
aQ
o
rn Rear auto-float- finisher
5
a
S. Texture and curing equipment
o
o
Concrete Batching and mixing plant
(, Concrete Kerb machine
ffi

I o
-'
FORM.VI : Pb.NT AND EQIIIPMENT
(B) Appticable to BRIDia project onlJ

s
'n For the items of plant listed below, supply the required details for oNLy THosE ITEMS oF pt {.NT
6' TIAT yOU
WOULD MAKE AUAIIABLE FOR TIIE PROJECT and add any additional plant and equipmenr you would
o provide for a iob of rhis size and scope.

;
6+ (Note: The listed items of plant pnd equipment ere tliose needed.
E
o concrete brtdge on,caissonfoundatiotts, as an exampl.e)
for a 2-Iane'd S-span prestressed
g
a.
(b

aoa DESCRIPTION OWNED or CAPACITY/

NO: OF EACI{ YEAR OF
(TYTE, MODEI" MAITE, CAPACITY) LEASED orTO
PERFORMANCE/
as MANUFACTI,JRE BE PT.'RCIIASED
o sr7.E
o Power
a grab O 3 sets 5 tonne
Steel frame derick (-) 4 sets
cfane e) i 10t min. \o
1cu.M €
Tipper !
.D
with crane
fn
4-\7D vehicles o
!
Concrete mixers. .. (-) r
3 14/10 i
(-) 7 each Varibus size o
o
o Inttsrnal a
needles n
''. External
!
o
o
)
o
 -''l

bo

OWI\ED or
I
DESCRIPIION NO: OF YEAR OF CAPACITY/
LEASED orTO
(TYPE". MODEI" MAKE, CAPACITY) EACH PERFORMANCE,/ SITE
MANTJFACTTJRE BE PIJRCIIASED

Compressors c) 1 250 cfm

\ffater pumps O 5 3x5HP+2x10HP

Bar benders
Bar croppers (-)
Falsework system & Qfty. (.)
Shuaering system & QnV. (.)
b Prestressing equipment (-) 3 sets
0
S.
o Grout pump (.)
ai
l!o Generator (-) 1 11 KVA
d
R Pile-driving equipmdnt
3
o Hydrauiic iacks
J Chain blocks/Pull-I.ifts,/et9
G Launching Girder
a
s
:o.
o

b
aa
o

a$
o
o

I
a

I
b
:o
lz
lo
lFl
Iln

*
?"o
$d
oa oc5
oo oo
A6g
QCF
r =P
no
6o
i!o
0a il
a
o
6
o
F

P-

q-
o
o
5.i
oi' o
:!po
'lOO f;
6rl o
,.>
YA
G
f!
o s ho 6' t! \t
a o -> o
R
o
s 3
9u h
E s ts
F
d .o
o irn
t s
G. ts l?)
E €?, 0a FJ Itr
o
o t*
g o Itlr hi
4,.
b \ x -o o lF lx
aa o
o
an
$
G
ga
a s oui ts tE
s'
o
o FIB
d
S
pryF
G 6_E B. l! la
l{ =o
g

IE IF
I [e €
a
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lb ls t4
59. lki rn
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lo' r'h
l'i
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<nx
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o
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(/)
Chapter - 30 HOW TO PREQIJALIFY CONIRACTORS

B. at SITE FORM-VtrI: PROPOSED SITE ORGANIZATION

Attacb tbefollouing. giaing clea.r and precise details:
Total Years Academic &
Sector Name Age
of
Designation/ Experience A. PREIIMINARY SITE ORGANIZATION CIIART
Professional function Relevant to
Experience Qualifications the Project B. NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SITE ORGANIZATION CHART

Project
C. DESCRIPTION OF COMittl.ND €r CONTROI BETMEN HEAD OFFICE
AND SITE MANAGEMENT
Manager
Construction
D. OATLINE DESCRIPTION OF QUALITY.ASSURANCE AND CONTROI
Manager
PROCEDARES THATWOULD BE PW IN PLACE AND IMPLEMENTED

Senior E. OWLINE DESCRIPTION OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING

Engineer(s) SYSTEMS THAT WOATD BE ADOPTED TOGETITER WITIT
EXPLANATION OF IIOW TITESE ARE ADAPTED TO MONITOR
Section PHYSICAL AND FINENCIAL PROGRESS OF TITE WORKS
Engineers
F. EXAMPLES OF METIIOD-STATEMENTS FROM TIVO PREVIOUS
Quantity CONTRACTS FOR WORK OF A SIMIILIR NATURE.
Surveyor
Plant
Manager
Administration 1

Manager 1,

NOTE: i
.!
a Tl e bto-data of each key staff to be attached. i
i
a An'applicant' should attach slrnilar details for any other key staff
he proposes to employ shown on his Site Organisation Chart
provided under Form-VIII
a Wlttlst it is understandable that some of the above named
Itersorurel may ultlmately not be avallable for thls proiect due to
changes in thetr business of lrersonal circumstances, should any
changes to the contfactor's site ofganisation be required, then the
alternative persorurel provided must have sfunilaf, experience to
those listed above.

Raina's Fietd Manual fot Highway ana eriage engineers

fi f Rairat rre H Manual for Highway anrl Bridge Engrneers -----"*- -.- --"-ffi
Chapter - 30 HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

30.2. EVAIUATION CRITTRIA FOR PREOUATIFICATIOI{ AND 30.2.4 TVATUATIOHCRITERIA

HOW TO IVAI.UATT
30.2.4.1'Score Mcrks' for Finonciol (opobility:
30.2.t Ihe Fodors to be evoluuled ore: ....... maximum 30 oe:ints
o'Fina.ncial Ca.pability' (a) Definitions
o'TecbnicalQual:ifica.tion', and (i) "ftna.nciat statements" consist of 'profit-andJoss' statements,
detailed and consolidated 'balance sheets', etc;
tr 'Experience'
of tlte appllca.nt comparty (ii) "net utortb" is the difference between 'total assets' and 'totai
liabilities'. including shareholders equity of corporations, as shown
30.2.2 Based upon a predetermined basis assessment, points utill be
lfor in the balance sheet.
auard.ed. Jor eacb of the tbree jfactors, and it ls necessary for a.n
aPPlicant to score a, minlmum of 6O% oueraV in summa.tion uti.tlt a (iii) "working capital" is the difference between 'current assets' and
minimum score ojf 5O% Jfor each of tbe three factors lndialdualbt.
'current liabilities', including shareholders equity ol corporations, as
(Please shown in the balance sheet.
see footnote*)
(iv) "bid. capacttjt" is computed on the basis of either 'net worth' or
30.2.3 The weighting given to the evoluofion crilerio ossumes: 'working capital' compared to the contractor's 'outstanding value of
(i) intendecl increasing use of plant and equipment in the execr-rtion of work'. Casb credlt ,/ otterdra.filfaciltty is also taken into account
pro.jects in order to ensure that the specified standards are met, in this calculation in order to balance the flrnding evaluation of a
contractor who has sufficient internal resources.
(ii) that the work will be completed within the required programme period,
and (b) Factors
(iii) one of the elements assessed for the technical factor is the applicant's (i) Income from contracting,
plant and equipment resource. (ii) Bid capacity, and
'WEIGHTING' of points (iii) Funding capacity.
(O Incomelrom contractlng (6 points /30)
Financlal capability fO points
Income (sometimes designated as "turnover", "sales" or "revenue")
Technical Qualification 40 points may be derived from contract works undertaken or from other
Experience 3O points .. sources such as investments and other lines of business.
For scoring points on this item, ozly income from contract works is
Total 100 points
used. It is therefore necessary that the Applicant provides income
data in a form that permits the separation of "contractlng income'
from "incomefrom otber sources".
However, the figure of 60% may vary, depending on the Project and it should be decided by
concerned Directorate * Project to Project.

Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and Endge Engineers

ffi ffi nainat Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 30
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

(i.it) Funding CapacitJ,t (9 points ,/30)

Income from Contracting', expressed as a percentage
To successfully execute a project, a contractof must have sufllcient
of tlre estimated contract value of proposed proiect Points funding capacity to augment his internal resources which have been
- up to 10% 0 assessed by 'net utortb' and,a.aallable credit,.

- more than l0o/o to 3Oo/o 1 For this purpose it is appropriate to use rhe conrractor's bOAdiug;
calracitt' (FORM-n, item 5) which reflecrs the weight of his
- more than 3Oo/o to BOo/o 2
standing with the Financial Organisations.
- more than B0o/o to 1,50o/o 4
Bid Cabacitrt being: Points
- ovef |50o/o 6
250/o of dverage annual Turnover from contracting
over the previous 5 years o

(ii) Bid. Capacitt (15 points /30) 15o/o of Average annual Turnover from contracting
over the previous 5 years 6
...... see FORM-III
700/o of 'Average annual Turnover fi.om contracting
An applicant's bid capacity is calculated asifollows: over the previous 5 years 3
1. Multiply net utortb' by 5, 5o/oof'Average annual Turnover from contracting
2. Muhiply'workitry-espfuaf_by 1O, ovel the previous 5 years 7

3. Dstsrmino louor of tho itomc I and 3, Ilc'cc, Maxft'um posstble score for .$inancial Capability' is
4. Add aa.lue of auailable casb credit/otserdrafi facilitJrt to (6+15+9;....= 3a
item J, Acceptable mi{rimum score (5oolo) ... = lj
5, Determine aalue oI remainlng uork under 'current
contracts', 30.2.4.2 'Score mcrks' for lerhnicol Ouolilkotion
6. nid capacitJt = (ttern 4 mlnus item 5). ' Maximum 4o points

The number of score points is allocated as follows: (a) Factors

Technical qualifications include all factors determining an applicant,s
Btd Capacity expressed as o/o of ECV+ Points
capabiliry orher rhan the applicant's overall experience - high
less than 10%
lecfnica]
0 t-echnical qualifications can not offset actual practical experience.
more than L}o/o to 3oo/o 4
The latter, because of its critical impoftance, is considered as a separate
mofe than 30o/o to 50o/o ,
6 group of prequalification factors (see ahead). This arrangetnent
more than 50 o/o to BOo/o B ellminates any attempt at ofJsetting tack of experience by ,htgtt'
more than B0% to 100% 10 te c b nlc al qu altfilc ation s :
Over 100%o 75
(b) Slte Management (16 poinrs /40)
*ECV= Estimated Contracr Value of the work for which 'Site management,, as an evaluation factor, is important for the
Prequalification is being sought. contracror's satisfactory performance. \Thilst the quality of ltead office
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eridge engineers
ffi f n rus rre H Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 30
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

mflnagement may affect contract performance, it is less important than

'site ma.na.getnent' ofice the contractor has mobilized. Points
Therefore, the tink between 'head office' and'site' managements together
with the 'delegation of autbority to tbe project manager' is included (r) Organiza.tlonal Stntcture /Number of Staff:
as a criterion for judging the adequacy of arrangements for the - Unsatisfactory
management of the work. 0
- satisfactory
3
For projects of contract value less than US $5 million it is considered
appropriate only to rate the number of key site personnel and their 6
experience. (ii) Ex?erience ojf site staff:
Tlae tbree as0ects of si.te mana.gement ard rated separately as - Unsatisfactory
follows: 0

(i) 'Organiza.tional structure' is - satisfactory 4

satisfactory if
responsibilities for
construction, logistics and contract-administration are identified in the satisfactory 8
organisation-chart as separate areas, and the relationship between (iiD Delegations of Autborlty
managers is clearly defined and arranged in a logical pattern, and, an
adequate number of supporting key staff are provicled. - Unsatisfactory 0
The recommended staffing level for'3 sampie contracts are examplified in - satisfactory with some modifications 1
Tabl.e-A ahead. - satisfactory 2
(ii) Experience of site stajff is assessed on the basis of the individuals, 'Maximum Possible' Composite Score (i + ii + iii)
15
education and experience as presented in the curricula vitae submitted by
the applicant.
(iii)'Delegation ojAutboriU' to be given by the contractor's head office to (c) Subcontractlng (4 points /40)
the site management musr be sufficiently broad to permit the site
management to operate expeditiously and effectively in matters relate<l to Generalllt, tbelfewer the subcontrac-tors inaolaed in a construction
constRrction, personnel administration, pfocurement, and Contract- progratnntq the easi.er tbe programme ls to ,nanage. In many
administration (such as purchasing local supplies, acceptance of change construction projects, however, the primary contfactor may not have
the
orders, billings, assignment of staff, etc). experience, personnel and/or equipment to adequateiy handle all
elements of the work.
Tbe aboae tbree aspects are rated separatelj,t, and. tbe scored.
points addedfor a composite score as sltoun a.head; Subcontracting of specialized work is, therefore, normally permitted
in
large construction projects, and often is desirable.
on the other hand, the primary contractor is expected to calrry out the
principal construction tasks himself; this is the basic assumption
in the
prequalification process.
btb tlte mtnberof subcontfac-ts enaisionedblt the apptic,nt andtbe
pfr)posed dttstston oif utork are, tberelfore, conslderatlons
tbat are
rated separate$4 u)itr, the scores added to create a. composite
scote.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f f aaina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 L HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACTORS
chapter-3o l.;.. '

Foresti,nated'contfactuahles(ECVs)ofUS$5millionan'd'betano. A portion of the owned equipment (including equipment under

it is ,rot ad.missible lfor 4 corttractor to subcontract a signfficantt long-term lease) is usually comrnitted to ,work in progress under
el.ement of tbe utork
other contracts'.

and if tbe applicarrt proposes to employ nt'ore tbant one Any equipment ulticb uill still be in use elsewbere clurtng the
subcontractor ancl sttbcontract tnore tbant' 20% of tlte coiltract period of constructiott enoisaged for tbe present corrtract n ust.
uahte of sttcb small utorks be stioukl not be prequa'Wecl therefore, be declucted from the quanti.ties reportecl b! tbe
applicartt as owrted or utrder lottg-tenn lea.se.

Sub contr acting Patter rt Polrtts Pieces of major equipment reqr-rired for the present contract, but not
shown as owned or under long-term lease and available for the contract,
(i) Number of subcontracts: mLlst be leased specifically for the contract.
- more than 4 0
- 0ro4 1 Tbe 'qttalffication questionnaire' bas been rlesigned sucb that the
sortrce, tbe aaaiktbility and tbe age can be determined on the basis
(ri) Diaisiort of worh:
of tbe ansuers giuen.
- major work elements to be
subcontractecl 0 Sou.rce antl age are rated separately and the points given must be
- no sttbcontracts ()r only cornbined f<rr a cornposite score.
sPecializecl work to be
subcontracted 3
Tbe scoring acbieoecl by ant applicflrtt is cleriucd ifrom tbe
assessor's couceiued'list of plant'required to conrplete the present
Maximum Possilrle Composite "c<x'e (i +ii) 4
p roj e c t ut or k s atl sfact otib,t.

Thc plant-f1eet c,nsicierecl satisfactory fi>r' the illr.rstrated ECV examples

(cl) Pkmt and Equi'Pment (20 pc:inrs /40) are givcn in Table-B aheacl and it is against such type of inventory that
thc applicant is marked:
Acontrzlctormay.<lwnequiprnent.''leaseequipmentforextended
,lease equipment f<;r the cluration of the contract" or 'in tlrq
periocls,, or
Plant ailrl EqiliPrnent other tban those .tJsea fbr
I^" of ,rr".iolir.d "0,.,i0,',.,",'rt. 1""r" it f.r. Oo.ti..rlo. Ohnt.t of th" *utL' Cume nt Contracts', Poir.ts
(i) Auailabikty of Major ltems olf Plant and Equilttttcntfor
If la ng-term leases couer tbe 'entire period of tbe proposed tbe Cortract:
iontract', then tlce 'leased equi'pment is, for eaalucttioti purposes'
,
e quio to' oru n e d e quipment' an d s b ott lcl b e rate d ac cord ingljt !
alent'
not adequate 0
aclequate with some rnodiflcations 3
Equipment to be leased for the proiect is rated lower than 'owned aclequate 6
,equipment r-rnder long-ierm lease because in the former
equipmenf or (ii) Source of Major ltents ("otaned" inchtcles
case the equipment has not been under the control of the contractor and
"long-ternt leased ones ")
its age and condition are possibly unknown'
- none owned 0
Moreover, the contractor may find it difficult to lease equipment of the - 50 per cent owned I
type and quality tl.rat is needed at just the time it is required' - 51 to 75 per cent owned )
Tuo r"lspects, therefore, must be considered: source and age of - over 75 per cent owned 3
equipment.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers i:','''':;:'1: \:.: Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
F{iil t'!o-t3
Chapter - 30
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

(iii) Aaerage Age of Major items of Pklnt and If work has been carried out as a partner in a joint venture, the contract
E quip?nent (e x cludlng
amount is multiplied by the respective percentage of participation in the joinr
ueb tcle s ) venture and the result is the basis of the rating.
- older than 10 years 0
5 to 10 years old 1 To establish the "simila.rity" of his preuious and/or his current work to the
- 2 to 5 years old 3 present contract, the questionnaire should require the applicant to list all his
Less than 2 years old 6 contracts during the specified period and to indicate their particulars with
(iv)Aoerage Age of majorte (7O% or more) qf Vebtcles respect b 'type of construction' and 'site conditions' because these are
- Older than 5 iears needed for the evaluation.
0
- 2-5 years 2 Tbe eoaluaton not tbe applicant, decides utbetber a ghten contract
- Less than 2 years 5 is/uas "similnr" or not.
'Maximum Possible' composite score (i + ii + iii + iv) 20
For the purpose of this evaluation, previous contracts of greater (and
somewhat similar) scope and scale are deemed similar.
The maximum scores allocated to experience uith ,,simllar-in-nature
Tot aI Jfor Te c b ni c a I Qu altfi c at lo tt - contracts" and. in "simikr site conditions ,,, respectioely,
relflect tbe
Maximum Score possible (76+4+20=) 40
relatiue importance of the hlofactors.
Acceptable Minimum Score (50%) 20 Thuq if tlre site conditions are particularty difficut but tJ,pe of
construction is not, a sufftcient number of potnts sltould be allocated
30.2.4.3'Score morks' for [xperience to experience in sinilar site conditions so as to reflect tbe importance
......... maximum 30 points of tbat facton
Two factors are used to evaluate experience:
Distributing Points eaenly betueen experlenee i.n'si.mllar contracts"
o Flrst is experience in the construction of works 'simllar in nature to and in "simila.r slte conditions" might Drcelucle cantractors jfrom being
that ln the lrresent contract'. (24 poins /30) quaffied eaen thougb tbey may ba.ue substantial expederrce,
o second is experience in construction io 'similar slte' condttlons'. because it ls generally more difjlcult lfor a contractor to document a.
(6 points /30) large oolume of contracts car-ri.ed out in ,similar conditions' tban
contracts that are of a 'similar kind',
This second factor is sometimes - though incorrectly - defined as experience
"wiilt sltnllar pro|ects in slmilat clima.tlc conditlons". Great care is tberefore needed in distingulsbing behoeen tbe tuto!!
This definition of the second factor has not been used for the purposes of the
present guide because climatic conditions are only one of a numblr of factors
that are relevanr to the location and site conditions of the project.
several other relevant factors, for example, are the remoteness of the site from
population centres or the difficulties of the terrain where the works have to
be constructed, etc.
Crttedafor 'neasuring expet'letrce' are established in terms of the experience
with all the past and the culrent contracts (including contracts awarded but not
yet completed), during a specified number of years, usual$t tenyears.
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f ffi Ralna's F/bld Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 30
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS

Experlence detalls Pot tts 2' In some cases, applicants submit information concerning tl"reir. financial
Experience with'Sfunilar Wol k s' condition or experie^nce that relates, in part or in entirety, to
a parent
- none shown company or to an affiliate r.ather than to the applicant.
0
- 1 previous contract 3
In such cases, an applicant can be conditionallJt prequaWed
- 2 previous contracts
- 3 previous contracis
7 - for example. on tbe condi,on tbat the parent company (or affiriate)
72 submits, prior to bidding, an unconditional guarantee with
- 4 previous contracts 1B respect
- 5 or more previous contracts to all the applicant,s obligations under an eventual contract; or
24
Experience with'Stmtlar Stte Condtt ions' - on condition tbat the parent company (or affiliate) acts as
- none shown contractoE either by itself or as the read partnef in a joint
0 venture
- 1 previous contract with the applicant.
7
- 2 previous contracls 2 3 Arr applicant can also be prequalifi ed subject to certa.rn otrter
- 3 previous contracts 3 conditions,
- 4 previous contracts 4
- 5 or more previous contracts for example:
6
- if the applicant is given a minimum or a higher score but the
Ma.xlmum possible Score (i) + (ii) 30 information submitted showed weaknesses in certain ar.eas, such
as
Acceptablc Minimum Score (5O/") staffins:
15
In such cases, rhe applicant can be invited to submit additional
documentation showing that the deficiencies have been
or will be
30.2.5 0verall lllaxinum psslble Score corrected; such documentation wor,rld have to be submitted
before
he is given the bid documenrs.
(Financial capabiliry + Technical
eualificarion + Experience) = (30 + 40 + 3g1
i.e. 100 points Until receipt of the .equired documentation, the applicant would
be
conditionally prequalified, and he l.ras to meet rhe deadline:
. NOTE: .OVERALL MINIMUM SCORE NECESSAITY FoR
PREeUALIFICATION' is 60 points in summarion (see item 4. Ilence, achleulng a score at least equal to tbe specified minhnum
30.2.2
earlier). score, on lts own is not ahlays suifficientfo, g"ttioi prquattfted.
...... but not tbe specified minimum score, hotoeuer,
30.3.0 Speriol l{otes: "eachlng
sltould resuh ln disquabflcatlon
Determlna.tlon o1f prequall.fie d App ticants
1. In most cases, scores are the basis for determining whether or not
an
applicant should be prequalified. It is possibre, howe,rer, that information
not rated but reievant to the qualifications of an applicant shourd
be
considered.
For example, if the year-to-year changes in the financial statements
raise
serious questions as to the financial condirion of an applicant,
such a
matter should be analyzed in detail before he is prequalified.

Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana Bidge Engineers

ffi I R"in"'" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers

..,.. :rr,.:1rrr...
Chapter - 30
HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACTORS

Table-A * Combined positions

Typi.cal LIST OF 'KEY STAFF' REQUIRED TO SATISFACTORILY COMaLETE TrIE r*
rrrGHlrAY woRr<s (Tbis ltst sltould. be used to assess tbe contractor's For works with ECVs below US $15 miliion involving quarry operations, the
organisation cbart gluen by htm in Fonn-VIII) quarry/asphalt plant Manager n'"y be replaced by akining'engineer and a
qualified shot-firer.
ECV Estimated Contract Value *"' A plant fitter also vrill be required on site but is not considered key staff under
prequalification criteria.
Mlnfunum Ye&rs of Experience ***' For ECVs below
re qulred for tbree sarnple contracts us $5 million, this position would be filled by a timekeeper-
rypical'key staff requlred clerk who is not considered key staff under prequalification criteria.
US$9n US$Im
ECV E(v ECV
Project Manager 1.5 10 10
Senior Englneer (Deputlt Project Managet) 10 10 n/a
Planning Engineer
Materials Engineer
Section Engineer - Earthworks
5
5 lt n/a
n/a

- Pavement
- Structures
5
5 lt n/a
n/a
n/a
Drainage Engineer
Precast Yard Engineer
5
5
5
lt
n/a
rt/a
n/a
Engineer/Quantity Surveyor n/a n/a 5
Land Surweyor 10 10 rda
Constructlon Ma.nager 1.5 10 10
Production Supervisor/Foreman:
Earthworks t< n/a
Pavement
Drainage
1.5 lrt n/a
15 10 n/a
Maior Structures (multi-span bridges) 1.5 n/a .15
Sffuctures (general) 10 15 n/a
Precast Yard 10 n/a n/a
Quarry/Asphalt Plant 10 10* n/a
Qaanttty Surueyor 10 10 n/a
Assistant Quantity Surveyors (x 2 No.) 5 n/a n/a
Assistant Quantity Surveyor (x 1 No.) n/a 5 n/a
Stores Controller 10 10
Pla.nt Ma.nager 1.5 10 .:.
Plant Supervisor 10 10 n/a
Transport Supervisor 10 10 n/a
Auto/Power (Mains) Electrical Supervisor 10 tt/a n/a
Ad.mlnl tratlon M anager/C blef Accountant
s 10 10
Accountant -19.
5 5
Personnel Manager 1.5 n/a t/a

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge tngineers a"rr'"

Q f, Field Manuat for Highway and Bldge Engineers
 HOW TO PREQUALIFY CONIRACIORS
Chapter - 30

Table-B for samplc-Contract ECVS of

AS PIIAIT EQaI PM ENT (cont'd. )
US $20rn US $9t. US.$Im
TYPICALINVENToRYoFPLANTREQIIIREDTosAfisFAcToRILYCoMPI.E'TE
the following sample HIGINVAY WORKS Asphalt paver SP - at least 100 t/hour for
3.75m laying width 1 No. 1 No. n/a
lfor samPtc-Contract ECVs oJ Asphalt ioint cutter, self propelled 1 No. 1 No. n/a
Typical'keY staff required AS $20rn aS $grn US $lm Birumen distributor - 1000 gal I No. 1 No. n/a
Box spreader/second paver for lane width 3.75m 1 No. 1 No. t/a
o EARTITWORKS EQUI PM ENT: Vibrating roller - Bomag 212D or similar
n/a 4 No. 2 No. n/a
6 No. 3 No.
Hvdraulic Excavators - 0'75 to I 25 rnl bucket double-drum vibratory
63 No. 29 No. n/a
Tipper lorries - 5mr (for earthworks & aggregate) Pneumatic fyred roller - 20 - 24t
(act.ral nt,mber depenclent upon haul distance) 1 No. 1 No. n/a
3 No. 2 No. n/a
\X/ater bowserwith spray bar - 6000 gal
n/a
. PI}INT FOR SIRUCTURES
3 No. 2 No.
Grader - C^t. 12 G or similar.
Vheeled backhoe/loader -JCB 3C or
(2 No. fixed with scarifiers)
similar 2 No. 1 No. n/a
1 No. 1 No. n/a
Bulldozer with ripper - at least Cat' D8 or similar n/a Vell-sinking equipment consisting of steel framed
1 No. 1 No.
Btrlldozer - Cat. D7 or similar
\Wheeled loader - Cat. 950 B FEL or similar 4 No. 3 No. n/a derrick V5t power winch and 0.75n3 grab (or 3 Sets 3 Sets 2 Sets
1 No. 1 No. n/a pile-driving equipment in case of piles)
Drag line - 22 RII or similar
Concrete mixer - pan type - 2m3,/mix
o QUARKY BOUIPMENT: (60 - 8ot/hD
2 No. 1 No. n/a 1 No. n/a n/a
100 t/hour
Quarry'Crushing Plant' - at least n/a Concrete mixer -
Veighbridge - 50 t I No. 1 No. 1.4/1.0 size 3 No. 3 No. 3 No.
4 No. 3 No. n/a
ourip tru&s (off-highway) - 30t payload Vibrators - prime mover with 2 x 50mm
1 No. L No. n/a pockers, etc. 8 No. 7 No. 7No
Face Shovel - Cat. 245 or similar
2 No. 1 No. n/a
Track drills Generator for concrete batching plant 1 No. n/^ rt/a
Compressors to suit track drills above 2 No. I No. n/a
2 No. 2 No. n/a Mobile concrete pump - 60/hour n/z
Gene.ators - size<l to suit quarry and asphalt plant 1 No. tda
Truck mounted mobile crane - 30 t 1 No. n/a
. ASEEALTEWIEMENI; n/a
1No 1 No* n/a Mobile crane - eg 10t Iron Fairy or similar n/a
Asphalt mixing plant - at least 100 t/hour 1 No. 1 No.
iniluding binrmen storag€ tanks Dumper, lm3 min. capacity 4No 2 No. 2 No.
1 No. 1 No* n/a
Pug mill at least 100rnl/hour
8 No. 6 tlo- n/a
Tipper trucks for asPhalt transPort - 12t
(*) Required if asphalt not supplied by others. Cont'd,
Cont'd

Raina's Field Manua! for Highway and ariaTe engineers ff Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
---M
Chapter - 30

In addition to the abense pta nt Jteet. tlre contffuctor utould be expected to

lndicate on FORIII-VI tbe other items of equi.pryent that he pfotposes to make
aoailablefor ilre Corttract Works
For cottract aalues of US $5 milll.on and aboue, inaolalng botb road and' brtdge
utorks, tbe numbers of ltems callcd up are onllt tndlcatiae.
For contract aalues bektut US $5tt as ln tlce case of a stmple bridge co,,lract'
tbe nutnbers tndtcated are cornpulsory:
NOTE: samplc-Conftact ECVs of
Gil-s of small plarit and tools to be available from
US $2Om US'$9m US $Im
'plant-store', lncladlng:
3 No. L No. 1 No.
150 - 250 cfm mobile comPressor
350 - 400A mobile welding generator sets 3 No. 1 No. n/a
3" - 6" dia. Velovac purnps 3 No. 2 No. 2 No.
2" - 4" dia diaphragm pumps 2 No. 3 No. 3 No.
Generators - 30 I(VA for general site use 5 No. 2 No. 1 No.

Reinforcement bar cutters 2 No. 1 No. 1 No.

Reinforcement bar benclers 2 No. 1 No. t No. 3t.o coNsTRuciloN MANAGEMENT

Articulated plant transporter & tractor unit
Cargolflatbed truck dhydraulic crane
1 No,
2 No.
1 No.
1 No.
n/a
1 No.
F oNs & BI
Light Transpon (cars, ieeps, 4wD, etc) 15 No 10 No. 4 No.
Pneumatic tools including jack lrammer,
3t.t. ll{TR0Ducltolt 31.2.r0 ${Gtr{rrR[{g

Rock drill & accessories, etc 1 Set 1 set 1 Set 3t.2. coilsTRucTtolt mAilAo$1ff{T t1.3. SlDDltlG: (01{$D[RATP]|S & STRATTGY
ruilCIt0lts
Prestressing equipment - strancl jacks as needed 31.3.4 SiRAIIGYffBtDDtlt0
with hydraulic pump and grout pump 3 Sets 2 sets 3 Sets 3t.2.1,trAt{AGMtilTruilfiloilS
''
'll'
t :, 3r.3.5 (01{slDflAn0ffilt{(osilNcABtD
25t and 50t hydraulic iacks 6No 4 No. 5 No. 3t.2.2 G,jilo roR A[0 GnTillc woRl(
3I.3.6 COST RT(ORDs DATA BANI(
Chain lllocks and Putlifts 4 No. 3 No. 4 No. 31,2,3 C0I{TRA0t{IG0TtATt0lt
3r.3.7 ADDIT!0i{ArC0t{St0[MTt0ilSroR
Oxylpropane cutting gear 4 Sets 2 sets 1 Set 3t.2.{ UfrSOrWrn CUmn ,L!,.'
, SlDDlliG llt't0*6il cout{TRtrs
;,..
Falsework system (per bridge) 31.2.5 HilAl{Ctl{G Ttlt WoRt( 3t.4. APPRoPR|ATT rrQt[Ql9. pr
Faisework system (culverts) 3t.2.6 A(€()UilTt}{G 3t.4.1 .v.rlls.llg.goDroRG00srrfAy
Shuttering system (per bridge) 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 31.2.7 W()MSUPtRVtStol{ IIOT 8T GOOD Fl}R GAI{DER:
; !'111,11'.'.;',L
Field laboratory equipment 1 Set 1 set 1 set 3r.2.8 ilpilrrullilGREC0RDS 31.4.2 (qil$U(tl0l,l$ilP'
2 sets 1 set (0ltStDtRATl0lt5:
Survey equipment 3 Sets 3r.2.9 . LAB0URRH.AII0I{S
as required by metlood qf cotrctractloq slte candltlorts 6tttd tlme allouted

Raina's Field Manualfor Highway and Briaae Engineers J a"ir"'s.riaa Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineerc
E--- I
Chapter-31 ;...'..
3I.O CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS & BID.STRATEGY
3l.t tNTRoDU0rol{
3l.l.l Modern day construction managernent has come a long way from the times
when contracting used to be run mor-e like a family business, merely
. clepending on some initial capital ancl aggressiveness of character but
generally insufficient experience, employing backyard managerial methods.
31.1.2 This approach hacl to be given up when diverse activities interacted, job-
sizes increased, technologies and construction methods improved and
more versatile plani and machinefy becarne available.
31.1"3 To keep pace with clevelopment, the consrructor had to take stock of the
realities, pull up the rcsources and generally reorganise his set-up and
methods of working. One mzrn ()r even two ol thrce could not do it all. Tl-re
specizrlists landed on the sccne, cle.signers, constrllctors, estimators,
profcssional tnanagers, acc()untants, financial controllers, corporate
secl'etalies, tax planncrs, the whole lot.
31.1.4 Competition cnnealecl the profession, in rime. 'fhe functiorts of
constructiolt tnanagemenr and thc strategy in biddtng for contracts
con.sequently took all the impo|tance.
31.1.5 This presentarkrn cliscusses rhese ropics with a tool kir approach, guided by
experience ancl facts, not all of'wl'rich may be palatable to those involved
in the constntction gatne, whether fiom the constructorrs side or from the
client's side. It covers extrzlcts frorn Constntctiort Mefiagement Practlce
-the inside stoty, anotlter book by the author, which attempts to describe
the plactice with particular leference to present day contracting and its
anomalies, managernent functions, the considerations and strategy ill
bidding, planning anci scheduling a project, organisationai set-up andian-
power planning, aclministration and accounts, possible colltractual
problems and regimentation for technical guidance.
31.1.6 ln a result-oriented construction organisation the selection
personnel ancl their assignment to various jobs should be handlecl by the
top-management, preferably at a personal level. The need of the key
personnel is determined gradually in a small to nrediurn-sized organisation.
Selection should be made on the merits of the il-rcumbentrs past
F,,g,"q, Ralna,s Fietd Manuat ror Highway and Bridge Engi**" fi.ii.';,
CO AI STR U CT I O N MAN AG E M ENT F U N CTI NS AN D
O B I D-STRATEGY
perfr;r'rance, plactical expe.ience, capaciry, pers<2narity a'd qualifications
in tl-rat order. A f-ew cleteiled inforrnal interviews with the individual should
help in understanding his characte'ancl mentality as well as how he may
react to the responsibility in the nc,w environment.
- I{owever, it must be clearly remembered that experience has sho*n that
not all so selected will turn out satisfactory.
- The brilliant may turn our lazy ancl Lhe gtib talkers may prove
incompetent when reaily put into cliff hinging su,viual-rit.,ltion,
lvhere 'ream-q'ork and knowing first-hand how-io-do and cleli'er, not
merely talk, is whar nr"tters. Many candidates may try to show off
acaclernic clegrees, n.n-procltrctive publications, cla.ss-room and staid
office expcriences and cven thc (hollow) thunder of their committee
mentbelships. !!!
- Butli'ally only th.se thzrt havc actually becn moulcled on the practicing
professkrnal anvil, arc of real help tlrose trrat have had prolonged biii
successful exposures to furkrtrsly lesult-oricntecl ancl piofit-rnJtivatecl
competiti'c practicxl c.mmcrcial experience.s where decision-making
stl'ess can gi'c rrlcc.s and rvhere one is per.pctually short on time
but
lor-rg t>n cornpetitivc cflbrt. srrch people clo not q'aste much tirne
cong.arulation unlikc thc other catcgory. Next nrcnth's suruiual
in sclf-
depends ot peraious rnontb's turrr_oaen
- They are like horscs whose hooves have been hardened on rough
roads in 'actual' races.,4 ,tttsician is better trtan tbe rnusic-critic.
'I'he rxher catcg()ry only talks lr.t docs not
reaily know how to pray
mercly because he 'act,ally' never 'practices' r-rimself, and no amount of
talkir-rg a'd waving of acaclemic certificates and theoretical pr-rblications
can infuse thc practical expcrience that actual practice in the competitive
cold cut-throat mar-ket rvill.
- Also, majolity of those serectecr on the basis of compukrons of
obligatiott, frieuclshilt a nd kith-relationsttip (utife,s iottsln, etc,-)
will either use the position only as a spring board-and leave as soon as
expedient or, in all probability, cause emba.rassnent ancl whisper-tirade
in one fotrn o. another. (In smaller-organisations the one selected on
of key basis of relatiorrship may either abscond one day or finally pfove very
the
reliable depending on indiviclual traits.)
- A st.aight shot out of tr-rose finally selectecl rnay weil prove to be good,
ancl capable of normal amount of .*tput, whr.r, over the yeai will
I
shape r,rp well (.ncler due gr,riclance) ind in due course can take a
pivotal role in the organisation.
Raina's Field Manual lor Higllway and Bridge Engineers tOaS
chapter-31@*;d!.+i:.t$iptjir;*$${ri"i&*e&1*ii#efffi $ift 4ffi corusrRuc irloru MANAGEM ENT FUNcrloNs AND Bt D-srRATEGy

o liaison utlth cllents

- Interestinglry, some tecbnicians remain tnore useful otr.ly in
staylttg at an i'ntermediate leuel and' tnqy eaen be baptr'y in o financlng tbe uork
aaotding tbe trials of lttgher autbor-lty. o accounti.ttg
31.1.7 All this need not frustrare the management because most situations develop o uark supen)lslon
. only to expose certaln uteaknesses and eradicate tbe rot. Many a time
those showing less personality and promise initially will turn out to be the a nanttorlng record.s
most pfoductive and dependable in due course of tirne. It is necessary to o labour telations, antd
dispoie similar opportuniry and importance to all selectecl and review this
disposal periodicalty in order to identify the 'buds' showing promise of o engineer-tng
development.
31.2.2 GOING rcR AND GTIIING WORK
- It is useful to remember that many a time raising someone from within
the organisation to a more senior level will be more fruitful than 3t.2.2.t This is obviously the top priority function of the management and should
bringinginanoutsider.(Bettertbedeuilyouknowtbantheoneyou involve the Managing Directoq all other Directors, Chief Engineers, and
donl.) Area Managers.
- Tfus is not to depreciate the irnportance of lateral rect'uitment at higher
levels but only a pointer that must not be lost sight of
31.2.2.2 Sastained eftort:
Sustained sales effort is required on rheir part. The top peopie have to
- we afe essentially referr.ing to those whose usefrtlness and
spend a lot of their time in this direction - ancl sell
responsibilities attract the aiiention of senior management'
- The potential of a goocl organisation wilt grow as much as of its pivotal 31.2.2.3 ...... onl sell:
personnel who handle various in-Iportant matters and take clitical
The Managing Director (and indeed the entire top management) should
decisions many of which can make or break the organisation'
keep scanning for the jobs, go and get work, worry - and seII He has to
- This category of personnel must select their support staff very carefully keep renovating the organization - and sell. He has to review everyone's
because one day some of them in turn have to step into thbir shoes and performance, fecti$' theif mistakes - and sell He has to be responsible for
. shoulder the ever growing responsibilities' the perforrnance of each of his staff me mbers - and sell. He has to consider
and weigh new fields of activity, new design and construcrion rnethods -
31.1.8 Notwithstanding what has been conceded above there great advantages
^re and sell.If he then has any spare time he should still worry - a.nd sell. He
of some lateral recruitment for keeping pace with latest developments and should of course delegate authorities, run the organisation more
practices, nonetheless,it is rewarding to grow by training'
-horizontally than vertically in order to take others along to *ooy - and. sell.
As an optimist, he tells others to cheer up when things are going his way.
3I.2. (0I{STRUCTION MANAGEMENT TUNfiIONS
He utlVa.hoals be klckedfrom bebind-because be ts ln tltefront. And
31.2.1 mAilAGIt{lE]{IFUNCII0}{5 belng at tbe top. be bas tecessat ilJt to be lonelJt. In bis dealtngs, tf be
ls rtgltt be cat afford to keep his tempe4 atd if be ls utrong be
The management of a construction organisaiion has to address itself to cat not qfford to lose tt, Wttb bts huge sbere of uorrles, he sbould
many functions, some of which are: be capable of uteadng uorrled looks ott bls a.sslstantts faces. Apart
t goingfor and gettlng utork from managing the dilectors he should direct the tnanagement - and still
sell.
a contractnegotic.tlons
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ffi I a"in"'" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engtneers
Chapter - 31
31.2.2.4 Personol fouch:
\fhile employment of intermediaries as contact men and pusbers is
not futile, the top man from the client's side usually would instead like the
personal attention and touch of the Managing Director and the other top
executives of the organisation - in that order. This function should never be
left to the salesmen alone - despite their exotic titles like 'assistant to so and
so',
3I.2.3 CONTRAfi NEGOTIAIION
31.2.3.1 Negotiations........ aI whot level?
Preferably these negotiations are best commenced at the highest executive
level rather than at the superintendent's level. A successful contractor shall
not only know his iob well but also the iob that the owner desires, and
must remember that the latter may not be fully conversant with all aspects
of the trade. Frequent infolmal meetings with the owner's designated
officers-in-charge at the executive level as well as at the decision making
level can bear dividends.
3t.2.3.2 Ey*catcher:
The contractor's representative (preferably a top executive) should be
presentable, with elegant manners (and should preferably have some eye
catching mannerism to leave a distinct memory with the owner), should be
sharp and gentle but firm, should speak less but hear more and above all
should be capable of putting the other p rty at ease in his discussions,
giving him more than his due importance. He does not have to be a door-
mat in order to be a diplomat but, nonetheless, in order to sell, he should
go for these meetings 'ttttb bts ca.p ln ltls hand'.
3r.2.3.3 Bockgrounl peprotion:
The contractor must come thoroughly prepared for any contract
negotiations and always leave behind the impression that he knows and he
cares. It can be suicidal to argue without literally memorising in advance
the facts and figures and the clauses and incidents under reference.
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ffi CONSIRUCI/ON MANAGEMENT FUNCI'ONS AND BID.STRATEGY
31.2.4 ilAtSON WITH CUINTS
3t.2.4.t
*::i::t*:"s or the consrmcro,.,s organisarion shourd stay i., .o.,.ir,..,,
touch with the clients at various levels all the time. Award of a work should
further the cause and effect of even more meaningful and result-oriented
liaison - not only to show that the constructor cares but also is euer eager
to lncrease tbe parttctpation This lends ample opportunity of also
keeping the client informally updated on the progress of work, the
difficulties being encountered and logistic support required. This may also
have its own softening effect in various subsequent official call-ups and can
'guide' the client into a more helpful and syrnpathetic attitude while taking
what could be far-reaching decisions.
31.2.4.2 Promolionol exercise:
Occasionally the client's senior representatives are entertained to cement a
closer relationship (a factual procedure followed world-wide - and certainly
not costly, considering the gain or gains that mighr foliow).
But this is generally helpful only so long as the job is going on well and
has no major problems. No amount of such traditional entertainment
techniques can help should the job be in difficulty - then it is the contractor
to blame, even if the fault may not be wholly his.
3r.2.4.3 Honest but lirm:
There is no substirute to remaining in personal friendly touch with the
client, keeping him fully and honestly abreast of the progress of work and
the difficulties faced ancl hence alerted in advance. Simultaneously the
contractof must be honest with his work, gentle but firm in his approach
and able to make accurate estimates of cost and time rapidly, if the
drawings are complete (in case of an item-rate contract) and the design
criteria are up-to-date (in a lumpsum contract).
11.2.4.4 Never go to lhe point-of-no-relurn:
A pragmatic approach lies in keeping the lines of communication open,
avoiding egoistic brinkmanship (even though the contractor may be right -
and a good one is generally not wrong since he knows his job first-hand
and professionally, and hence knows tDbere not to strike).
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Chapter - 31
It pays not to bring a discussion to a point of no rcturn and many a case
has been amicably settled by resuming the negotiation after a relaxing
break. This honest technique helps the client (to avoid crystallising rhe
decision as if he lost the on-going discussion) and, in turn helps the
contfactor.
3t.2.4.5 Prolect Dilution of Trust:
However, should the problems be truly beyond the contractorrs control
(e.g. unforeseen strike, unusual climatic effects, nonavailability of design-
data and complete drawings with onus lying with the client, delay in
handing over of site and unresolved bottlenecks in the approacl-res, delay
in receipt of payments, etc.), then it witl be a less than honest client who
will not see the contractor's point of view, and negotiations held under
such conditions shor-rld work out favourably provided the facts are clearly
explained and precisely put. The clienr must be promptly advised and
alerted in advance of the ensuing formal meetings. Tbe client may feel
angry andfeel seriousljt concerned but his trust tn.trJe contractof
may ncit be diluted.
31.2.4.6 Ego Problems:
It is not totally unusual that some time personality clash may develop
between the Project Managers of the contractor and the client - each having
his own reasons. Given the conditions under which the contractor has to
(and mr-rst) work, the fault generally lies with rhe client's man who may
tend to wish to dictate from a higher pedestal. Experienced work-horses
know that such people like to think they are ,more equal' among equals. If
it is the case of an 'ego problcm', botlJ parti.es utould do ulell to
remember that trees laden Witb Jfrult bend doutn uthllc tbe ftuitless
desperateb, attenpt to grow tall By offering to transfer his man, tl.re
Sg$tASSrr.Q4fi igpress the client to shift him or ac least so instrucr him as
"nbt- t9- agpg,a1 tbe. p-ipblQmtfto ntrActo?, being tbe underdogo bas to bend
. ,e;fn tbe lnterestof cotttlttuity of bts iuork.
31.2.5 Ftl{Al{Ct]{G THI WoRK
31.2.5.1 Credibility:
This is probably the single most recurring headache - financing the work
while doing it, slnce runni.ng payrnents may not suffice afier
adJusti.ng tbe mand.atoqt a.mount u;itbhekl by tbe client.from a.Il
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana aldge Engineers WA
ffi coNsrRucnoN MANAGEMENT FUNcfloNs AND a ID-STRATEGY
such payments (to ensure complatlon of work by tbe conffactor)
and meeti'ng payments for operating costs, loans lfor purcbase of
equipment, aa'rious ouerbeads, asslstlng tlte clistressJobs if any and
stitl sbouting enougb liqwtdity to the sbareholdetsfor declaring tbe
d.ioidends to ret*tn ctedlbiltty in tbe cut-throat market'
31.2.5.2 ftloney...... follow lhe Corporole Gome:
Live on Borrowed
Borowi4g from banks on only certain proiects is a well established
practice, but this too requifes the show and upkeep of credibility. A wlse
contractof is one wlco ahuays l:iaes on bot'routed ttonelt sbotos
marginal year$t proftt but adiusts i.t against tbe caffied foru)ard
Josses. He has to be ndept ai tbe corporate gane' Many sltow
advances collected from just commenced lobs as 'profits' at time of
preparing their balance sheets, which, in tax ianguage, may not be
interpreted as real profits but nevertheless are useful for exhibiting
apparent credibility. And tlce sboto goes ora It needs an astute teamwork
of the Managing Directoq the Company Secretary, the Taxation Advisel the
Financial controller, the chief Engineers (who bring in the cash flow) and
a trusNvorthy firm of Chartered Accountants to fun a succesSful contracting
organisation.
31.2.5.3 Use of liquid (osh:
The lelding bank has to be kept fully informed of the work progress and
financial position of ttre job for which the loan has been sought. The
contractor's liquid cash is utilised for the overheads, the adiustment of
deposits with the bank and for rneeting any loss contingency'
31.2.5.4 Hypothecotion to lhe Bunk:
The banks usually advance the money. on the condition that the plant and
,-. equipment and any other securities of the contractor
be pledged as a
guarantee against the repayment of loan so that in case of contractor's
iailure to return the loan with interest, the bank may take over (foreclose)
what was hypothecated to it.
Conffactors of standing may have more than one line of credit with several
banks and use them according to their logistic convenience.
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 Chapter - 31 rc CONS?RUCIION MANAGEMENT FUNCIIONS AND BID-STRATEGY

3r.2.6 A(CoUl{Tl]{c
il' should be encouraged. This will ultimately save both on time and cost, help
ease the filing work, and enable faster communication.
Il
31.2.6.1 . lnternol Audiring: flt, fo/
31.2.7.4 'Assislonce ond 'Ability lo' cul costs:
The 'Financial controller - cbielf Accountanttteam, in concert with the *i
The department heads must have adequate assistance and the ability to
top management, must organise to keep proper accounts and meet actual analyse and cut the cost and time estimates, make practical and tight
costs,-and hold enough liquidity for meeting taxes, employee benefits
and
payroll. They should strictly organize timely purchases for and at various $, progress chars and proiect the activity spectrum.

work-sites and, through an independent team of Internal Auditor.s, check s;

the accounts and account keeping at each work site.
31.2.7 .5 Lobour lntensive work:

il' 'ffhere the work is labour-intensive, it still pays to utilize the available
machinery to its full, if only to minimise the labour troubles.
31.2.6.2 The working ol smoller Controctori:
tlTI
smaller contractors, who may spend about half their time on their job sites Ir
31.2.7.6 Copilol lnlensive work:
personally overseeing both construction and accounting, may require f,t
only tl rVhere the work is capital-intensive, every nerve must be stretched to
time-keepers at each site (to keep the books and prepare the payroils) who si
could thus feed the head office accoLlntant and his assistant for his overall iir innovate and use the modem plant and equipment to cut down on the
1l
accounting work. labour component. Vhere men mayfail tools rnay not.
ii
31.2.7 WoRK SUPTRV|S|oN 3t.2.8 rUlor{tToRt]{G RtcoRDs
I

31.2.7.t Iight (ontrol: I

31.2.8.1 lllonthly Job-Stotus:
i
The contractor has to ensure a tight s'pervision of all the works at job sites ii Full concert cooperation between the engineer and the accountant is of
as well as in his sub and main offices. paramount importance.

Any slack in this can throw his operational scheduling out of gear, delay Accurate and up-to-date feed{onr.tard. and feed-backutard berween
construction activities, and uitimately result in loss of money and work. them is needed to produce the correct job' status in terms of the ever
The
need for strict and workmanlike supervision, with almost a military necessary 'montbly job status' report and the correct costing position.
discipline, cannot be over-emphasiTecl. This should reflect the actual costs, progress and earnings, vis-a-vis
tbe projected ba.lnnre sbeet. This report should be circulated among
31.2.7.2 Delegotion of Authority: thase ioiicerned in the top managemenr. Such mgntbly 'cost and
reoenuei state,rnents should be prep-ared as soon as costs lf hbour and
The department heads must be proficient in their respective disciplines, iimaterjal and yarioup other are idqntified, a4f sbould be in tbe
result-oriented and pushy. Delegation of adequate authority to each one
of bafis of ,t\g he.qQ offi.ce"*p"4r.q
uthp.rry tuo u)eeks, of tQe follawing fresb
them is of paramount impofiance if the jobs do not have to stagnate ,for month.
want of the chiefls authorisation' even for other than major "items
of
purchase or policy,
3t.2.8.2 How the Job is doing? :,

31.2.7.3 tcsler (ommunicolion in-house: Although these reports cannot represent absolutely final and accurate
positions for any one month, but studied over a few months, they do reflect
Wrtttng of long letters and memos should be almost the trend and hence indicate how the job is doing and whether any special
lforbidden In a
large contracting organisation, communication by phone and short faxes

| fr",n" .l en Manuat rbr ngnway ano Bnoge Engneers

Raina's Field Manual for Highway an4 5tndgu Fngin""r" "
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"r tr.i{i?€€r::*i
Chapter - 31 CONSIRUCI/ON MANAGEMENT FUNCflONS AND BID.SIRAIEGY

difficulties may be expected. A cortstcrrtt cotttpartson uitb tIJe htitial _ The Area lcuel, witb, responsibility for all the projects in that zone,
'control estinrate' utill unfottl tobetber anty lessorts sltould be leartfi ancl liaison witl-r the head office ancl zonal clients.
ht estimatittg tbe fttture iobs.
_ The Project leoel with responsibility for the individual project, ancl
liaison paltly directly with the head office ancl par-tly thror,rgh the
3t.2.9 IAB0UR RttATloNs zonal office.
'fhe Project Manager has to learn to Uae utltb tbe labour u.niort utlticlt
is general$t out to squeeze more antcl more for less and /ess. The b) Mecbanics of Reporting Cbamrcls:
labour union members fully paid lor this and can mislead the labour,
lesulting in work stoppages and sirikes. In big iobs and labour-strike-
_ Project Engineers report to P|oiect Manager.

sensitive areas, it may be a good idea to have a labour-relations man Project Managers report to the Area Manzrger and partly also to the
visiting the iob site as often as necess:1ly.
-
Chief Engineer at the Head Office.
Ithas to be recognised that, by ancl large, the labour folce is irrstigated by Area Managers leport to the Chief Engineel at the Head Office and
tb.eir urtiott represerrtatioes and therefore the latter must be looked -
partly ailso to the Managing l)irector.
ajter. Sindtancously a periodic leview of the iiving condition's and
minimum wages of the labour lnust not be ignored. Peace must be , Chief Engineers report to the Managing Director, the Fir-rancial
maintainecl without giving in to unreasonable dernands taking care that tl-re Controller ancl the Chief Accountant.
prevalent market conditions are met. Thc initial iob estimate must take into
'l'op management reports to the Managing Director and partly to the
accoLlnt possibility o1' revision in the minimum labouf wages. 'fire client -
shor-rlcl be norifiecl of any actually promulgated revisions and the cost Board of Directols. (The Financial Controller, the Chicf Accountant,
escalatiott clahned if the Agreenrcnt with tbe cliett so pertnits. the Company Secretary, the Taxation Managel and the Chief
Engineers interact all the time.)
3I.2.IO ENGINEERING
31.2.10.3 funclions:
31.2.10.1 lmplicotions: o Market sun)ey for prospective wolks, consolidate infonnation,
The engineering clepartrnent plovides the whelc'withals fol analysing and circulate among top!management enabling'go ahead' bicl-clecisions.
conquering the engineering problems. It is the engineers who must
succeed the top positions in a construction organisation. Almost each new a Site irt'uestigatiott, alternative constrrtctiott metboels, rate analltses,
iob plesents its owu new problems. A successful engineeling job can be stutly bicl tlocuments, seek clar{icatlons, prcpare bid-
very demancling and satisfying. It can involve extensive traveling and deslgn/dra.ui.ngs/quantitdes as reqnircd, estimate cosfs, evaluate
shifiing bag and baggage' to different geographical areas from one site cond:itiotts, dra{t bttl proltosal discuss details, arrange bonds,
to another. To the initiatecl it can offer unlimitecl possibilities of giaing submit bld. (coordinate witb consortium rnembers).
etcpression to i.ttd:iuidua, talent and irtclustry, u)bich, in deseruing
ca.ses, can lead ta rise ta official ncttiona, and eaen' internattonal o Analyse bid results, report to concerned.
pedestals. a Fo&ou-ult ,tegotiatlons, draft final agreement condltions and sigtt
agreement.
31.2.10.2 Brood Spectrum of [ngineering Operolions:
a) Leaels:
o Plan (trre Actloities tbat cor.sti.tute tbe Worh) and. Scbed.ule (the
Eoertts that coflstltttte tbe Actiuitles) cortstr,tction apefati.ons
* Tl.re Head O.f.fice leael, with responsibiliry for all functions of the including design engineering, mobilisation ancl deployment of plant and
otganisation.
gng,ne,,s i !-t ," i
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 Chapter - 31
rnachinery and personnel after studying alternative constfuction
methods.
a lrtaestlgate and a.nalyse material so,rtrces, suppttes a.nd prices,
sertlcflau) cbannels and estabrislt procedures and. a*a.ngement.
o Inuestigate and settle anjt subcontract proposab including their
conditions, bonds and back-to-back agreements.
. Prepare expected ,control estin^te, defining probablc probletn
areasfor critical patbfoltout up, conoey adiance alert iarnlngs
to support diaisions.
a Arrange insurance covers (workmen and plant and work).
o cornmence utork with obligation to contractual and public relations,
interpreration crf contract conditions and mandatory periodtc project
prog,res s reuieuts and contemplation.
o Work superuisloq quality assur*ncq quality control and cost
controL
O ld.entifjt 'work cbange' orders, ,extra utork, orders, cosf
escalations and construction time escal.ations, adequate. and
tlmeljt notifications to client/ Resident Enginee" efl route.
a Maintaln records of usorks do.ne, including of those by any
subcontractors, and of all unusual bappenings and occurrences,
with pbotographs.
a Prepare perioCic 'cost and const.rtctian pro/gress repo?ts, for
restricted circulation.
a Prepttre
and. pursue claims for utork-changes, extra._utorks, cos,
and tlme escalations and insurance, as needed.
o Senlc contractual requtretncnts, clalms and arbltrations,
incumbent.
. Prepare as-built drautings andfinalreports as required.
. Perform otber aiffll:bted. functlons and as delegated by
management.
the
31.2.10.4 Proiect Progress (ontrol ond ilonitoring:
a) CPM:
,:t:"'::*rt o'::r,-, plan and moniror the actual work,progress by
: ''
lffi Raina's Field Manuat for Hlghway and Bridge Enginee^
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CONSIRUCI/ON MANAGEMENT FUIVCI/ONS ANO B ID.STRATEGY
setting target dates and employing means to meet them. While progress
bar cbarts may be employed for smaller works and perhaps by smaller
contractors, major works sbouldpreferabljt be planned and monitored
using a critical path merhod (CPM).
A flow chart so made is by no means final as it will require periodic
reviews, changes and redrafting. For this to be more meaningful it is
most importanr that the input be based on a thorough workman_like
step by step knowledge of the involved construction sequences and
' possible problems, their optimised solution techniques, and adequate
prediction of production possibilities.
b) Bar Cbart:
Scheduling of work (preliminary, at time of actual commencement of
work and during the course of construction) cannot be over_
emphasised. This has to take into account the construction methods and
modifications and many times the element of rush to meet the target
dates. A bar charl can serve well to show the general status of proposed
and targetted progress of the important items of work. It can be
developed in reasonable detail to pronollnce the monthly progress
' reports for anyone to see. Utlfortuna.tely wltilc the Bar cba.rt can
sltout duration of eacb Actiait!, it cannot sboto tbeir
interdependerrce and nece s s ary oa eilap!
31.2.10.5 Preporotion of Cost [stimotes:
a.) Correct Costing and possible mlstakes !
All said and done, everything revolves around corectly costing the
project. A bad mistake in this (either through wrong feedback of landed
unit costs, labour availabiliry and their wages, any special conditions in
as the contract, ciimatic conditions affecting the extent of working season
e.g. excessive rains, floods, tidal vaiation and day temperatures, or
through inadequate understanding of infrastructure needed for carrying
. out certain items of work) can ruln tbe Job.
' b) Experience and the alruost htdden Ftne-print!
Costing the job being so cruc.ial, it musr be handled only by the
engineers who have sound constiuction experience in the relevant field
with a formidable undersranding of pricing r.echnique, applicable rates
and prices, and contract conditions. They should be'adepi at languaging
the clauses in the contractor's bid proposal.
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Chapter - 31
Many of them leaue so tnucb so utell built lnto tbe contractor's
conditions trrat tbe detailcd understanding of tbeir intpact n'r'a!
befelt by tbe client on$t lttten
_ For instance tlte cost of d.eutatering per kik)uatt-hour utben
subaquous conditi.ons may be etrcountered- \Vhile sentences
that read innocent but have latent implications are undesirable from
the clientrs angle, the contractor is perfectly within his rights to write
them - it is for the client to lead between the lines. It ls a game of
wits, like ta.x-aaoida.nce is legat but tax-eoasion l.s not. Good
engineering cost estimators ate a prize commodity
consequently are sought after.
c) Vbetting the Detalled Cost Estimates:
The detailed costin€J having been done, it should then be discussed in
some depth with the top management, who must participate in the final
figures and the bid-strategy. More details have been discussed in the
author's another book referred to earlier in item 31.1.5.
31.2.t 0.6 Eurnesl [Uloney:
To show his eernestness the contractor has to submit a bid.-bond. along
with his tender bid as a guarantee to the client that he is 'earnest' for
performing the work, as agreed, should he be awarded the work. The
ramount' and the 'fgrm' of this guarantee are specified in the tender
document. For bi.ds ln foreign countries, sometimes negotiable
government bonds are acceptable and sometimes the Expol't-Import Bank
or the Export Credit Guarantee authority of the contractor's country may
provide the necessary bonding covdr under a separate back-to-back
agreement with the contractor.
The top tnanagemcnt bas to amange tbe guarentee bond. once the
ChiefEngineer and his team preparing the bid-proposal have evaluated the
bid and the contract conditions. In certaln cases comsi.derable thne may
be requl.redfor ananglng tltese bonds and hence a.n earljt concet'ted.
effort rnigltt be calledfor to rneet tbe target da.te.
3t.2.10.7 (ontroclor-(ient (onmunitolion:
a) Precl.se dnd Factual'
Maintaining a smooth working relationship with the client at all levels is
of paramount importance to the contractor for obvious reasons. For this
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CONSIRUC I/ON M A N AG EM E NT FUNCIIONS AND B I D.ST RAT EGY
tbe corttra.ctot"s engineers baae to sbout more tact and diplarnacy
tba.n the! m.ay expect from tbeir client counterparts. However,
disagreements do arise at site and since neither the client's nor the
contractorrs project managers have the last word in terms of the contract,
both must respect each other's right to differ from the other. The
contractor's Project Engineer and Project Manager have often to write to
the client on matters that will have legal and contractual connoiations.
These should be written precisely, accurately and factually, u)itbout
personakties brougltt i.n.
and b)'Cry staltise' tlt e is sue, do not'precipitate' worh-stopp age:
Enough understancling and tact are required to crystallise the issues but
not precipitate work-stoppages as far as possible.
c) In the eaent of Honest DifJerence af Opiniou-
Project Engineer and Manager should obviously maintain a complete
and up{o-date file of all correspondence, sLrpported by evidential data.
Neither party should be off'ended by an appeal to the higher authority
by either party when an honest difference of opinion is heavy to
shonlder. Any works can'ied out and d.ecisions implemented
interhnljt should. be clea.rly recorded and signed as 'catled out
under protett uithout Prejudice to tbe riebts und.er tbe Contract
Aggernen!:and countersigned by tbe e4forcing part!.
3t.2.t 0.8 fvenls Dioty:
A briefly but accurately worded diary of dailjt eaents, with reJferences
and photograpbs, should be maintained by the Project Engineer and
periodically countersigned by the Project Manager. This can be
indlspensable for uarious unforeseen future problems and claims.
Its contents might include - the works done, payments made and received,
subcontract activities, weather conditions, decisions taken, meetings held,
and er.ents and arguments, etc. The photographs should be capticned and
maintained in the accompanying album.
31.2.10.9 lhoteriols und Ouali{ (onfiol:
a) Materials a.nd Batcbl.ng Plant:
Contractor's materials engineer at site should organise the adequacy of
the qualiry of materials brought for consumption, including checking
them at their sources, theil orderly stacking, storing and, where
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Chapter - 31
necessary, cleaning. The batching plant and the aggregates storage
. should be so located as to fall at an optimised average distance from
where rhe pourings are to be done. The haulage and pumping of
concfete should be carefully planned so as not
to loose
workability.
b) Use of Additfues in concrete and. Laboratory Testing:
If necessary, the use of additives to concrete should be studied,
acceleratori if for instance early removal of forms is contemplated and
retard.ers if, hauling lead, depth of pour, and pumping head so
necessitate. Trial mixes should be run and mix-proportioning
established. Quality assurance and euality control and testing as per the
relevant standards should be orchestrated for practice runs and then
strictly adhered to. Necessary laboratory testing facilities should be
organised and all records kept honestly with counter-signatures of the
client counterpart.
c) Iaboratory Equipment:
All laboratory equipment, as relevant to the job, should be
neces.sary
stationed at site (unless the job is relatively small and the contractol- is
not obliged to) and all measuring devices checkeci for accuracy and
zero-errors frequently and recalibrated when necessaly. concretb curing
method (whether for instance curing comporrnds are to be used)
should be established. Supervision for all affiliated activities shoulc1 be
clearly allocated and responsibilities fixecl.
d) Procedures-rehearsal e. A. and e. C.
Complete methodologies should be orchestrated ro ensure that there is
no let up on procedures, quality assurance and quality control.
3l.2.l0.l0Seffling wift fte dient ot (omptetion of Yllork
a) As-buih Ilrautings and. Cla.lms:
If required under the contract, the contractor should prepare and submit
to the client the relevant as-buih draulngs. NI the clatms raised during
the construction andnat yet sealcd or paldfor (e.g. the exd,a i.itotk{
tfte utork-cltanges, the cost escalatkms, etc.) should be summarised in
an orderly and cbronological manner with their relevant supporting
documents, and presented to the client for settlement in the lighr of the
opera.th)e contract clauses. A suitatile agenda should be drawn up and
presented to the client in advance.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Brtage Engineers
CONSIRUC I/ON M AN AG E M E N T FUNCIIOIVS AND A D. ST R AT EGY
b) Setthng outsta ndinglsszes, protests and Appeals:
The degree of cordiality and cooperation that existed between the
contractor and the client during the execution will effect the negotiations
on its
during the final settlement. of necessity, these negotiations will involve
various protests and appeals made between the two parties during the
course of construction. The atmosphere can be highly charged if not
tense while touching some of these aspects.
Thorough homework should be done in preparing for these meetings
with a view tci settling the outstanding issues.
Additional data should be presented (if possible) ro assisr in these
settletnent negotlatlons. The diary of daily events together with the
suppofting photographs taken during the contr.act execution may be
indispensable in settling some of the claims.
31.2.10.1 I Additionol Tosks:
Due to exigencies of other n orks and commitments - some promotional,
. some honorary, others institutional or even of clistress-assistance type, the
contractor'.s engineering staff sometimes might be called upon by the
.management to carry out certain additional tasks, for instance:
a gatber and assemhle any parttcular$t sougbt information,
write out tecbnical notes and descrlptions,
. attend certaln publlc functions and official seminars,
o be anaay on deputation to some otber job,
a cara)) out certain inaestiga.tions,
a assrst ln tbe preparation of other tender bids, etc.
such diversification of activities, apart flom being necessary, can also enrich
onels experience portfolio, leading to a sense of achievement and
satisfaction when viewed from the overall engineering point of view.
31.2.10.i2 Experience lhreshold in retorion to Responsibility Level:
Engineu Classilkotion Guide
The Table ahead gives a suggested relationship between an engineer's
experience versus his potential responsibility ievel in a result oriented
engineering organisation operating for time bound progress and profit.
rieu
f, I aaina's Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers ' iil !
 corusrRucr/orv MANAGEMENT FuNcnoNS AND BtD-srRArEGy

qossificqlion Guide - [ngineer-l (iunior-most [ngineer) Decisions made are normally within established guidelines.

Level of Responstbility Supervlsion received

Duties
Receives training in the various phases of office, plant, field or laboratory
engineering work as classrobm instruction or "on-the-job" assignments.
Tasks assigned include: preparation of simple plans, designs, calculations,
costs and bills of matefial in accordance with established codes, standards,
drawings or other specifications. May carry out routine technical surveys or
inspecticns and prepare reports.
Recommendations, decisions and commitments
Few technical decisions called for and these will be of routine nature with
ample precedent or clearly defined procedr,rres as guidance.
Supervision received
'W'orks under close superuision.
'Work is reviewed for accuracy and
adequacy and conformance with prescribed procedures.
Ieadership authodty and/ or supervision exercised
IVIay assigrr arrtl clreck wurk uf ure tu live tecluriciarrs or lrelpers.
Guide to entrance quallflcations
Bachelor's degree in Engineering, with little or no practical expelience.
Oossilicotion Guide - Engineer-ll
Irvel of Responstbtltty
Duties
Normally regarded as a continuing portion of an engineer's training and
development. Receives assignments of limited scope and complexiry,
usually minor phases of broader assignments. Uses a variety of standard
engineering methods and techniques in solving problems. Assists more
senior engineers in carrying out technical tasks requiring accuracy in
calculations, completeness of data and adherence to prescribed testing,
analysis, design or computation methods.
Recommendations, decisions and commltments
Recommendations limited to solution of the problem rather than
Duties are assigned with detailed oral and occasionally written instructions,
as to methods ancl procedures to.be followed. Results are r-rsually reviev.ed
in detail and technical guidance is usr.rally available.
Ieadershlp authodty attd/ ot supervision exercised
May give technical guidance to one or two junior engineers or technicians,
assigned to work on a common proiect.
Guide to entrance quali_fications
At least a Bachelor's degree in Engineering, normally with a minimum of
three to five years of working experience from the gracluation level.
(lossificotion Guide - [ngineer-lll
Level of Responsibility
Dutles
This is rypically regarded as a fully qualified professional engineering level.
carriea out rcoponciblc and l'aricd engineelirrg assigrurrerrt-s, requirirrg
general familiarity with a broad field of engineering and knowledge of
reciprocal effects of the work upon other fields. problems usually solved
by use of standard procedures modification of standard procedures or
method developed in previous assignments. participates in planning to
achieve prescribed objectives.
Recommendations, declsions and commitments
Makes independent studies, analyses, interpretations and conclusions.
Difficult, complex or unusual matters or decisions are usually referred to
more senior authority.
Supervlsion received
'\Zork is not generally supervised in detail (independent working) and
amount of supervision varies depending upon the assignment. Usually
technical guidance is available to review work programmes and advice on
unusual features of assignment . t:'
Iradershtp authority and/or sulrervlslon exercised
results: May mentor and give technical guidance to engineers of less standing or

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana enaOe enOrneere

ffi f[ n ,'iru'" f," H Manuatfor Highway and Bidge Engineers
 CONSIRUCIION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS AND BID.STRATEGY
Chapter - 31

technicians assigned to work on a common proiect. Supervision over other dossilicolion Guide - [ngineer.V
engineers not usually a regular or continuing responsibilfty. Level of Responsibility
Guide to entrance qualifications Duties
At least a Bacheior's degree in Engineering, normally with a minimum of Usually requires knowledge of more than one field of engineering OR
three to five years related working experience from the graduation level. , performance by an engineering specialist in a particular fietd of
engineering.
(lossilicolion Guide - Engineer'lV Participates, in short and long range planning: makes independent decisions
on work mdthods and pro'Cedures *ittiin an overall programme.
Level of Responsibility
' Origi.natity and lngenulty
are required for dcai.slzg practical and.
Duties economical solutioirs to problems.. May supervise large groups
This is typically tbe first leael of d.i.rect and sustained superulsion of containing both professional and non-piofessional staff; OR may exercise
other professlonal engineers OR tlte 1ft.rst leoel offull speci alization authofity over a small group of highly qualified professional personnel
engaged in complex technical applications.
Reqr.rires application of mature engineering knowledge in planning and
conducting projects having scope for independent accomplishment and co- Recommendations, decislons and comrnitmcnts
ordination of the difficult and responsible assignments. Makes responsible decisions not usually subject to technical review on all
Assigned problems may make it necessary to modify established guides, matters assigned except.those involving large sums of money or long range
devise new approaches, apply existing criteria in new manners and draw objectives. Takes courses of action necessary to expedite the successful
accomplishment of assigned projects.
conclusions from comparative situations.
Supervision received
Recommendations, declsions and cornmitments
Vork is assigned only in terms of broad objectives to be accomplished, ancl
Recomrnendations are reviewed for soundness of judgment but are usually is reviewed for policy, soundness of approach and general effectiveness.
accepted as technically accurate and feasible.
Leadershlp authority and/ or supervlsion exercised
Supervision received
Outlines more difficult problems and methods of approach. Coordinates
'Work is assigned in terms of obiectives, relative priorities and critical areas work programmes and directs use of equipment and matelial. Generally
that impinge on work of other units. Work is caried out within broad makes recommendation as to the selection, training, discipline, and
guidelines, but informed guidance is availabie. remuneration of gaff.

kadership authority al:Ld/ or supervision exerclsed Gulde to entrance qualificattong

Assigns and outlines work; advises on technical problems, reviews work for At least a Bachelor's degree in Engineeling, normally with a minimum of
nine to tweive years of engineering, and/or administrative experience from
technical accuracy and adequacy. the graduation level.
Supervision may call for recommendations concerning selection, training,
rating and discipline of sraff.
Gulde to entrance qualifications Irvel.of Responstbtltty
At least a Bachelor's degree in Engineering, normally with a minimum of Dutiesr ',,
five to eight years of experience in the field of specialization from the .
Usually responsible for an engineering administrative function; ciirecting
graduation level. several professional and other groups engaged in inter-reiated engineering

Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers ffi I R irrt ri" H Manua! for Highway and Eridge Engineers ffi
ffi
Chapter - 31 re corusrRucrroru MANAaEMENT FUNCTTINS AND BtD-srRATEGy

fesponsibilities; oR as an engineefing consultant, achieving recognition as Recommendatlons, decislons and cofimitments

an authority in an engineering field of major imPoftance to the
orgarizarion. Independently conceives programme and problems to be Responsible for long range pranning, co-ordinations, and making specific
investigated. and far-reaching management decisions, Keeps his management associates
informed of all matters of significant imponance.
pafricipates in discussions determining basic operating policies, devising
*uy, of reaching programme obiectives in the most economical manner Supervislon received
and of meeting any unusual conditions affecting work progress' Operates with broad management authority, ieceiving virtually no technical
guidance and control limited only by general objectives and policies of the
Recommendations' decisions and commltments
organisation.
Makes responsible decisions on all matters inciuding the establishment of
:

policies and expenditures of large sums of money and,/or implementation Iradership authority and/ot supervislon exercised
tf malor programmes, subject only to overall orgainisation policy and Gives administrative direction to subordinate managers and contact with
financial controls. the work force is normally through sr-rch levers rather. than direct.
Supervision recelved Guide to entfancg qualificatiohs
Receives administrative direction based on organization policies and At least a Bachelorrs degree in engineering, with manjt years t4f
obiectives. \W'ork is reviewed to ensure conformity with policy and co- autboritatlue engineerlng and adminrstratiae expeiience. The
ordination with other functions. ' intumbenr is expected to pos-sess a htgb degree of origiialtty, skilr ond
a d/or supervision exercised profictency ln thi'uarious bxtad phases of angineering appticafion
Iradership authodty
Reviews and evalLlates technical work; selects, schedules, and co-ordinates 31.2.10.13 Duties of the Prindpul [ngineering sroff in ftorge ol suptRVlsl0il ol o
to attain programme obiectives; and/or an administrator, makes
^s (onstrudion Job
decisions, concerning selection, training' rating, discipline and
(...... also see Chapter Z).
remuneration of staff.
A) DUTIES OF TTIE RESIDENT ENGINEER
Gulde to entrance qualifications
The principal rourine duties of the Resident Engineer (RE), aicled, where
At least Bachelor's degree in Ehgineering, with broad engineering
a appropriate, by his staff, are as follows:
experience, including responsible administrative duties'
1. To organise and phase the duties of his staff to suit the construction
dosrificqtion Guide - Engineer'Vll (seniot'mosl [ngineer]
. prografirme. r.

Icvel of ResponsibtlitY
2. To supervise the permanent work to ensure that it is executed to
I the correct line and level, and that the materials and workmanship
Duties . comply with.the specification.
vithin the framework of general policy, conceloes lndependent 3. To execute or supervJseitests.carr,ied out at the site, and to inspect
prograrnrnc aid'problemi tlo .be inoestigated Plans or approves materials and manufagtur= atrsource orher than that which *"y lr"
prolects requiring the expenditure of a considerable amount of manpower .oul trg?d offige,31aff.
, ,cf{ried ,bJ,tq
and financial investment. Determines basic operating policies, and solves ;ey--tsseprj; ,

primary problems or programmes t0 accomPlish objectives in the most

4. To issue instructions and drawings to fhe contractorrs agent.
economical manner to meet any unusual condition' , 5. To consider and agree to departures from the contract documents,
in consultation with the client.
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and AriaAe engineers Q f Raina's rieu Manual tor Highway and Bldge Engineers
Chapler - 31 co'srRucr/o' MANAGEMENT FUNcrtoNs AND BtD-srRArEGv

5. To draft aari.ation otders aird pass them to the client' effective supervision of the contract within agreed.policy, and to
ensure that their work is of an acceptable standard.
7. To keep a diary constituting a detailed history of the work of
construition ancl of significant happenings at the site, and submit 2. To supplement the existing superyision policy in consultation with
regular progress reports to the client. the staff aqd the Resident Engineer.

B. To keep records of inspections, variations, testing, and points of . 3. To monitor the contractor's programme for his section, advising the
contention. . contractof and the Resident Engineer of potential bottlenecks.

g. .rJrheie
the contractor claims payment for additional work, to 4. To draft site instructions for any required variations from, or in
addition to, the contract documents, and to pass them to the
consider and agree with the contfactor and record all relevant
Resident Engineer.
circumstances including the cost of labour and materials, seeking
agreement on matters of fact before any question of principle has 5. To record the hours and quantities involved in any part of the
, to bb decided py. thq client or an arbitrator' works for which the contractor claims aclditional payment, and to
make recommendations to the Resident Engineer as to whether
10. To' record and check the Progress of the work against the
such payment is due.
programme.
1 i ., 6. To draft correspondence and pass to the Resident Engineer.
'tl. tb meas,ure, ip.agreement '?vith the contractor's staff, the quantities
of york'"*".rrt"d, and to check day-work and othel accounts -of 7. To make a weekly written report ro the Resident Engineer.
interim and final payments due to the contractor so that it may be B. To keep a daily diary of dealings with the contracror and other
certified bY the client. items of interest.
12. To examine niethods proposed by the contractor for executing the 9' To inspect and approve foundations before the binding concrete is
work and temporary works, and ensure the safe and satisfactory placed.
execution of the Permanent work.
C) DUTIES OF THE ASSISTANT RESIDENT ENGII\IEER
13. To aff^t\ge redesign of the work to the extent that this may be
delegated bY the client,
1. To check the correctness of the basic setting-out drawing for the
contract relative, to existing ground features.
.14.
To record on drawings prepared for'the pufpose, the actual level
2.: To check, by independent calculation and measurement, the
and nature of all foundations, the strata encountered, and full
.

details of any deviations from the working drawings which have

setting-out of all pats of the works, to record discrepancies
observed and to inform the Section Resident Engineer.
been made during the execution of the work'
To chdck'the level and ,alignment
15. To observe and report to the client the behavior of the finished '3. of the formwork. to record
works, recording.movements, settlements, etc'''
discrephncies and.to iirform i-he siiction il;d*r;';;;;;;r;;;"
contiattor ivheie thebe are ou$ide the special tot"".u.r".r. ,urrt
15. To:keep all.the Residenr Engineef's staff fully informed on matters concreting is in progress, to observe the forrnwork to check for ".,
. which.may effect their work. . mov€ment. :.-i

s) nunEs': or'fifi sncTroNlii RESIDTNT ENCtNEsn 4. To prepare, in conjunction with an InspectOr, a list of any points
attention where the coirtractbi has iailed ro. i.,rp"'.tio..
1. To supervise and co-ordinate the activities of the Assistant Resident fquiring
'.opy of this list should
4 be 'pasSed 'the
Engineers (AREs) and Inspectofs, to organize them to provide most Engtneer. : :i ro.' Secrion ResiOent

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge engi,eers ] ! narhars Fie ld Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

\!,.'.r 1,i-!-.: *.r,i{g!r.# ."s gKI

 Chapter - 31 corusrRuczoN MANAGEMENT FUNcrtoNs AND BtE-srRATEGy

5. To keep records of .the setting-out calculations and methods advises him that relaxation of requirements has beer-r agreed. A
adopted. i: copy of this list should be passed to the section Resident Engineer.
6. To mark up prints of the contract drawings with variations made 5. To attend_concreting to en.sure that the workmanship is satisfactory
during construction and to pass these to the Resident Engineer' and to observe the formwork., To check the woi.kabirity of the
To observe progress, methods, workmanship and materials, and to concrete.
7.
inform the Section Re5ident Engineer. 6. To inspect the concrete when the forms are struck, to note any
defects and to inform the Section Resident Engineer.
8. To supervise routine testing and to record results.

9. To keep a daily diary of the weather, the setting-out he has 7. To attend operations rike piring, prestressing, concreting, grouring,
etc.
checked, any points of contention with the contractot and other
items of major interest, plus details of his own hours of attendance B. To check the revels of the foundations after placing the blincling
on the site. concrete (or earlier if extra digging is involved) an<I to inform the
sectionr{esident Engineer of any significant discrepancies; To agree
10. To keep other Resident Engineer's staff informed on matters which to levers with the contractor's euantiry surveyor where extra
may influence their work. digging is involved.
11. To report daily, in person, to the Section Resident Engineer' 9. To keep a daily diary recording the weather, the work in progress,
-
72. To r.rndertake any other work requested by the Section Resident inspections carried out, concrete placed, movements of kly ptant,
Engineer. points of special difficulty or contention, other items of speciai
interest, and his own hours of attendance on the site.
D) DUTMS OF TTIE SITE.INSPECTOR
10. To note the hours worked on any item designatecl as day-work, or
1. To check the workmanship and materials for conformiry with any other work which may invorve extra cost, and to infbfm the
drawings, specification and site instructions, and to inform the Section Resident Engineer.
Sectional Resident Engineer and the contractor where this is not
achieved.
1l' To nore minor variations which may affect payment and to notify
the Section Resident Engineer.
2. To note site instructions and any other relevant directives onto the
12. To record the ground
drawings used in inspection, to ensure that they are taken into conditions in foundations on the layour
drawings.
account.
. : 13. To notify the section,Resident Engineer of any accidents on
3. To check the reinforcement against the drawings and to inform the sire,
and record these. in his diary.
.section Resident.Engineer and the contractor of any discrepancies.
This inspection must be carried out prior to.the erection of any " 14. To keep record drawings marked with the dates when concreting
formwork which would impede access to the reinforcement, cables, takestplace.
etc.
15.' Tq keep a record
4. To prepare a written list of any points which may require attention,
in conjunction with an engineer, where the contractor has asked for 16. To i:nzure that general disciplines such
an. inspection. To pass the list to the contractor's foreman. To check
hs the c'ring and protection
of fresh concrerb, the provision for traffic through tie site, and safe
that these points have been rectified or agreed before this part of working conditions are maintained; .fhese best kept under
the work is covered Oy concreting, erecting formwork, or earth- control by requiring items in this category to"urrl"
be put in or<ler before
:
works as the case may be), unless the Section Resident Engineer inspecting for concreting.

lffi
3d"ffi---
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge Enginaers ]
,+-drd*.,q+*:td,,,
f nrrrt ri" H Manuat for Highway and Btdge Engtneers
----w
t,

CONSIRUCI/ON MANAGEMENT FUNCIIONS AND BID-STRATEGY

Chapter - 31

on matters which 31.3.4.2 Where to bid?

17. To keep other Resident Engineer's staff informed
maY affect their work' Sorne iob sites are infested with labour trouble possibilities and local union
Engineer' activities, so much so that it may be advisable to stay away from such
1.8. To repofi daily, in person' to the Section Resident
. wolks despite them otherwise, looking profitable. It is necessary to
19. To undertake any other work requested by the Section Resident understand where not to get involved. By a similar token, some jobs, which
Engineer' .should normally be avoided for..various apparent reasons (even like
20. To superwise routine tests where reqttested' 'potential labour problems'), may be the ones with profitability in them
owing to obvious lack of competition and assured cash flow.
3t.3. BlDDll{G: (Ot{SIDERATI0NS & SIRATEGY
govern the process of
3t.3.4.3 Scienlifk logir ..:... 0 curuolty!!
3r.3.1 Before going into the various considerations that \When faced
proposal, the construction organisation has to with lack of work, many contractors will quote low. The
bidding-for making a tender
lowest may well run into loss while otllers might only be preparing their
evaiuate its bidding strategY'
bids that have no chance. Astute strategy cannot be over-emphasised.
based.. on
3r.3.2 Primarily one would imagine that such a sttategy must .be Again, the low biddel who is actualiy awarded the job, may well have
scientific understanding ancl logical dissemination of the prevailing intentionally decided to operate at a very low profit level in ordel at least
conditions. However, ln a cut'tbroat competition
tnany tlmes tbe to earn the keep of his trained man-power and the depreciation on his
o,ut on tbese conditions' may uell require to be otherwise idle plant. These decisions are calculated risks and theoretical
"irorigjr,'utorked In practical rerms finally the bid strategy may scientific logic may well be a casualty in such a bid-strategy.
c,uanfia in actualfact.
upp.i, less scientific than simple logic would dictate' Its uncanny
understanding in practical application cant burn tbe profitabiltty in 3t.3.4.4 (onslmt prersure ...... (ounler-productivel!
tbe bid It may be aclvisable not to tender for ali the works, big or small, and take
on too much too quickly. If the tendering engineers (the designels and the
3t.3.3 Actualsituationsaletoonumeroustobedetailedhereandeachcasehas
estimators) are kept constantly under continuing pressure, they will make
its own conditions and calculated risks'
mistakes and lose intel'est. It is human tendency io switch on the relax
mechanisnrs as the volurne of loutine work increases.
31.3.4 Strolegy in Bidding
This can lead to laxity ln tbe bid strategJl ancl basty ana$tsr1s and bid
Outguessing & Oulmoneuvering the rivols:
preparations. Even the head-man may not be able to scrutinise each
3r.3.4.1 ..
, Idealism generally does not work in the field of modern contracting
- exercise with fhe same incisive precision. r ., .
. ,.,.i

not agree on this in the open'

though the contractors would understandably Qest may go and onljt tbe babit ma.y stay. This can be dangerous. As the
logical deducrions,
efteierraluatlng the straight scientific considerarions a4d contractorrs size grows, it is advisable that he is: more careful.in going for
tttttbout
tbe a'rt lles in outgueislng and outmanoeuor!4gftbe rioals all and,sundry small jobs.
atty stgni of thehooes tn band' The stretPg't ba's to-tbtnk
sbowlng
AY n*=t; pttri" ti" coid'itions fot coabi'lng
tbb contingencle1 for 3t.3.4.5 Do noi merely'exlrcpolole' old informdion:
[reater pioJntabttity during tlte-executlon ulthout ""yl"S !! f!..]? Even with the preliminary intention being to bid for a maioi job, the final
""corry
*"rd" 4t tirne oS blildtng. How.best to bad' to profttablltty decision to bid should be made'only after careful study of the acrual
tiriugt, extra utork{ and utirk-changes wltltout sounding of the
tbe
available contract conditions, the in siru site conditions, the feasibiiity ol available
atais 4t the tine of btddtng' Also, a thorough appraisal
has to be taken into and required construction technology and the availability of appropriate
competitive potentiai of each of the rival bidders
account.
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers I fr Rainas rie H Maiiat for Highway and Bridge Engineers ---"--&
 Chapter - 31
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
AND BID.STRATEGY

staff and plant. The inspections should be conducted by the designer and
the estimator in the first instance and by the Chief Engineer and the project
31.3.4.9 'Bid prolircbiliry ond personol physkol Breokdowns:
Manager after a preliminary in-house discussion with the designer and the Likewise, if ararge work, broken into a number
of rinear sections is put to
estimator. No assumptions should be made carelessly or by mere pro-rata bid one or rwo sections at a time,.chances are that the
contractors who are
extrapolation of old information. Nothing should be taken for granted. awarded the rirst few secrions wilr not have to q*ot"
to*"r.it an those who
quote for the subsequent sections. In other
woids the contractors who ,are
3t.3.4.6 Clients quolitier ol Hecd ond Heort awarded the first few sections are likely to make
u"tt". frorit, However,
depending on the nature of the work (e.g. an u.,a"rgrou.rir,rt*uy
Information about the personality traits of the client and of his chief and through
variat>le subsoil and water table conditions), "those
superintending engineers is essential. It does not profit to work for hostile who quote fbr
subsequent sectioos can have a better understanding
and vindictive authorities. Most contractors know how to handle various ;"-;;;;;
situations but a very careful assessment is necessary on this score before
variabre conditions and courd be better prepared "f srfategy.
in their price
deciding to bid as otherwise heavier margins for contingencies will have to All this confirms that bid srrategy is like a game of poker
l
and requires
be built into the bid. Other things bein! equal, a client with better qualities enormous feedback and feed-forward from deiigner,
estimator, constfuctor,
:
of heacl and heart is likely to help the contractor should he.suffer owing to planner and the investigator alike. The bid
stralgy,righ, ,"q"i.. a lot of
circumstances beyond his control. eaves-dropping, decoding and evaluating ,ra.iJus
l
information gathered from an. split by the iivals
#t ,na pieces of
I
ana trrei. supptiers.
wnen
31.3.4.7 low Profitability ond working under direct eye of rhe Public ond the post-bid negotr'a,ons ta.ke taeeks oif strenuous
I cob-web actiaitJ,"
Politicion:
peoprc uorking round the crack in tbe
.

. exerelse are knoutn feedback feedforward.

to baae suffered breakdotons.
I
I
Sometimes it may not be worthwhile to bid for an apparently
j straightforward iob despite its well defined variables (namely labour, 31.3.4.10 Feor of local-controctor Connections:
materials, cash flow, etc.) because, owing to these very reasons, the
comperirion may be roo rough and profitability tod low. Ma.ny Another factor that must be considered in the
bid strategy is whether there
''

contractors some times prefer to a.uoi.d toorking in prominent urban are rivar con_tractors who speciarise in the ,yp."'oi
work under
a.reqs wbere tbejt are undgr direct eye of tbe pubtic and. the consideration. such contiactors wiil try harcrer
I

..riri.r"..erery because
politlclan, fearing trrat eaen a. tni.nor mlsbap may receioe they may not be as well placed for other jobs. ".ra
sometimes a l0cdl contractor
dlsp"oportionate publicity and cdtlcism- These factors are important may be invorved and he, with a' his rocal k"o*r"dg", ;nhcrs wirh
in formulating bid srrategy, aurhorities ancr connections with suppliers of
materials
office bearers, may be very difficult to^b""t in his
i.d l"bou. u.rio.,
home grourrJ so_"rl_",
31.3.4.8 0ffer reboteif vorious'work-sections' oworded simultoneously: may be secondary but they ; ;;; ;; and make
:1:::,:_"Td"rations
what it takes to draw the line.
Many large works are put to bid after breaking them into a number of
refatively smaller iobs so that the competition is keerier since more
31.3.4.1I Bid exoaly 0r rsked for, but offer sops ,,in (cse
contractors would thus find the job-sizes suitable. such a strategy on the ol ........,.::
part of the client could mean lower prices. Howwer, unless the contractorts '. tvhen certain contract conditions are such that either
. unnecessarily swell or conringency reqriremenrs
fhe quantities
choice has officially been restricted, the larger contractor could quote a ,*";;;;r;;increase, ir
suitable rebate should he be awarded all the sections he quoted for and is a wiser srraregy ro cosr rhe bid exactiy ,as
required i;rh;;;"_enr, and
certain other rebates should he be awarded such and such sections . then offer the possibre rebates ,in the event such
and ,u.h .orrdition,
withdrawn or fewritten as so and so'. For the
simultaneously. This has to be evaluated very carefully since overheads and contractor to take it "..
on
himseif to modify rhe contracr condirions u"d
large scale traqsportation of plant and machinery do not increase in direct ,;;i;'lri, iio ro, tt
propottion to the number of adjoining works taken simultaneously. conrracr thus modified by him uniraterauy, can
lead a "
.";ecrion of
his bid. "",.i;,
ru--- - Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and Bridoe engineers
f ] auir.', ri"td Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

-.'ryrS4rdra**d

Chapter - 31
3t.3.4.12 tront-looding the 8id !!
It is a good strategy to unbalance the billing schedule in the bid in such a
way as to be able to claim and receive more for the earlier work-itetns in
order to be able to meet the various initial costs and equipment pufchases
and to generally mobilise the various work-actions without too much
burden on the capital..In a bridge for instance one might think of about
60o/o for substructure and 40o/o for the superstructure even if the actual
costing may be the reverse.
However, uffeasonable unbaiancing may not be acceptable to the client
who, after all, has to ensure that the contractor may not abandon the work
mid-way.
31.3.4.13 Provision lor the unloreseen (onlingencies:
The bid strategy must recognise and identify the kind of contingencies that
can an<J may well occur during the currency of the job. Unusual hazards,
whether they be accidenrs, floods, effects of mistakes of jr-rdgement (own
or those of the neighbouring contractors), or whalevef, generally do not
occur as planned-for, but something else usually does'
\ffhile the effects of riots, civil commotion, acts of God and the like can be
covered under the relevant clatrses of the cot-ttract, and effects of accidents,
unusual floods, fire, theft, etc., can be covered by insurance, tbe unknoutn
commodlty may be proalded for as a certa'in percentctge of the
prtme cost, usucrry one to fhte per cent depending on tbe type and
' slze of tbe iob.
.However, it is not unusual if even this provision is not somehow digested
,
by the work even if no unexpected unusual hazard did take place. That
much for bid strategy for contingency allowance!
31.3.4.14 For ilems likely lo involve lorge Ouonlities, do nol quote high LtSI lhe dient
should nol ufford to intteose their 0uontities !!
Another important item in the strategy is to identi$r the items ol work that
involve or are likely to involve large quantities, and then examine if they
could be quoted for at iower rates. This is for the simple reason that if such
items are likely to cost less as their quantities increase, it would be wiser
not to raise their prices to where the client could not afforcl to increase their
quantities. This obviously applies for item rate components'
- f
Rarna's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engln""t" EEl
W-----*
. .i!rt ri;i,.t,*tWl,ii,.-
CONSIRUCI/O& MANAGEMENT FUNCIIONSAND B ID-STRATEGY
31.3.5 (onsiderotions in (osting o Bid
31.3.5.1
" Considerations:
Tl're intention here is to present the consiclerations that must go into costing
a bid rather than propose any absolute values for the various items of a
given work. such absolure values wili differ from fype of wo$.ptype
of
work, job siie to job site, geographicar area to ilog.aphlcir area and
expertise to expeftise, because of different local wages and basic mater.al
rates, climatic conditions, degree of mechanization possible, productiviry
practices, ffansportation costs, prevailing laws and taxes, differing overhead
provisions, etc. This is too clear to be emphasised.
31.3.5.2 Spreod indirect costs into item-rotes:
a) Estimators can of course aiways fall back on their earlier figures for
somewhar simila. sitr,rations and modify then-r for the changed basic
rates, site conditions and contmct conditions.
b) For correctly estimating the cost of various items of utork in a.graen
bill of quantities, ihe estirnator with the assistance of the project
Manager has to build the item on lraper', seqllence by sequence,
allocating practical and workable quantum and hence the prime landed
cosrs ro all the needed skilled and unskilled labour, and plant and
machinery with pOL (including their periods) as also to ihe construction
materials involved including wastage. 'fhe cost of all overheacls
(including supervision, design payroll, taxes, all insurances
including
professional liability, etc.), depreciation on plant and machinery,
mobilisation, huttings/camp and messing, workshop, laboratory,
transport, and various other items, together with con[r.,gency and profit
margins, can be estimated separately and then spread over tire unit cost
of each item of work in the item fate contr.act. Lumpsum cost of certain
,'' items of work, not separately risted in the bill of quantities, wil have to
be spread into the unit mte of its af.filiated items of, work.
' c) In case of a rumpsum contract, the contractor's eogineering office
will have the 'complete' itemised quantiry breakdown..
d) In a.n item ta.te contract the bid document will have the itemised bill
of quantities but nevertheless the contractor still may hive to evaluate
the costs of a host of other sr-rpporting items of worl whose costs will
have to be spread into his relevant unit rates. Eren r.f the document
lists out tbe itemised. bill of quantittes, it is i.n corrtractor,s outn
Ruir"t rle H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers ,
,'..t1
Chapter - 31 CONSIRUCI/ON M AN AG E M E NT F U NC I/ONS AND A D.STRATEG Y

lrrterest to 'ta'ke off tbe quantities from tbe suppl:ied contract 31.3.5.5 (osting in dilferent Geogrophicol locolions:
drautings and. double cbeck on tbem i'f possiblc. Estimating for the same item of wor.k for a
iob site located close by in an
This can be very revealing while drafting the conditions of offer. In all urban and developed area is different than ii the site were in a far fiung or
cases the quantiry take off sheets should follow a professional and remote area with poor lines of communication. Unrt cosfs for a hiavy
standardized format and should be written and double checked clearly. construction job generally are higher than those for a relatively lighter wori<
This makes any subsequent examination quick and manageable, since the former involves exteniive transportation and plant movement and
particularly when preparing the job control estimate. All take off work very eiaborate material gathering and testing arrangelnents. At times the
snould be referenced to the felevant drawings and specifications and cost of the material involved may be less than the cost of all the
should be accompanied by neatly dimensioned sketches together with inconvenience and time incurred in obtaining it.
relevant notes indicated telegraphically. No laxify can be tolerated in this
exercise. 3t.3.6 Cosl Records Doto Bunk

31.3.5.3 Ouonlily yordsticks: 3t.3.6.t Cosls 'Dolo Bank':

Estimati.ng is a, practical art utltich tbe lnitiated. cun pfactice uitb
oa.rlous tricks of tn'e tra.de trla.t ca.nbe astonisbingly producthte and'
rea.sonably .tccufate. The experienced estimator will know yardsticks
like ,approximate quantity of concrete pel' squale metre of deck plan area
(i.e. avenge concrete thickness)', 'kg of steel-reinforcement and
prestressing steel per cubic metre of concrete for such and such structurer,
Ltc. Such figures are obviously applicable for certain given conditions of
loa<ling, quality of materials and design specifications. over a period of
time, many such useful 'rates' can be built up and gainfully tested and used
in more and more estimations. Pure theoreticalapproach can be impractical
and may serve no useful , purpose when faced with time bound
pfacticalities.
31.3.5.4 lnletoclion with Spetiolists
a) vhile estimaring a bid, specialists in other disciplines (e.g. electrical,
mechanical, piumbing, air conditioning and furnishing, and in fields
such as tunnel-lining and excavation, pneumatic oPerations and laying
pipelines,'etc.) may have to be brought in since the contractor may not
hjve in-house expertise in all the involved fields. Timely interaction
preceded by meetings wittr such parties, off and on, can be very useful'
b) However, smaller contractors, who may not venture into a job with
many diversities, may be able to pull on with a much smaller estimating
section, with the contractor perhaps himself doing all the checking and
double checking.
c) Bigger the contractor,s organisation, more diversified has to be his
engineering and estimating section.
The costing exercise can be greatly helped if the contractor maintains and
has ready access to the cost information for various work items at various
job sites, past and presenr.
These values can always be adjusted and modified to suit the conditions
and requiremenrs of iobs under bidding. Because of tLreir proven efficacy,
such basic cost peclestals can be of immense assistance in costing a
prospective job. These proven pedesrals are more reliable than
iny
theoretical analypis.
31,3.6.2 Periodk Updotion ol (osls,Dotc Bonk':
The constnrcrion organisation would do well in periodically updating these
cosi records for use as in-house basic data bank. Based on certain specified
basic costs including transportation, handling and storage at site at a
particular time, trtis data bank, pertrnent to aarioui srtes, courd
contaln a oariefit ofbasic costlftgures, such as:
r sreel reinforcement (including cutting, bending, binding and fixing) at
uarious leaels for different types of structures.
, o prestressing steel (including ducting, forming, placing, profiling,
anchorages, srressing, grouting and finishing) it iattous reuers for
different rypes of structures.
a open excavation for foundations through different types of soil and rock,
with varying degrees of dewatering.
o sinking of caisson (well) foundations through various typbs of subsrrata,
other than pneumatic sinking, per cubic metre of excavation as well as

@"-- Raina's Field Manual for Highway and'Bidg" Engin""" ffi ffi n r"s rle H Manuat fot Highway and Bidge Engineers i,i,5i:
.r. j_. rt.d;,jd,,Ev
 I
-:l
,i
Chapter - 91
il
it
ri
per n-retre depth of sinking for different well sizes, to various depths
(including grabbing, chiselling, water ietting, rectification of tilts, etc ).
o ditto for pneumatically sinking the wells.
a foundation concrete of various grades.
a superstructure concrete of various grades at various levels.
r pile driving through different substrata under varying depths of water.
o fabrication of structural steel of various grades.
o erection of structural steel under different conditions.
o lormwork for concrete at different locations and fol diffelent shapes and
types of sections.
o tall staging work (possibty in terms of cu m o[ 'air' staged).
o handling and launching plecast girders of different spans'
o excavation for tunnels through various types of strata and oozing water
conditions.
I tunnel lining work and concrete, inclucling different types of formwot'k.
o biast hole drilling.
o providing anclror bolts with bcaring platcs, ctc. including drilling,
grouting and testing.
o various explosives and methods of blasting.
o laying of pipes, including excavation throtrgh different terrains,
pedestals, laying, jointing and refilling (various operations)'
a erection of launching girder at site for launching precast briclge girders
of different spans.
o erection of construction machinew, including cranes, winches, batching
plants, crushers, etc.
o laying belt conveyor systems for transporting aggregates from quarries
. to the work site.
I purchase price, erection cost, operational cost and deassembling costs
. of various heavy construction equipments.
r hourly operating costs and rental cost of various construction machinery
units.
@ Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Briage engine"rs
CONSIRUCI/ON MANAGEMENT FUNCIIONS AND BID-STRATEGY
31.3.7 Additionql (onsiderations lor Bidding in Foreign Countries
31.3.7.1 Underslonding the locol requiremenls
Vhile the basic considerations are the same as detailed above, certain
add,ltlonal considera.tions tnust be kept ln oieut while utanting to bld.
ln a d.ifferent country. By and large, the inquiries for such works are
never conclusive and the pre-bid investigations even less so. The local
laws, working conditions, productivity practices, climate, satire and
influences of language, national feelings and above all of the authorities,
can all combine to prevent the outsider from a workmanJike
understanding of the overall impact these contributions may have on his
bid.
3t.3.7.2 [orol (onlacls:
Be that as it may, it is suicidal not to locate and utilize the serwices of a
local contact, a local Attorney dealing with contracting and construction
and a local certified public accountant who should know about thb
affiliated problems.
3r.3.7.3 [ocol Sponsor:
In rnany countries it is reqr"rired by law to join with a local'sponsor' for
pafticipating in any engineering activity.
3r.3.7.4 Advunce Promolionol Visits:
These considerations require advance promotional visits and enquiries
before fixing the local contact in the concerned foreign country. (Inittally
tbe Embassles ,na.y proaide some useful iniformation lneludlng tbe
Lnformation from tbe curent deaelopment plan of tlte country) A
utord of cautior beuta.re of some of the contact men utho, in actua.I
fact, utield no inlfluence and may euen cheat.
3t.3.7.5 Study the peculilr requirements corefully:
After the local contacts have been fixed and the bid documents studied, the
top management must clearly understand rhe.lfinanelng an'rangement
proposed. ln tbe document including tlte ra.mifica.tions of adaances
securabl.e,' byPotneChib<ii qf plitnt aiid macbtnerV and. thC condttl.ons
regarding' t ii iilr utit ltd.rata ai from rh e country, Certain specifications
may require to buy certain items only from particular sr.rppliers even though
Vffi ! aainas rre H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 31
they could be bought cheaper elsewhere. Such condltlons may be
manda.tory under tbe loa.n granted. to tbe client by some other
country, These considerations, if not understood and anaQtsed
carefulSt, mdy proae rui.nous to tbe contractorts pro1ftt margln laten
3r.3.7.6 Possible Procedurol Deloys:
Local laws - legal, labouq company and tax related must be thoroughly
investigated, their ramifications understood and precipitated on paper by
the contractor's respective experts. Wbat is appltcabl.e to a local
contractonnay not be the samelfor tbeforelgn contractor. Approval
for bringing in staff and labour may have to be sought in advance and even
then tbe utork. permits may ofien require reneutals at periodtc
interua.ls - ttbiclt may be aery tricky. Sometimes procedural delays
ln such ma.tters ln certain countries may lcad to imprisonment of
tbe utorkers wlticb can bante a. demoral:islng effect and binder the
smootrr raorkbtg of tbe -/oD, (Some contractofs may find this hard to
believe but then experience comesfi.rst and then tbe lesson)
3t.3.7.7 Viso formalities; employment ol locol ltbour:
Even the issuance of visas may not be prompt, sometimes not even under
emergency conditions. In fact the contractor has to have a fuil time travel,
visa and passport section both in his home country, to deal at the Embassy
level, and in the host country, to deal with irs Ministries of Labour, Interior
and Foreign Affairs. Special note has to be taken of the fact that tbe lauts
of tbeforeign count y may requlre to employ tbeir lacal skilled. a.nd
unshilled Labour, sometlmes at least 1ftfiyfiftjt basts. This should be
thoroughly investigated, costed and legal alternatives or possibilities
thrashed out, seeing how other contractors manage such a provision.
Attimesltmay be necessary to buy some of tlte matedalltems locat$t
in tbeforetgn country as required under lts laws for the protection of
the local industry and market. This may result in cost escalation but has to
be taken into account.
31.3.7.8 lox mollers:
Apart from providing for tax laws of his home country, tbe contractor
sltould tborougbllt inoestlgate bts obltgations.to the aarlous taxes
he may baae to pay fn ilrirforflgn 6ti'osil cqunlry vis-a-vis any double
taxation relie.f, Iheseforelgn taxes may tnilude: business tax (payable
Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and addge Engineers
fi
ilaqrrn,+.*k@:ril
ffi CONSIRUCI/ON M A N AG E M E N T F U NCT ON S AN D BID-S IRAIEG Y
T
on contfact amount), sales taxes and octroi, tax on monthly turnover
(applicable to main as well as to his subcontractor, both, without relief on
duplication) income tax. on actual profit subject to a certain minimum
whether or not any profit is declaredr. personal income taxes of individuals,
tax on plant and machinery, stamp duties (a percentage of the values of all
purchases and sales made), mandatory social insurance of staff and tax on
it, wealth tax (on assets), any local government taxes and also any
withholding tax. Many a contractor ltas cotne to gfief on account of
lgnorance on tbese tnaftefs and. a.lso tDben it cotnes to repqtria.ttng
,aoneys abrood (capttal salc proceed.s, profits, personal incomes,
and. for put'cbases qbroa4 etc.). There can be severe restrictions on
foreign exchange transactions and repatriations. (This is where the
contractors find jobs funded by international funding agencies more
lucrative, unless tbe bostforelgn country hasfree ntoney exchange
market.)
3t.3.7.9 tmploying lhird (ounlry l{otionols (I${sl:
Employment o1f tbird.-country-nationals (TCNs), botb at interTnediate
superulsory leael as uell as at skilled antd unsktllecl Leoels, sbot:it be
consld.ered In some cases this may wolk out cheaper and more satisfying.
Recruitment agencies in this line provide seryice and this should be
investigated and analysed.
3t.3.7.t 0 Expolriote Solories ond Perks:
Expatriates are usually engaged on on: and two-year contracts at a time.
Their salaries are increased to about 1.3 to 2.0 times their domestic salaries
(the figure may look higher in case of third country nationals), and are
given round trip air transportation. In certain cases they have to be paid
extra, to balance the increase in fheir income tax (domestic and foreign),
should they have to meet such a liabiliry. However, it must be understood
t\at ca.pable and oery responsible professionals requlre tbese
ind.ucemcnts - and more, tn orderlfor tbeffi to accept d.tslodgement
from tbeir establisbed. 'botne-base' and tbe stra.in of dom.estic
dismemberrnent.
31.4. APPROPRIATT TECHilOI.OGY
3r.4.1 Whol is good for goore moy not be good for gonder:
a) The use of appropriate technology is a very important consideration. f
f, R"r"s ri" M Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
*:,**,@p.
Chapter - 31
llii;i$ii :SF.*tjal$l{if!ffiFffi€ corusrRucr/olv MANAGEMENT FUNcrloNs ANo B tD-srRATEGy

labour is aaa.ila.ble aplenty, lcss sophl.stlc.rted constr.rtction

metrrods and ma.chtnery may be more relcaa.nt and profttabte. h) In tbe aboue tuto cases obaiously the tecbnologj,t ttlticb ls
Ifouteuer, if ahnost aA labour bas to be i.rnporte4 then it might be aflpropri.tte jor one is not so for the other-and yet botb
only appropriate to use more deaeloped design a.nd constrttction technologles are appropriate for tbe lncllaidua.l countries.
tec bnlque s intsolulng least labour.
3t.4.2 '(onrlrudion (omp' ronsiderolions:
b) Labour importation should be cut to minimum where procedural and
foreign exchange delays are expected. a) Cost of running rhe construction camp can be a big variable. If tbe job
is not to extendfor more tban a couple ofyears, workers and
c) Assessment af the 'appropriateness' of technology is not a new idea. most of tbe staff may be brought only on 'slnglc, status, keeping
'Workers revolt against machines
during the induitrial revolution, the more uaca.tions in oiew for tbe latter.
clinical testing of pharmaceutical products, or even the cost-benefit
analysis of development proiects, all involve technology assessment in b) If tbe job is more llnear ln cbaracter ratber tba.n spread at a
one form or anothel'. singl.e locatlo4 tbe camp toiU bante to be mobile, requiring
moaable butting.
d) It requires people with talent, tact, discl€tion and imaginative analysis
to assess the appropriateness of technology for a given country, keeping c) Tbe camp ltself general$t lta.s di.fferent standards and
in view the of u;ithiq one for r.rnskilled labour and the skilled labour
alyangetnents
limitations prevailing standards of practices and
up to forernan level. and another for those above. Some contractors
experience.
have yet another level of arrangement for the intermediate supervisory
e) Suppose in a poor _countly with dense population a low iost housing level thircl country nationals.
scheme has to be execured. It shor"rld obviously be very simple type of
buildings, fully made of locally available marerials using local skills and Tbese consideratlons baue a bearing on tbe cost estlmate,
almost all the work should be done by the local hand. rVater, sewerage
and electricity are of course a mllst.
f) Now suppose such a housing scheme has also to be set up in a money-
rich country where many of the materials may basically have to be
imported and there may be shortage of skilled labour. These imported
people have to live and that means providing for thern temporary
housing, transpoftation, recreation, schools for their children, medical
care, leave arrangement, etc. Also, nuterials have to be transported,
which might mean waiting in congested harbours and traffic iams. There
may also be insufficient communication due to possible lack of fax and,
telephone lacilities.
g) Consequence of these considerations should obviously point to a design
which asks for minimum manpower and short constnrction time. Zesser
tbe man-bours, lesser the problems production and constnrction
methods may well have to be very much advanced and sophisticated,
equipment heavy and expensive, materials imported and of first class
qualiry - and not necessarily cheap.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana BdOge engrneers

m ffi Rainat re H Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
\..-!.!..1 f. ,r ir . ..;j,_ ;- | t. , -..?.,..t;
 32.O CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEfYI

32.I PROCURTIhEIIT A}ID CONIRACI 32,l.ll 0uolity Monogement

PROCDURES 32.2 E|DDNG PRoGSS
32.1.1 lnfiodudion A TTIIDTR DO(UflIIIIIS
32.1.2 Procedures
32.2.1 (onlenh ofTender Documenk

.a
32.1.3 ProcuremenlArrongemenl 8 PREPARATIO}I OT IENDER
32.1.4 lnvilolion of Tenden 32.22 Daumenh bh fumished by Tenderer

32.1.5 Tefder Period iroredures

32.2.3 lendered Rotes/Prkes
321.6 ieceipofTenders 322.4 Poymenl in Foreign (urnncies
321.7 tonsiderolionof Tender 32.2.5 Tender Bid Serurily

32,1.8 Aword Detision 32.2.6 Voriolions / Deviolions

321.9 Awordof(onlrod 32.2.7 Pre-Tenderileeling
32.1.10 Conlrocl 0perolion 32.2.8 Volidityof Tender
i

I f aaina's.rieu Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

r'
Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

32.2.9 formot ond Signing of Tenders

C suBMtssloN 0t Tff{DtRs
32.O CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
32.2.10 Seoling ond Morking of lenders

32.2.11 Deodline forSubmission

32.I PROCUREIIJIEi{T AND CONTRACT PROCEDURES

32.2.1 2 Modificotion qnd Wiftdrowol of Tenders 32.1.1 lnltoduction

D TINDTR Opril[{G A}tD tvAtuATlo}t An important element of the sffategy for development of the road construction
32.2.13 Tender Opening
industry is the introduction of a consistent,form of tendering for road and
bridge works, whether these works are let under ICB*, NCB** or LCB***
32.2.14 Proces to be (onfidentiol
procedures.
32.2.1 5 Clqrificotion of Tenders
Theform of tendering comprises:
32.2.1 6 Delerminotion of Responsivenes
o Procurement Proced.ures, i,e. the rules and methods by tttbicb
32.2.17 (orrection of [rrors tend.ers are called. and. contracts lct;
32.2.18 Preformonce Security o Prequa.kficati.on/Eualuation Proced'ures, i'e. tbe screening and
32.2.19 Foilure on purt of Suaesful lenderer selectlon of contractors accord,ing to their tecbnical andfinancial
fesou.rces, experience, etc,
32.2.20 Sile Vhil ond 0bligotions
e The Fortn of Corrtract Le, the un'lte-up of the Contract under wbiclt
tbe contra.cts are made, and
e Bllls of Quantities and Metbods of Measurement'
The methods by which construciion contracts arc procured, must enslrre that
funds allocated by the Government are properly safeguarded and applied
with due regard to economy and value for money and only for purposes
approved by the Government. These procedures can also influence to a
greater or lesser degree the sizes of firrns which make up the construction
industry and the development of such firms. Stimulation by aid agencies, such
as the $/orld Bank, can only be effective if the dome.stic construction
companies receive support, either financial, institutional or technical, from the
Government. One method of support is via the procurement procedures
(ernployed by the public and private sector), that encourage all contractors to
take, a much greater involvement in the contractual risk by tendering for
works, which include the integration of the four basic resources of
/m ac b ih e s /m a t e ri a k /monqt.
me n'..j.

lZhile the
foi all
not those whose aim is to participate in ICB contracts, it
i International Competitive Bidding
** ' Naticinal Competitive Bidding
*** Local Competitive Bidding
@--- Raina's Field Manual for Highway and eriage Engineers
W& f R"in"sri"HManuatforHighwayand Btidge Engineers *'-*-- " -*-*-@
Chapter - 32
CO,N T RACT M A N AGEMENT SYS IEM
is appreciated that an alternative short form of contract is necessary for surveys to investigate technical feasibility and economic viability, an
employing the smaller contractors and when the totar value of the estimate of capital and operating costs, and information to enable the
work is
relatively small and the contract period less than 1g months. client to decide whether or not he should try to finance the project. rbds
vhilst any form of confact should be viewed in irs enrirery, the following pha'se does not rncrude 'd.etqilcd destgn, put usuailv incrucres
,outhne deslgn,for costtng purposes. -
clauses of the contract - which have major legal binding
- must be /
viewed with utmost importance. "ir"., During this phase the advantages and disadvantages of various
- Contra.c-tor's Obligations, optionaValternative solutions should be assessed on boih technical and
- Engineer,s pouters and Responslbllities, economical grounds.
- Indemnity and fnsurance, (d) A master pla4 which is a long_term development programme, and
- Variatlons, which indicates how construction and expenditur" .u., b"
fnasea.
- Pctymemts, (e) an bnulronrnental lmpact staternentt, which considers the ef-fect that
the proposed project wourd have on the environment. The potential
- Disputes, impacts, both long term and those during construction, may include:
- Fntstration and Defauh. o Loss of farm land,
. Impact of habitats or nature conservation value;
32.1.2 Procedures
r Effect of navigation,
32.1-2.1 In setting outtheprocedureslforprocurement, o
it is essentiar that projecrs Disruption of flood water drainage patterns, important to agriculture
are "sized,', i.e., "packaged" appropriately. The practice of ,,slicing and fisheries,
and
packaging, projects in order to give work to the smali local
contractors should
not be iaken too far as it may lead to uneconomical contracts in
o Visual and aesthetic effects of new construction,
which the r Effect of improved communication on the rural economy, local
specification cannot be met.
employment, housing and services,
It is assumed, however, that the Engineer has been appointed and
initial investigations and reporting phases of the project ^hurre b""n
that tl.re . Impact from increased traffic, i.e., conflict between rthrough traffic'
carried out. and'local traffic' (vehicles, pedestrians and accidents),
The need for rhe crienr ro appoinr a professionaliy qualified
and appropriatery
experienced Engineer to investigate the project and advise r Air pollution,
him on the
technical and other aspects involved over-emphasised. o Noise pollution,
"nnrrofb"
on appointment, the Engineerrs tasks usually cover an assessment . Impact from transport of toxic and radioactive substances, if any.
of the
clients' requirements and conducting some or alr of the fblrowing (D * Pro|ect Repot't engheerrng Destgn Report), which develops
investigations: .(i,e.,
. the lrreferr-ed solution in reasonabie detad, especially its
technical
.
(a) A sector studjt, whi.ch as-sesses the requirements of. a particular sector aspects. rbis repo* sbould tncbde an outlrtte progra*w takrng
(activiry) in order to identi$u individual prolecrs into account the rnteractron and auailabilrty offinince, iabour, stte
for invesiigation.
condltlons and f,easlble methods, of corrstractlatu
(t>) Apre{eastbtlity study, which invesrigares
whether there. is likely to be
a viable demand for.the subject to be srudied, whether ttre requi.ea Q) A Geotecbnlcal Report, wfuch investigates the nature of the subsoil
resources for the implementation would be availabre where the works may be constructed, assessing posstblc problems.
within acceitable
cost limits, and whether or nor a feasibiliry study would (h) cctst Esttmates, which show the capital and annual cost.assessments and
be justifiei.
(c) Afeasibilitt (Le-, pre-tnaestmerrt) study, which involves preliminary
permit the economic viability of the preferred and alternative schemes to

Rarna's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge E gin""ru Rainat fie H Manuat for Highway
ffi !f and Btidge Engineers

-
I
I
Chapter - 32
be assessed. It is important that these estimates whether producecl by the
Ernployer (i.e., the Government) or the Consultants, reflect the curent
pfocess for the type, level of mechanisation and methodology of the work
to be carried out, and are not solely basecr on some-old Standard
Scheduleol Rates (SSR) enhanced by an unreali.stic allowance for cost
increment.
Based o, the consicreration o1f tbe Engineer,s cotrclusio,s ctrtd
reconnnenclatiorts, tbe ckent uil trten crecide uhetber or not to
proceed witlt the pr"oiecr. Should tl're Client decicle to proceecl, tl.ren he
will instruct the Engineer to prepare a detailed engineering design of the
proiect, wl.rich icleally should be completed before the consrruction
procLlrclnent pirase is cornmenced.
32.1.2.2 Delinition ol rhe Role ol the Enginee!
Undel the tertns of the Conclitions of Contract the role of the Engineer, who
sl-rould be an ir-rdcpendent c.nsult:rnt engineer, shoulcl be as follows:
(a) Bc tl-re expcrt 'aclviser to' as well as the 'representative o1 thc Client, and
(b)
kiciepender.rtly of any conrracring pa.ty, fairly ancr impartially, make
the
decisi.r-rs entrustecl k; him uncler the contract Documents; manrge
monitot' the work and the contract, ancl issue ccrtificates at
clr-re
(c) Exercise rhe powers entrusted to him rry the contract l)ocuments
expeclitiorrsly, juclicior,rsly ancl rvithout undue clelay.
It is essentiol tbat except utbere tbe contf.tct ptouicles otlterwise,
clirections rtecessaly fo, the acrmirristratiott, nmntagentent artcl
rttottitorhtg of tbe contract shall be giaen onry tbrougb ttti Engineer.
If ihc in the compietion of the contract wor.ks or.
Col-rtractol suft'ers clelay
incurs additional cost by reason of the failure of the Engineer to carly
properly his dr'rties as desclibed in the Contract Documents, the Client
out
shall
be liable to the Contractor. For the purposes of Valuation of variations a'd
Extension of contiact Tirne, that failure may result in and in itself have
to be
treated as if it was a 'Variationr.
The importance of the fact that ,the Engineer.on a contract acts in an impartial
and plofessional manner cannot be overstressecl, and it is essential that he
maintains the inclependence ol his position and resists all interference and
favoritism. In managing the contract, the Engineerrs decisions on contractual
and other matters affecting the co'tract must be fair and irnpartial, and
must,
to the extent the contract Documents provide, be based on the'terms and
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineeys
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
crrnditions specified in them. The establistttnent and nrahtteneutce
of tttls
positiort of indepenerence regardirrg a corrtract is son etin es crifficttrt
lfor tbe Engineer to acbieue urten be is a salaried emprajtee of tbe
client. rherelfore, it is recommended trcat the Engineer inouta oi*oy"
be the representatiue of ant intrependent ani recog,isecr -of
firnt
reputable consurting Engineers, urbrcrt rtas aclequale prttlfessiortir
inclemnity irtsrtt'ance. Any restrictions imposeJ by the 6rient on trre
Engineer's authority to exercise rris unrestricted judgement or
the powers
vested in hirn by the contract Documents are undesirable
ancr may urtirnately
work against tire Clier-rt's general interest.
However, in the, case of a government elltity, if any restrictions
exist, they
shoulcl be specifiecl at the time of tendering, otherwise the colltractor
may
encl up entering into the contract uncler a faise preinise.
A .sirnilar procedure shonrcr also apply where the Engi'eer, who
will
acimiristcr ancl supe.ise the contract, is different froln the i,rgir-r...
carrying
out the inrrcstigations ancl the clesign of the project.
32.1.2.3 Forms of (ontruct
civil engineering work-s, invorving the construction of roads and bricrgcs, ar.e
ancl
usual'ly exccuted by contract enteled into try the Client ancl :r Contractor.
times. or
consortium of contfectors . cotttracts may be cf aanious types, ancr.sr>me
of
tlrcs(' :rrc ci:rssificcl as follows,
(A Lurrtp-surn corttracts;
(b) Iten-rate corttracts based on inclutled biils of quanttities;
(c) costs-rehnbursable contrctcts: Tbese uottld. ittclucre ,cost
lthts
lterrcentage 1fee, contracts, ,cost plus fixecl lfee, cotttracts, etc.,
(cl) Tr'rnkey' contracts trtat coaet' design and construction
and, if
,,ecessary, can include installation auel commisslonittg also.
The choice between the types of contracts involves a process of balancing
teihnical, economic and iontractual ,factors. In considering the various
advanrages of the different types of a contract, the client wiil ivish
ro know,
before the conrracr is placed, the total expenditure i.re will incur and the
rime
required for the work.
The client will also want to ensure that the work is done at the minimum
cost
compatible with satisfactory materials, workmanship and time. The
extent to
which these objectives are atfainecl will depend to a large extent upon
the
quality anci scope of the information emboclied in the coirracr clocuments.
' :.:: ..
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers i,f i.SS
Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

32.1.2.4 Prefened Forn ol Controd necessary precautions to ensu?.e tha.t a. contfctctor

does not
Unless it is a very major work involving unusual risks and uncertainties (in submlt an undeaelaped/unsound. sclteme at an appa.rently
which case it better be a 'Design plus Build, form of contract), the
louer p-dce to try and chnclt tbe utork but passing
.t-n^,?"d?"
ttre responsl.btlityfor
procurement procedures should utilise, as far as possible, the item rate form the deslgn to tbe Ckent,
of contract using a bill of quantities ancl this presents one of the best methods r Instructions on completion of the Bill,of
for controlling through contract management skills. euantities.
(c) Form of tender together with any additional
The Bill of euantiries is a sratement and description of the work necessary clauses
for This is the Tenderer's written offer to execute
the execution of the contract, in which is set our a list of items giving the 1,ile work in accordance
quantities and brief descriptions of the work inclucled in the contract with the conrract documenrs and srares the totaliendJ;,
and the time for
against each item in which is set out a list of items giving the quantities completion and other salient particulars of the offer.
and
brief descriptions of the work included in the contract. aglanst each item, the (d) Contract Agreement
contractor enters his allinclusive unit rate or price. The Biu, in conjunction
with the other contract documents, forms the tasis upon which the tenders Duly compreted with the details of the project under
consideration, this
are obtained. The contract price, in the main, is the aggregate amount forms a legal undertaking between the client and
of the the cont.acto. ro. tr,.
various quantities priced at the quoted rates. execution of the work in accordance with the contract
documenls_
(e) FormofBonds
32.1.2,5 Preporotion of (ontroet Doruments
Bid Bond (Bid Guarantee or securify) and performance Bond
rhe Engrneer (here, the consultant Fi.n) is responsible for drafting the (Pgrformance Guarantee or security)
tender documents in accordance with the Employer,s appropriate and ihe Bond in lieu of Retention
Money, all as applicable to suit the Employer,s procurement procedures.
procurement procedures and submitting these to the client.for approval.
({) General Conditlons of Contract
The tender documents will contain the following:
As per the applicable procurement procedures.
(a) Iocatlon and Brief Description of the Vorks
(g) special conditions of contract as per
This information is part of the contract and should be incruded in with applicabre procurement
procedures, with additional clauses as necessary/relevant.
!h" Contract Documents.
(h) Spectficatton
(b) condtttons of Tendedng and schedule to condltions of Tendering
This will vary,-depending upon the nature of the
These documents may vary from project to projecr and may include: services to be carried
our. The specification describes the work to b. .a'ieJ
J;;, il;;;;;;
. Instructions regarding visiting the site, qualiry of the materials and workmanship, and any
rp".i"i ;;;;"sibilities
conrracror rhar are nor covered by the coniitions
o Detairs of the supplemenrary information ro be submitted with
the
"[|he should be
ch?ck made ro ensure that there ir;;;6.
of thJconrracr (a
tender incruding a prograrnme and a memorandum of procedure, out the order in which the work should be executed
;;';;, atso ser
o Notes drawing artention to any speciar conditions of contract which methods to be adopted. Ihe specificatton ".rO-r.rgg"r,,t"
contractors to submtt a programme afid "b";A;;;"tre tbe
. are additionar to the General conditions of contract, including a,mctbodcllagt for
materials, methods of construction and any unusual site conclition{ exec'utrng trte prnlect. rt ttil arso rist trte aar-riirs
coi." ilproanc"
and standard spectfrcattons, uhrch util go'exn tn.
o Instructions on whether tenders on alternative designs will be anorkmanshtp. Tbese w* refer to eststrng fereaant
ioi".*ot" ooa
considered and if so the conditions under which they may be stundafds
betng adopted ln tbe country.
submitted. rn tbls respect tlte cllent must be alerted to take tlce

-- Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bidge eng,,;ne"." aaina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
! I " 1:l;i
Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(i) BiIl of Quantities Ihe essential reguirements for ICB are as
The Bill of Quantities is the list of items involved in the conrracr work, lfollauts:
giving their quantities and brief descriptions, and, in conjunction with the (a) Noti4fication and Adoer,srng: Timely notification
. opportunities
of bidding
other contract documents, forms the basis upon which tenders are is essential and the Employer (Client) is required
prepare and advertise a General procurement to
obtained. The Bill of Quantities should be prepared and measuremenrs ivoiice (CpN) ana
made in accordance with a set procedure. (For the methods of maintain a list of responses to the notice.
measurement for road and bridge works, th'e procedures set out in the
British civil Engineering standard Methods of Measurement could be ' The bidding documents shall not be
rereased to the public earrier
adopted.) than eighr weeks after the date of publication
or J" ipr.r.
(j) Drawings (b) Ua*drty of, gldrand. Btd Secut tet: Bidders shall te
requirecl ro
submit bids. valid ior a period specified
The drawings provided by the Engineer should detail.as far as possible in the bidding documents,
which shall trb sufticilnt to Lnable tfr" ,f.rpf"f"i
all the contract work. However, tenderers must have sufficient
complete tl-re comparison a.ra
(cli"r,t) ro
information to enable them to understand'what is requirecl for submitting or-uJru', ...,.i"* trr.
considered tenders. This information should include the,topography of recommendation of award, and obtain"r'"tuntio.r
ttre .r..esr^ry
the site. and the narure of the ground and subsoil, togeihei with "tt that period. ^pprovals
so that the contract."r_, U.'"*r.aed within
information about all areas to which the Contractor will be gilren access. Bid security, in the amount specified in the
bidding documents,
affording the client reasonabre protecrion
32.1.3 Procurement Arrongemenl
is rcquired, b'r it shall not be set so high
against irrespor.rsible bids,
a-s to criscourage bidders.
32.1.3.1 For the procuremeri_orrongemenl of dvil works, goods ond (onsutfing seryi(es, the Bid security shall be released ro unsuccessful
bidders once it is
d.termined that they will nor Le awarded
following lotest World Bonk Stondord Documents muy be used/referre-d to: . the contract.
(a) Guidelines for Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits, (c) Tinefor p.rep*t'^tron o1f Btds: Generally nor less than
from the date of the inviiarirn to bid or six weeks
(b) standard Bidding Documents, procurement of 'works (largcr contracts), ih. .1u," of availability of
when the contract value exceeds LIS$ 4 million documenrs, whichever L i"t",:-rn"ff be allowed for ICB.
(p) Standara Bidding Documents, Procuremenr of \works (smaller ccntracts), 32.1.3.3 llolionol (ompetirive Bidding (l{(B)
(d) Guidelines for use of consultants by \x/orld Bank Borrowers and by the NCB has procedures.normalry used for public
World Bank as Executive Agency. procurement in the country of
the Employer (client), and may be rhe
most efiicienr ar way of
procuring goods or works, uthicb by tbelr
32.1.3.2 lnternotionol (ompetitive Bidding (1(B! nature ",-,a ""onon,;.
to attract forergn contpetitton Tiese procedures o, ""opu-or. untikefit
The objectives of ICB, as also described in rhe IDA guidelines, is ro provide shalr be reviewed and
modified as necc
all eligible prospective bidders with timely and ade{uate notiiication of the
consis rency NCB';1# ;:
Employerrs requirements and an equal opportunity to bid for the requirecl
goods and works. The ICB procedures would normally be applicable for the
Flilff:l?;
bidder$:are not expecred t"'U" in,.r."Jd"iT5
ff
b..rur.,
il;:ffi1:
Til #,".:T:
(i) contract values are
small; (ii) works are scatrered_ geographically
prgcqrqtpgnr or spread;;-ri,"", (iii) q7srL,
1 "[.lqllgVinei are labour_intensive, and/oi (iv; ,[" goocls'or
'(a) contracrs for,civil workq,with an,esrimared value of .above us$ 500.000 prices berow rhe inrernational
,r" ;;r'i'ffi. localiy at
market."If fo..ig., "rir,.k,
rir-, o;ir;ri.
,i \. i . pg{,c9,gg?gr,,and it yrould,include,mainly upgradingrand r.ehabilitation of may be allowed to do so. o".rao"r", ,n",,
iQa$i 4n{ qPrylproigcqs. ..r . . ' r

,' ,'(b) Contracts foi goods wirh an estimated ralue of above US$ i00,000 per
contracts, and the bidding would be
contract, and it would include mainly laboratory.equipment, field surwey open to all appropriately registered and
interested local and foreign firms:
equipment and project vehicles.

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

* ! Rainat rie H Manuat for Highway and
Bridge Engineers -.
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 Chapter - 32
oi%io"qg.g coNTRAcr MANAGEMENT sysrEM
(a) contracts of value less than us$500,000 and it would include mainly trork intended and tbat the bilrs are 4 true rneasure of
tbe
upgrading, r'ehabilitation, and periodic maintenance of roads. rn the tender document in accordance witrt tbe delined utork srtoun
(b) contracts of goods with an estimated value of less than us$100.000. nteasurement."
methods of
Publication of a General Procurement. Notice (GpN) is not required for NCB
and advertising may be limited to the national press or official gazette. 32.1.4 lnvitdion of lenders
32.1.3.4 Dired (ontrocting:
32'l'4'l Tenders for contracts are invited from five or six contractors generally
selected
by the prequalification procedure. The contract documentation
- Direct conrracting witho^ut competition (i.e., from single source) may be ro rhe prequarifed contracrors, who will return thir;;.;;;;;rion
will be issued
an appropriate method for selected small contracts, generallv carriecl out tender in order to signily compliance with the conclitions.
wirh rheir
by local labour-based contractors and may include f6llowing works:
(a) Periodic maintenance on some minor roads. 32.1-4.2 Tenders for conrracrs not subject ro prequalification
are invited by displaying
(b) Rehabilitation works on some minor roads. a notice in the premises of the gorremment entity
letting out the work and by
publication of a nodce in the nltional press. (The
announcement should be
32.1.3.5 All render documents are to be prepared in accordance with rhe standard made in at least fwo prominent newspapers.)
bidding documents. Any proposal to depart from these must be clearly This notice will indicate. the type and scope of the
indicated in the draft submitted to the client for approval, together. with an work, the grade of
conrracrors who are eligible ro render, the ilosing
explanation of why the Engineer proposes these changes. Any departures a^t iii rhe
where to purchase the te-nder .t"""*.nt" rr"-. ior:r".ra..*.r*irriritld
details of
must receive prior approval of the Client before documents al.e printed. system' the Engineer's estimate (if any, of any under this
estimate made during the
32.1.3.6 Tender documents must set out in clear and unambiguous terms the feasibiliry study) for the project ,,ot'b. dir"i"J
-"y ;. h i.i'r". t"r,I"rr.
requirements of the contfact between the client and the contractor. ' A list of the firms who have purcrrased the tend'er documents
_
displayecl or made availahle
w,r be
32.1.3.7 The specifications ard Bill of euanrities must be consisrenr ancl in at the Clienls oflice.
consonance with the rest of the Contract Documents. In particular, care lnust
32.1.5 Tender Period proredures
be taken that substitute or additional clauses do not conflict with other
provisions of the Contract. 32.1.5.1 Enquiries and flleerings
32.1.3.8 The tender documents can be printed after their Draft has been approved by As would be set out in the Tender Document, a
rcIativery short period before
the Client. rhe date for submission of tenders is alrowecr by which
time aJy queries ,n
Tender Documenr conrents can be raised with the
32.1.3.9 Before initiating the process of:calling for tenders for any particular contract, date. Late queries, even in exceptional cases, may
E";;;;;;h- the curoff
the Client must have assurances from the Eirgineer that the contract documents not be entertained.
will be available for the proposed date for the invitarion, and rhat enrry on to The Engineer'r, ro rhese enquiries which should be in wriring
the site is assured by the time the works are due to start. If there is any circulated ro all l:0,1",
renderers, musr firsr be agreecr ro by the cri"ri.
and
the lgrgineer with the consent of the crient,may hold
r" addition,
possibility that entry may be delayed (e.g., land acquisition is not complete) briefings or expranatory
meerings (pre-bid meerings) with the r.nder.rs to disiuss the
the Engineer must advise on whether the delay will, in his opinion, affect the render.
document reiated matters.
tender.prices or the contractor's programme for the execution of the works.
3Zl.3'.l0 $/hen tender documentation is finalised but before the invitations fbr tender 32,1.5.2 Amendment to lender Documents
are issued, the Client is entitled to require the Engineer to certify the accuracy The Engineer may issue amendmenb to recti$/ any
of Tender Drawings and Bill of euantities in the following terms: pr.inting eryors in the
documents without prev.ious reference to the client.
All other amendments
"l,/we cer'tlfy tbat all reasonablz professional skttt and care baae been should first be agreed wirh to the client. vlen a
;;J";;;;-Jnt
the adequacy of the rendering period shouid be .""i;;";.-i;;;
is issuecr,
used to ertsure tba.t tbe tender d.rauti.ngs a.ccurately represent the iJ parricLrta.ly

ffi- - Raina,s Field Manual for Highway and er.dge Engrn""r ffi ffi nurut . -
rre H Manualfor Highway and Bridge Engineel.s . ,-... - -ffi
Chapter - 32

CO NT RACT M ANAGEMFNT SYSIEM

necessary if the amendment is issued in the last two weeks of the tendering
period (this will normally warrant an extension of time). 32.1.7 Considerution of Tenders

32.1.5.3 [xlensions ol lender Pedod 32.1.7.1 [xominotion of Tenders

Request from tenderers for extension of the tender period together with the - It musr be the aim of the Client.to award the conrract as quickly as
Engineerrs recommendation, are referred to the Client for decision. possible after the receipt of tenders. This will avoid offers
being
withdrawn or tenderers disputing the client,s right to hord them to
the
32.1.6 Rereipl ol Tenders original terms of their offers.
- rvhere unforeseen and
32.1.5.1 Gencrol unavoidable delays occur, the Engineer shourd
repoft any delay or potentiar delay as soon as possible. Ifthe contract
Tenders must be treated in confidence and must not have a wider circulation has
not been awarded within the validity period siipulated, tenderers shourcl
than is strictly necessary for the purpose of deciding the award of the contract. be informed of the expected furthei
-delay
Tenders must, therefore, be properly safeguarded. and asked whether this will
affect the rates and pric'es in their tenders.
$/hilst it will be the policy to announce the tender sum of each of the - The Engineer should report on the merits of the tenders, indicating the
conforming bids, the individual rates and prices in other firms, tenders must most acceptable for award or explain why he is unable to do so.
never be disclosed to any tenderer. pre-submission discussions of any kind
with prospective tenclerers abolrt possible rates and prices and probable - The Engineer should not discuss any matter with a tenderer during the
results must be refused, and any approach to the Engineer from a ienderer, tender evaluation without prior consent of the client. All queries arising
which appears ro have the object of ascertaining the results of tendering, must on tenders musi be referred to the Client in confidence.
be resented and reported immediateiy to the Client.
Arithmetical checks of the totals of the Bills
euanriries should be based
32.1.5.2 Arrongements lor Receipt and Opening of the Tenders
on the rares quoted by the tenderers. Attenti,on sho,rld be oaid to the
pricing of items in the Bills.;fir utorhs to be done e{r$ h trte
Tenders are delivered by the tenclerers to the office of the client or as contract
(e.g., preliminary and site clearance) to ensure
appropriate as set out in the schedule to the conditions of Tendering. that ttrese had not been
priced anificially higtrly, which would wrongly enabre the contractors
to
No copies should be received by tire Engineer's office. receive high early paymenrs. Such unbalanced (fntnt_Iaaded) pticing
In order to limit external influences or deviations, the conditions of tendering should be reponed in the Engineerrs evaluation.
should be such that ienders shall only be received in one office of the Client. Tenders should be carefully evaluated, particularly to discover any
The client/Tender scrutiny committee opens the tenders immediately'after omission, error, mistake or exceptional prices. Although a contractor
mu;
the cut-off time specified in the Schedule to the Conditions of Tendering. Such undertake a contracr at the stared price in his tender Jontaining a
mistake
tenderers may be present during the opening of tenders if they so wish. without due consideration of the possible consequences, if the error is
As the tenders are opened, they will be judged for conformity ebmmon ro several tenders and iesults from misunderstanding of the
(responslaeness) with the iender conditions, and the name of each tenderer contract documents, it m,ay be necessary to tnarte tenders-afresb.
rffhilst it is not necessary for
announced as to whether the bid is in conformity or not. The total tender sum the Engineer io know how the tenderer has
of all valid tenders will then be announced, one by one. composed his rates (although he can ask'for the unit price breakdowns),
the tender should be scrutinised with the aim of exposing prices
Details are then recorded, and all valid tenders senr to the Engineer for that may
be latently exceptionally higher or lower than expected. For tbis
considerafion, evaluation and ibport. purpose, tbe Engineer sbould. tabulate tbe prtces of all tend.ers
so
tbat art assessrnent of a reasonable rangi of p*i
may be establisbed and ensured.
for eacr, ltern

W_ Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers fi

f namab rre b Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers 'iit,;'V
,.a.d,,:i.-)j.1,1 ;*1., *v
Chapter - 32
3L1.7.2 lngineer's Repoil ond Rerommendolion to Oient on Tenders
The Engineer's advice to the Client recommending or not a tender should take
the form of a report, summarising the main points of the tenders received and
ihe results of his examination of them. The scope and detail of this report will
vary according to circumstances, and the main headings against which it
should be complied are set out below. This report should present a clear and
reasoned argument for the acceptance of the recomrnended tenders. If
technical detail is required in connection with the Engineer's Report, it should
be self-explanatory and, as far as possible given in simpie non-technical
language.
Because of the wide range of the projects covered in road and bridge
construction sector works, it can be tricky to adopt a standard form for
evaluation reports on tenders. Giaen belou.r a.re tbe recommend.ed main
beadtngs to be coaered tn sucb a report:
(a) A statement of the basic
features of all the tenders receivecl, e.g., name of
tenderer, the tender sum (uncorrected) and as read, programme period,
whether tender is valid, any qualifying conditions, etc.;
(b) A
statement on the arithmetical check and resulting effects of any errors
found in the tender sum;
(c) A note of any discussions that may have taken piace between
Client/Engineer/Tenderer regarding qualifications or ambiguities in
tender';
(d) A summary of the examination and analysis of each tender, including
comments on reasons why any tender may be invalid, consequences of
any qualifying conditions, feasibility of a suggested work programme and
methods, alternative designs, etc.,
(e) A tabular comparison of the rates quoted for the main items of work, with
comments on any rates, which appear to be exceptionally high or low
and the effects ihis may have on the contract sum where ther.e are large
differences berween the tenderers' rates for certain items;
(0 ' A tabular compatison of the corrected tender sums of the Contractors with
the Engineer's original estimate;
G) A recommendation of the best quali$zing tender, taking into account the
considerarion of the above items, including the procedure of dealing with
any errors, qualifications, alternative designs, etc., before acceptance;
(h) A cPM-type construction.prog{amme of the contractor togerher with his
cash flow statement indicating the funds to be ensured by the client to
meet the interim payment certificates under the contract.
m_-- Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eridge rngrneers
ffi
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
All needed qualifications and the contractors' explanations to
unceftainties in their tenders, together with their construction
programmes and cash flow statements, must be resolved by the Engineer
before he presents his report to the client. For this, it may be considered
necessary to hold meetings with individual tenderers and cleverly
confirm,/resolve.
such a meering should be held on the basis that it is desired to clarify
certain points on the tender and that there is no implication that it is
proposed to accept the firm's or any tender. These meetings should be
arranged by the client who may indicate the rules .of procedure and
parriciparion which the Engineer must follow in such cases.
If after the tenders are received a tenderer asks for his tender to be
amended in any way (even for 'correcting' what prima facie appears to
' be a simple Lyping/wriring/copying error), then trrat tender irton b.
tli.tbdrautn frotn consldera.tion and tbe chent adatsed im.medlateljt.
3Ll,l3 Reiedion ol Tender
whilst tenders for a contract work of value above approximately us$ 1 million
are usually called from prequalified tenderers of suificient technical capability,
experience and financiai standing, cases may arise where the prices quotecl for
the the work by some tenderers may be seen to be unsatisfaciory, inadequate
a and,/or likely to involve the bidder in serious loss. In such c4ses, it is not in rhe
interest of the client to accept such tenders. cases may alsl arise whereby a
lower tender may be unacceptable in favour of a higher one by reaso:r of the
latter's shorter programrne (if that be a criterion) and a workmanlike clear
tender offer. All tenders may have ro be rejected if they are found to be non-
conforming. All these reasons will be taken into account in the Engineerrs
recommendation.
3L1,7.4 The lngineer rhould nol hesitote lo olso recommend c tender ofter fton lhe lowert if
he cgndudes it is in the (|ient's besl interesl.
In such cases, the Engineer must state his reasons clearly in the report,
including:a full presentation of the consequences of accepting the lowest
render so that rhe client may unde$tand the responsibility he bears if he
rejecs the Engineer's recommendation.
32.1.8 Aword Decision '
After presentation of the Engineer's evaluation and recommendation report,
the decision whether to go ahead with the contract rests with the client.
f nurutftHManuat torHighwayand}ridgeEngineers
ff
Chapter - 32 ' cournecr nANAGEMENT sysrEM

32.r.8.t In cases involving private sector clients, the Engineer will usually be a the acceptance letter together with the other documents including the
Consulting Engineer, who will not be an employee of the Client and, conditions of contract listed in the schedules. All dcrcuments should be bound
therefore, his recommendations are normally accepted should the decision to . together so as to avoid aciidental detachment. \)fhen the copies are made,
proceed with the contract have been taken. greatest possible care should be taken to ensure their correctness before
r. distribution. rhe d'tstributton o1f tlie contiact ddcumeits must rnclude:
32.t.8.2 In case of public secror clients, with the Engineer being a firm of well-known
Consulting Engineers, then a final awarcl procedure, involving a tender (a) Two copies to be sent to the Contraclor by the Engineer;
scrutiny commiftee, may be followed to confirm the independent judgemenr (b) original plus the number of copies as specified
in the Engineer's report. by the client, ro rhe
Clienr,
32.t.8.3 The Client may decide to call afresh the tenders, should the tender sum be (c) copies for use by the Engineer, who is tbe Engrneer for the contract.
much higher than the Engineerrs estimate.
32.1.9.3 l{otificotion ol Tender Resulrs
32.1.9 Aword of (onlroct Announcements about the award of the contract will be made by the
client.
' AIter this announcement has been posted or published, all tenderers
32.r.9.t letter of lntent ' ' notified by the Client of the names shall be
of the tenderbrs and the totals of rheir
The clientrs letter of acceptance (LoA) of the tender (the draft of which tender sums in ascending order of magnit0cle.
should have been previously agreed by the concerned person on the clientrs
side) should be issued by the client informing the selected contractor of the 32.1.10 (ontrod Operotion
intention to autard the cor.tract to ltim- This letter will also inform that all Following rhe issue of Letter
subsequent directions concerning the contmct will be issued by the Engineer of Intent (LoA), the contractor becomes
responsible for pr.ceeding with and compreting the works in accordance
and that all subsequenr corespondence should be addressed to him. The with
the Contract.
Ietter sbauld also conflrm tbe date on utlticlt contrect documents utill
be fonlarded to tlte Cofltl,actor and tbe date by utltich be must sign
qnd. return trte contract as utell as the date an ublcb tbe Contractor 32.1.1I Quolity lllonogement
ntill becomc entttled to the possession of the slte, utlticb uill also be tbe 32'l'l l.l Prologue: Achieving the defined and specified srandards in the execution of
datelfroru utbiclt tbe due dateifor work completion will be ca.tculated. the construction project arc of parumount importance, and the quality
of the
completed works must. comply with the crient's aims and be fit for
the
32.1.9.2 (reotion of (onlrod purpose for which they were intended.
A contract Agreement will be drawn up and this will be executed by the
parties. 32.1.1 1.2 lntroduction

It may be noted, however, that until this agreement,has been signed, i' ' 'Traditiorially, in rhe consrructioh industry, 'euallty contidl' has been
the 'thought of in rerms of supervision of works tog.ih;;
tender and its acceptance together with the othef documents intended to form *irh *in. inspecrion
' and testing. However, quarity can be ,assured' oity ir
part of the conrracr abeadjt constitute tbe contract for a.ll tegal and tn. whoie undertaking
practleal putposes, takes account of it and is oiganibed and pre-progiammed to'ensure
that the
desired quality will resurt. eualityjmust, therefore, be a prime concern
of aI
once the contract has been created, the Engineer should collate the original parties involved in the construction, who. must adopt a systematic
and
documents and prepare a suitable number of copies. tach set of docurients rehearsed approach to its achievement.
will consist of the tender documents submitted, all correspondence relating to
rn recent yeats' new concepts, drscrprines and tecrtntques banse emetged.
coffections, amendments, etc., made and/or agreed with the contractor and
to faciutate the attarnmcnt of tbe desired qlr^attty, ind these
are qften
&- Raina's Fie,ld Manaal for Htghway and Badoe Engineers
I f n rrt Fietd Manuat for Highway aid Bridge Engineers ffi
tl Chapter - 32
CONT RACT M ANAGEMENT SYSIEM

coUectioelJl termcd. 'Qaa.llty Assurance,. WrJtkt the concepts lnoolaed s Knout bou to do it: ......... be properly trained, know the
initlalllt utere rela.ted to manufacturing lndustr-les, tbe requirernentJfor appropriate procedures and have ready access to any necessary
construction cornpanies to be a.ble to demonstrate a fortnal quali.ty instructions;
a condltlon of tbe tender or cofltrac-t ls
assura.nce capabihty as
lncreasing. Tbe need exists, tberelfore, for those tnoolaed ln ; Be able to do it: ............ possess the resources, plant, labour and
constractlon to acqulre and demanstrate an understanding of qualitlt materials required;
assurance concepts and. practices, a.nd. o1f its use as a tool tn quall4l t Knout iJt fi is d.one propertjt: check, measure and test
management. the items as appropriate;

3Zl.l13 Ouolity Asruron(e Con(epts ond Prsdices
The concepts involved may be considered as follows.
{o} Quality
In the context of construction, ,euality' may be definecl as fitness for
purpose such that the quality of the contract works complies in all
respects with the contract requirements. It is seen as essential to the
success of site construction such that each succeeding phase in the
construction chain is carried out properly. The brief, design drawings and
the specifications for the job must each, in turn, ensure that the contiact
requirements correctly define what is to be built.
(bl Ouolity Progromme
A 'Quallry Programme' is essentially the wntten description of the quality
system for a specific conrracr srating the organisation and responsibilities.
It will also list or call up appropriate general procedures, and contain a
commitment to produce the specific work procedures required for the
contract, such as 'subgrade, and ,base' works, 'concrete productionr and
rpre-concreting operations', etc.
kl Quolity Syslem
@tahA conngt be inspected lnto an ltera^ lt tnust be bulh lnto lt ln
adaantce. Responsibiliry for quality must, therefore lie with all those who
do the work at each stage, e.g. the Client, the Engineer, the Contract
Management, including the Foreman, the Operative, the
Supplier and the Sr,rb-Contractor.,
If quality at site is to be 'assured' and the job is to be done properly, all
concerned must:-
o ' . Knout u)bat to do: .. . .... have correct specifications and drawings;
: Be able to affect i.t: obtairi feedback and undertake
any corrective action needed;
t Want to d.o tt: be properly motivated;
: Record it: keep proper records; obtain required
certification, and undertake or participate in technical audits;
In setting up a ,Qualiry System', the aim is to lay down, in accordance
with established criteria, procedures which will assist those who do the
work to achieve the required quality and to record the results. The4 not
onljt roia quality be acbieoed" but it ,till also be seen to be acbieued.
(dl lnspecion
'Inspection' is the examination or measurement i:arried o,;i during
construction to chcck that the conuaLt requlerilerrts are mer. It provldes
a measure of how well the job is being done; but, on its own, the
inspection does not prevent mistakes nor does it guarantee that the job
will be done correctly; it can confirm a mistake already made !!l
(el 0,rolity Control (0.C)
'Quality control' can be considered as an extension.of inspection in which
the results of inspections, tests and other information gained from
experience are used continuously to monitor construction, to anticipate
pioblems and to control the work accordhgly. Mistakes are, therefore,
reduced, but quality control does not necessarily provide full assurance that
Materials_ a sructure or any of is comironents will perform satisfactorily in service.
(fl Quoliry Progromme Pu*oge
'Quaiity Programme' should be established such that the site management
strucrure and the particular responsibilities of individuals are clearly
defined, calling up all appropriate procedures. In addition, any necessary

Raina's Field Manua! for Highway ana aridge engineers

f ! R rrt rle H Manual for Highway and Bfldge Engineers
 I
l1 Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

specific works procedures and instructions should be prepared and quality - Audits and.reviews, )
plans drawn up as required for particular types or packages of work.
- Calibration of surveyin g ge^r and test equipment,
These may include: - Certification of materials,

a Plonning
- Approvals,

r Scope,
- Inspection and test reports,

o Client's specification,
- Corrective actions, if any.

o Client's requirernents, lnspedion, lheosuring cnd Tert Equiprnent

o Regulatoryrequirements,
o Relevant standards and codes of practice.
Subsequently, individual qualiry plans should be drawn up for.
important packages of work, such as pavement, piling, concrete,
prestressing, etc., listing quality requirements, specifying any
inspections, tests or hold points.
a (onslrudion (onffol ond lnspedion
a Design
\7here Contractor-designed items and temporaly works design are
required, appropriate procedures will neecl to be drawn up. These
should c,lver dcsigl clitelia, tlre pruccss uf desigrr, arrd tlesigrr cheeks.
The procedures will be structur-ed to ensurc compliancc with
relevant standards and codes of plactice.
Documenlslion
The Contractol should exercise control and update documentation
to ensure that the latest information is available for construction and
that the records needed to demonstrate compliance with qualify
requirements are maintained.
Impoftant items requiring control (e.g., registration on receipt,
distribution and any revision) include:
o Construction documents;
o Documents prepared by the Contractor such as procedures,
method statements, etc.;
r Requests for any changes from bOih Client and the.Contractor; and
r Records.
The Records will inclucle appropriate data on such issues as:
Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway ana Bridge Engineers
I I aaina's rieb Manualfor Highway
The Contractdr should control, calibrate and maintain all his
inspection, surveying and test equipment. I{e will be assisted to
ensure that such equipment employed by his Sub contractors is
adequately controlled. calibration levels will be such as to ensure
that the accuracy of the work is within permissible tolerances.
The emphasis will be on control, utniin ,nust ai.n at ,getting it
rigbt tbe lfirst tlrnei Conrrol of qualiry will be achieved, wh-ere
necessary, by proper implernentation of proceclures, method_
statements and work-insf nrcfinns.
For exa.tnple, typlcal .factors to be aonsldercd rcllt,ting to .t
boricrete pour, utould include:
o Access,
o Concrete supply,
o Metbods of placing and canxpaction,
o Placing equipnxent,
. Labour and plant required,
o Back-upfacilities,
o Rate of pour,
c L4etbods offintsbfng and curing, and
o Timefactor limitation/coltstraints.
The Contractorrs quality programme should provide for inspections
to be carried out d.urlng construction on all imporant iterns, which
cannot be checked at a laier stage. Such inspeciions would include,
for example, pre-concreting checks on foimwork, reinforcement,
box-outs, any in-built items, and cleanliness. Check_sheets or lists
and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

should be provided for such inspectigns. These may also be usefully be minimal if modern and established practices are effective. All quality
employed as aide-memoir and, when signed on satisfactory assufance will be based on a common-sense approach with the aim to ,get
completion, should be retained as a part of the record of the job right the first time'by the most efficient
(

conformance to specified requirements.

method.
32,2 BIDDI}IG PROCTSS
a Worknonship
Appropriate and agreed standards of workmanship should be A. ITNDER DOCUIYIENIS
established before the relevant permanent work is undertaken. This
may be done either by adherence to written instructions or, for
example, by the provision of sample panels of blck work, exposed
32.2.t (onlents of Tender Documents
. i

32.2.t.r The set of Tender Documents for the purpose of tendering shail comprise
concrete, etc. of
the following.
To achieve satisfactory standards of workmanship, it is necessary to
employ adequately experienced personnel. For specialist activities, Volume I
the involved personnel may also require relevant training and
appropriate qualificaiions. Examples of such requiremenrs would be Section I Notice Inviting Tender
such as those needed for post-tensioning operations and for Section II Instructions to Tenderers
welding, etc. .Section III General Conditions of Contract
Section IV Special Conditions of Contract
a Troining
The Contractor should ensure that appropriate training has been Volume ll
giverr t"u persururel whu are to .undenake any wotk calling for Section V Technical Specifications (General and Special)
acquired skills. In addition, the Contrzctor should ensure that all
relevant staff receive training in qualiry management. Records would
Volume lll
be kept of training caried out and of people with specific skills.
Section VI Forms of Tender and Bank Guarantee for Tender
(Bid; ss6r.it
3Xl.l1.4 (onclusion
Section VII BiIl of Quanrities
Quality Assurance (QA) refers to steps, procedures and precautions that must
be taken i.n adaance of trte actua.l constrztctlon eaent so as to ensure the Section VIII Schedules of Basic Dara for tender
desired qualiry. It is seen as defining responsibilities and helping personnel ro Section D( Annexures
understand and relate to working methods more easily by establishing a co- Section X Model forms (Comprise mgdel ,forms for Conrract
ordinated management structure. It also establishes better records for use by
the Contractor.
:.. . Agreement, C<jntractorrs Bank Guarantee for
Performance Security; Contractor's Bank
Quality Control (Q.C.) tantamounrs only ro arrempts of conrrolling the quality Guarantee for Mobillsation Advance,
through some confirmatory tests after the event.
Contractorrs Bdnk,s Letter of Guarantee for
A successful quality system is seen as assisting the proiect to conform to the opening a revolving line of credit, Bank
client's requirements, producing a more satisfied customer and a reduction in Guarantee for additional performance
complaints. seiurity in case of Construction Management
To suit quality assurance requirements, it may be necessary to change the way Services - if the tenderer has been
in which some iobs or procedures are caried out; but these changes should prequalified in association with a
Construction Management Firm. The fonn of
Ralna's Fietd Manuatfor Highway anA AriAOe ergineers rie{
f I Raina's Manua! for Highway and Brldge Engineers
Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

performance security (bond) is to be got

approved from
(iii) In ordet to-gve prospective tenderers reasonable time to take the
the Employer by the Addendum inro a(kount in the preparation of their tenders, rhe Employer
successful tenderer.)
may, at his discretion, exrend the deadline for the submission of tenders.
Volume lV
B. PRTPARATION OF ITNDTR
Section XI Drawings
32.2.2 hcumenfs lo be fumished by Tenderer ot fime ol Tender Submission
Volume V
32.LLt The tender prepared by the tenderer, and ali co*espondence and documents
Section )(II - Documents to be furnished by the tenderer. relating to the tender exchanged by the tenderer and the Employer, shall be
'written in English (or other appropriare 'language 'supporting
3LLl.2 Generally one copy of each of volumes I, II and IV and four copies
of volume
onty.)
III of the above-mentioned Tender Documenr wifl be issued to the tenderer. documents and printed literature furnished by the tenderer may be in another
language provided they are accompanied by an appropriate translation in the
volume v, containing documents to be furnished by the tenderer,
wilr be above stated language. For the purpose of interpretation of the tender, English
prepared and furnished by him.
(or other appropriate language) shall prevail.
3LLl3 The tenderer is expected to carefuly examine alr instructions 3LLL2 The tender to be prepared a.nd submltted by the tenderer for
, conditions of
contfact, forms, terms, technical specifications, bill of quantities, considera.tlon s ball generalbl cornprise the follouting:
schedules,
annexures and drawings in the Tender Docurnents. Failure to
comply with the a. Completed Form of Tender and Appendix theretq, duly signed, along
requirements of tender submission shall be at the tenderer's own risk.
with the complete set of Tender Docurnents (volume 1. to Volume v)
mentionecl in para 2.1 earlier atong with three additior:,al copies of
Volumes III and V duly marked as ',COpy',.
SLL1'4 All tenclerers are cautioned that no alternarive or conditionai
or deviations by the tenderers in respect of any item (including
offers, variations b. (i) Tender (Bid) 5s6.rr1,t amounr.ing to......(as stipulated in the Tender
advance loan Documents).
for mobilisation or time for compleiion) shali be entertaineJ'o.
consi.ier.J (ii) Additional Tender Security for Special Management Service Conrract
further in the process of tender evaluation. Furthermore, any
devihtion from
the conditions of the contract or technical specifications or Security amounting to.......from each of the parties signing the
other requirements
stipulated in these Tender Documents other than those specificalry ' construction Management service contract in.case the tenderer has
clarified/amended in the minutes of the pre+encrer meeting been prequalified in association with a Construction Management
shall be relectei Firm.
as non-responsive.
c. Bill of Quantities with rhe rares (both in ligures as well as in words) and
3LLl.5 Amendment of Tender Documents amounts for all items of work duly filled in, alongside the respective
(i) At any time prior to the deadline for submission of tenders, the qlantities in Secrion VU of volume ill.
Employer
may,.for any reason, whether at his own initiative or in response
to a
, ,. d. . schedules of Basic Data for tender duly completed in section vIII of
" clarification.fequested. by a prospective tenderer, modify Volume III.
the Tender
e: Copies of Schedules of prequalification
Document, fumished by the
(ii) trre Addeiiiium, if any, will be sent in wriring (by
retter, relex, fax or
tenderer at the time ofprequalification, letter of .approval of
catilg) to all prospective tenderers who have i.cei,uei the prequalification and statements of changes, which
ryay have occuffed
Tender | :.'
. Documents, and will be binding upon them. The prospective tenderers since prequalification. ,. ' :i i','..-i ,

shall promptly acknowledge rhJreceipt thereof ,o ,t.,. r..rptoy"r. f. Audited financial stateinents, extent of access to bank loans and,/orcierdit
' facilities and details of current works in progress.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Briage Enoineers ,.'j;:1
fi f a",irrt r," H Manualfor Highway and Bridge Engineers --.-
- r._*4.3. J.rrcrq4? /i {
 Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

g' Provisional Construction Programme for completion of various items

of subject to the provision of para 2.4 earlier, regarding payment in foreign
work (in the form of bar chart in Volume V). fire programme must be
currency/cu rrencies.
consistenr with the proposed development of equiplent (type
and
number), personnel and site organisatio; furnished by the tenderer 3L23,.2 Unless explicitly stated otherwise in the Tender Documents, the contract shall
in the
schedule of Basic Data for Tende. menrioned in sub-clause (d) above. be for the whole of the woiks, based on the unit rates and prices, submitted
h. An up-to-date Income Tax Clearance Certificate from the concerned by the tenderer in the Bill of Quantities (Section VII).
department in the country (for rocal prequalified coniractors only) in
Volume V; 3L233 Tbe tend.erer sball ft.ll in rates and prices for aII items of works
d.escribed ln tbe BilI of Quantiti.es. Itetns against u;hicb no rate or
i. Any other material/information fequired to be completed and submitred prlce ls entered by tbe tenderer utill not be patd for by tbe Bmployer
in accordance with these Insttuctions to Tenderers .ontoi.r"d in Section toben executed and. shall be d.eemed. to baae been couered by his otber
II of the Tender Documents, in Volume V. ", rates and prlces in tbe Bill of Qua.nttttes.
j' copy of the_satisfacrory, meaningful, acceprable and legally binding
construction Management service Agreement on the basis of 'the 3L2.I4 AII duries. taxes, fees and other levies payable by the Contractor under the
MoI] contract. or for any other cause. as prevailing on the date which is 28 (Nrenty
between the Construction N4anagement Firm ancl the Tenderer in
case the
Tendere. has been prequalifed in association with a construction eight) days priol to the closing date for submission of tenders. shall be
Management Fir.m, in Volume V. included in the total tender price submitted by the tenderer and the evaluation
and comparison of tenders by the Employel shall bc madc accordingly.
3LL23 The Forms, Bill of euantiries, and schedules provided in Volume
IIi of these Palzment of additional or reduced costs to the Contlactor due to subsequent
Tender r)ocrrments shalr be used without exception (subject to legislation will be governed by the relevant escalation clause in the Conditions
extensions of
the Schedules) in the same format. of Contract. if aoolicable/stiouiated.
3L2.2.4 Additional documenrs furnished by the tenderer, pursuanr
to pan 2.2.2 (e), 3LL35 Price Adjustments (Cost Escalatlon)
(0, (g), (h) and (i) earrier menrioned shall be inciuded by
the tencrerer in a
separate volume along with orher documents to be furnished The rates and prices and amount quoted by the tenderers are subiect to
by him, in adjustment during the performance of the Contract in accordance with the
Volume V of the Tender Documents.
provisions of Clause.......... of the Conditions of Contract (if
SLL?5 All documents contained in five volumes as eadier clescribed in para2.1 shall applicable/stipulated). The tenderer shall submit with the tender such other
be deemed to have been incorporated in the tender for the work. supporting information as required under the said clause ol the Special
3LLL6 The consulting Engineering Firm who prepared the proiect for rhe clienr, Conditions ef Contract - Section IV of these Tender Documents.
or
any cif its associates or employees, .,tt u" ..rgng"i by the tenderer for 3L?45 In case the tenderer wishes to offer a rebate to the Employer, with reference
"tr"it
any assistance in prepararion of tendeq design, d.r*Ir.,lr, to para ...... of the Notice Inviting Tender, he may clearly indicate such
bili of quantities and
any other parL of the Tender Documenrs for this *oik. Th" said amount of rebate in the Summary Bill of Quantities,(Part C of Section VII) of
firm or its
associates or emproyees shalr not be engaged or associated
by the contractor Volume III o-f the Tender Documents of the respective contract packages.
in any manner in the preparation of detailed clesign and drawings
' contractual matters. Non-compliance with the above conditions shall or any
render 32.2.4 Poymenl in foreign (urendes
the tender/contract invalid.
3ZZ4.r A tenderer expecting to incur expenditure in currencies other than the Client's
country's local currenry for the inputs to the works supplied from outside the
32.2.3 lendered Rotes / prices
Client's country and wishing foreign'exchange to be paid accordingly, shall
3L?31 u,'it rates and prices shalr be quoted by the tenderer entirely in the specify in the relevant Schedule of 'Foreign Currency Requirements' of Section
currency
of the client's country' and a' payments shall be made in the same WII in Volume III of these Tender Documents, the percentage of the Tender
curency,
m-- - Rarha,s FieldManuatforHighwayandBddgeeng.""o
ffi I n",t rt rre H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

.- --?4- :i: :
ir1 ::i:. .i :i:\:n!izr.yl4f*At;${s{+?:+*d:'- "-''
ii Chapter - 32
i CO N T R ACT M ANAGEMENT SYS IEM

Amounr (excluding the provisionar sums, if any) needed by him for payment
outstanding balance of the contract price. r4ay be adiusted by agreement
of such currency requirements eitrrer (i) eniirely in the currency of the
between the Employer and the contractor in order te reflect any changes in
tenderer's home currency or at the tenderer's option (ii) entirely in US
dollars, foreign currency requirements for the Contract in accordance with the
always provided that_ a tenderer expecting to incur expenditures in a
cunency relevant sub-clause of the conditions of conrract. Any such adiustment shall
or currencies other than those stated eariier in (i) and (ii) for portions of the
foreign currency requirements, and wishing to be paid accordingly be effected by comparing the percentages alloned in the bids with the
shall
indicate the percentage portion of such requirements in the relevant amounts abeady used in the works and the conffactorrs future needs for
Schedule
of the tender document. imported items.
3L2'4'2 The rates of exchange to be used for currency conversion shall
be the selling 32.2.5 Iender Bid Security
market exchange rate for similar.cuffency transactions pubrished by
' central Bank the
3LL5.t The tenderer shall furnish as part of his tender, Tender (Bid) security for the
of the client,s country and prevailing on the'date, which is 2g
days prior to the latest date for the submission of ihe tender. If ihe respective amouns stipulated in para 2.2.2 (b) of these Instructions to
exchange
rates are not so published for certain currencies, the tenderer shall Tenderer and shall be payable in the client's country's currenclr (or equivalent
state the
rates used and the sources. For the purpose ofpayments, the in any other freely conveftible currency) at the tendererrs option. in any of the
exchange rates
used for the render shail apply for the duration of the contract, so following acceptable forms:
that rro
culTency excbange fisk ls borne by the tenderen (a) Receipt of cash deposit in the Government Treasury in ......... (ptace) in
3LL43 Tenderers shall indicate their expecteci foreign currency requiremenrs favour of the Chief Engineer,
in rhe
relevant Schedule of 'Foreign currency Requircments, of section (b) Deposit-Call Receipt from a designated local or
VIII in a foreign Bank approved
volume III and shall provide following details (inclusive but nor by the Central Bank of the Client,s country duly pledged in favour of the
limited to) of
the specific requirements for:- Chief Engineer, ............
a. Expatriate staff and labour employed directly on the works; (c) Bank Guarantee from the designated Bank which has been <ietermined
b. social, medical insurance and other charges relating to such expatriate by the tenderer to be acceptable to the Client, irrevocable and operative
staff and labour, and foreign travel expense;
for a period not less than 30 days beyond the validiry of the tender (i.e.,
the bank guarantee shall be operative up to.........in the forrnat in Section
c. Imported materiars, both for temporary and permanent works, inciuding VI of Volume III of the Tender Documents in favour of the Chief Engineer
steel and cement, required for the works;
d. Depreciation and usage of imported plant and equipment, including
spare
(d) Fixed Deposit Receipt, a certified cheque or an irrevocable lener of credit,
, parts, required for the works; issued by the designared Bank which has been determined by the
e. Foreign insurance and.freight charges for imported materiars, plant tenderer to be acceptable to the Client and endorsed in'favour of the
and Chief Engineer, .........
equipment, including spare parts; and
f' Overhead expenses, fees and financial charges arising olrside 3L2.5.2 any iender nor accompanied by the requisite Tender (Bid) security in the
the Client,s
'country in connection with the works. acceptable form will be rejected by the Employer.

32.L4.4 The. requesred percentage of foreign currency (if any) so srared by rhe
tendgler in the relevant Schedule of
,his tender ior the work shall be jusrified
by the successfur tenderer to the satisfaction of the Employer prior
to award
of the work.
32.L4.5 During the progress of the works, the foreign currency
proportions of the
Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway ana eriage engrneers
H$H
3LL53 The Tender Security oi the unsuccessful tenderer will be discharged/retumecl
without interesl .as promptly as possible but not later than 30, days after the
expiry of the period of tender validity prescribed by the Employer.
32,u.4 The Tender securiry of the successful tenderer will be discharged wi*ibnt
interest"upon the tenderer signing the Agreement and furnishing the
stiputated Bank Guarantee for his Performance Security for the contract.
1l;il;ti
I a",irrs ri" H Manuit tor Highway and Bridge Englneers
 Chapter - 32
C O NT RACT MAN AGEMFNT SYSIEM

32.25.5 The Tender Security moy be lorfeited: writing by cable, telex, etc. A tenderer may refuse the, request without
(a) lf a tenderer withdraws his tender during the period of tender validity; or forfeiting his Tender securiry. A tenderer agreeing to the requeit will neither
(b) If the tenderer does not accept the correction of.his tender price pursuant '- be requi"qed nor permitted to modi$, his tender, but will be required to extend
the validity of his Tender security co'espondingly. The provisions of para 2.5
to para 2.17 ahead; or
hereof regarding discharge and forfeiture ofTender security shall coniinue to
(c) In the case of a successful tenderer, il he fairs, or refuses, within the apply during the extended period of tender validity
specified rime limit, to:
i) Sign the agreement, and/or 32.2.9 tormol cnd signing ol lenders
ii) Furnish the required performance Security. 322.9.1 The tenderer shall prepare the documents comprising the tender as describeci
in p4ra 2.2 hereof , clearly marked I'Original Tender'r and ,'Copy of Tenclerr, as
32.2.6 Voriolions / Deviotions in Tender Documents appropriate. In the event of any discrepancy befween them, the original shall
govern.
The tenderer shatl submit an offer, which complies fully with the requirements
of the tender documents. 3LL92 (i) If the tender is made by a proprietary firm, it shall,be,signed by the
' proprietor above the full name of the firm with its current address.
32.L7 Pre-Iender Meeting (ii) If the tender is made by a firm.in partnership, it shall be signed by a
3LL7.l The tenderer or his accredited representative is advised to attend a pre-tender p4rtner holding the power of arrorney for such firm. A certified cqpy of
meeting on .......... at......... which will be convened in the office of ........... the power of attorney shall accompany the tender. The certified copy of
in order to clarify issues and to reply to questions on any matter that may have the partnership deed, current address of the firm and full name, and
been raised or may be raised at that stage. cuffent address of all partners of the firm shall also accompany the tender.

3LL7.2 The tenderer is required to submit any questions in writing or by telegram,
letteq telex or fax so as to reach the office of the Chief Engineer, .........
, for such limited company or corporarion. A certified copy of the power
least L4 days prior to the Pre-Tender Meeting. ^t
3LL73 Minutes of the
meering, including copies of the questions raised and
will be furnisfred expeditiously to all those anending the
responses given,
meeting (and also to all purchasers of the Tender Documents). Any
modification of the Tender Documenrs listecl in para 2.1,.r, which may become
necessary as a result of the pre-tender 'meeting, ghall be made by the
Employer exclusively through the issuance of an Addendum pursuant to paru
2.1,.5 and not by iust circularing the minutes of the pre-tender meeting.
3L28 Volidity of lender
32.1&l The tender . shall remain varid and open for acceprance for a period of
....-'.'...days after the date of the tender opening prescribed
in para
SL?"f,,A trn exceptional circumstances, prior to expiry of the original tender validiry
period, the Employer may request the tenderers for a specifted extension in
the period of validity. The request and.the responses thereto shall be made in
(iii) If the tender is made by a limited company or a limited corporation, it
shall be signed by a duly authorised person holding the power of attorney
of attorney shall accompany the tender. Such lirnit;d company or
corporation should fu.rnish satisfactory evidence of its existence before
the corltract is awarded.
(iv) If the tender is made by a ioinr venture of two or more firms, it shall
submit complete information pertaining to each firm in the joint venture
and state along with the tender as to which of the firms shall have the
lead responsibility for tendering. A certified copy :qf the.authorisation
i evidenced by a power of attorney signed .by legally aithorised signatories
t.
gf 4tf partners shall be fumished.
3LL93 All witnesses,and'sureries shall.be persons of,'srarus anil probiry, and their full
::, names, occupations and addresses shall appear below their signatures. All
t signatures shall be dated.
2.'J"3. :
T 3LL9.4 The original tender as well as the,copies of the tender shall be typed or
t written in indelible ink and shall be signed by a person or persons duly
:)'
.l authorised to bind the tenderer legally to the contract in all respects. proof of
.'l

i
Raina's Field Manua! for Highway ana eriage Engineers r:i:i
f f aaina's ried.Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
 Chapter - 32
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

such authorisation shall be furnished in the form of a written power of

Attorney, which shail accompany the render. Alr pages of the tenier where 32.Llt Deodline lor Tender Submission
entries or amendments have been made shall be initialled by the person or 322.t t.r Tenders must be received by the Employer in the office of the chief Engineeq
persons signing the'tender. ......... not later than ........ hours local time on ........... If
such last date is
3L2.9.5 The complete tender shall be without alter.ations, interlineations or erasures, declared as a public holiday by the Employer in the receiving office, the next
except those to accord with instructions issued by the Employer, or as official working day would be deemed as the last date for the submission of
necessary to correct errors made by the tenderer, in which case, the tenders.
such
corrections shall be initialred by the person or persons signing the tender.' 3LLn.2 The Employet may, at his discretion, extend the deadline for the submission
of tenders by issuing an amendment in accordance with para 2.i..5 hereof in
3L2.9.6 only one tender shall be submitted by each tenderer. No tenderer may
which case all rights and obligations of the Employer and the renderer
in the tender of another for the same contract in any relation
participate
previously subject ro the original deadline shall thereafter be subjecr ro the
whatsoever.
new deadline as extended.
c. slJBftitsstol{ 0F Ttt{prRs 32.2il3 Late Tender
Any tender received by the Employee after the deadline for submission of
3LLl0 Seuling ond Morking of Tenders tenders prescribed by the Employer in accordance wirh the foregoing will be
32.210.1 The tenderer shall seal the original tender and each copy of the returned unopened to the tenderer.
tender in an
tll:l
and ourer enverope, dury marking the envelopls as oRIGINAL and
COPY. 3L2.12 ftlodilitotion ond withdrowol ol lenders
32,L10.2 The inner and ourer envelopes shall: l?;Llz,l The tenderer may modify or withdraw his tender submission provided that the
modification or notice of withdrawal is received in writing by the Employer
a) Be addressed ro the Chief Engineer, in the office of the chief Engineer, prior to rhe prescribed deadline
b) Bear the following identificatiori: for submission of tenders.
i) Tender for ".............. ', 3LLIL? The tenderer's modification shall be prepared, sealed, marked and delivered
ii) Reference No. in accordance with the provisions of para 2.10.1 hereof for submission of
iii) Name.oftheproject,,........,.....,' tenders, with the inner envelopes additionally marked TMODIFICATION'.
iv) The words "Do NOT opEN BEFORE ,! (Time
and date), 3LLl23 same as provided in para 2.15.1 hereof, no tender shali be modified
:and) subsequent to the deadline for submission of the tenders, failing which the
v) The words "oRIGINAT'' or ncopy" as appropriate (with respect to Tender Security shall stand forfeited.
' the inner envelope only). 3LLIL4 No tgnder shall be withdrawn in rhe interval berween the deadline for
vi) The inner envelope shail indicate rhe name and address of the submission of tenders and the expiry of the period of validity of tenders
: ' ' ,' , .tenderer to enable the tender to be returned.unopened, in case it ib specified in Tender Documents. Vithdrawal of tender, in any form,
declared r,Iate,, pursuant to par:- 2,1,1,.3. ., , . whatsoever during this interval may result in the forfeiture of the Tender
security Deposit pursuant to paru 2.5 hereof, without any further notice or
.3LLl03 Any render nor accompanied by an acceptable Tender (Bid; Sg.rr1* shall be opportunity to the tenderer and without prejudice to any other legal rights
rejected by the Employer as non_rebponsive. , ,
and remedies open to the Employer.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana enag" engineers

Q ! R"inas ri" H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 32
D. IEIIDTR OPTNING AI{D TVAI.UATIOI{
32,L13 Tender Opening
32.2t3.t Tenders, including submissions made pursuant to para 2.12 hereof strall be
opened by the Chief Engineer, on behalf of the Employeq in the
presence of such of the tenderers' authorised representatives who choose to
attend, at.........hours of the Client's countryrs time on.............and at the
following location:
"Office of the Chief Engineer, .., ..........,,
If this date is declared as a public holiday by the Employer, rhe next official
working day would be deemed as the date for opening of tenders. The
tenderers' representatives, who are present, shall sign a register evidencing
their aftendance.
ILLIT2 Tenders for which an acceptable notice of withdrawal has been received
pursuant to p^ra 2.'1.2 hereof shall not be opened. The Ernployer shall
examine all other tenders to determine whether they are complete, wl-rether
the requisite Tender security has been furnished, whether documents have
been properly signed and whether the tenders are generally in order. Any
tender price discounts or alternative tender price, which is not read out and
recorded at the tender opening, will not be taken into accour]t in tender
evaluatron.
32.213.3 At the tender opening, the Employer will announce only the tenderers' names,
the tender prices, any discounts offered, written notifications of tender
modifications and withdrawals, if any, the presence of the requisite Tender
security Deposit, and such other details as the Employer, at his discretion,
may consider appropriate.
lLLl3.4 Minutes of the tender opening (including the information disclosecl to those
present in accordance with para 2.1,3.3 hereo) shall be sent for evaluation
together with the tender evaluation report.
32.L14 Proress to be (onfidentiol
}LLl4.l After the public opening of tenders, information relaring to the examination,
clarification, evaluation and comparison of tenders and recommendations
concerning the award of the contract shall not be disclosed to tenderers or
other persons not officially concerned with such process until the award of
the contract to the successful tenderer has been announced.
Raina's Field Manual tor Highway and An'dge Englneers
ffi
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3L2.14.2 Any effort by a renderer to influence the Employer in the process of
examination, clarification, evaluation and comparison of tenders, and in
decisions, concerning the award of the contract, may lesult in the rejection of
the tenderer's tender.
32.2.15 (lcrificotion of lenders:
32.2.15.1 To assist in the examination, evaluation and comparison of tenders, the
Employer may ask the tenderers individually for clarifications, if any, of their
tenders, including breakdown of unit rates and prices.
32.L15.2 The request for clarification and the response,shall be in writing by relegram
eic., but no change in the price or substance of rhe tender shall be sought,
offered or permitted except as required to confirm the correction of
arithmetical erors (if any) discovered by the Enrployer during the evaluarion
of the tenders in accordance with para 2.1,7 hereof .
32.2.1 6 Delerminttion of Responsiveness:
32.2.16,1 Prior to rhe detailed evaluation of renders, the Employer will determine
. wherher each tender (i) meers the eligibility crireria; (ii) has been properly
signed; and (iii) is substantially responsive to the requiremenrs of the Tender
DocumenLs-
32.L16.2 For rhe ntrrpnse of tenr-ler erzaluationr a substantialll, rospottstae tafldcr is onc
which conforms to all the terms, conditions and specifications of the Tender
Documents without material deviation or reservation. A material deviation or
reservation is one (i) which affects in any substantial way the scope, qualiry,
or performance of the works, or (ii) which limits in any substantial way,
inconsistent with the Tender Documents, the Employer's rights or the
tenderer's obligations under the contract, and (iii) rhe recrification of which
deviation or reseryation would affect unfairly the competitive position of other
tenderers presenting substantially responsive tenders.
3LLl6.3 If a tbnder is not substantially responsive to the requiremenrs of the Tender
Documents, it will be rejected by the Employer, and may not subsequently be
allowed 'to be made responsive by the tenderer having corrected or
withdrawn the non-conforming deviation or reservation.
32.2.17 (orreclion ol [rrors
a Tenders determined to be substantially responsive shall be checked by the
Employer for any arithmetical errors in computation and summation.
ffi Rainas Fie td Manuat for Highway and Brldge Engineers
Chapter - 32 CONTRACT M ANAGFMENT SYSIEM

obstructions, etc., in the quoted Contract Price for the work. The Employer
32.2.18 Performonre Serurily
shall reasonably assist tenderers in arranging site visits/visas and provide other
32.2.1&l a) lfithin 28 (twenty eight) days after the date of receipr of the Letter of reasonable requests for data.
Acceptance from the Employer, the successful tenderer shall furnish to the
Employer a Performance Security in the form of a Bank Guarantee of 3L2.20.2 A tenderer shall be deemed to have lutl knowledge of the site, whether he
an amount equivalent to ............. percent of the Contract price or a inspects it or not, and no extra charges consequent upon any
Performance Bond in the amount of............ percent of the Contract misunderstanding or otherwise shall be allowed.
Price, in the proforma as provided in Volume III of the Tender 3LL203 The tenderer or any of his personnel or agents will be granted permission by
Documents.
the Chief Engineer, or his authorised nominee, on receipt of formal
b) The attention of the tenderer is invited to the letter of approval of his application in respect thereof, a week in advance of the proposed date of
prequalification. In case the successfill tenderer was prequalifed in inspection of site, to enter upon the premises and lands for purpose of such
associarion with a Construction Managerhent Firm, all parties signing the inspection, but only on the express condition that the tenderer, his personnel
Construction Management Service Contract shall individually supply or agents, will release and indemni$r the Employer and his personnel and
special Management Service Contract Securities additional to the regular agents from and against all liabiliry in respect thereof and will be responsible
performance security with each equal to 100/o (ten percent) of the regular for personal iniury (whether fatal or otherwise), loss of or damage ro properry
performance security required to be furnished by the tenderer as per the and any other loss, damage, costs ancl expenses however caused, which, but
para above. for the exercise of such permission, would not have arisen.
3z2.lE2 The Performance securiry is ro be provided by the successful tenderer in the
form stipulated in the Tender Document.
SLLlq Fatlure on the part of the successful tenderer to comply with rhe above
requirements shall constitute sufficient grounds for the annulment of the
award of Contract and forfeiture of the Tender Securiry Deposit.
The Employer shall be entitled (but not obliged) to inform the tenderer by
notice iri writing to withdraw his acceptance and, if so withdrawn, the
tenderer shall have no claim against the Employer whether for damages or
otherwise in respect of such acceptance or withdrawal. Also, this tenderer
shall be debarred from bidding for the work in case tenders are re-invited.

gLun sire vidf

3Z1t0.t The tenderer shall, prior to preparing and submitting his tender for the work,
visit and examine the site of works and its surroundings at his own expense
and obtain and ascertain for himself, on his own responsibility, all information
that may be necessary for preparing his tender and entering into a contract,
including inter alia, the actual conditions regarding the nature and conditions
of site, availability of materials, labour, probable sites.for.labour camps, srores,
etc., and the extent of lead and lift required for the execution of the work over
the entire duration of the contract, after taking into consideration all local
conditions, traffic restrictions, obstructions in work, if any, and allow for all
the extras likely to be incurred due to any such conditions, restrictions,
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana errage eneineerc
] f n"ru'" r," H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers _--&
". s*\--\.,r:4.6d-,*,. !:._ .. ,i
 33.O CONTRACT MONITORING
PROCESS

33.t tNTRoDUCItoil Pro-(onslrudion Adivilies

33.2 SAIIPUFtNG[R-Itp',[{Dt(AToRS, Moior Roodwork hems

RESUTTII{G TROil CO}IIRACT
Bridge & (ulvert llem
ilolilToR[{G
Vsriotion 0rders
Somple#l
a Cloims
Somple # 2
a Quolity (ontrol &ilificotion & Reirtd
$.3 PnACilql tttusTRAfloil 0r How A
lforks
TIO}ITHTY?ROJTCI RIPORI (ffIPR}
(onslrudion (onslroinls
SHOULD B[ COIIIPOSED ind PRISEI{IID-
A SAXIPTE IIIPR Substqnfiol Complefion

r [xerulive Summory l^iquidoled Domogqs {[01

o Progres Dolo wilh 'S'-rurve Iinqnciol

o Ptoied Dolc Miscelloneous

f a"ir"'" ri"td Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 33
CO N T RAQT'M O N IIORIA/G PROCESS'

AltlttxuRts
A - lorolion Mop 33.O CONTRACT MONITORING PROCESS
B - Proiecl Shffing
( - (onlrudor's [quipmonl 33.r INIRODUCTIOI{

D - Loborolory & field Tesls 33.t.1 rn a nutsbell 'cottract monitoring'compttses eoahibtlie. at regular
-
lnteraals, tlte following parameters .in an on_going contract,
E lYeofier Roporl
addresslng tbem- Iearning from tben making mcnds en-route utrtbin
F - Job Photogropk the set contractual condltions. and pusbing tie progress:
G- Alypkol lP( - ASmple exomple Perc ent age p hy stc al, progre s s,
Percentage finanrcial, progre s s,
Percentage,elap s ed, thne,
'Catch -i/ ionstniction
programtne ifor t h e b alance ut orks,
Correspondlng montbly cas b flow projections,
rdenttjication of commitmcnts of eacb participant utitrt trteir cut-
oJff dates.
a Adequacy oJf the Cantfactor,s Resource Management plan of ltls
,nanpouer, plant, ttater.lol and its optimised iniflout,
a Quality control cbecks and certfficatiott,
a fdenttfying critica.l lssues and. tbeir resolutiott,
a Variation orders, BOe ouer-runs and dayworks,
a Cla.ims, '
a Liqutdated Darnrtges - wltetber clue and, tf so, tben, impositlon
tl;ereo$
a Payrnent against the Engfneer,s certificates, i-

a Price-Escalation on uartous inputs -

- Labour (coasumer price index related),
- General mater'lals (wltotesale price index related),
POI.
- Change inplant and equipmcnt cost (rnachlnery and mttcbine
tools related ln utbolcsqle prlce i.ndex),
- Fofeignlnputs (ifany),
- AdJustmcnt to the contr.tct prtces lfor oa.rlous spectfied.
materials, e.g., -
t Bltumen
t Cement, and
o Steel
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
I
f n r"s r," Id Manual for'Highway and Bridge Engineers -w
Chapter - 33 CO N RACT' M O N IIORING PROCFSS'

33.1.2 During the currency of a contract, for the Clientrs benefit, the contract zl
monitoring exercise has to produce certain summary statements at regular 2 al
tt
E dc
intervals in ordel to establish the status of various indicators that uncover how =
the contract is performing. These could be: ii5
I
3
rl E
E6 o 3! c l'{rr.'j
Grapbicalrepresentations of-
F 6P
- €
xN
9
Jo
2
U
tt
% 'Pbyslcal'Progress
6 :! =
U
g !: ;q
.9 tE t
6 !a
ol'Fi.nanrcta.l'progress or:
r!o ;6
,E c.8
: o
t2
o
jil
% Elapsed time i f
F
E
EE i F iEE
with brief REMARKS, as releaant, E5:
E;
- Montb-uise Progress Scbedule, planned os. actual i" $FE 6
o
EST }FE
- Pltysical progress on major construction items - iE BsE U
= a q
FtE E !o
!5 Eq
:i*F !E4
:E9 b
zo
o Road.utork ltems : 5 E 6! t ssfl !€*
6)
o :;
ta
S6& F
(,
) I5! u o?

o Bridgeuork ltems o- d,
F
e
E
S S? IE;
.glc Sa: o
2 x
It a -t
- Project Monitoring curtte (tbe S-curae), showing % Pltysical i E :'E : o
o
>
o'flE iv^.
Yq o

Progress as. Contract Perio{

q,
g5 gii E
o
- 0
?:
E o s o- E
-a qt
6: :6E9
o :- ?E.i 4. Etr
- Project Status (descriptiae, bri.ef and sbarp$t focused.), and'.
a
g
g E3e
#3,I
=
z
o
o
#5r
c 1. l.
'L?
E'€* EiE
o E 3 3 gFg
- Problems / Issues. E u
e, r2 -t F.:E ;83
:F F:
d:
o o h= =fi
c

E P:sl o
d <* l]i qijE € E€
33.2 SAMPH FINGTR.TIP'I].IDICATORS' RESUITING FROM COI{TRACT A. U:;E
oii a E
u
J
t
o
aE c
J
6p
1 1"
'Ji
E IT )€
g F;f
E

20 e a
ro co [g
ITIONITORIl{G =
rtl EE d
F
O
3
a .€ T ;:5 ;J-f;c
FO o G d u
Tuto bypotbetical SAMPIE ex@nples are presented abead They are o .9 F -il -
> r(€t: n
self-expla.natory.
:
o
= u
&
o r5
ts6
UEC
qhF
i
o
&
8E H s i, !; P

The necessary information on these cemes out of the respective Monthly is & fli g ETE
;:*
i: J
Progress Reports.
gi6 Io g
bShE 5&;
E,8 H q t: e- I
E.e -q !
iEft 9-o:iv"id
pz6!?;q
dq
;{ ErE d Ei3
J€ s 5 E ll
] dE
o2
5e&-B gEs,.

4ii
D
8 .o $ra€ E$fF
=u
ld
t l= ei;€;.eserg d
H il o d- str -
,,
I kI !eit
FP ;t fl9
EI' il- I g
g-
Et Fi
eE?.[ E $s S
Ed o 8lE b t E d o ! .E h 6.5
g f ER€ l Po oo
a9
ET
3
o
tt< ile
ql= F d4c,3 E ci c
l# rl3 XE€#;#:g;
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eriage engrneers ffi ffi Rrr"t ri" b Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineerc
Chapter - 33
CO NT RAC T' M O N IIORING PROCESS'
:t
i
ls 33.3 PRACIICAI. II.TUSTRATION OF HOW A TTIOI{THTY
o :t PROJEO RTPORT
I
=
:r
r9
I
t
(IYIPRI SHOUI.D BE COMPOSTD
ATID PRTSENTTD...... IAIi,IPI.T
o rriN
E F rg !p to I FoR At{ 0}t-c0[{G PR0JICI
g z u
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U
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6 t
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G a
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6s 6
.4 o
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to
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o b I r'i:i::,.jr
U; o
f
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SE: 3

F3
a:
i
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u it as
9
Main Monetary Cuffenc.v: INR i.e.. Rs.
i9! (,
: :i E

-u
su
o ,E
i r*5Et H.; r The following tables show acrual progress
on the permanent ifems of the
l*€=
iPzii F i gESss work up to the end of the current month and
the status of expenditures and
iu:d z E.9t reimbursement.
3€ rEt: 3=q
;4Bg
P
! @tr
o
Q' :->! 8o .i-g
C' isrc !
fr
f! PHYSICAL PROGRESS
P6:: !
(O/O)
?H€E:"?
A-
E
Ef;Te
d.E;o9
a a
eo
2Z
,r" 3
:Hb:
OBI ::H4
!dYtcc
q!n!
i: 2 FI Contract END PREVIOUS
j9 -J6 i9 t9 v : 3 60 Projsct MONTH THIS IUONTH CUMULATIVE
: EP: $
;5 !E?og
S 5 e;
(l, 6.N-?:1)
5 9 .6 ; I Scheduled
o t g= E tii !i fl-e Scheduled Asklng
icoE :3
5
a
t ; qr -; E Name Orig/Rev. Actual Actual Scheduled
ez E-l:E*I o9q Rovisod Rate Actual
r 3 -c= Orlg/Rsv.
t EU
9-6 r9!PEI dEE
e ;s 5 El€ e z:
E E g9>. N1 100o/o

fi [: 80.9% 3.6%(R3) 10Ao/o

Project
FI u I I tu
E(' 5 9lEEi* ss ;3 q:x M ?o/n
L9o/o 4,30/o
U'-rlo (H3)
87 Ao/"
:F E .e'? ao '!d3ia?9
g P.T UE q.Ei -:-
iEA(.e ..EE
U::i E a c {PP. QO- R3 = third revision of work pl.ogram,rne (i.e.,
a- !a :E 6; J O J.i:5 EE nZlcvt a.nother catclt-up reuislot)
-n€oi

= *9sEis
a O
ZalvtYrd-9
v, " -E n!
o
E EP
tr ds69 I !lesstt 5;Q9x E)(PENDITTIRES AND REIMBURSEMENTS (Rs.
Mill, i.e., rulr€es Millions)
E f ic
a P d
T
- o >6"
XE e
:dE iH U;-E
E;i F< ! 8
X
E€€
Cl.E o to
d! h er"
t
-oi".d
ailo:c
Contract BOOKED EXPENDITURES
+€
E
uo Project Reimbursable
ea gfis€* H "s;
E^E Name Previous This Total Amount Pravious This Total
:I f Month
:G 9 Month
N1
:{ s
i ;gFg€$B
EcF;E
Pmiect 428.06 0.18 428.24 307.56 238.87 238.A7
9E
a

p$gc€; s d'E sgr

ba i$i 8 ^g E":59 e4 ! 3 o tUE PROJICT ASSTSSflIEI{T
-Y o - 0 0
i
P E
6. X S 9: Progress to date B2.g% versus 93.3o/o of time elapsed, considering
,'
eT€$169 I
1A
=U
/d
FO
tro
I
E
s ;EEi;:5
E €;sleEi
g
E
rEeeva
rxddo
UO
f r;
X:EqU
E
complerion of rhe project work to be by March
The achievemenf during the month has been
1997.
planned

E if s!E!{ FA only about half of what had

ri
^ttr E
I
P

i FiEE.:*l F
F
Fe s EgE
u.9 .9 g E c been scheduled(1.9o/ovs.3,6Vo(R3)). lhe p.ogr"u,
of work during the month
a9 I tg 3 e;€EtiE c: €E x ,5 g was severely affected due to srushy site cJnditions
in tt. *;.ting'u."u
EI
oc I
E ,€E3g:;i
H
:S EF tA "E between B.3 Km. to B.g Km., couplei with

r
.e
E < O U! F F inacleqtrate dewateringlJriur.",
ffi' Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Badge Engineers
fr Rainab Field Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers __@
Chapter - 33 CO N TRACT' M O N/IOR/NG PROCESS'

(somple MPR cotttd) (Sanpte MpR contd.)

with the Contractor, even though a very good working season was available DtTAil.S
during the month. Dislocation of skilled,/unskilled labour force due to a local I

festival also affected the progress of work during the month' if 1.0 PROGRESS DATA WTIII 'S'-CURVE
The cumulative achievement is 5% behind schedule, which could be made up i 2.O PROJECT DATA
t
by clearance of all pending obstructions/making the entire balance working- I 3.O PRE-CONSIRUCTION ACTIVIIIES
aiea available to the contfactor without any further delay and the Contractor
adhering to the requirement of schedule. Even though all pending I
.i 4.o MAJOR ROADTORK ITEMS
obstructions wer.e scheduled to be cleared by 5 September, 1995, this could I 5.0 BRIDGE AIID CTJLVERT ITEMS
I
not be achieved at site. The department is now planning to clear all pending t 6.0 VARIAIION ORDERS
obstructions by December 1'996. t
l
t
7.0 CU.IMS
. As on date, 0.42 km (equlaalent two-lane length) of the main carrtageway, and I
8.0
I QUALTTY CONTROL CERTTFTCATTON & REJECTED WORKS
2 km of the service road, remain obstructed. There has been a substantial t
progress on clearance of electrical obstructions during the month. Delay in 9.O CONSTRUCfiON CONSTRAINTS
!
.l"oiut-t." of obstnrctions, from that scheduled earlier, is likely to delay the I 10.0 ST]BSTANTIAL COMPLETION
' overall completion of the pfoiect works and the Contractor is likely to come up
:,
11.0 ilQUDAIED DAMAGES
for extension of time beyond March 7997, and also for compensation thereof'
72.O FINANCIAL
SIGI{IFICA}II EVTNTS
I2.1 IpCs
12,2 Advances
(i) 0.58 km of the main carrngeway lequiualent two lane wldLh) and 0.40 12.3 Liquidated Damages
. km of the service road were cleared of obstructions during the month. 12.4 Current Contract Amount
(ii) Earthwork on the left caniage:way befween km 8.5 to km 8.9 suffered a 12.5 Value of Take-over Certificates
serious setback due to the slushy site conditions and lack of dewatering 12.6 Increase or Decr.ease of Cost (Escalation)
resoul'ces with the Contractor. This, inturn, has affected the progress on 12.7 Financial progress of project
GSB, \7MM and bituminous works also, even though good working 12.8 Status of \{IB Disbursemenr Claims
climate was available during the month. 12.9 Statr-rs of Loan Disbursement
12.1,0 Consultant's Financial position
(iii) The Proiect Manager and the Planning Manager of the Contractor have not
been available for participation in project works since, 15 June, t995, One 13.0 MISCELI-A.IYEOUS
Senior PlanningManage\ who was earlier associated with the proiect, has 13'. L Consultant,s Activities
been available at site for a few days since 10 October, 1996. 13.2 Changes in project Staffing
13.3 Meetings / Reports ,/ Site Visits
(iv) Etglttlt bearing of tbe arbitration for tbe contr^ctor's claim for 1.3.4 Follow-up Acriviries
Rs. 29.05 miilion was held at...'......... from 28th September to lst 13.5 Other Ma$ers of Interest
October, 1996. The next hearing has been postponed and is now
scheduled to be held during 9th to 12th of January 7997.
ANNEXUR ES
(v) Mr......,.............took charge as CE, NH, P'WD, on 27 November, 1996frcm A Location Map
Mr"""""""' B proiect Stafflng

@--_-- Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers Q ft Raina's rre b Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
j

Chapter - 33 CO NTRACT' MON ITO RI N G PROCESS

F (Santpte MpIt coiltd)

63
ts g
C Contfactor's Equipment
q D Laboratory& FieldTests
E Weather Report
=
F It F Job Photographs
J s s €
o i I
=
Jl a 2.0 PROJTCT DATA
3 ;l\ rI t PROJECT NAil4E Four laningfrom. knt B to ktn 33.12 of.....Roacl
F
(J 3l 3I\ :l ,'
d
g
s section of NH *....

u E
ir'
>d,
eil
o I rl
Nh
$E
.5-
&
FUNDING AGENCY
LOAN NO.
lVorkl llank

N\Y' &6 LOAN AMOT]NT t/.5. $ 13.51 tuIilliott

LJ i:
rF<
BIN N 3lN $ LOCATION

:^5 =lN M rlN NATIONAL HIGH\Y/AY C'OM\ONENT' From km 8.0 to ktn 3J.12 o",-. Sectiort

lNx N IN of NH *...

3b
<s IN N IN Sa nctiott /Approu al of project

EP
E
IN IN \N IN Original Sanctioned Cost Its. 4Bi.1i Million
agl
IN IN N IN Revised Sanctioned Cost N.A.
tlt E
w4
ts< IN IN tN*
NY' IN a il
Estimated Final Cost
Estimated Completion
Rs. 514 Million
31 March, 1997 hs pcr c:rch-up licvisiorr 3)
C,<
ot = TN $: IN: Ciuil Corrtract Det ails
EA IN N ,l N= j
3

e./,
(t
:{? IN M fM I
9
6
Package

CONTRACTOR
N1

M/s
t
-o o
&
a
IN }N N IN t':
5 a
E
Contract Limits knr 8.0 to km 33.12
IN IN .N IN E
g
a
Contract Length
Contract Signed
25.12 km
19 March 1992
IN IN N E
E
d ry
Commencement Date 9 Lpril,1992

o ?
TN IN N
s
IN \ g
Original Completion Date
Time Extensions
8 April, 1996
12 Months
U 1Y
st
UE gR
@tE* E
z5 6t t
o:! 85 o
E
e Revised Cornpletion Date 37 March,7997
tr\ t=
ic e=
o9
d
o =: o
l
5d
qe a6 ==
J: 6
=6

I
K
4
93 \= ; )
<!-u E L
8
=E .: Original Contract Period 48 Months
s 3 z Eu 333 = = E O 3
Revised Contract Period
ts* I
F f zt d ! 5 E
E
60 Montl'rs
ii s h
33 g t 6 8
6
i
a
;6= o
di Original Conrract Amounr Rs. 399,996,637
,,;1.1I9
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers lif.:.1i11 narnat f,e H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Ensineers ttlzt
 CON TRACT'MOA'IIOR//VG PROCESS'
Chapter - 33

) (Sa.mple MPR cmtd,)

(Sample MPR contd)
Changes of Amount bY V Os Rs. 20,051,885
.Nil.
!
{: 3.0 PRFCO}ISTRU(TION ACTIVITITS
Other Changes of Amount
Revised Contract Amount Rs. 420,048,516 (ol GENERAT STAIUS

Liquidated Damages
Se cti.onal Completiotu
lst Milestone - (km 12.6 to km19.1km)
Length
Time Period
Itevised Period
Original Completion Date
Revised ComPletion Date
Liquidated Damages
Rs. 46,000/day O.42 km of tbe Main Can iaganay (equioalent two-lane length) and
2.OO km of Seruice Road rernain obstructed due to pending land
acquisltion / remoual o! utilities. Delaib giuen abead. Clearance of
'
pending'obstruction Oy S Septemief 1996, ai scbeduled. earlier, could not
6.5 KM
be acbieued at site by tbe departtnent. The pace of clearance of
' obstructions is uery slow. Clearance of etecnicatbbiini,ctions bas picked up
24 Months
37 Months tnolltentum during tbe montb. The dqartrnent is ndw planning to clear
all pending obstntctions by December 1996. Delay in cleirance of
3 April,1994 obstructioTts from tbat scbeduled earlier k likety to delay the ouerall
6 May,1995 ' compbtion of tbe project works and tbe contractor is likety to come up for
Rs. 23,000/day
extension of time beyond Marcb 1997, and aliofor compensation tbereof.

2nd Milestone - (ktr:^25.2 to km 31.7) (bI SITE HAND.OVER

Length 6.5 km As on dale, tbefutl tengtb of the main cariagewag (25!2 km) stands
Time Period 36 Months banded ouer to tbe contractor, of which O.2I km still reqlgin obstructed.
Revised Period 48 Months
Tbe departnent is planning to clear all pending obstructions by December,
Original ComPletion Date 8 April,1995 1996. Dewils uitb respect to seruice roads are giuen abead.
Revisecl Complerion Date J April, 1996
Liquiclated l)amages Rs.23,000/day
kl .uilD A(oulsrTror{
Performance Security 1oo/o of Contract Price 178 qcres,of land, as against tbe total ,equirement of IB5 acres, haue been
Third Party Insurance Rs. 1,00,000/occurrence
acquired. Land acquisition for tbe balance stretcbes is planned to be
Defects Liability Period 12 Months
cotnpleted by December, 1996.
Percent Retention 1070 of IPC
Limit of Retention of Contract Price i'
50%
(dl IRff RffiOVAL : 'r '
'
Consultancy Contract Details Total 475 trees baue been remoued as on'2o August 1996.
M/s................
'*""" -. '- .'-' '' l'
Consultar.rt
t6 octobet 1992 (el ELECfRl( P0[ES - SHltIlNc/REfitOVAl.
Contract Signed
Commencement Date 16 Octobet 1992 ' of cleararibe ofelectii,gl oti*ii)gtions bas.gained rnomentum,
\eprogress
Original Contract Period 48 Months cleartng B elearicalpgles dirlng,ine mOnyb,
Time Extension 8 Months
Revised Contract Period
Original Contract Amount
56 Months
Rs. 9.17 Million
(fl TH.EpHol{rpolEs/$Bt t5 - sHFT[{c/RIi10vll.
Variation Order - Nil- The Telepbone departnxent is being purcued by tbe dqartment for
Revised Contract Arnount Rs. 9. 17 Million expediting cliarance of pending obstru.ctions on top priority

EEldr a,iaoe Engtnee's ] l! R in"S fie ld Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
w Ralna's Fietd Manual for Highway ana
Chaptet - 33
CO NT R ACT' M ON/TOR/NG PROCESS'

(Sa.r?tplc MPR contd.)

(Sample MpR contd.)
(Sl 0IH[R 08SIRU$I0NS (* t t mairn, wells, tzrnsformers, electrical towers, etc.)
til HAND'OVIR SIATUS 0F stRvrcE RoADs {proiecr lengrh 22.66 kmd
-Nil
Ie1ft Seroice Road (project Lengtb: L4:22 Kms)
thl rTrrdrsrD usl 0F Ht$t{lBRAr{cEs Hrfded Ovat
Remrining to b. llanded Ovlr
Un Encunbercd
Eocuhbarcd Limib

Km 8.800 To Kn 8.880 Kft 9.726 To Km 9.746 Km 8.880 lb Km 8.960

Km 9.660 To Km 9.726 Km I t.475 To Kn I 1.535 Km 9.600 Ib Km 9.60
Km 9.746 To Km il.475 Km
Action taken / proposed: 1 I Electrical poles shifted during this month. Kn
20.580 To Km 20.700 Km 21.850 To Km 24.030
I 1.535 To Km t00
Work progressing satisfactorily. l 2. Km 24.525 To Kn 21.555
Kfr t6.790 To Kn 20.110 Km 32.3t5 To Km 32.415
Telephone Poles 197 6 December 96 Dept. Of Telecom., Kn 20.410 To Km 20.580 Km 32.525 To Km 32.5J5
(Nos.) Km 20.700 To Km 2 t.400
Aclion taken/Proposed: Being removed as per site requirement.
Km 22.030 To Km 22.896
''' Water Lines 1,050 0 Completed Km 23.220 'lb Krn 21.E50
DEC. 96

(Mtrl Action taken / Proposed:

Km 21.240 To Km 24.525
Km 24.555 To Knl 21.5&
TREES (Nos.) 475 0 Completed Km 28.tJ0 1o Km 1r.850
Km 32.020 To Km
Aclion taken / Proposed: Nil 32.165
Km 32.4t5 To Km, 32.525
Land PWD & Revenue Km 12.555 To Km
178 7 Demmber 96 31.005
Acquisitlon(Acres) Dept.,

Action taken/Proposed: All out offorts are being made to expedite the
balance land acquisition. Rigltt Seruice Road (proJect lengtlt: 13.44 kms)
Sits Hand Over (Km) 25.12 0 Completed PWD.,
Hrndcd Ovar
Action laken/Proposed: Main Cariageway portion fully handed over by R.fi.lnlng to b Hrndcd Over

Nov. 96. 1.60 km of Servics Road stretches to be handed over. Un Encrmbercd f,ncu6b.r.d Limits

Km
(il HAilD-OVlR STATUS 0F fulAlll $RRIAGEWAY (project Length 25.12 Kms) , Km
8.540
10.020
To Km
To Km
9.580 Km
Km
10.23J ToKm I0:65 Km 9-920 To Km 10.020
r0.215 23.93J ToKn 23.965 Km 12.300 To Km 12j@
Kn 10.265 'fo Km r0.4J0 Km 32.80J ToKm 12.835 Km 19.170 To Km 20. I 00
Handcd Ovw Remaining to be Eanded Km 10.670 To Km t2.300
Km 21.500 To Kn 2t.940
Kn ..', t6.630 To Km t8.lJ0
Over Kn 24.240 To Km 24.340
Un Encuobered Eacumbered Km 18.450 To Krn 19.?70
Km 24.520 To Km 24.550
Kn 20.100
Itu 32.240 R
8.000 To I(m Kor 8.000 To KE 3.250 L Nil Km -20.410
To Km 20.250
Km J2.120 To Km 32.]20
I(n 8.350{o K831.867 L Km 3 1.867 To Kn 3 1.915 L
Km 23.100
To Km
To Km
2 L500
DEC.96
Kn 31.915ToI(m32.050 L 'Km 32.050 To Km 32.080 L
Km 23.965 To Km
27.935

I(n 32.080 To Itu 32.225 L Y\m32.225 To t(n 32.255 L

24.030

Kh 32.255ToKe33.t2t L 'Km 32.240 To Km i2.J00 R i,: Km 24.140 To Km 24.520

Km 27.8E0 To Km
Kn 32.300ToKn33.121 R
Kn 29.280
28.330
To Km 29.930
Km 30.040 To Km 3 t.8J0
Km 12.450 To Km 32.805
Km 32.835 To Km 33.00t

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Enoineers

_,q,^\+
]
:!";..,9r€ti :1r
I Rainat rie H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
- **--a
 (Sarnple MpR corttd)
4.0 tvlAJoR RoAD WoRK tTEfilts
(a) pRoJECT suMMARy - IttAJ0R ROAD W0RK lTEmS

Performed in the
month Const.
Major ltem ml Total Asking Done to Balance llonths
tt) Quantity Rate Date Quantity (as per
OcL Nov
EI revised
'96 '96
Ir
F
tr m
() E Excavation ?88677" 9,500 7,900 1 1,050 266,577 22,100 2

z I Embankment 283162- 270 3,600 8,200 266,761 16,400

zz Subgrade 270358- 200 4,950 12,525 245,308 25.050 2
U Rema/ks.'lhe quality of Work ts generally Satisfactory. Total quantity
of earth work involved ls to
*q be rcassessed based on aclual site requirement. ('Approximate quantum
assessed by the contraclor and indicated tn the Works program.)
of work included

z
(,
Ssb Ease 237,550 850 4,000 15,451 1 91.1 97 46,353
rq
E, Remarks: Quality of Work ls Satisfactory Shortage of Natural
.E Sand alfecting the progress.
,E
(h E
U
t t
U 153,350 'I100 3200 7820 129,894 23,456 J

Remarr(s.,Quality ol Wo* is Satisfaclory

il
PCC 8,745 57 92 625 6,239 2,506 4
l
DBM 39,670 350 7A2 1,965 31,81 1 7,859 4
2. BC 15,660 160 625 296 14,475 1,185 4
E Remarks: Revised BC Mix incorporating Anti-stripping compound
& and Lime Filler being used.
l.
?
z
8 -61!
=-aa E
eE-lOO
A. EdSro
il
s od=5v
>=d4u _q
c
* fi?HE=
g
2 2 H H
IIFUF
E
F O
E

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers ',..

. : Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers '1183
1:1.. ,
 (Samplc MPReofiA) o

F b) STRIP MAP OF PROJECT'S ROAD ACTMfiES Forrnation Througb Base

o

d BASE
O SUBBASE
I FORMATION
KM8
'O
12 14 16 s 22 24 26 28 30 g2 33.0

ts BASE
q SUEBASE Ij
r FOR.MATTON
Kt8 !0 n '21
TI 2A 28 33 12
4
o
s 3 BASE
a;
'n o SUBBASE

{
o o.
FoRMATTON
10 12 11 16 18 22 24 28 32
s
=
s d BASE
o o SUBBASE
o( FORMATTON
G.
KM8 10 12 14 16 24 26 28 30 32
tD 33.0

o LEGENO
a.
b
5. COMPLETEDTHIS MONTH:I IN PROGRESS IIJIII Remaining
aoa
tn
g.
CoMPLETEDPREV|oUS
J NorREaurRED
x
@
o Right Caniageway - RCW Right Service Rotd - RSR

t
6 Lefr Cariagway - LCW Left Servi@ Road - LSR

(Saffiple MPR contd)

T
h c) STRIP MAP OF PROJECT'S ROAD ACTMIIES Bituminous Work
$.
q'
Tr
6' tr
a a
R MSS
o KM8 10 14 18 't8 22 24 26 2A 30 32 33.0
g
a
B
d'
{o o DENSE Bll
J PCC
sf 32 33.12
a.
I 3 ancoNcnfl
*Q
o o DENSEBIT.H
m ePccH
a 12
s' 14
32 33.12
o
o
a
o MSS
t 10 14 16 l8 2. 24 2A 30

LEGEND GENERAL LEGENO: o

COMPLETEDTHIS MONTH
z
IN PROGRESS PCC = Premixed Chip'ping Garpet
COMPLFTED PREVIOUS

REMAINING
I NOT REQUIRED MSS
BC
Mix Seal Surfacing
Bituminous Concrete
o
1

zo
Right SeMc€ Road - ESR
WMM = Wet Mix Macadam
Rigfrt CstriEgemy - RC1lv Leil Seflie Road - LS
Left Cariagway - LCW
GSB Granular Sub Base d
I
DBM = Dense Bituminous Mqcadam
Dr. BM = Dry Bound Macadam
o
=
!D
BSG Built - up Spray Grout o
SDBC = Semi - Dense Bituminous Concrete
o
In
Cn
q.
 Chapter - 33
QONT RACT' MONITORI N G PROC€SS'

(Sernpte MPR cantd,)

(Sarnpl4 MpR contd)
5.0 BRIDGT AND $IVTRT ITTTTIS
6.0 vARtATtoN 0RDIRS (Vol
ol BRIDGI AfflVlTY: {ol V. 0.s 0UISIAt{DlllG
(i) No major bridge work in the project
1. For modified verylcar profile of the road formation and consequenr
(ii) Piers, Abutments and superstructure slabs of the minor bridge at km revised quantum of .earthwork and other involvecl works.
23.617 (3 spans of 6 mts) compreted. vorks on the approih slabs
and hand. rai are pending for the past ten months. These are 2' For revised quantum of work invoh,ed work respect to cD works
required to be taken up and completed without further delay. and protective works.
3. yellow line 'marking' between ca*iageway
(iii) Left ca'iageway side of the aburmenrs ancl approach slabs of 10 and hard shourder.
metre span minor bridge at 8.515 km (No. 9/2) corn Lr.d. \Work on 4. Additional staff for consultants.
the Superstructure Slab is in progress.
(b) AIIIICIPAIED V.O.s: Nit

kl V.0.s ISSUID T0 DATI

v. o. Date Decrease
Description
Br. No. 2413; KM 23.617; spans of6 M Br. No. 9/2; KM 8.515: 1 Span of j0 M
No. lssued Time Rs. Mi[
i16- %rior" V.O No Nrl +20.052

N't Nit
bI CUTVTRT ACTIVIIY: Total +2O.O52

Romaining
Performed ln tho month ot
llaJor Tot l Asking Done Ramaining Const {dI PROJECTWIST:
Itm Quantity Rate to Quantity
Itonths )as
Sop'96 Oefg6 Curr"nl p€r revised V.O.s issued to date
Oato
otooraml 20
1 6 nos. in 3 25 3 1 Change in proiect rime Nil
ff6ress (Eouivalent)
12 I no: in 11 Change in project amount + Rs. 20.052 Million
Pfogre6s

E---- Raina,s Fietd Manuat for Highway and Bridgeergrnuer

ffi rien Manuat
/ aaina's for Highway and Bridge Engineers ': ;ll:
Chapter - 33
C O NT RACT,M O N I TO R I N G PROCESS'

(San ple MPR contd.)

(Sampte MpR cont.L)
7.0 q.A[$s claim Nos. I to 6' amounting to Rs. 29.052 Million, are presentllt under
arbitration Eight hearings of the arbitration committee abeady taken place. Next
(ol CLAlftl ACIIVITY THIS PtRlOD: ltil hearing schecluled to be held from 09.01.1997 to 12.01.1997. Claim Nos. 7 ro 15,
amounting to Rs. 100.939 Mdlion, are reaiew utitb tbe proJect Directt>n
tbl CLAltrls NoItFttD UilDER CtAUST :nder
Claim
No.
Date
Notill€d
Date
reply
ol
Doscripuon
CLAIMED AWARDED 8.0 QUATITY COI{TROI. CERTITrcATION AilD REJECTED WORKS
Rs.
Tlme Rs. Mill Tims
Mill STATUS
Adverce physi€l obslructioN (Aril 92 to
1 08.1 1.93 11.02.94 24.287
Sept. 93)
IPC No./Mo. Brlef Descrlpliori of Value Rs. Dalducted from Present Status
2 20.'t1.93 1 1.02.94 Addilional @st of snd us6d ln c.S.8. 2.263 ReJectedwo* tuirl lPc

20.1 1.93 't1.o2.94 Suryey, @llecuon ofdala and preparalion of 23lUx.'94 i) Bituminors 0.04 Yes Payment under
@lverl drawings 0.058 concrete b€tween review by the
KM 18.105 to KM department
4 20.1 1.93
Shiffing of laboratory fiom @nlractot,s site
1 1.02.94 o.2 18.84, Left C/Way
offe lo Engln6/s office

5 20.11.93 Providing and instalaiion ot35 KVA OG set

11.02.
at Enginee/s otfi@ o.24 ii) Biluminous 0.08 Yes do
concrete on culvert
6 20.1 1.93 11.02.94 Maintenane of 35 KVA DG sel 0.004 approaches
Adverse physiel obstructions (061 93 to Mar 48/Arp.'96 Bituminous concrete
7 28.08.96 83.184 0.34 No Paid. To be
96)
b€lween KM 20.35 to rectified
8 22.08.96
KM 20.935, R C/Way
Addilional @st of sand used in G-S.B. 25.169

Survey, collection ol data and preparatim of 49/May.'96 Bituminous concrete 0.28 No Paid. To be
22.07.96 0.039
culvert drawing6 b€tw€€n'KM 2.l.685 to rectifi6d
KM22.170, R CMay
10 22.07.% Maintenacs of 35 KVA DG set 0.192

11 19.07.S6 Repayment of Cmtmc{o/s Bemvolenl Fund 0.31S

9.0 CONSTRUCTION COI{STRAINTS
12 20.07.96 Stripfing of top $il 1.378

13 1S.07.96 Asphalt Concretg dffi betv€€n KM 18.105

0.035
I. COTISTRAI}IIs OF THT COI{TRAOOR
to KM 18.84

14 20.07.96 Bituminous $rface s€rirylng 0.091

ol $oleriols \.
Shotage of good quality rmoorum' material for GSB is being
15 19.07.96 Oifferere in rat€ for varied il6ms 10.532 ' experienced at site. Additional moorum borow afeas aieworks
required to be
identified apd approved by the Engineer.
Total 129.9S1

b) Staffing
kl PROJrfiwtsr: The Project Manager and the Planning Manager of the Contractor have not
15 Claims notified ro dare been available for participation in the project works since June 15, 1996.
5 notified for arbltratlon (+Rs. 29.052 Milljon) One.Senior Planning Manager has been avatlable ar the sire for a few days
since October 70, 1966.
Ralna's Field Manuat for Highway ana Bridge Englneers j ] a"in"'" ried Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
,
I

I Chapter - 33 CONTRACT'MON/TORING PROCESS'

I

(Sarnple MpR contd")

(Safitple MPR cantd.)
:
tl lquipment il. (oilsrRAtNTs 0F THE ENctltErR/rfr[ptoyER
List of Contractor's equipment is at Appendix C.
Autbenticlty ,/ correctness of tbe ldle resources belng sltoutn (ul Preconslrurtion Aclivities & Site Hond-Over
b! the
Contractor ls requlred to be ascertained and corrected for The following items are otrtstanding :

incgrporetlftg golTect. detqils .and for ,auaidlng.pis unrea,l:ktlc (D Clearance of obstructions in 0.42 km (equivalent rwo-lane stretch)
clafuns on trrts account at a later date. Bltumlnous t oik equlpient
of the main czniageway .and in 2.00 km of service road.
bas been sltown idle for 14 da.ys during tbe nonth ln tbe
Contractor's progress report, but since there utas only one ralny (ii) Finalisation of itemwise actua,l utork inaolaed as per site
day durtngtbe montb, the tdlingofresaunces tntbis case bas been conditions (as compared to the BOe provisions).
for utant of t$orklng space caused. by. tlte Contractor,s sla ut pace of
progress on earthutork and on otber paaement lzyers. Tltese are {b) Finished Rood levels
due to contr&ctorts ou)n peEFort tanee an d tlterefore not acceptablc All finished road levels have been issued to the Contractor,
for 'clalm'by blm later on
d) Weolher
kl Bridge & (ulvert Drowings
\Torking drawings for all cross-drainage works have been issued to the
The project area experienced good working season during the month (only
Contractor.
one day was a rainy day). Veather report for the month is at Annex;re E.
(dl
el Plonning / Orgunisotion Junrtions & Other ltems
Drawings for all junctions and their derails have been finalised. They shall
A revised work programme for target compietion of the project work by
March 7997 has been finalised by the Contracror. be issued now.

A detailed programme for completion of critical activities, such as balance {el Stoge Approvol
CD works on the lefi caniageway berween km g to km 10.5, eafthwork for
subgrade, etc., is required to be drawn up at the cqntraqtor's level (instead
Stage approvals are progressing satisfactorily, without causing any undue
delay in the work.
of by his ad hoc system of day-io-day planning / execution of works at
site) for achieving the monthly targers as scheduled. This detailed
programme has to be monitored'carefully. (f) lPCs

IPCs for the work done since August 1996, amounting to approx. Rs. 20
0 (osh Flow million, are pending for payment due to non-availabiliry of cash-
Payment of the bills for the works,done during Augqst 7996 to November assignment with the Proiect Director. Ncgr-payment, if continued, would
7996 ls pending for want of a cash-assignment wi,th the pLoject Director. adversely'affect,the gash flow schedule.bf the Contracror, and, in rurn,
This is required to be expedited (IMPORTANT/URGENT.) hinder the pace of progress of works at the site.

g) Any Other Construints : ,

{gl V.0.ond llew Roles
0.42 kn of Main Carriageway and Z.O}'km stretch of
Service Road Variation orders for the following items of work'are pending:
(equivalent two-lane width),still remain obstrucred. This is restricting the
availabiliqr of tcontinuous and obstrubtion-freer stretches for the execution (i) For revised additional quantum of earthworVother works involved
of the works. as per actual site conditions.

Raina,s Field Manualfor Highway dna BriAge engineers

] f Ra,nat ne H Manuat for Highway and Bridgb Engineers
Chapter - 33
r.d:isiil$,t*k;li**ar*& CONT RACT'MO N ITORI NG PROCESS'
(Samplc MpR cont.L)

(ii) Revised additionar quantum of work involved in respect of cD

(Sampte MpR contd.)

works and proteciive works as per actuai site conditions. 10.0 SUBSTAl'lTlAL C0MP|fftOl{
(iii) Additional staff of consuhanr:- Two Materials-supervisors for (ol
a six STATUS
month period to augment the consultant staff.
Roquost Request Limits or Silucture
(iv) provision of 'yellow-edgemarking line, between the No. Date
Response
main Date
carciageway and the hard shoul<ler, for traffic safety, 06.05.96 KM 12.60 to KM 19.10
as directed by 04.09.96 Considered substantially
CE during the work review meeting on 26 complete
July, 1,99G.
2 04.04.96 KM 25.20 to KM 31.70 07.06,96 Considered substanlially
(hl flleosurement/Ouantities complete 08.04.96"
Measurernenr of quantities is proceeding satisfactorily and Taking-over certif icate
generalry agreed to by the Engineer as well as the contractof.
is being
No.2 issued
3. 09.10.96 KM 22.15 to KMZ2.t6
However, measurements of certain unapproved works (not 26.10.96 Not accepled as
conforming to substantially compleled.
the specifications), included by the conrracror. in his regular
bill, have 4', 09.10.96 KM 23.00 to KM 23.59 26.10.96 do
been deleted by the department while releasing paymentl
.
* (iii.) belout.
See
(i) doims & Iime [xtension
The lollowing are outsranding: (b) PR0Jrcrwt5t:
(D 4 requesrs for substantial completion have been made
Description Date notitied to thE- Expected date ot
for 13.6 km
Engineer by the
Roma.ks out of the 25.12 km project total.
declsion
contractor (iD 2 requests (at requests No. 1 & 2), for.a total of 13 km,
have been
Claims No. 1 to 6 " agreed to for substantial completion. Execution of balance works
08.'11.1993 Claims already
amounting to Rs. 29.05 2A.11.1993 before the arbitration and r.ectification of defects are in progress.
Miil
commiftee (iii) *2requesrs, for 0.6 km, were not considered substantialry
comprete,
ClaimsNo.7-15, 28.08.1996 Project Director has and the Contractor has been advised accordingly.
amounting to Rs. 100.94 rejected the claims
Million
I t.0 iloutDATrD DAtttAGts ([D)
* See'cla;itns'
mentioned eadier. (ol STAIUS !

Phase completlon Du6 Date L.D.

Any Other (onstrointby/onfte psil ol rhe [ngineer
L.D.
fi) /Enployer
Length Rs./day How L,D. ln effoct
L.D-
Pald to
Substantlally
completed on
Due dete
-Nil-
No.1/ 8 April94 6 May 95 23000 NA NA 06.05.95
6.5 KM (Extenslon
granted)

No.2/ I April 95 8April96 23000 NA NA

(Extension 0B.04,96
6.5 KM
granted)

No.3/ 8 April 96 31 March 97 46000 NA NA ln progress

12.'t2KM
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Brtdge Engineers
ffi ffi oa td Manual for Highway and Bridge Engrneers .*^
. .q+:i:tv,
^utra
rral*-;j... ._
Chapter - 33
CO NTRACT' MON IIORIIVG PROCESS'

(Saffiple MPR cof,td.)

(Sampte MpR contd)
{b) PR0JICT SUMfltARY
(b) ADVANCTS
Liquidated Damages for earlier work which is now
substantially completed Rs. Nil Amount Repaymont (Rs. Mill)
Contracu Date of ot Balance
Typs of Advance As of Thls
Liquidated Damages currenrly b_elng applied (paid Rs. Nil
ProJect Advance Advance last Porlo To Date
Due (Rs.
(Rs. Milll oerl6d Mir)
d
28.03.92 40.000
Total paid to date Rs. Nil Nl Project Equipment 13.07.93 20.000
60.00 60.000 0.000
Materials Various 43.091 38.46 38.46 4.631
I2.() FINANSAL

(ol INIIRIM PAYfii[t{T CIRTIF|CATIS (tpcl ((l Ll0UlDATtD DAmActS

NOTE: see,4NNtrXURE Gfor a Typtcal d.etattcd IpC
ContracU Stan Finish Rs. Llquidated Damages lmposod
Projoct Type of Damages Per
Date Date This
Day Poruious To date
AMoUNT (Rs. MllD Po.lod
Detallg
Seclional Completion A 9 APR 92 6 May 95 23000
PreviouE Last Month This Month Total
N1 Proj*t Sectional Completion B 9 APR 92 8 APR 96 23000
tPc No. ...................... 1to51 52 't-s2
Date Submifted .......... Various 17.10.98 Various Full Contract 9 APR 92 Ongoing 46000
Amount.....-........-...... 363.203 8.995 372.198
Date approved........... Various 25.10.96 Various
Approv6d Amount ...... 363.203 8.995 372.198
Date Payment made ... Various 25.10.96 Various
(dl cuRRtNT CoNTRACT/PRoJI(T AmouNT
DEBIT
B ol Q ltems 312.M7 7-O45 31 9.092
Prics Varlation 51.1 56 1.945 53.1 01 lncrease or decrease (Rs. Mill! Due to
Oay works ....................... 0.000 Original
0.000
Material on Site ............... 41.722 ContracgProject Cu116nt
1.369 43.091 Amount BOQ/Quantity
Royalty* .......................... 1.072 '1.072 (Rs. ilill) V.O.s Over/Under Other Amount
run9 Reagong
Totst Deblt 405.997 10.359 416.356
N1 Proiect 399.999 20.050 420.049
CREDIT
Retention 0.175 0.178
Ta)dRoyalty 1 1.405 0.232 1't.637
Mob. Advancss ................ 60.000
Other Advances ............... 37.509 0.951
60.000
38.460
(el VAtUt 0F'TAKlt{G.0VtR CERItfl$TtS,tSSUtD T0 DATI
Liqd. Damages ................ .0 0

Total Credit 109.092 ContracilProjecl Taking-Over Certificates

1.183 116.275 Approximate Value Rs. Mill
issued to Date
* As per contract N1 Projoct
agreement clause -Nit -Nir-

Please refer to lten 10.0 tsuBSTANnAr coMplEnoNt giuen earlier

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Aridg" Engineers

f I Raina's rieu Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 33

m CO N T RACT' M O N IIORING PROCESS,

(Santple MPR contd.)
(Sample MpR contd-)
(fI INCREAST / DT$IAST OF COST TSCAIAIION (i) SIAIUS 0t 'WB'(World Bonkl DISBURStfUtilT CtAtMS (Rs.
Million)
AMOUNT (Rs. Mi[) sl.
Contract / Project Details 1.1.96 onwards
No. 1.4.96 onwards
This Perlod Previous Total 1 toCAA
44.198 41.502
Nl Proiect 53.101 2
53.1 01 41.432 41.432
J Amount of Bilts pending with pD 39.623 39.623
4
FINANCIAI. PROGRESS OF PROJECT 42.389 39.693
5 Amount Achieved (1+3) 83.821
(g) EXPENDIURES (Rs. trtillionl 6 Target projected to the Bank 140

Booked Expenditures Expenditures on Reimbursable ltems fi) sIArus ot toAt{ DtsBuRsIttltNT (Rs. trliltion}
Item
To To To To Civll Works
To To Consultant Equlpment
31hAgs 31/03/S6 31t11ts8 31hA95 31/03/96 30/11/96 To
1
235.082 3.585
Civil works 283.1 3 328.573 378.001 283.13 328.973 378.001 Oct.'96
CAA & A: Rs.
Nil N,il 8.354 Mill. (Appt.
Consultancy No. 36-37) dated
work 5.63 6.3 7.566 5.63 Nov.'96 Nit
6.3 7.566 Nil 28.09.95 pending
Sub Total for payment, Rs.
lncremental 235.082 3.585 2.696 Mill. dated
operalions 7.2.96 pending for
Grand Total Rs.238.667 Miil payment
TOTAL 288.76 335.273 385.567 288.76 335.273 385.567 (kl (oNsurTAilT'S fl ltAl{0At postilol{

Billing to Dat6 (Rs.)

(hl RtlIllBURSffn${T (Rs. Iniflion)
Submitted RelmbuEed t.de Repald Balance
Relmbursablo Amount 7,732,A79 7,548,780 1,375,500
Actual Roimbursoment ilade 1,375,500 Nir
Itom
To To To to To To
31t12t55 3l/03196 31t11t96
Civilworks 226.365 263.036
31t12tSs 3t/03/96 30/1 1/96 r3. fililscEil.ANtous
302.258 194.1 13 194.1 13 235.082
Consultancy
3.939 4.415
coitsullAl{T'S ACItVtfl ts
work 5.296 3.122 3.122 3.585
lncremenlal (i) Reuieued atr quaritlt contror tests canded out
Operations on proiect uorks
executed
. during tbe manth.
Total 230.304 267.451 3A7.55 197.235 197.235 238.667 (tt)The consukant nonrtored the,Ieaers of conprcted
a(MM, bituminous taorks and otrter "permanent
subgradg GSL
works executed
during tbe month.
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and addge
Engineers ffi ffi nurrs rre H Manuat fot Highway and Bridge Engineers

'-+,._r.!.:?r.3r.*! .. .,:i
Chapter - 33
CONTRACT'MON/TOR/NG PROCESS'
(Sanple MPR cofltd.)
(Samplc MpR cof,td,)
(tii) A proposal,for protsision of a ,2-rnetre uide masonry outer slde (iii) g2r1i"t a work-review meeting
drain' on eitber side of the road aligntnent, between km g.57 to of this project was held at ................on
21 November, 7996. p.rogress of works, problems
km 8,83, to cater tbe to tbe lfollowtng site requirements, bas been 'ltiarch, u, ,i.
prepared. and submitted to trje d.epartment jfor eady approaat:
completion of the project works by 3l ",rJi[" ifnnrr"a
1997, were air.urrei.ln tfr"
meedng.
(a) To accommodate the extra discharge due to overflow from the
Upper XyZ Tank and to protect the final road embankment from roH.ow-uP ACTtVtry
scour/damage due to this flow.
(b) To arrest encroachment on the small outer drain (proposed in the Actions StillPending
contract) by the local land owners. This phenomenon is being i) Estimarion of final qualities of work involved (referred
to earlier in item
observed in the adlacent road stretches. 4.0 (a)).
(c) To facilitate easy drainage of the volurrrinous domestic,/industrial ii) Issue of four pending variation orders (referred
to earlier in item 6.0 (a).
waste water in this area. iii) clearance of obstructions on 0.42 km sfretch
of main carciageway and
(ia) GSB mix laid on trte lejt carriageway betuteen km g.3g to km g.5o 2.00 km of the service roacl.
utaslfound to contain unsultabl. moor:r.m / crusber dust, and uas
OTHTR MANRS OF II{IERTST
not conforming to specificatiorl Trre defecthte utork utas rernoaed
from the slte ancl rela.icl uith good qualitj,t GSB mix. 0uolity of Works
CHA}IGTS IN PROJTCT STATTING TIte quali4t of works in progress is generally satisfactory.
The Project Manager and the planning Manager of the contractor moved out Horaeue.r, tbefollouing important .points-, requifing immediate rectification /
of the project in June 1996. Ooe Senior planning Managet has been made cotrectiue tneasures, baue been obsented,
avarlable since ocr. r0, 7996, but not continuously. He should be available at (i) Hair cracks have been observed in the compacted
BC
the site continuously. of stretches on the left carriagewuy O"t*""n k^ surface in a number
9.2 to km 12.10 No
rectiftcation utork bas beeniatied out soJfan
MEflNGs / REPORIS / SITE VISITS (ii) c1"ur"tt"" of partially brocked inret and
outret channels of culverts.
(D itror
Ctrief Engineer (NH, PWD), visited the projecr area on 30 Novembet let car-rted out
1996, and reviewed the progress of works, clearance of obstructions, and (iii) n.aril,.u,ton of defective porions
on hard ,"lroulder in a few of the stretches
various other problems at site. between km I2.5 ro km 19.1 and km Zl oj Urn
30 : Wgrks are pendlng.
(ii) A work-review meeting was held by rhe project Dir.ecror (pD) with the (iv) n""r*.urton of BC surface with
hair cracks / minor cracks in stretches
contractorrs senior Manager from their corporate office together with betwten4<m 1.2.6 ro km 19.1 and km ;;.;;" km
31.5 ,." ,rifi'r"_"i""g
their local Managers and the Consultant on 3 December, 1,996. to be completed.
Review-ed the progress of works, problems at site and the planned These cracked ,r*:":l if left unrectif-ied,
completion of balance work by March 7997.
will dereriorare further <luring
the monsoons (due to ingress of water),
-ni.t *itt then necessitar" _";o,
The contractor's senior Management's representative from their corporate repairs. Rectlficatlon works are to let be completed-
office also held a detailed discussion with rhe chief Engineer on (v) Rectification of 'settlement' of pavement
3 December, 7996 regarding the progress of works, problems at site and at cabre crossing, and at curvert
approaches berween km 9 to km (at 25 location
the planned schedule for completion of the work. 31..7 l. N6,t y.t ii"ttn"a
(vi) Road signs for traffic control at poinrs
of diversion/restriction of traffic on
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge
Engineers
 tn
t.'
ii

Chapter - 33

C O NT RACT' M O N IIORIiVG PROCESS'

(Sample MPR contd)

existing N.H. have been grossry inadequate. Adequate road signs and (Samptc MpR contd.)
pfecautianary measures are to be taken at site. iro action rtas (a) Replacement of broken top slab of tbe
been median drain at km 13.6
taken at site, (b) Rectification of repaired BC swrface on
tbe left can iageuay between
(vii)concrete kerb,cast on the right cariageway
between km25.9 to km 33.2
ktt 16 to kn 17.
(superelevated stretch) is fbund to have its channer
not in conrormiry with (c) Elcpediting tbe progress of construction
the strrerevated cross falt. This is required to be corrected ai site. of tbe eartben tank bund at
km 11.3.
RectiJicatlon taorks a.re pending. (xiv).Defective pavemenr marking
berween km 12.6to km 19 and km 25.2 to
(viii)Median filling in\,g number of srretches berween
Km 19.5 ro Km 3t.5 k- z9 ir required to be removed and redone, conforming to specification:
(where the kerbs tiave been completed and bituminous Rectlfication utorks ltaue not been takten'
works are either up solfan
in progress or completed) are long pending. This is required to be
completed on top priority ro avoid seepage o1 water into the pavemenr
structure.lZork is in progress.
Gh,e bere a strip maO, sbotu, nS
(ix)'$Vater is found to be accumulating on the ybe road-project, from iK stat"t to itsfnisb points,
left sicle of the completed left indicating uariaus landmartzs, towns,. ciies,'io.
caniageway berween km 11.g to km 12.1. A tempora.ry outer *,
,ou*, kiloruetreuise).
drain is
required to be developed immediatery to drain out rhis water
accumuration so asto avoid saturation of the pavement layer- in this
stretch and the subseq.ent damage to the biruminous works. NAME
The DESIGNAIION PROJECT,/ LOCATION
bituminous works in this stretch have already started showing ,alligator.
CONTRACT
cracks', a clear indication of the unstable base,/sub-base dlle to
saturation. DEPT9 STA.FFING
Itrainage anangement is let to be nadefully N1
functional Mr Project Engineer
(x) concrete pipes (Average diameter of 1 metre) for warer Mr
supply purposes Executive Engineer
stacked alr arong the right / left service roads berween tm rz Mr
to km 19, Asst. Exec. Engineer
are still obstructing the cariageway (since August 199G)
Remoaal oJf the 6 Assr. Engineers
pipes is yet to be taken up. 1 Junior Engineer
(xi) $(/ork on the rseparator drain' is progressing &)NSUITAIITS STAFFING
too siowii,. There is an N1
immediate need for the developmenr of thEse drains io avoid water Mr
loggilg a,nd consequent damage to the pavement structure Thrs utork is Team Leader /
requtied to be expedited. Highway Engineer
Mr Highway/Bridge Engineer
(xii)cracks on the_BC surface on the right carriageway ttVs -do-
berween km 21.6 to 3 AEs, 3JEs, 4 Surveyors
km 22. 15 and on the left carriageway befween km 20.4 to km I
20.7 ancr QS, erc.
km29.8 to km found to haveleveioped during the .onstruction srage,
' have widened 30,
into ralligator cracks'. The BC wirks execut"a u.*"".,
COI'IIRACTO R,S SIA FFI N G

km 21.6 to kn 22,15 (Rcw) and km 20.4 to km ZoJ (LC!z) were, Mr Construction Manager
therefore, not approved by the Consultant. Rectl,fiicatnn Mr
urirA" naae . Project Co-ordinator
,tot been taken up yet Matter ufgent Nl/s 5 Senior Engineers
. @rDrhe followtng generar dr.screpancies pornted out during August 7 Engineers
1996 baae not been aftended to so.far. Urgent action 6 Asst. Engineers
is ieeded on
tbesb. 1 Jun.ior Engineer
2 Surveyors
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana eniage engtneeq.ffi n
ffi ,inrs rle H Manuat for Highway and Bridge
Engineers -,-^_ .
gDbl{
li4--
 Chapter - 33 CONTRACT'MON IIORING PROCESS'

(sarnple MPR contd.) (Sarnple MpR contd.)

Al{ilIXURt - ( ........... COilTRACT0R'S r0UlPillENT AI{]{[XURE - D ;....... IAB0RAT0Ry & FtEtD TEITS

Consultant'a AIBORATORY AND FIELD TESTS,CONDUCTED DURING NIE MONTH

SL No: tn
Dscrlptlon lleko E ilodGl Rating Assossmsnt of
No. 039
Equipment adaquacy
OF NOVEMBER 1996

1 Motor Grader BEML-GD6O5.R2 164 HP On€ Grader inducted

during this month. One
NO: OF TESTS TAKEN CORRECTIVE OR
2 \/vhelLoader lcu&T\M0lHM 152 HP
TYPE OF TEST .REMEDIAL ACTION
more Grader required.
Loader cum Backhoe JC8/l@ & T 580 72BHP PASSED TAKEN ON FAILED
FAILED
4 Rollers TESTS
1) 8TO 107 lcu&T 103174
75UTr.900t1102 HP 3 Nos: Loader cum Proctor 8
21 2t VIBROMAX.252 ,15
HP 2 Bekhoe, one Roller Field Density 54 Scarified, mixed with
and 9 Nos: Tippers
3) 1T JAYPEE .IO
HP 2 inducted during the
Liquid Limit 4 water, and th6n
monlh. Eleven more recompacted to
Tippers required. Other Plastic Limit 4 specified
5 Water Tmker TATA/LEYLAND 10000 lcu 4 Equipment held are compaction
p I rpper TATA/LEYLAND 107 43 considered adequate. SUABASE
7 Crusher SAYAJI 2OO TPH 2
Gradation 25
I ConipIessr CPT 400 cFM 5 Detective Weigh
9 Traclor - Compreosor HOLMAN/ATLAS - 170 CFM
BatcheE to b€ rectified. c.B.R. I sets
Field Density 86
CAPCO Liquid Limit 20
't0 Dumper Plader TATA 4Cu.M 4 Plastic Limit 20
11 Pug Mill APPOLLO 60 TPH 1
w.hI.M.
't2 Hot Mix Plant CONDEQUIP 70-90 TPH 1

13 Asphall Paver BITELLI 4OO TPH 1 Gradation 33

Pl of Binding Malerial ta
14 Bitumen Sprayer APPOLLO 4000 KG 1
Flakaness lndex 33
15 Core Cutter BILDAIDS 50-60 Hz 1

16 Kerb Maker ARROW 15 HP 1 BWDAWBClHSS

Mixer wilh Weigh MILLERS 0.3
Bitumen Content 46
EatcheE Cu.m/hr
Marshall Stabitity 40
18 Generatoc KIRLOSKAR 35-350 6 Marshall Flow 40
KVA Field D€nsity 35
Agg. Gradation 46

OONCRETE
NOTE: AutbentlciU,/cor'rectness ctf tbe ldle .resotttres ,belng slaoutn b! tbe
Cube Strength (28 Day) 22
Contractar in hi.s progtess reparts ls required. to be ascertehted and. Agg. Gradation 4
conected f,or tneorpora.tlng cortect detaik and for aaoiding Work ability 22
ur.reqtllstlc claims of tbE Contractor an tbls accor.nt at a later date,

iw
i

Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana Endge Englneers HHH I R"inrt rle H Manuat fot Highway and Bidge Engineers
I

'r'.hffit
 i
,t
Chapter - 33 I

C.O NT R ACT' M O N IIORI/VG PROCESS'

(Sample MPR coatd") I

i
E-G
Al{ilEXUnt - t ER REPORT I

(Here, present tbe higbligbts of ueatber during tbe montb.) A TYPICAI. IPC -.4 SAMPIE
I]{TERIIIII PAYII,ITNT CTRTIFICARTE NO. X Y Z
il

I
i
Contract/Project: ......
I
il
Name of Contractor: ..
ir
il Name of Client: ........ Period ending
1: 30 April, 1996
Name of the Engineer:
li

DESCRIPTION VALUE TO VALUE PREVIOUS VALUE THIS

:) DATE CERTIFGATE CERTIFICATE
ri 'I Pemnent Wo*s .82,367.355.00
INR 60,500,000.00 21,887,355.00
i V{ialim Ordoc INR 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Day Works INR 0.00 0.00 0.00
L€ss Total Rebates 12.6% INR (10,378,287.00) (7,623,000.00)
I (2,755,287.N|
Slb - Total INR 71,98S,058.00 52,877,000.00 19,1 12,068.00
1 Prie Varialion (Escdation) INR 7.631,506.00 5,516,596.00 2,1 r4,910.00

Al{}ltxuR[ - F .................. JoB PH0ToGRAPHS

Totd INR 79,020,674.00 58,393.596.00 21,226,078.00
I
EXPRESSEO AS;
(Here, present afeu releuant pbatograpbs of tbe ttork actiuity i 'A' x 97.2ti (loel curency compomnt) INR 77,391,198.00 58,758,575,(X) 20,6i]2,623.00
'A' x 2.8% (UsD I - INR 301 uso 74,712.il s4500.69
cani.ed out during tbe montb.) 19,811.85
DEDUCTIONS:
1a x,B'
Roaonton Money @ 10% INR (7,739,120.00) (5,675,858.00) (2,063,262.00)
(Max. Rs. 18,470,925.00)
1b C,
Rrtmt on Momy @ 1096 x USO (7,131.251* (5,450.07) (1,981.r8)
(Max. USD. 17.736.1,t)
2 RccoyeryotAdvncs INR (4,245,396.00) 0.00 (4,245,395.00)
3 fwdon
lmre
(a) Tax @ 2% x A' tNR {1,592,41 1.00) (1,167,872.00) (424,539,00)
(b) SurdErgson l.T. @ 150/6 x (a) tNR (238,862.00) (175,181.00) (63,681.001
(c)SdesTd@2%x A NR (1.592,a1 1.00'/ (1,167,872.00) (42,r,539.00)
(d) Swdrlge m S.T. @ 1096 x (c) tNR (155,241.A11 (116,787.00)
Tohl D.ductloF INR (15,507
b usD
(8,303,570.m) (7,263,871.00)
(1,981.18)
VALUE OF THIS INTERIM PAYI{ENT CERTIFICATE
fBL.D) NR 1t,368,752.00
fc,-,E) uso 17,830.f,

,...,.... Cont'd ort rrcxt page

For details of B O e euantities

executed and Costs, see ahead

Ralna's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

ffi I n"rrt rle H Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 33 -
r E })NTRACT'MONjIOR/NGPROCESS'

NET PAYABLE AMOUNTS INTERIIUI PAYINTNT CTRTIfICATE 1{O

Indian Rupees: Thirteen Million Three Hundred Sixty Eight
XYZ
INR t3,368,752.00
Thousand SevbnHundred and Fifty Two Only and Details of BOe euanti.ties ercecuted & Costs
U.S. Dollars: Seventeen Thousand Eight Hundred Thirty and
Cents Sixty Seven Only. USD 17,830.67
Name of Contractor: ..
NET EQUIVALENT INDIAN RUPEES INR 13,903,672.00
Name of Client : .... Per'lod ending
Indian Rupees: Thirteen Million Nine Hundred and Three 30 $rril, 1996
Thousand and Six Hundred Two Only Name of the Engineer:

ItE ll toT[
t{o ESCRIPTION urI EgT
qw RATE UP TO
LAS? tHts OUANNW
TOTAL
AIIOUilT TO
XONTH MOilIH EXECUTED OATE

SI'E CIEARANCE

1.01 CLslrE Grubbtng hel 33.49 22.ilO

1.02 hrn[ingDiscat 33300 1.378 t.918 ffi,369.40
a) &U 3r@u.s fof brtu.s 163t t40 65.620 0.m
b) Conc./RCCpC tor bdd;a 770 296 12.500 0.000
85.820 9.711 .76
12.S0 3,717.76
4971 200 0.000 0.000 0.000
d) PiEi. guer6rajle, karbs, cd.6& 0.00
tdciq h 111 148 o.000
1.03 Sedlylng 0.000 0.0@ 0-m
cxbltng rod &ta6 3qn 3?45 t6 0-@ 0.000 0.000 0.00

HRNrcRK
CERTIFIED BY
2.01 R&ay cx€vsilon g
2.V Embrtunt
1 189 0.000 0.000 0.m 0.00
2m3S 1U s322.U 22791.505 122111.7A9
2.03 Subgrdd.ho&!rs t1t
1 2.899,938.06

2.U €mbanlnEnl subgrd. A shout&re -on

147154 57272.108 147234t ?r 744359 7,963,657.15
!i. na.ht
L@hning & lMFdhg
I 189 30 0.m0 0.000 0.m 0.m
2.O5
2.6
slbqr* 21579 4 0.m0 0.000 0.m 0.m
Fi[h9 ddenA bt.d 93162 s 0.@0 0.000 o000 0.m

PROIECT IEAM I-EADER,/ TI{E ENGIAIEER

ffir**trr**
3.0r Gteubriubiate 93373 536 17351.122
3.02 5330.315 22809.637 12,68,845.a3
7n31 @7 12124.375 4m.489 t61{e
(Supenrtstng Consultant) 9.7S,920.31

ilnilNotls cot RsE

a.o1 qm 2W1l 15 33315.m tffio.m 4S75.0m
4.m Td@t lqrn
749,625.9
O @srClom 4m 545715 7 2t27.3N
b) O 7.*Ct0qm @m 2g1t 10
36575.000
33315.@0 1ms.000
37$2.500
4.03 P.C.C. rthD.a.[ 12355 la71 246-888 1185.U7
43345.000 265,317.00
4.0{ O.B.l, Coutu 1732.735 433.{50.$
3i 709 l87a 3S1.575 r298.t62 1859.737
4.05 Bn{F|lns @offi 4m 1825 2368 o.000
3.217 ,145.35
4.06 ffir &d sudacig 0-0m 0.000 9,107 ,1 17 .14
3qm mao 37 0.000 0.0@ 0.000

Starnp:

Date:
...... Contd
Place:

Raina's Field Manua! for Highway and Bridge Engineers

f I aaina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bridge Englneers :i-i:i1
 I

''I Chapter - 33
CONTRACT'MON IIORI/VG PROCESS'

II{TTRITTT PAYIUTI{T CTRTIFI$TE NO X Y Z

Detatl of BOQ Quantlties executed €, Costs (Contd)
Details of BOe euantities executed & Costs (Contd.)
WORK E)
ITET ESr. ---EF-d- IOIAL TOIAL
DE9CRlPNON UNIT
ow STE lHts OUANTIfr AMOI'NT TO
NO u3T UECUTED mil S,otr EXECUTEO
rcNfl MON'H
t{o DGSCRtPtlOfl UNIT
ESr
RAIE
TOTAL TOTAL
QW lltis OUANTTY
gXECUTEO
AilOUNTTO
5 CUIYERB. gtrOCESAflD f,OtrTH DATE
P€AESTR Ail CnOSSttrcS
5.rE E€aring Elesbrcdc
5.01 Exevalion 160875.000 o@ 160875.000 160,875.00
l) ForCuh6
ii) For8rdgs
674 42 0.00() om 0.m 0.00
9410 18 1132.120 t60.m 1613.020 77.121.95
5.17 H@ pipe 1000M dia lm t39
5.02 &* fif,ing 7695 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
i) Foroutuds 667 4 0.m 0.m 0.000 0.00
t) Fdgdtgei 27s2 48 0.m0 0.m 0.000 0.00
Expansion iolnts
5_t8
5.03 FilbrMim i) Fi{ed ioints ld Culvds lm 535 1108
i) Ftrcuh6n9 803 330 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 ii) Eld@ri.etpdNionioints lm t97 22160
0.0@ 0.000 0.0@ 0.00
ii) For Addg.s 1143 330 0.000 0.m 0.0m 0.m
0.000 0.000 o_m 0.00

5.& 8tuk M.sdry fo. Culvds 23 1385 0.m 0.000 0.m 0.m 5. r9 R@ €ifing
5.05 CiMa ln oFnbudation I a) Hend Eiing (Ca3t-in-situ) lm 409 1rt0 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.000
3!bslruduro b) G&d railng (prc€3t) lm ,154
0.@
1662 0.mo o.o00 0.000
a) M15 Gredo
i) ForCu!.ds 4833 1837 0.000 0.m o.&0 o.m RCC eppb.ch st.bs @m
ii) ForafrSs 366 3493 0.000 0.000 0.0@
260 1837 69.015 15.992 s.m7 r57.99.65 0.000

b) M 35Grede 5.21 Coffiala l€6lin9 @u@ betow

i) ForCul€ds
I) For Brldg6
s 2321 0.mo 0.000 0.000 0.m apprcach slabs
cum 143 117 1 0.000 0.000 0.0@ 0.m0
2652 2324 7m,96 47,310 747,6$ 1.737,552.S
5.06 A 5.22 a, Edld€r a!rcn
i) I Zffimdia {M 35) h 1920 7U1 4S.m s,000 g0,m 3,W,140.m i) Fd culwtu @m 18 416 0.@0 o.0(X, 0.000 0.000
5.068 lnu.lpk@ No, 6 96250 5.0m 0.000 5.000 1,731.250.00 ii) Fq B.idg6 658 416 o.mo 0.000 0.@0 0.000
5.SC Rouine plb t6$ No. 6 1108m 0.000 0.000 0.om 0.@ bridgs 95 900 0.m0 0.000 0,000 nm
5.07 tuk r plk
t Rat€ l:€ ln I 936 t66m 163,260 253,960 4t7,220 699,1$.40 5.23 Filbr mddid td stoE pitching in
gss
5.m Co@b hpib@ cum r325 3324 0.m0 247,96 217,W 024.305.46 i) Fo.CllBds 6 330 0.000' 0.@ 0.0@ 0.000
5.S in SuSlMu@
Conceto ,i) Fd 8*Js€3 508 330 o.000 0.@
r) M35Cdm 42 2359 0.0(x) 0.000 0.m 0.00
0.0@ o.m
b) M358.idg6 806 2359 $9,927.26 0.M' 309,927.28 731,1 r6.45
21 Stoc pilching in slopes
5.10 corcrel6 for P.C. to susl@tue
e) M358dd$ 1529 2S 0.0m 0.0m 0.000 0.m
i) For CulGs l6 416 0.000 0.000 o.o00 0.000
ii) For Srit!6
5.11 1618 416 0.000 0.000 o.m 0.000
l) ForculeG 6 19217 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.m 5.25 C6.@le f@ing lor b.d paoGdion
li) ForBrld€4 t55 19217 32816 1.960 u,n6 s8,29.39 a) M 15 Orad.
b) FqSuFd@c i) Fd Cilhat. @m 295 1698 0.0@ . 0.000
0.000 0.00o
t) fd Cuht 45 15217 0.m 0.000 0.000
il) ForSrldg6 qm 396 1698 128.MO 5A.275 't86.295
0.@ b) ls&Bn nbbb .tm paving tor 316,328.91
li) Fd Bridga 129 19390 39,604 0.000 31.il 767,921.55 -Bd('gc3 UM 179 651 0_m 0.000 0.000 0.0m
Fd Erld€6 179 19390 0.000 0.m 0.m 0.00 W.ep hoh.
5.26
5.12 H.T. sollt & t 67 90457 0.m 0.m 0.000 0.00
a) Fd &id96 No, sl 152 r71.0@ 4.0@ 'r 75.000 126.600.0Q
5.13 Cmnlmffirpbb b) Fs C@Cogs No. to08 r52 0.@0 0.m0 0.000 0.000
Fs CutooG 245 55 0.000 0.000 0.m 0.m
5.14 5.27 VoiJ fu Sqlnm die lm 1117 '1177 0.0@ o000 o.000
Ffi ArUg* 362 2632 0.0@
0.000 o@0 o.@0 0.00

5.r 5 &aioag€ Wut3 For Srilgas NO 7A I 939 0.m 0.@0 0.m 0.000 5.28 Foobllru.e{'etor ta bridges sqm 517 637 0.u00 0.000 0.000 0.000

.,....... Contd
',........ Contd
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge engineers
fi f n",t,"t r," H Manuat for uighway and Bddge Engineers

:n,'z.i :.ir]'..|!]qs;l t,,

Chapter - 33
CONTRACT'MON ITORING PROCESS'

.INTERITI PAYIIIEI{T CERTIIICA,TE }IO X Y Z

'tl{TtRilu payilEflr, ftRltflcAT[ fio X y Z
Detatls of BOQ Quantltles executed & Costs (Contd)
Dsta.its of pOQ euat*ltles,ergcutef & rCosts (Contd.)
!|,oRt( ExEcul€o
llEI ESt IOTAL totAL ,WORK EXECUTEO
DSCRPNil UNA ilE rHls QUA}ITITY ar{ot itT To €st TOTAL TO'AL
NO QW LAT}T
Itoffi EXECUTEO DATE
ro OESCRIPTION UST
ow RATE QUAT'ITITY AMOUNT TO
xom LAqT A(€CUIEO DATE

5.29 Cdffi kcr6 kn 1102 319 0.000 0.000 om0 0.000 8.04 tcl@td stores
a) HectmeF 9lo@ No. I 755 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
s.30 P6d6iris lLbmy rnt 59.4 1052m 0.0@ 0.000 0.000 0.0@ b) Km. Slmo No, t8 1480 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
c) 5 ttn. Sto@ No. 5920 o0o0 o000 0.000 0.@
ROAD JI'NC|ION
8.05 lF@FalNsepa6tor sqn 3240 252 o0o0 0.000 :0.000 0.00
6,01 F@rp.th/aoparator 5Cn 3161 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 &06 pttdo regelic & 2 prints in No. .toco ,l48
0.000 0.000 o000 0.00
elbum
6.02 C@b l.rb. lm 1034 4U 0.0(x) 0.000 0.000 0.0d)
8.07 Supply of eddilional pdnb No. 1{m 74 o.ooo 0:000 0.@0 0.00
03 Supplylng and laying @nqc{e kcrb lm a29 518 0.0(x) 0.m0 0.000 0.@0
and chanml
8.08 V€nid€

7
banwnae nno paorccwe s) Hid lop @c &t 2190 .1332 926.000 60.000 986.000 1,313,352.00
fi/onKs b) Hdd top i-F DayE 4380 1480 954.000 90.000 1M1.000 I ,5,15,1 20.00

7.O1 Unlinad drdnr h 46'fi 27 0.000 0-000 0.000 0.000 8.09 Slb otffe tor lhs Engtn@r aqm 115 9620 86.250 0.000 6.250 829,725.00

1.02 T!.inO rldo 8lop.! 3{pl I 3263 16 0-000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8,10 Mainldr{.B .lb o{i€ ntlho 3€ 14800 .,t500 1:000 5.500 !1,,O0.m

Uscetrtl/60us rtEltls 8.11 Wkd6.yrt o rys I o750 .0.000 0.750 1 .1 I 0,000.00

8.0r Col@ta in kdb lor 6nl6l weE 4.12 nittrs 38 I l8.lO 2000 l.0d) 3:000 35,520.m
i) Fork$n6 lm 44910 281 4565,0@ 2230.m0 67S5.OOO r ,809.3e5.00
n) Fdkqbb{f,ddloh h t2t6 114 0.000 0.000 o@o 0.00 8. t3 Roid d.lkFdo6 No. 765 8l|8 0.000 0.000 0.0m 0.00

8.02 Si{F boads 0. t4 1 .2m hlgft RHS raiting tm 3972 't 3s8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.m
e) h&trmadoi sigm
i) F.cifty lnlomatlon 8oornm r 2 PROUSPNAL SWS
600m
l{o. 11600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.@
li) AdBE Dire<tlon No. t6 29800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.@
D..lindldtRssra@ 9,0r Rallwlotunsuitabl€lraterial ;' dm 105 0.000 0.000 0.000
l800rM t l200rnm 0.00
il) n@b $dlig !hn_450rnm t{o. 23 1M 0.000 0.000 0.(n0 0.@
60fim 9.02 TraB- & oi!@t of @t m.bri.l 4m 60 o000 0.000 0.000
b) Cauuomrt JgE 0.@
No. 4t 7400 0.0@ 0.000 0.000 0.00
c) M.nddo.y *6 No. 20 7400 0.0@ o:ooo 0.000 0.00 9.03 StiFlng l@ eil @th mt eMtnd QM 75 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
ll CiMhr 60GrYn dia lffim

i.04 erivrOiig titour ri eitc

8.03 Prffit m.ddrEs
a) lrlEolaIF@€lrilEE .sqn lg9/, 0.000
!) Unlkill€d Dqyg 110 0.@0 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 o@ 0.00
mddru b);S.mi C(iIed Oay. r30 0.000 0.000 0.0@ 0.00
b) Dftrctidrl .|1W L0arinO rac. No. 2t0 889 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.00 c) Skllled DayB t6s 0.000 o000 0.000 0.00

.,...,,... C.ontd
,....,,... Contd

Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway ana anase enoineers

f f r,"16.Manuat for.Highway an4}idge Engineers
^",n"'"
Chapter - 33

It'lTERlill PAYmtilT 1{0xYz

Details of BOQ Quantlties executed E Costs (Contd.)

WORK EXECUIEO
IIEM EST TOTAL IOTAL
DESCR|PNON UillT RAIE ll{ls OUAilTTTY AXOUXTTO
ow LAST EXECUTEO OAIE
loNn HOIITX

9-05 Equinrnl.t sib

e) Truck H6 550 0.m0 0.000 0.000 0.00
b) Dozd HB 1150 0.mo 0.0@ 0.000 0.00
c) Gradrr H6 't250 0.000 0.0@ 0.000 0.00
d) oissd rcller (statlc) 6-8t HF 700 0.000 0.@ 0.0@ 0.00
e) Die*l rolle. Mb6lory) H6 900 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
0 Lo.der 1-25 cyd H6 800 0.0@ 0.@0 0.000 0.m
0) C6no HB 800 0.0@ 0.000 0.000 0.00
HB 600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.@
i) Pmdno el 5 HP H6 tm 0_m 0.000 o-m o.m

fAfAL R3. 82,36?,365.,13

sty Rs, 82,36f,355.04

34.O PRIMAVERA . TOOIS FOR

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Date:

34.1 tNTRoDUOtol{ 34.8 pttMAvtRA toR rHr

cosr mAilAGrR
34.2 PRIIIIAVIRA SOFIWART PA(KAGTS HII.P: 34.9 frrt[vlAvrRA toR THt (OI|IRACTOR
Checked PROJ|ECT TEAM AADER 34.3 PI.AI{NIIIGWTH'PRIMAVTRAP3I' 34.10 PROGRISS REPORITR
SOFIWARE PA(KAGI
34.I I ffARTS AI,ID OIART DESIGI{ BY
34.4 tt{ctil[tRtilc & (oilsTRuotoN - PRII|JIAVTRA
Slreomline fte enlire conslruclion proied
Stamp: lifecyde {i
34.5 PRmAVERA r0! THE rXr(UItvE
34.6 PRIIIjIAVTRA TOR TIIT PROJICT
TIAI{AGTR
Place :
34.7 PRIIIIAVIRA TOR THI TIH.D.TANAGER

I-___- Raina's Field Manual tor Highway ana eridge Engineers

f f Rair"t a" H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 34 'PRIMAVERA" - lools For Prciect Management

o Expla.in and. perform the practical role and general duties of

34.O PRIMAVERA - Tools For Prciecf Mqnqgement prolect plfunning a.nd cost controlfor trte Proiect manager and tbe
Proj ect Man agement Te am.
34.t INIRODUCTION o (Jnd.ersta.nd structural a.nd systetttatic aspects of proJect planntng
Today's engineering and construction market is highly competitive, driving and. control
profit margins down as risks increase. It only takes one failed project to wipe
out an entire year's profit. As a project-based organisation that depends upon
o Scbedule a project and. create a Work Breakdoun Strtlcture (WBS)'

the accuracy of decisions made everyday, one needs the best proiect o Addaproject.
management solutions that build a competitive advantage for the field and o Add reference docurnents - add.actioities.
office. Primantera so1ftwa.re packages offer the most specified project
,nanagernent sohttions in the industry to help one profitably manage the o Add steps and roles to actiolties - create relattonsbips.
business of engineering and construction. o Add constraints.
o Orgatise'actloities' and'eaents'.
nrytrr
tae!.mil
o Asslgn resources and costs,
o Ana\tse resource/cost u:a.ge - optimtstng tbe scbedule.
. Crea,te and. monitor tlcresholds - status of tbe ptoiect',
o .Analyse the status of tbe proJect.
gi.ndrrdr
lbnllrncil 34.3.2 Primavera Systems, the leader in proiect management solutions lor years,
delivers a project control solution specifically developed to incfease
constLl5rion project management efficiency and .speed, while reclucirrg
lrttl schedule delays and risk.
\O$
ouP toLrlgoRFl
34.3.3 This easy-to-use, browser-based solution delivers imrnediate access to the
latest proiect details. Rather than waiting fol a fax, telephone call or shipment,
34.2 PRIMAVERA SOFTWART PACKAGTS HEI.P: everyone - from the home office to field offices and evdn third-party teaffI
members - is equipped with the information one needs to keep the project
o Obtain early warning of project risks; moving forward.
o Improve visibility in project performance;
Prima-y.eraProibit Planner P3 Software Package gives Project, Managers
34.3.4
e Forecast project health at completion, and and Scliedulers the one thing they value most: control It helps proiect
r Collaborate with the project team. professionals in engineering, construction, architecture, , utilities, and
teleqommunieatiqns industries. P3 is the recognised standard for high-
performance project managemenl software.
34.3 PI.ANNING WITH PRIIIIAVERA P3T SOFTWART PAffAGT

34.3.t With thk, one is ahle to:- 34.4 tNGlNttRll{G & (0ilSTRUC.Tl0}l'. Siie'ifit'ridtr'a"'rure:i.iristru.,tlon
project lifecycle.
o Perfortn analyticaltecbniques of project planni.ng and cost control
uslng manual and cornputer-based tecltniques. o Primavera@ EnAineering & Construction (formerly P3e/crM for Construction)

Raina's Field Manual fot Highway and Bndge Engneers j a"in^'s rie{ Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
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Chapter - 34
34.4.1 Primavera software packages have provided scheduling solutions that help
one manage one's project. With Primavera@ Engineering & Construction, one
can track multiple baselines to manage the changes in the schedule and use
the built-in Claim Digger functionality to compare proiects. Primavera also
enables you to create proiect templates to establish standards for easy analysis
of issues and risks. You can share the project schedule over the Veb, enabling
access by the rest of the project team while you keep control.
34.4.2 Primavera provides Project Schedulers with the basic tools to easily plan and
control proiects. Schedulers can quickly create optimum project plans, zero-
in to understand the critical path and easily create 'rwhat-iP'r proiects to
simulate possible adiustments.
34.4.3 It also allows to schedule the projects with ease, establish company standards
using template technology, perform baseline analysis to understand exact
proiect progress and easily consolidate Contractor schedules.
34.5 PRIT{IAVTRA FOR THE TXECUTIVT
34.5.t The daily responsibility.of managing multiple proiects across an area, region
or globally isn't easy. Issues, cost and schedule overruns, and managing
changes on many projects are enough to drive o e crazy. There has to be a
better way to manage one's project portfolio to reduce your risk, deliver on
time and ultimately stay on budget.
34.5.2 The approprtate Prirruvera package enables t-rne to lot-rk across a buslness
unit, region, or organisation to review project status, changes or issues that
create schedule delays and cost overruns. On the dashboard, one can seekey
peqfonnance indicators (KPIs) for.all of one's projects to quickly identifii
proiects at risk. This gives one the visibility one needs to manage even the
most difficult set of projecs.
34.5.3 Executives, General Managers and Operations Managers see project
information the way they need it - toitltout becoming Project Scbedulers
tbemselaes.
34.5.4 Management needs a way to view high-level proiect summaries that deliver
KPI (key performance indicators) and management details'at any given time
across their business unit.
34.6 PRITTIAVERA FOR THE PROJTCT MAilAGER
o Suretmk @ Proiect Manager & Primavera Proiect Planner @, (P3@)
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and ariage engineers
"pRtMAVERA" _ Tools For project Management
34.5.1 As Project Manager, one is the key inclividual in the success of a proiecr. one
needs tools that provide information when needed. Because one makes
critical decisions every day to handle the issues and changes on a proiect,
knowing the whole picture can reduce the risk and keep J.,. o' track and
out of trouble.
34.6.2 Primavera gi'ps one the access to schedure information when one needs it.
From easy-to-ibad bar graphs and charts to earned value reporting, primavera
helps one make critical decisions because one can see the whole picture. with
percent (i.e., part) complete reporting, one knows where one L today
with look-ahead functions, one knows what resources one will need
and
tomorrow. using primavera gives one the right information to get the job
done on time.
34.6.3 Primavera provides personalised workspaces that deliver appropriate
information .to users, depending upon their role in the project. Browser
applications provide access anynvhere, anytime without the neecl to install
special software on oners desktop:
34.6.4 Project Managers can highlight where acrion is needecl - including imporranr
project milestones - with a list of critical activities that arc behind schedule.
This helps open team discussion and provides a tnre project picture to those
who need it.
34.7 PRIMAVERA FOR THT rITID IIIA}IAGTR
34.7.1 Managing the projecr in the field is the lifeline ro the project ream. collecting
critical data on units installed and managing issues are essential to evaluating
the project health. If only the paperwork didn't make the process impossible,
one could focus on managing the quality of work.
34.1.2 Primavera gives one an easy way to update the project as it moves toward
completion. Primavera enables remote and mobile team members to update
their fctivities anytime, anyrvhere. Updates entered into a hand-held pDi can
be efficiently primavera, providing project Managers
lans-ferred back to with
the current information they need to quickly make dlcisions rhat iripact the
project and the business ,u.."rr. fieia n4anage., ,rr" primavera as a
""r,
mobile PD option that allows Field Managers and superintendents to update
project status in the field without beinq tethered to a compurer.
fi n"inu'" rie{
f Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
,I,l'
Chapter - 34 "pRIMAVERA" - Tools For project Management

34.8 PRIIIIAVTRA FOR THt (OST MANAGTR 34.I0 PROGRTSS REPORTTR

34.8.t Understanding the financial position and project, the final cost for a project
can be very tedious. Financial information from accounting, contract
management and proiect control systems must be consolidated to get a real
picture financial health. Unfortunately, in using manual
of the proiect's
processes, by the time the data is gathered and analysed, it is outdated!
34.8.2 primavera simplifies this process by creating a centra(ized point where the
data can be analysed. Primavera collects difect and indirect project costs and
allows for burden application for more accurate cost analysis. The costs are
tied back to the schedule to create KPI and earned value reporting, providing
more accurate estimates to completion
34.8.3 primavera Cost Management is the ideal .module for organisations that are
pressured to better maintain control and measure performance of their
complete proiect portfolio.
Primavera enables project cost analysis to quickly underltand performance
34.8.4
trends, generate statistical estimates at completion, and adhele to earned
value standards for all the projects.
Primavera easily connects remote sites to the master schedule. Activities and
steps are updatecl with units installed and completion for easy field reporting.
34.t I CHARTS AilD CHART DTSIGI{ BY PRIilIAVERA
Primauera cha'rts and Prrma.aera chart Design sofitrctre give teams
i( using Primavera scheduling tools, primavera Expedition and primavera Cost
Management, the enhanced graphics they need to better understand and
communicate key information about their projects.
vlith Ptimaoera cbarts sofiutare, the entire team can better understand
the ploject stanrs with a wide lange of real-tirne, interactive graphics. There
r,
is no stale data and no need to resort to spreadsheets to create-the specific
graphics one needs [o best communicate results.
Prlmaaera cbart Design soiftusa.re is a tool kit tl'rat offerc a developer -
someone with a knowledge of primavera database structures - the abiliry to
create completely new graphics that can be shared with all the orher chart
users. rvith chart Design, there is no limit to the gruphics that can be created
from Primavera.

34.9 PRIMAVTRA fOR THE CONTRACTOR

c Primauera @ Contmctor & Prime Contract @

34.9.1 Managing Subcontractors on the proiect is often the single most difficult and
important factor in determining proiect success. Quality and performance
levels vary from Subcontractor to subcontractot'. Each new Subcontractor adds
a new process to merge into Youts.

34.9.2 Primantera Contractor software changes the playing field for the project
management team. The softutate is built specifically to faciiitate
communication between Contractors and Subcontractors. Scheidule formats
arc 100o/o compatible because they are identical. This means easy importing
and approving of Subcontractor schedules,'and enables contractors to
establish standards on the proiect to help Subcontractors perform better and
report more accurately.

34.9.3 Proiect Schedulers can quickly and confidently communicate proiect plans
and status to other project members through the schedule collaboration
functionaliry within The Pdmaaera ContrActor software.

ffi Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and eriAOe enVineeis f I R rut ri" b Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
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35.O CONSTRU CTION CONTRACT
{
,t o.....soME lM PORTANT POINTS
35.I CHAIIGT III OUAI{IITIIS SUCH THAI 35.5 REIIIITIOI{ ilOIITY . DTDUCTION AI{D
VARIAIIOI{ IN INIIIAT CONTRACT PRICT RrtulrD.
Do[s toT ExcErD t5%
35.6 TIOBITISATIOII ADVAI{G AilD
35.2 CO]ITRAO PRICE VARIAIIOII IXCEIDING flIA$IIIIERY ADVAII(T . PAYIIENT AIID
l50h REEOVTRY. i

35.3 powrR 0r ffichtrtR I0 Ftx

RATts (As 35.7 RilAt A(COUI{T OF (0ilIRACIOn,S
PER FIDIC)
WORK.
35.4 (ONTRAqOR'S I}ITERITII PAYffITNT
35.8 lloutDily DAI[AG[, (ofr1p[ilsATtolt
ll{votc {tpu A}tD Tltt mtGtilEtn's EVEI|TS, EXI[NSt0il 0F TtltE Al{D
[{TtRtfll pAymEt{T GRTtflfiTt (tp(} B0t{us.
FOR IT

f n"ira'" ri"H Manualfor Highway and Bridge Engineers

 Chapter - 35 wCoNsIRUcI/oNcoNIR4cr......soMElMPoRTANTPolNTsoFNoTE

Prouisional Sums and allataance for dayu)orks and Escalation, if

35.O CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT ...... SOME a.ny)....then and in such an eaent (subJect to any action alreadlt
IMPORTANT POINTS taken under any otber Sub-Clause tltls Clause) ....... ctifter due
consultatton by the Engineer tbe Emplayer a.nd tbe
Contractor,
35.I CHANGE IN OUANTITITS SUCH THAT VARIATIOI{ IN INITIAT as ma! be agreed betueen the
(ONTRAfi PRICE DOTS NOT EXCTED I5% contractor and tbe Engineer or, failing agreenxent, d,etermined b1t tbe
j Engineer bauing regard to ibe Contractorts site and general ouerbead costs
Tltis is generalfu allowed by tbe World contracts of less tlta.n ! of tbe Contract.
Ba.nk for
aS $ 10 mlllton (aa.riation by more tban 1"J% not usual for sma.ll The Engineer shall notify the Contractor of any determination made under
contracts). this sub.Clause , with a copy to th{,Employer.
o For a particular item. if the final 'quantity' of the work done differs from sucb sum shall usually be based ongt on ttJe amount by toltich such
its 'quantity' in the Bill of Quantities by more than 2Jo/0, provided this addltlon or deductlon sball be in excess of 15% of tbe Effecthte
changes the Initial Contract Price blr 1%o or rnore. the proiect Manager i:,
Contract Price.
shall ad.j tt s t lb e rate' to a ll ow futJ he_eb_a_ug?,
t

FIDIC - l"clclct. Clause 12.3. suggests the followins

o However. the Project Manager shall not adiust rates because of changes
in rquantities' should the Initial Contract Price change blz more than 1570, ..... a new rate or price shall be appropriate for an item of work if:
except witb tbe prior approual of tbe Employer. (a) (i) the measured euanriry of the item is changed by more than 10%
o If requested by the Project Manager, the Contractor shall provide the from the quantify of this item in the Bill of Quai-rtities or orher Schedule.
Proiect Manager with a detailed cost breakdown of any rate in the Bill of (ii) this change in Quantily multiplied by such specifiecl rate for this item
Quantities. exceeds 0.AIo/o of the Accepted Contract Amount,
(iiD this change in quantity directly changes the Cost per unit quantity of
35.2 CO}ITRACT PRICT VARIATIOI{ TXCIIDING I5% this item by more than Io/o, and
{S_petEIDIe - 1977,for i.nsta.trce, and also generallyfut_WotA_Baryk (iv) this item is not specified in the Conrract as a ,,fixed rare iiem,,;
contracts of more tban US $ 1O milhon (for smaller contracts, sucrJ
oariation is not usual): of
If, upon issuing the Taking-Over Certificate for the whole of the works, it is (b) (D the work is instructed under clause 13 [variations and Adiusrments]
found that as a result of: (ii) no rate or price is specified in the Contract for this item, and
a) all variations - varied work valued under FIDIC's Sub-Clauses 52.7 and (iii) -' no specified rate or price is appropriate because the item of work is not
52.2, and of similar character, or is not executed under similar conditions as any
b) all adjustments upon measllrement of the quantities against those in the item in the Contract.
Bill of Quantities (excluding Provisional Sums, Dayworks and tEscalationl Each new rate or price shall be derived from any relevant rates or prices in the
adiustments of price made under Clause 70) Contract, with reasonable adjustments to take account of the matters described in sub-
a.ny other cause, tbere baae been additions to or
paragraph (a) and/or (b) above, as applicable, if no rates or prices are relevant for the
........but notfrom
deduciions from trte Contract Price, wltlclt taken together are in derivation of a new rate or price, .it shall be derived from the reasonable cost of
excess of 15% of tbe 'Effecttae Contract Price' (ubicb excludes executing the work, iog.thei with reasonable profit, taking account of any other
relevant matter.s.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Brdge Engineur"
ffi I aaina's ried Manuat tor Highway and Bfdge Engineers

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tl
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Chapter - 35 CONSIRUCNON CONIRACT......SOME IMPORTANT POINTS OF NOTE
I

Until such time as an appropriate rate or price is agreed or determined, the Engineer prices do not apply, by modifying the Sub-Clause as follows:
shall determine a provisional rate or price for the purposes of Interim Payment
Certificates. "Provided further that no change in the rate or price for any one item
contained in the contract shall be considered unless such item accounts for
l
Also refer to item 37.5 in Chapter 37 ahead. for the lVorld Bank's philosophy on this an amount more than 2o/o of the Contract price,
subject but fgllow what is contractually applicable to your particular Contract.
..,.. ' and the actual quantity of work executed under the item exceeds or falls
short,of the quaffiry ser our in the Bill of euantities by more than 25 percent.,'
35.3 POWTR OT TNGINEIR TO FIX RATES
Provided that if the nature or amount of any 'varied' work relative to the Aafter can be cbangedfrorn contract to contract.)
nature or amount of the whole of the works or to any part thereof, is such
that, in the opinion of the Engineer, the rate or price contained in the contract
for any item of the works is, by reason of such varied work, rendered
35.4 (i} CONTRACTOR'S INilRIM PAYMENT INVOICE (tPI)
inappropriate or inapplicable, then, See a typical sample IpC pre.sented in 35.4 (ii) ahead.

after due consultation by the Engineer with the Employer and the
Contractoq
'a
suitable rate or price shall be agreed upon between the Engineer and
the Contractor.
In the event of disagreement, the Engineer shall fix such other rate or price
as is, in his opinion, appropriate and shall noti! the Contractor accordingly,
with a copy to the Employer.
Until such time as rates or prices are agreed io or fixed, the Engineer shall
determine rates or prices to enable 'on account' payments to be included in
certificates issued for instance in accordance with Clause 50 of old FIDIC
(However follow the Contractually applicable clause or the applicable FIDIC
or the World Bank's conditions of particular Application (COPA) as applicable
for your Contract.)
....... prouided also tbat no 'uaried' u.tork instru.cted to be done by the Engineer
pursuant to Clause 51 sball be ualued under Sub-Clause 52.1 or under tbis
Sub-Clause LINLESS.....
..... witbin 14 days of tbe date of sucb instruction and, otber tban in tbe case
of omitted work, before tbe commencenxent.of tbe uaried work.......,. notice
sball baue been giuen either:
a) by tbe Contractor to tbe Engineer of bis intention to clainx extra palment
or a uaried rate or price, O!
b) by tbe Engineer to tbe Contractor ofbis intention to uary a rate orprice.
POWTR OF INGIIIIER TO TIX RAIES ........ AN EXPIANAIION
It is usually3dvisable to establish thresholds below which changes in rates or
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eftage engire.rs
Generolly:
Sub-0ouse l:
a The Contractor shall submit an apllication by the Tth day of every month
duly signed by the Contractor's auihorised representative ......(who has
been app.oved by the Engineer) in accordance with the relevant clause
of the contract for interim payment, in quadruplicate, to the Engineer, in
respect of works carried out in the previous month.
The apphcation shall include tbe Jfollou.ting items. as appkcable.
gtaing all detailed calculations requlred lfor tbe scrutiny of tlte
applica.tio4 and sball be ht tbe sequence listecl belaw
(D The estimated conrract value of the permanent Works executed up
to encl of tbe montb in question, at the base unit rates and prices
quoted in tl.re Bill of euantities and in local currency.
(ii) The actual value certified for payment of the permanent ltforks
execu.ted up to tbe end of the preuiorn montb at base unit rates and
prices quored in the Biil of euantities and in local gurrency.
(iii) The estimated contract value of the permane:nt Works at base unir
rates and p4ces, for the month in question, in local currency.
obtained by deducting (ii) from (i).
(iv) The equivalent of the amourlr set forth in (iii) above, expressed in
uarious currencie,s in which the contract price is payable and
calculated by applying the proportions and exchange rates set forth
in the relevant clause of the contract.
I fi nurrs rre ld Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers *----*-@
1i
Chapter - 35 recoNSIRUcIlo'vcoNIRAcr......soMElMPoRTANTPo/lVIsoFNoIE
l (v) The value of any 'approued uariations'executed up to tbe end. oftbe approved (including any amendments, if
necessary) such that in tire
montb in question, less the atnount certified for the 'approued Engineerrs opinion, the IpI Ipc, and the certificate then
becomes an
uariationstin tbe preuious Inturtm Paynxent Certificate, expressed in reflects the amount due to the contracto. for the concerned month in
relevant amounts of foreign and local currencies pursuant to the accordance with. the contract.
relevant contract clause.
a The amendment of the certificate should also include, if required, any
(vi) The'amounts approved with respect to 'DaJtzuorkt executed up to tbe amount to be deducted, which may have become p"y"bl. by the
end of tbe montb in question, less amounts for 'Daytaork" certified, Contractor to the Employer, including that on ,li4uidated
in tbe preuious Interinx Paynxent Cenificate, expressed in tl.re of
damages', in accordance with the relevant contract"."orrrrt
clause.
relevant amounts of foreign and local currencies.
a In cases where there is a difference of opinion as to the value of any item,
(vii) An amount reflecting any increase or decrease in cost pu?suant to the Engineer's view shall be final and binding.
the Cost Escalation Clause, expressed in relevant amounts of foreign
and local currencies. a Vhen the Engineer has determined the amount due to the Contractor, he
shali issue to the Employer, with z copy to the Contractor, a ceftificate
(viii) Any credit and or debit .for tbe montb, in questiolx in respect of
hereinafter called Interim payment certificate certi$ring the amount due
rnateriah on site for tbe Permanent Works, in the relevant amounts
to the Contractot..
in foreign and local currencies and under tl-re conditions set forth in
the relevant contract clause.
Sub-Clouse 3:
(ix) Any arnount to be witbbeld under tbe Retention prouisions of the
relevant conuact clause determined by applying the percentage set
o In case no application is presented by the contractor by tl-re date
forth therein to the sum of the amounts under sub paragraphs (iv), mentioned in Sub-Clause (1) above, i.e., para 35.4 (i), fhe esrimared value
(v), (vi), and (vii) of this clause. of permanenr work for. the month, ,, p., p".u (iii) sg Sub_Clause (1)
above, will be taken as tNlltand a (negaiive) certificate will be issued by
(x) Any amount to be deductecl on account of recouery of aduance the Engineer incorporating the deductions, if any.
under the provision set forth in the relevant contract clause.
(xt) Any otber sum, expressed in foreign and iocai currencies, to whicll
the Contractor may be entitled under the Contract.
(xii) An Afltount to be deducted for all ta.xes in accordance with the
relevant contract clause.
(xiii) Hence, tbd net amnunt of tbis IPI application, expressed in
currencies in wbicb tbe payments are to be mad.e.

35.4 (iil E]{GINEER'S lilTtRllll PAYmEilT (ERTIFICATI (lPCl

See a typical Sample IPC ahead.

Generolly:

Suh-(louse 2:
o rsTithin (rwenty-one) days of the said 'application for interim paymentl
thlough the Interim Payment Invoice (IPI), it shall be checked and
Raina's Field Manualfor Highway and Bridge engineers ffi a"in"'s ri"H Manuat
] for Highway and Bidge Engtneers :
t;.i't:! ,:
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Chapter - 35 coNsrRucr/o/v coNTR/tcr .....-soME TM*,RTANT porNTs oF NorE

A TYPTCAL rPC (SAMPLE) Contd. ifrom preuious page

INTERIM PAYMENT CERTIFICATE NO.
Contract/Proiect: ...... IVET PAYABLE AMOUNTS

Name of Contfactor: .. Indian Rupees: Thirteen Million Three Hundred Sixry Eighr INR 13,36g,712.00
Name of Client : Period ending Thousand Seven Fiundred and Fifty Two Only and
Name of the Engineer: 30 April......... U.S. Dollars: Sevenreen Thousand Eight Hundred Thirty and
Cents Sixty Seven Only. usD 17,830.67
VALUE
YALUE TO VALUETHIS
DESCRIPTION PREVIOUS NET EQUTVALENT INDIAN RTJPEES
DATE CERTIFICATE rNR 13,903,672.00
CERTIFICATE
INR 82,367,355.00 60,500,000.00 21,867,3s5.00
Indian Rupees: Thirteen Million Nine Hundred and Three
1 Permment Works
Thousand and Six Hundred Seventy Two Only.
2 Variation Orders INR 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Day lforks INR 0.00 0.00 0.00

kss Total Rebates @ 12.6% INR (10,378,287.00) (7,623,000.00) Q,7ss,287.00)

Sub - Total INR 71,989,058.00 52,877,000.00 19,1 12,068.00

4 Price Variation INR 7,631,506.00 s,s1 6,596.00 2,114,910.00

Total INR 79,620,574.00 s8,393,596.00 21,226,978.00

EXPRESSED AS:
'B' 'A' x 97 .2ok (ocal currency INR 77,39"t,198.00 s6,758,575.00 20,632,623.00
CERTIFIED BY
comPonent

'c' 'A' x2.8o/o (JSD 1 = INR 30) USD 14,312.54 54,500.69 19,811.85

DEDUCTIONS:
1L Retention Money @ 10% x'B' INR Q,739,120.00) (5,675,8s8.00) (2,063,262.00)

(Mx. Rs. 18,47 0,925.00)

1b Retention Money @ 10oh x'C' USD Q,431.25) (s,450.07) (1,e81.1 8)

(Max. USD 17,736.14) PROJECT TEAM TEADER / THE ENGINEER

2 Recovery of Advance INR (4,245,396.00) 0.00 (4,24s,39s.00) (Supervising Consultant)
3 Tuation
(a)Income'fzx@2oh x'N INR (1,592,411.00) (1,167,872.00) (424,539.00)

@) Swcharges on I;1. @ 15% x (a) INR (238,862,00) (1 7s,1 81.00) (63,681.00)

(c) Sales Tax @ 2% x W INR (t,se2,411.00) (1,167,872.00) (424,s3e.00)

(d) Swchage on S.T. @ l0o/o x (c) INR (1 s9,241.00) (116,787.00) (42As4.000)

Total Deductions INR 0s,s67,441.00) (8,303,570.00) Q,263,871,00)

,. Stamp:
USD (t,431.2s) (s,4s0.04 (1,e81.1 8)

VALUE OF THIS INTERM PAYMENT CERTIFICATE (B'..D) INR 13,368,752.00 Date:

rC'-'E) USD 17 970 61
Place:

Rana'sFietdManrr,r"'rr::;;:r'::r::":r:r:::::3 ! cuinat rra H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers

Chapter - 35 @coNsIRUcI/oNcoNIRAcI....'.SoMEtMPoRTANTPo/NIsoFNoIE

NOIES regording lPl ond IPC Poymenl:

a Payment (to the Contractor) of the amouni due under each of the
+ Moterisls lor fte Permonenl Works Interim Payment Certificates issued by the Engineer shall be made
The Contractor shall be entitled to such sum as the Engineer may consider by the Employer within 30 (thirty) days of the certificate being
proper with respect Lo materials intended for but not yet incotporated in delivered to the Employer.....subject to the condirion that the
tb e Permanent'Xtorks prpaiglecUlzatr; Employer is empowered to check any relevant measurements and
calculations.
(a) The materials are in accordance with the specification for
' Permanent Works; In cases of difference in measurements, if any, which cannot be
settled in the field, the employer shall pay B,Oo/o of the disputed
(b) Such materials have been delivered to the Site, and are properly amount in the IPC along with the balance of the interim payment.
stored and protected against loss or damage or deterioration, to the
entire satisfaction of the Engineer; and are not perisbable. a In the event of non-payment within the said period, interest shall
accrue to the Contractor on a daiiy basis at
a rate of I/30 (one by
(c) The Contractor's records of the requirements, orders, receipt and
thirry) of one perceltt compounded per day of clelay after expiry of
use of materials are kept in a form approved by the Engineer, and
30 days mentioned above.
such records shall be available for inspection by the Engineer.
a However, no intercst will be payable on the deduction of 20% of the
(d) The Contractor shall submit with his monthly statement the disputed amount in case of difference in measurements mentioned
estinxated ualue of tbe materials on site together with such
above.
documents as may be reqr"rired by the Engineer for the pulpose of
valuation of these materials. He shall also provide euidence of a Rate ofinterest and Percentage ualue can be cbangedfrom contract
ownersbip and payment tberefor. to contract.
(e) Ownership of such materials shall be deemed to vest in the
(orretlion of (erfificutes:
Employer; and
(D The sum payable for such materials on site shall not exceed 75o/o of
o The Engineer may make any corrections or modifications in any
previous Interim Payment Certificate (other than in the one
therelated---
pul'pofiing to be the Final Payment Certificate), which migl.rt have
(i) CIF price of impofied materials, or been issued by him.
(ii)Ex-factory/ex-warehouse price of locally manufactured
maierials, or
r He shall also hav€ the power to modify or withhold any Interim
Payment Certification if the works or any part thereof are nor being
(iii)Stockpile value of locally produced materials such as coarse carried out to his entire satisfaction.
aggtegates and crushed stone.

+ PAYMTTII:
35.5 RTTTI{TIO}I MONTY - DEDUCTIOII AiID RTFUiID

Generolly:
Ploce of Paymenl:
(7) A retention, amounting to....? Percent @enerally 1O/o) of the amount
Payment to the Contractor by the Employer shall be made in
currencies in which the contract price is payable, into a bank
included in any rnonttrly Interim
Payment Certificate, pursuant to the
relevant contract clause (due to the Contractor on account of items (iii),
account or accounts and at the place nominated by the Contractor
(v), (vD & (vii) of Sub-clause 1 in para 35:4 (i) menrioned previor-rsly) shall
(or by cheques at the contractor's option).

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eridge engineers ffi j a"irr'" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 35
@coNsIRUcfloNcoNrRAcr,.,..'soMEtMPoRTANTPo/NIsoFNoIF
be made by the Engineer in the first and the following certificates until
the aggregate amount so retained reaches the limit of Retention Money
o Payment of the advance wirl be due under separ?te certification by
the Engineer after
stated in the contract.
(2) IJpon the issue of the 'Taking-ouer cenificate' with respect to the whole
(i) Execution of the Form of Agreement by the parties therero;
of the works, one half of tbe Retention MonE. o.- ,rpo., the issue of the (ii) Provision by the Contractor of the performance Security in
Taking over certificate with respect to a particular section or part of the accordance with ihe relevant contract clause, and
Permanent \Works only such proportion thereof as the Engineer (iii) Provision by the Contractor of an irrevocable Bank Guarantee
determines having regard to the relative value of such section or
fart of by a bank acceptable to the Employer in an amollnt equal to the
the Permanent rvorks, ........shall be certified by the Engineer for payment
mobilisation advance.
to the Contractor.
(3) Upon tbe eqtiration of tbe ,Defects liab,ilitJ.t perrod,for tbe works, tbe other
r The Bank Guarantee shall remain effective until the advanced ioan
has been completely repaicl by the Contractor out of current
balf of tbe Retention MonE sball be certified by tbe Engineerfor payment
earnings under the contract and certified accordingly by the
to tbe contractor. ... .prouided tbat in tbe euent olclifferint Defecti riabitit!
Engineer.
Periods bauihg become applicable to dffirent sections or parts of the
Pernxanent works pursuant to tbe releuant contract clause, tbe expression The form of Bank Guaranf.ee acceptable to the Employer is
ttexpiration of tbe Defects Liabilitlt period,, indicated in the Tender Document.
sbalt, for tbe puryoses of tbis
Sub-Clause, be deemed to mean tbe expiration of tbi litest of sucb
peb^.......proutded also tbat, if at sucb time, tbere sball remain to o The advance shall be used by the Contractor exclusivellr for
be mobilisation expenditures, in::luding acquisition
executed b1, tbe contractor any work orderecl pu?suant to tbe releuant of construction
plant in connection with the work.s.
contract clauses, in respect of works, tbe nnlineer sball be e
witbbold certification of payment (until complpLien_Ef such uork) of so o Should the Contractor misappropriate any portion of the advance, it
mucb of tbe balance of the Retention Mone! as sbail. t, tttn opi"ion{lr" shall become due and payable back imrnediarely.
Engineer, be appropriatefor the cost of tbe uork remaining to be executed.
r In the case of terrnination also, the advance or the balance amollnt
of the advance, as the case may be, shall become dr-re and payable
35.6 IIIOBII.ISATIO}I ADVANCE AND fUIACHI}ITRY ADVANCE - PAYTUITNT back immedi^tely, at the termination of employment oi the
A}ID RECOVERY Contractor in accordance with fie relevant contract clause.
(.,..per World Bank practice, generatljt:)
(b) lllochinery Advonce:
+ Poymenl ofAdvonres: o In addition to the advartce mentioned in sub-para (a) above. the
Employer will pay anothtr (gener-ally interest-free) advance against
(ol illobilisotion Advsnce: .. key plaqt and machinery required for the work and brought to
o vr'ithin 84 days (12 weeks) of the receipt of the Letter of Acceprance, site,. . . . if so requested by the Contractor.
the contracror may apply to the Employer for grant of mobiiisation o Tlre maximum of such advance shall be .....? per cent (generully 5o/o
aduance. to 1.Oo/o) of the contract amount.
r The Employer will make (generally an interest-free) advance to the .I o In case of lneul. plant and eqr-ripment, the aforemerltioned
contractor for the costs of mobilisation in respect of the works in a maximum value of this advance shall be limited to o07o of the pric€
lump sum amount equivalent to ...?... percent (generally 10% ) of the of such new plant and equipment paid by rhe Contractor for which
Contract Price stated in the Letter of Acceptance, in types and the Contractor. sl-rall produce satisfactoly evidence.
proportionate amounts of currencies, as agreed to in the .o.,tra.t.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge engineers
ffi ffi n rrt r," H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers -*--.---@
! r *6 r , .{- -r3q!:..i J- !i -
Chapter - 35
@coNsIRUcI,oNcoNTRAcT''....soMElMPoRTANTPorNTSoFNoTE
. In case of tusedr plant or equipment, the aforementioned maximum certificate following that in which the total of all payments
amount of such advance shall be limited to 90o/o of the depreciated (comesponding to Sub-Clause 1 (i) deseribed
value of plant 4nd equipm in para 35,.4 (D earlier)

r
ffi
This advance shall be further subject to the condition that
to the contractor has reached -.20o/o of rthe contract price less
provisional sums'...... and shall be made at the .ate of 200/o
of tr-re
amount of all the said interim payment cerrificates (corresponding
to Sub-Clausej 1 (iii) described in para 35.4 (i)
to are considered bv the Ensineer to be
""rff"rj,
types and preiportionate amo'nts of currencies
......in the
*:3':iil?:l?,:tlT,ffnt '
in which the
advances were made, until such'time as the advances have
been
(ii) Such plant and equipment are in good working order, and recovered,...... always provided that the advance shall be
completely recovered when 90% of the contract price of the work
t"on".o;?t'i:'ff
.!;;ff :,::""Jfi:JHffil:,il":,ff* has been paid to the Contractor (conesponding to Sub_Clause (i)
described in para 3j.4 (i) earlier).
1
such Bank guarantee to remain efrective untir the advance has
been completely repaid by the Contractor out of current earning r Also further-provided that, irrespective of the total contract payment
under the Contract and certified accordingly by the Engineer. made to the contractor, the recovery of the aduances sbalr
coTnnlence from tbe time of tbe Interim payment
o No advance shall be granted ofi any piece of plant or equipment Ce?tificate
subsequent to completion (i.e. elapsing) of 4O%o o/the ,time_perioct
wirh a value of less than ......(?). of
.compretion' ......after the commencement of thJ works pursuant to
o No advance for plant and equipment shall be granted after......? the relevant contract clause ......and sbatt be completety recouered
months (generarly 6 to B months) from the clate of cornmencement, before tbe expiry of 'originar time period of comptitnn, itated
in tbe
which may be exrended, if considered reasonabre by the Engineer. Contract Tender.

k) Split Bonk Guarontee: 3s.7 FtilAt ACC0UilT

o The conrractor at his option may split and frirnish the Bank
Generolly:
Guarantee in parts, each not less than 2,5o/o of the Contract price,
aggregating separately to the amounts mentionecl in (a) and (b) 1. Not later than gg (ninety) days after the date of issue of the Defects
above. Liability completion certificate pursuant to the relevant contract
clause,
r Each Bank Guarantee part shall remain effective for the period set
the contractor shall submit a draft statement of 'Final Account, (and
supponing documentation) to the Engineer, ........showing in detail
in (a) and (b) above. the
value of the work done in accordanc'e with the contract, tolether
with alr
r An individual Bank Guarantee shall be returned to the Contractor further sums which the contractor considers to be due to him
or
by the Engineer on the recovery ofthe advance amount covered by recoverable from him under the contract.up,to the date of
tne Oef.ct
that part, within 30 days of the said recovery. Liability completion certificate (bereinafier ialled tbe ,contractor,s
Draft
Final Account).
+ Recovery of these Advonres 2. within 90 (ninery) days after recbipt of the contractorb Dralt Finar
r The rotal advance menrioned in (a) and (b) above shall be paid Accoant and of all informarion reasonably required r"r it,
'I Engineer shall determine the varue of all matiers to which"oiri""iorrE"
back by the contractor through percentage deductions made from the contractor
is entitled under rhe contract.
the interim payments certified by the Engineer.
The Engineer shall then issue to the Employer and the contractor
o Deductions (Recovery) shall commence in the next Interim payment
statement (hereinafter called the
a
M
@_-*__ I Raina's Fieu Manuat for.Highway and Bddge Engineers

ir ....a& r; i.i, r ,_bltr . d :!

Chapter - 35
CONS IRUCI|ON CONIRA Cr ....,.S O ME IM P O RTANT POINIS OF NOIF

showing tl-re final amount to which the Contractor is entitled under the whole of the works or, if applicable flor any particular Section,
contract. within the reievant time prescribed.......
3. Tbe Employer and Contractor sball sign tbe Engineerts Draft Final Account ......then the Contractor shall pay to the Employer the relevant sum
as an acknowledgement of tbe full and fi.nal ualue of tbe uork performed stated in the contract as Liquidated Damages.
under tbe contrac.t and sball promptly subtnit a signed copy (bereinafter
called tbe 'Fifal Account') to tbe Engineer. t u.sually liquidated Daruages are set bettteen 0.05%o and 0.10o/o
per day, and tbe total amount is not to exceed. between 5/o and
4. On receipt of this Final Account, the Engineer shall, within 30 (rhirry) 1oo/o of tbe Contract price
days, issue to the Employer and the Contractor the Final palment
Certificate. cerrifying any further monies due to the Contractor with t Suclt defauh. uthtcb strictlJt is not a genah! shrce it was
respect to the contract. alread.Jt agreed to in tbe contract. shall be the only monies
due from the Contractor for such default ......... for eveqr day or
In the event of non-payment within 50 (sixty) days of such Final payment part of a day, which shall elapse between the stipulated time for
Certificates delivered to the Employer, interest shall accrue to the completion and the actual date of completion stated in aTaking_
Contracror on these on a daily basis at a rate of 1/30 (one by thirty) of Over Certificate of the whole of the works or the relevant
one percent compounded per day of delay after the the expiry of 60 Section, subject to the applicable limit stated in the Contracr.
(sixry) days mentioned above.
- The Employer may, without prEudice to an! otber metbod of
5. Release of Clafuns: recouery' deduct the amount of such damages from any monies dLre
After completion of work but prior to final payment, the contlactor shall or to become due to the Contractor.
furnish to the Employer a 'release' on stamp paper for'claims' against the - The payment or deduction of strch damages shall not relieve the
Employer. arising out of the contract (other than claims specifically contractor from his obligation to complete the works, or from any
identified, evaluared and accepted) from the operation of the release by of his other obligations anct liabilities undef the conrract.
thc Contractor.
6. Cessation of Employer's Llabll;ity: (21 Redudion ol Liquidoted Domcges:
The Employer shall not be liable ro the Contractor for any matter or.thing . If, before the time for completion of the whole of the Works or, if
aristng out of or in connection witb the cqntractor's execution of the applicable, of any Section thereof, a Taking_Over Certificate has
work, unless the Contractor shall have includecl a claim in respect thereof been issued for any part of the works or of a Section as applicable,
in his Final Account. and the balance work or balance of the section is delayed, then
tbe liquidated damages for delay in completion of tbe
35.S I.IOUIDITYDAftIAGE remainder of tbe works or of tbat Section sball,
for any peiod of
. delay after tbe date of sucb Tahing_Ouer Certificat, ioia i, tin
(otulPEr{sATtoN - tvrilTt absencq ofalternatiueprouisions in the contract) ....... . be reduced
EXTENSION OI TilNE A]ID BO}IUS in tbe iroportion. wbicb tbe uarue of tbe part so certi/ied bearc to tbi
ualue of tbe wbole of tbe uorks or Section, as apptiiabte.
35.8.t r.rOurDATED DAIIAGIS fOR DEIAy (tDl: Tlte proalsions of tltts Sub-Ctause sball onty appb) to
proport onirrg the rate of liquldated da.ma.ges and shall not
{l) LD: affect tbe stated lirnCt tbeteo$,
- If the Contractor fails to comply with a Timefor Completion
milestone in accordance with the relevant contract clause, for the
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana Anuge engrneers
ffi ffi Raina's rie H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers t

,:,'.qiz,',:

,.,._:' :.irlF.\es_ ; i-
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Chapter - 35
35.8.2 (o[trPtNSAI|oN tvtNTS
!.F Tbefollouing sball be 'Compensation Euentstfor tbe putposes of eualuating
textension of time' and jtutificatiorc of relaxation in tbe imposition of
Iiquiclity Damage:
(1) The Employer does not give access to the sire or to a paft of the site
by the relevant tSite Possession Date' stated in the Contract Data.
(2) The Employer modifies the Schedule of Other Contracrors in a way
that affects the work of the Contractor under this contract.
(3) The Engineer orders a delay or does not issue drawings,
specifications, or instl'Llctions required for execution of the works on
time.
(4) The Engineer instructs the Contractor to uncovef or to cafry out
additional tests upon work, which is then found to have no defects.
(5) The Engineer unreasonably does not applove a subcontractrio be
let.
I giuen earl)t uarning or not hauing coo-perated with tbe Engineer.
(6) Ground conditiorts are substantially more aduerse thai
reasonably baue been assumed before issuance of tbe Letter of
Acceptance based on tbc iryforrnation i"ssued to bidden (inclrrding
the Site Investigation. Reports), information available publicly and
from a visual inspection of the site.
Q) The Engineer gives an instruction for dealing with an unforeseen
condition, not attributable to the Contractor,s performance, or
additional work required for safery or other reasons.
(B) Other contractors, public authorities, urilities, or the Employer do
not work within the dates and other constraints stated in the
contract, ancl they cause delay or extra cost to the Contractor.
(9) The advance payment is delayed.
(10) The effects on the Contractor of any of the Employer's risks.
(11) The Engineer unreasonably delays issuing a Certificate of
Completion.
(12) Any other Compensation Events described in the contract or those
determined by the Engineer shall also apply.
e If a Compensation Euent would cause additional cost or would preuent tbe
workfrom being completed bdore or bJ, tbe Intended Completion Date. tbe
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eridge Engineers
recoNsIRUcI/oNCoNTRAcT......soMErMPoRIANrPo/lvrsoFNQTE
Contract hice sball be increased and/or tbe Intended CorrTpletion Date
sball be extended.
Tbe Engineer sbalt decide wbetber and by bow mucb tbe Contract price
sball be increased and whetber and by bow mucb tbe Intended
Completion Date sball be ertended to.
e As soon as acceptable information demonstrating tbe ffict of eacb
Compensation Euent upon tbe Contractor,s forecast cost bas been prouided
by tbe Contractor, it sball be assessecl by tbe Engineer, and tbe Contract
Price sball be adjusted accordingly.
If tbe Contractortsforecast is d.eemed unreasonable, tbe Engineer sball
adjust tbe Contract Price based on bis ounforecast.
Tbe Engineer will assume tbat tbe Contractor will react competently and
promptly to tbe euent.
e Ihe Contractor sball not be entitled to compensation to tbe extent tbat tbe
are aduerselJt affected blt tbe Contractor,s not bauing
EmploJter's interests
could
35.8.3 IXIINSI0N 0r Tffit
N- The ubole of tbe zaorles (and., tf apptica.bte, any pafticular Section)
required to be completed witbin tbe panicular time stated in tbe Tender
Document, sball be completed in accor',4ptnce witb tbe prouisions of tbe
contract uitbin tbe time stated in tbe tenderfor tbe utbole of tbe works (or
tbe Section, as tlze case may be), calculgted fro*t tbe Comrnencement
Date, or sucb extended time as ma! be allowed under thefollowing.
l. Exlension of lime for (ompletion
In tbe eaent of:
a) Tbe amount or nature of ertra or additional work,
b) Any cause of delay refened to in tbese conclitions and. in tbe
ac c ep ted ICornpens ation Eue nts I
c) Exceptionally aduerse climatic conditiorr,
d) Any detay, impediment or preuention W tbe Employer, and/or
e) Otber special circumsthnces, wbicb m.ay occur, otber tban
tbrougb a default or breacb ofcontract by tbe Contractor orfor
ubicb be is responsible, ....... tbqt would fairly entitle tbe
Contractor to an extension of Tirne for Completion, of tbe lvorks,
Q f nuhu'" ri"H Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers
Chapter - 35
@coNSIRUcI/oNco/vIRAcr......sQMEtMPoRTANTPo/NIsoFNoIE
or of any Section or pa.r.t thereof, tbe Engineer sball,... afier
35.8.4 BoNUS
d.ue consuhation utltlt tbe Employer and tbe Contractor,
determine tbe amount of sucb time extension and shall r \fhere it is desired to make provision for the payment of a Bonus for
notlfy tbe Contractor accordi.ngly, tDitlr a copy to trre early completion of the whole works or partial Bonuses for early
Employen completion of key sections of the works, an additional sub-clause may
by added to rhe conrracr ro this effecr.
2. (onlroclor to Provide Notificotion ond Detoiled Porticulors. o Partial earlier compretion maJ/ not arutays produce net benefits to
- The Engineer is not bound to make any determination unless the tbe Employer, for exannpl.e utbere utllisatlon o1f tbe completed
Contractor has:- toorks requires:-
a) lilitbin 28 days, after sucb euentfirst arose. notified a) The fulfilment of ail pafts of ihe
tbe Engineer contract (e.g., the training of
xuitb a copy to tbe Employer, and personnel); or
b) Witbin 2B days, or sucb otber reasonable time as may be agreed b) The completion of all secrions (e.g., in a hydroelectric power
to by tbe Engineer, after sucb noilrtcailon. submitted to tbe station, where early compretion of irre penstocks would not be
Engineer detailed particulars for any extettsion of time to wbicb useful if the powerhouse is still under constn:ction); or
be may consider himself entitled in order that sucb submission
ma1 be considered releuant. c) ceftain seasonal effects to take place (e.g., the onset of tl-re rainy
for impounding a reservoir); or
seasol.l,
3. lnlerin Deteminotion of [xtension d) Othercircumstances.
'- where an event has a continuing effect such that it is not practicable Also, a more rapid drawdown of budgeted funds may then be
for the contractor to submir detailecl particulars within the period of required. All such facrors should be considered pr.ial to the
28 days referred to in2 (b) above, ..... he may be entitled to an inclusion of a Bonus clause in the Contract.
extension of time provided that he has submitted interimly ro the
Engineer particulars at intervals of not more than 2g days and final r Amount to be paid for Bonus(es) should reflect a substantial portion of
pu.ti"ulurr *irhin 28 d"yr of th. of th. r.rulting fro''' th" rhe rme net p.ofit derivecr by tbe Emptoyer ouer tbe period by ubicb
event. "nd "ff".tu completion was acbieued earlier than scbedulecl. The amount of daily
Bonus should normally be the same as the amount of daily
.' On receiuing interimly sucb panicularc, tbe Engi*eer sball, uitbout Damages'.
'Liquidated
undue delay, make an interim deteftnination of extension of tinte and,
r A ceiling of_ totar Bonus (say, same as for
'Liquidated d.arnages') may be
. on receipt of tbe final particulars as needed, tbe Engineer sball
.....
inserted to discourage unrealistically rapid coniract implemeniation by the
reuieu all tbe circunxstances and shai! determine an ouerall Contractor, which cor"rld adversely affect overall performance.
extension of tirne uitb due regard to the euents..........
o where Bonuses for compretion of individual sections will apply, the
4. In both ltems 2, and J. aboae tlte Engineer sball ma.ke hls relevant clause should be complemented with a,tzble,attachid io the
determtnatlon afier consultation uitlt tbe Emplayer and the Appendix to bid, showing the dares (milestones) of completion and the
Contractor, a.nd shall notQfy trte Conttactor of tbe detertninatioq amounts of 'Liquiclatecl Damages' and 'Bonus, for each Section.
ttl.tb a copy to tbe Emplayer. r If the conrractor achieves completion of the works or, if applicable, of
Nofinal reoleut sball result ln a decrease of an! extenslon of tlme any sections thereof, prior to the relevant time prescribed by the relevant
clause, the Employer shall pay to the contractor the relevant sum stated
alread.! d.etermined b! tbe Englneer.
in the Appendix to Bid as Bonus for such early completion ........ subject

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and eiaoe Engineers fi f n r"t ri" H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers - -* *---_ff
'., r ri.r,.i,r!a...r,.. ..j
Chapter - 35

to the limit stated in the Appendix to Bid, for every calendar day (or
month) that shall elapse between the date stated in the Taking-Over
Certificate of the whole of the works or of the applicable Section, and the
relevant time prescribed in the clause.
For the purpose of calculating Bonus payments, the completion time
stipulated in the bid for completion of the whole of the works (or by
sections, as applicable) is fixed. Unless otherwtse Zrgreed, adjustments of
the time factor by reason of granting an,extension of tirne pursuant to
concerned clause or any other relevant clause of the contract conditions,
may debar claim on Bonus (.. tbls ls a poltcy issue).
a In case Bonus is calculated on the basis of earlier completion on monthly
basis, any period falling short of a complete calendar month may be
ignored for the purpose of computing the period relevant for the payment
of Bonus ( .",..,. agatq a. poliqt issue).
.

a Suggested. Lhnits:
a) Anxount of Bonus for eaily cotnpletion of wbole of tbe uorks (or by
tbe sections, as applicable):
One (1) percent of tbe releuant initial Contract Price, rounded off to
tbe nearest bundred, per montb, 36.0 SOME IMPORTANT F'D'C
b) Maximum lirnit of Bonus for early completion of works:
Six (6) per cent (but preferably sarne percentage asfor tbe Liquidated
CONDITIONS OF cp
Damages .....wbicb is 1O/o generally) of the initial Contract price
rounded off to tbe nearest bundred (....agah, a. poltcTt issue),
I
I

1',

Raina's Fietd Manua!for Highway ana aridge.rnoineers rieu

I f nainars Manuat for Highway and Bttdge Engtneers
Chapter - 36
SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC' COND/TTONS OF CONIRACT

36.0 SOME IMPORTANT F'D'C* CONDITIONS OF 3.4 Replacement of the Engineer

3.5 Determinations
CONTRACT 4 THECONTRACTOR......
-
1999 (the 'Red Book'l
FIDIC 4.1 Contractor's General Obligations
4.2 Performance Security
where the design is done by tlre Client or his Consultlng Engineer: 4.3 Contractorrs Representative
Reproduced below, with thanks and due courresy, are only the names (titles) 4.4 Subcontractors
of the clauses of the FIDIC (red book) pubiication for easy reference: 4.5 Assignment of Benefit of Subcontract
4.5 Co-operation
CI-AUSE +./ Sening Out
1 GEI\ERAL,PROVISIONS ..... 4.8 Safety Procedures
4.9 Qualiry Assurance
1.1 Definitions 4.10 Site Data
'1.2
Interpretation 4.71 Sufficiency of the Accepted Contract Amount
7.3 Communications 4.!2 Unforeseeable physical Conditions
7.4 Law and Language 4.73 Rights of 'Way and Facilities
1.5 Priority of Documents 4.14 Avoidance of Interference
1.() Contract Agreement 4.15 Access Route
7.7 Assignment 4.1.5 Transport of Goods
1.8 Care and Supply of Documents 4.77 Contractor's Equipment
7.9 Delayed Drawings or Instructions 4.\B Protection of the Environment
1.10 Employer's Use of ContracLorts Documents 4.19 Electricity, rX/ater and Gas
f.i1 Contractor's Use of Employerrs Documents 4.20 Emp.loyer's Equipment and Free_Issue Material
r.72 Confidential Details' 4.21 Progress Reports
1.73 Compliance with Laws 4.22 Security of the Site
1.74 Joint and Several Liability 4.23 Contractor's Operztions on Site
2 THB EMPLOYER... 4.24 Fossils

2.1, Right of Access to the Site ) NOMINATED SUBCONTRACTORS

2.2 Permits, Licences or Approvals 5.7 Definition of ,nominated Subcontractor,
2.3 Employerrs Personnel 5.2 Objection to Nomination
2.4 Employer's Financial Arrangements 5.3 Payments to Nominated Subcontractois
1< Employer's Claims 5.4 Evidence of payments
3 THE ENGINEER ............. 6 STAFF AI\ID II\BoTJR ..
3.t Engineerrs Duties and Authority 6.1, Engagement of Staff and Labour
3.2 Delegation by the Engineer 6.2 Rates of \fages and Conditions of tabour
3.3 Instructions of the Engineer 6.3 Persons in the Service of Employer
o Fedemtlon Internatlonale des Ingenleure-Cotrells (International Federatlon of coroulting 6.4
Engkreere), Labour Laws
P.O. Box 85, CH-1000 lawme, l.2-Challly, Swttzedand.

Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana Bridge Engineers nainat rre b Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
I I
Chapter - 36 SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC- CONDITIOIVS OF CONIRACI

o.) 'Working Hours 70.2 Taking Over of Parts of the lfforks

6.6 Facilities for Staff and Labor-rr 10,3 Interference with Tests on Completion
(). / Health and Safety 1.0.4 Surfaces Requiring Reinstatement
6.8 Contractor's SuPerintendence 1L DEFECTS LIABILITY
6.9 Contractor's Personnel
6.10 Records of Contractor's Personnel and Equipment 11.1 Compietion of Outstanding Vork and Remedying Defects
6.tt Disordedy Conduct 1,1,.2 Cost of Remedying Defects
11.3 Extension of Defects Notification Period
7 PI-A]\IT, MATERIAIS AND WORKMANSHIP 1.1..4 Failure to Remedy Defects
7.1. Manner of Execution 11.5 Removal of Defective $fork
7.2 SamPles 17.5 Further Tests
7.3 Inspection 17.7 Right of Access
7.4 Testing 11.8 Contractor to Search
7.5 Rejection r1.9 Performance Certificate
7.6 Remedial \li/ork 11.10 Unfulfilled Obligations
7.7 Ownership of Plant and Matelials 11.11 Clearance of Site
7.8 Royalties 12 MEASUREMENTANDEVALUAIION....
8 COMMENCEMENT, DET.AYS AND SUSPENSION 72.1 rVork to be Measured
8.1 Commencement of 'Works 72.2 Method of Measurement
8.2 Time for ComPletion 12.3 Evaluation
8.3 Programme 1.2.4 Omissions
8.4 Extension of Time for Completion 13 VARTAIIONS AND ADJruSTMENTS ....
8.5 DelaYs Caused bY Authoiities
8.5 Rate of Progress 13,1 Right to Vary
8,7 Delay Damages 1,3,2 Value Engineering
'$flork
8.8 StrsPension of 13.3 Variation Procedure
8.9 Consequences of SusPension 73.4 Payment in Applicable Curencies
8.10 Payment for Plant and Materials in the Event of Suspension 13.5 Provisional Sums
8.11 ProlongedSusPension 13.6 Daywork
8J,2 ResumPtion of \?ork 13.7 Adjustments for Changes in Legislation
13.8 Adjustments for Changes in Cost
9 TESTS ON COMPTTTToN ................
t4 CONTRACT PRICE AIYD PAYMENT ...
9.1. Conlractorrs Obligations
crt Delayed Tests 1.4.r The Contract Price
9.3 Retesting 14.2 Advance Payment
9.4 Failure to Pass Tests on Completion. 14.3 Application for Interim Payment Certificates
74.4 Schedule of Payments
10 EMPI,OYER'S TAKING OVER ........".. M.5 Plant and Materials intended for the \X/orks
10.1 Taking Over of the \Works and Sections 14.6 Issue of Interim Payment Certificates

k
--' Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge enomeers fr I n"in"'" naa Manuat tor Highway and Bidge Engineers *-@
H

I
l Qhapter - 36
SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC- CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
il
1.4.7 Payment 79.3 Dury to Minimise Delay
74.8 Delayed Payment 19.4 Consequences of Force Maieure
74.9 Payment of Retention Money 19.5 Force Maieure Affecting Subcontractor
14.rc Statement at Completion 19.6 Optional Termination, payme.rt and Release
14.71 Application for Final Payment Certificate 79.7 Release from performance under the Law
14.12 Discharge
74.73 Issue of Final Payment Certificate 20 CIIIIMS, DISPUTTS A]\D ARBITRAIION ...
1.4.74 Cessation of Employer's tiability 20.1. Contractor's Claims
14.1.5 Currencies of Payment 20.2 Appointment of rhe Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)
r5 TERMINAIION BY EMPLOYER .............. 20.3 Failure to Agree to Dispute Adjudication Board
20.4 Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board,s Decision
15.1 Notice to Correct 20.5 Amicable Settlement
15.2 Termination by Employer 20.6 Arbitration
75.3 Valuation at Date of Termination Failure ro Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board,s Decision
1.5.4 Payment after Termination ?0.7
20.8 Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board's Appointment
15.5 Employer's Entitlement to Termination
16 SUSPENSION BY CONTRACTOR
to. I Contractor''s Entitlement to Suspend Work
16.2 Termination by Contractor
16.3 Cessation of W'ork and Removal of Contractorrs Equipment
16.4 Payment on Termination

t7 RISK Ai\D RESPONSIBILITY

77.1 Indemnities
17.2 Contractor's Care of the Works
77.3 Employer's Risks
77.4 Consequences of Employer's Risks
17.5 Intellectual and Industrial Properry Rights
17.6 Limitation of Liability
18 INSURANCE...
18.1 General Requirements for Insurances
18.2 Insurance for 1W'orks and Contractorts Equipment
18.3 Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property
1-8.4 Insurance for Contractor's Personnel

19 FORCE MAIEURE

19.1 Definition of Force Majeure

19.2 Notice of Force Maieure

re" -- - Rainah Fietd Manuat for Highway ana ariage engineers

f I Rainat rie H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
-"@
^SM.brb*
Chapter - 36
SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC, CONDITIONS OF CONIRACT

Definitions listed olphobeficolly

mDrx 0r suB-ctAusts
:.
A,IPHAB ETTCA|

CI.AUSE CI^AUSE Sub-Clause

1
Accepted Contracr Atnount, Sufficiency of the
I.1.4.1, Accepted Contract Amount 1,.1,.4.7 Interim Payment Certificate t.
4.11.
Access after Taking Over, Right of
1.L.1.9 Appendix to Tender 1.1.6.5 Laws a 17.7
l: Access'for Inspection
1.1.3.1 Base Date L.1,.1,.3 Letter of Acceptance 7.3
Access Route
1.1.1.10 Bill of Quantities t.7.1.4 Letter of Tender
$
/ Access to the Site, Right of
4.15

] 1.3.2 Commencement Date 1.7.4.8 Local Currency q

Additional Facilities
2.1
4 4.1,3
1.1.1.1 Contract 1.1.5.3 Marerials
Addresses for Communications
1,.3
1.1.1.2 Contract Agreement 7.1.2.7 Party ;
Adjudication Board
20.2
1.1.4.2 Contract Price 7.1.4.9 Payment Certificate I Adjustments for Changes in Cost
13.8
1.7.2.3 Contractor 1.1.3.8 Performance Certificate Adjustments for Changes in Legislation
13.7
1.1.6.1 Contractor's Documents 1.1,.6.6 Performance Securiry Advance Payment
'1,.1,.5.4 Permanent works
:
14.2
1,.1.5.1 Contractor's Equipment :l
Agreement, Contract
1.6
1.1.2.7 Contractor's Personnel 1J.5.5 Plant Amicable Settlement
20.5
1,.1,.2.5 Contractor's Representative 7.7.4.rc Provisional Sum Approvals, Permits, Licences or
2.2
7.1.4.3 Cost 1.1.4.n Retention Money Arbitration
20.6
1,.7.6.2 Country 1.1.1.7 Schedules Assignment
1.7
t
1.1.2.9 DAB 1.1.5.6 Section l
Assignment of Benefit of Subcontract
4.5
t.7.3.9 Day 1.1.6.7 Sire I
Assistance by the Employer
2.2
1.1.1.i0 Da1'work Schedule 1..1..7.5 Specification Assistants, Engineerrs
3.2
L.I.3.7 Defects Notification Period 1.1,.4.72 Statement
:: :
Authorities, Delays Caused by
8.5
1.1.1.6 Drawings L.1..2.8 Subcontractor Avoidance of Interference
4.14
1..I.2.2 Employer 1.7.3.5 Taking-Over Certificate !

.l Care of the \X/orks

L1,.6,3 Employer's Equipment 1.1.5.7 Temporary rJ?'orks 1,7.2
Certificare, Applicarion for iiinal paymenr '1.4.11
1.1,.2.6 Employer's Personnel 1.1.1.8 Tender ;{
Certificate, Final payment
1.1.2.4 Engineer 1.1.3.6 Tests after Completion L' 74.13
Certificate, Performance
1.1.2.10 FIDIC 1.1.3.4 Tests on Completion 11.9
Certificate, Taking-Over
1..I.4.4 Final Payment Certificate 1.1.3.3 Time for Completion i0.1
Certificates, Application for Interim payment
1.1.4.5 Final Statement 1.1.6.8 Unforeseeable 14.3
Certificates, Copies to be sent
1.1.6.4 Force Maieure 1.1",6.9 Variation 1.3
Certificates, Interim Payment
14.6
1.L,4,5 Foreign Curency 1.1.5.8 Works Claims, Employer,s
2.5
1..I.5.2 Goods 1.1.3.9 Year Claims Procedure
20.1"

E--- -- -._.-- Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge enoineers
fi I nr."t rle H Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers

-.e(6,+is!lcrij* < L
Chapter - 36 SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC- CONDITIONS OF CONIRACT

Clearance of Site after Performance Certificate 1.L.11 Default of Contractor: Termination 75.2
Clearance of Site after Taking-Over Certificate 4.23 Default of Employer: Entitlement to Suspend V,/ork 15.7
Commencement of tJ7orks 8.1 Default of Employer: Termination 76,2
Communications 1.3 Defective Vork, Removal of 11.5
Communications, Language for 1,.4 Defects, Failure to Remedy 11,.4
Completion of Outstanding Vork and Remedying Defects 11.1 Defects Notification period, Extension of tL.3
Completion, Statement at 14.1.0 Defects, Remedying of 11.1
1
Completion, Time for 8.2 Defects, Searching for Cause of 11.8
I
4.r2 Definition of 'Nominated Subcontractor
Conditions, Unforeseeable Physical i 5,1,
Confidential Details L.12 t Definitions 1.1
14.1.
! Delay Damages
Contract Price, The t 8,7
Contractor to Search 11.8 i Delays Caused by Aurhorities 8.5
Contractor's Claims 20.1, 'a Delegation by the Engineer 3.2
{
Contractor's Design 4.t Design by the Contractor 4.1.
Contractor's Documents, Employer's Use of 1.10 Determination by the Engineer 3.5
Contractor's Entitlement to Suspend Work 16.1, Discharge 14.12
Contractor's EquiPment 4.17 Disordedy Conduct 6.1.1
Contractor's General Obligations 4.1. Dispute Adiudication Board, Appointment of the 20.2
Contractor's Liability, Cessation of 2.5 Dispute Adjudication Board, Failure to Agree 20.3
Contractor's Liabiliry, Limitation of 17.6 Dispute Adjudication Board's Appoiniment, Expiry of 20.8
Contractor's Obligations: Tests on Completion 9.r Dispute Adjudication Board,s Decision, Failure to Comply with 20.7
Contractor's Operations on Site 4.23 Dispute Adjudication Board's Decisi.en, Obtaining 20.4
Contractorrs Personnel 6.9 ,. Disputes, Amicable Settlement of 20.5
Contractor's Personnel and Equipment, Records of 6.10 Disputes, Arbitration of 20,6
Contractor's RePresentative 4.3 Disputes, Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Boand,s Decjsion on 20.7
Contractorrs SuPerintendence 6.8 Disputes: Obtaining Dispute Adiudication Boardrs Decision 20.4
;l
4.6 !
Co-operation Doc.uments, Care and Supply of 1.8
:
Cost, Adiustments for Changes in i3.8 Dociiments, Contractor's Use of Employer's 1.11
Currencies for Payment of Variations 1.3.4 .i
Documents, Employer's Use of Contractorrs 1.10
Currencies o[ Payment L4.15 .! Documents, Priority of 1,5
I
I Drawings or Instructions, Delayed 1.9
DAB - see Dispute Adjudication Board
Data on Conditions at the Site 4.1.0 Electricity, \fater and Gas 4.Ig
Daywork 1.3.6 Electronic Transmission of Communications 1.3
Default of Contractor, Notice of 15,T Employer,s Claims 2.5

w Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway anA AriaOe Engineer" l I Raina's rieu Manual for Highway and Bddge Engineers '- -**=---**@
 SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC- CONDITIONS OFCONIRACT
Chapter - 36

Health and Safety 6.7

Employer's Claims: Currencies of Payment 14.1.5

Employer's Documents, Contractor's Use of 1,.1,1,

Indemnities 17.r
Employer's Entitlement to Termination 15.5
Inspection 7.3
Employer's Equipment and Free-Issue Material 4.20
Instructions, Delayed Drawings or 1.9
Employer's Financial Arrangements 2.4
Instructions of the Engineer 3.3
Employer's Liability, Cessation ol 14.t4
Insurance againsf Iniury to Persons and Damage to property 18.3
Employers Personnel 2.3
Insumnce for Contractorrs Perqonnel 1.8.4
Employer's Risks 17.3
Insurance for'W'orks and Contractor's Equipment 78.2
Employer's Risks, Consequences of 17.4
Insurances, General Requirements for 18.1
Engineer, Delegation by the 3.2
Intellectual Properry Rights, Claims for Infringement of 17.5
Engineer, Instructions of the t.t
Intellectual Property Rights in Contractofrs Documents 1.10
Engineer, Replacement of 3.4
Intellectual Property Rights in Employer's Documents 1.1 1
Engineer to act for the Emplciyer 3.1'
Interference, Avoidance of 4.74
Engineer's Determinations 3.5
Interference with Tests on Completion 10.3
Engineer's Duties and Authority 3.r
Interim Payment Certificates, Application.for 14.3
Environment, Protection of the 4.1B
Interim Payment Certificates, Issue of 14.6
Evaluation 72.3
Interpretation 1.2
Evidence of Paymens to Nominated Subcontractors 5.4
Extension of Defects Notification Period 11,.3
Extension of Time for Completion 8.4 I Joint and Several Liabiliry 1.1.4
:

Labour, Engagement of Staff and 6.r

Failure to Pass Tests on Completion 9.4
:
Labour, Facilities for Staff and 6.5
Final Payment Certificate, Application for 74.r7
Language 1..4
Final Payment Certificate, Issue of 14.1.3 i

Law, Governing 1.4

Finances, Employer's 2.4
Laws, Compliance with 1.t3
Force Majeure Affecting Subcontractor
I
1,9.5
Laws, Labour 6.4
Force Majeure, Consequences of 19.4
I Legisiation, Adiustments for Changes in 13.7
Force Majeure, Definition of 19.1 I

)
Liabiiity, Cessation of Contractor,s 2.5
Force Majeure, Notice of L9.2
I
Liabilify, Cessarion of Employer,s 14.1,4
Force Majeure: Optional Termination L9.6
I tiability, Joint and Several 1.14
Fossils 4.24 I

l Liability, Limitation of 17.5

Frustration of the Contract 1,9.7
Liabiliry Unaffected by Insurances 18.1
Licences or Approvals, Permits, 2.2
Gas, Electricity, Water and 4.19
Manner of Execution 7.1
Goods, Transport of 4.16

f n"ina's ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Englneers

Raina's Fietd Manual tor Highway and eridg, En7in.ers f
Chapter - 36
SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC' CONDITIONS OF CONIRACT

Materials in Event of Suspension, Payment for 8.10 Personnel, Disorderly Conduct by

6,1,1
Materials, Ownership of 7.7 Personnel, Employer's z.)
Materials, Payment for Unfixed M.5 Personnel, Insurance for Contractor's rB.4
Materials supplied by the Employer 4.20 Persons in the Service of Employer 6,3
Measurement, Method of 1a a
Plant and Materials for the \florks, payment for 14.5
Measurerpent of the r}Torks 12.1 Plant and Materials in the Event of Suspension, payment for 8.10
Plant and Materials, Ownership of
7.7
Nominated Subcontractor, Definition of 5.7 Programme
8.3
Nominated Subcontractors, Evidence of Payments 5.4 Progress, Rate of 8.5
Nominated Subcontractors, Payments to 5a Progress Reports 4.21
Nomination, Objection to q)
Provisional Sums 13.5
Notice of Intention to Deliver 4.76
Notice to Correct 75.1.
Quality Assurance 4.9
Notices, Addresses for 1.3
Records of Contractor's personnel and Equipment
6.10
Obligations, after Perfonnance Certificate 1i.10 Regulations and Laws, Compliance with 1.73
Obligations, Contactorrs General 4.r Rejection 1S
Omissions 12.4 Release from Performance under the Law 19.7
Othef Cantractofs 4,6 Itcmcdial \0',rtk /.()
Remedy Defecrs, Failure to 1.1.4
Payment 1.4.7 Remedying Defects
1 1.1
Payment after Termination by the Contractor 76.4 Remedying Defects, Cost of
11.2
Payment after Termination by the Employer 15.4 Removal of Contractor's Equipment after Termination 16.3
Payment, Currencies of 74.15 Replacement of the Engineer
3.4
Paymeni, Delayed 14.8 Reports on Progress
4.21
Payment for Plant and Materials for the tVorks M.5 Representative, Contractor's
4.3
Payment in Applicable Currencies 73.4 Representative, Engineer's 2,)
Payment to Contractor after Force Maieure 19.4 Respo-nsibility for the Vorks
4.1
Payments, Schedule of 1.4.4 Responsibiliry Unaffected by Engineer's Approval
3.1'
Payments to Nominated Subcontractors ).5 Resumption of Work after Suspension
8.12
Performanc6 Certificate 71.9 Retention, Deduction of
14.3
Performance Security 4.2 Retention Money, Payment of
14.9
Permits, Licences or Approvals 2.2 Retesting after Failure of Tests.on Completion
9.3
Personnel and Equipment, Records of Contractor,s 6.10 Right to Vary 13.t
Personnel, Contractorts 6.9 Rights, Intellectual Property, in Contractor's Documents 1.10

@--- - Raina,s Field Manual for Highway ana eriage engineers

f ! Rainas rie H Manual for Highway and Bldge Engineers
 Chapter - 36

SOME IMPORTANT FIDIC" CONDITIONS OF CONIRACT

Rights, Intellectual Property, in Employer's Documents 1.11
Rights of Way and Facilities 4.r3 Taking Over of parts of the !7orks
10.2
Rights, Patent 17.5 Taking Over of the 'Works and Sections
Risks, Employer's .
10. i
17.3 Taking Over: Surfaces Requiring Reinstatement
10.4
Royalties '79
Termination by the Contractor
16.2
Termination by the Contractor, payment after
15.4
Safety and Health o./ Termination by the Employer .:
1.5.2
Safety Procedures 4.8 Termination by rhe Employer, Optional
15.5
Samples 7.2 Terminarion by the Employer, payment after
15.4
Schedule of Payments 14.4 Termination, Optional: after Force Majeure
19.5
Search, Contractor to 11.8 Termination, Optional: at Employer's Convenience
15.5
Security, Performance 4.2 Termination, Valuation at Date of
15.3
Setting Out 4./ Termination: Cessation of \X/ork.
Site, Clearance of 16.3
11.11 Testing
Site, Contractor's Operations on /.+
4.23 Tests, Further
Site Data 11.6
4.1.0
Tests on Completion
Site, Right of Access to the 9.1
2.7
Tests on Completion, Delayed o)
Site, Secr.rrify of the 4.22
Tests on Completion, Failure to pass q4
Staff and Labour, Engagement of 5,1
Tests on Completion, Interference with
Staff and Labour, Facilities.for 5.6 r0.3
Third Parry Insurance
Statement at Completion 14.10 1,8.3
Time lor Completion
Statement, Final 1.4.11 8.2
Time for Completion, Extension of
Statement, Interim 14.3 8.4
Time for Payment
Statutes, Regulations and Laws, Compliance with 7.73 74.7
Transport of Goods
Subcontract, Assignment of Benefit of 4.5 4.16
Tribunal, Appointment of Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)
Subcontractor, Force Majeure Affecting 19.5 20.2
Subcontractors 4.4
Unforeseeable Physical Conditions
Subcontractors, Nominated 5.1' 4.12
Superintendence, Contractorrs
' Unfu lfilled Obligations 1.10
6,8 1

Surfaces Requiring Reinstatement 1.0.4

Suspension, Consequences of Valuation at Date of Termination
8,9 75.3
Suspension due to Employer's Default Value Engineering
1,6.1, 13.2
Suspension of Vork Variation Procedirre
8.8 73.3
Suspension, Payment for'Plant and Materials in the Event Variations
of 8.10 73,1
Suspension, Prolonged Variations: Applicable Curencies
8.11 13.4
Suspension, Resumption of Vork after 8.r2
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bidge engineers f
I R"in"'" ried Manual tor Highway and Briilge Engineers *.-_---@
.^i4ry-
!
Chapter - 36

'Wages and Conditions of Labour 6.2

Water and Gas 4.19
\W'orking Hours 6.5
'Works and Contractor's Equipment, Insurance for 1,8.2

\7orks, Contractor's Care of the 17.2

'Works, Measurement and Evaluation 12.3
'Works to be Measured 12.r

r 'i -; irtlj ti. :'' ,:

3 7 o SOME
a nl PO RTANT
WORLD BANK
rcB coN DI TIONS OE CONTRACT
37.1 PtRtoRilAltcst(uRtTY
37.2 Stclilltc 0F AcRrEllrilT Iri3i.' : t'. '' ' .1, ,

37.3 (otlil$tcil$tT 0t WoRt( i

37.4 I.IOUIDATTD DAiIAGES FOR DTIAY (;}
37.5 VAR|AT|OI{S
37.6 RrTtNTtoil fiiolttY
37.7 ADVAI|C PAYt[EltTS
37,p rs(AtATiOr{
37.9 DAYW0R|(S
37.t 0 PRovtstoltAt sufris

- Rarnab Field Manual fot Highway and Eldge engir""r" f ! nainas rre B Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 SOME IMPORTANT WORLD BANK ICB - CONDTIIONS OF CONTRACT
Chapter - 37

37.O SOME IMPORTANT VYORLD BANK ICB* 37.3 coMMENCttrlEl{T 0F WoRK (CLAUSE 4t.t 0F GCC & CoPA)
. The Engineer's notice to commence the work to be issued within 35 days
CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT after the LOA or 7 days after signing of the contract agreement, whichever
is earlier.
37.t PERFORMANCT SICURITY (ctou'" 37 of rrn (rnottation to Btd') and
r Commencement date of work is taken as the date of rbceipt of this notice
Clause 10 of GCC (General Conditions of Contract) read uitb CQPA by the Contractor.
(Conditions oJ Parricular Appticatlon) )
(a) In the form of an unconditio nalBank Guarantee (BG) of theamount of ln llCB (ontrott:
1,Oo/o of contract price. The commencement date of work is specified (certain no. of days from the
issue of notice to proceed) by the Engineer.
(b) To be submitted within 28 days of the receipt of LOA (Lerter of Autatd)
(c) The validity of BG up to 28 days from the date of issue of Taklng-Ouer
37.4 I-ISUIDATED DAMAGTS {tD} FOR DEI.AY
Cenificate (Cornplction of work)
(Clause 47.1 of GCC & COPA)
(d) To be returned within 14 days of the expiration of validity period.
r Rate of LD per day of default being taken 1/2OAO of contract price for the
ln N$ (Nolionol (ompelilive Biddingl (onlrocl whole work or of the price of the relevant contract section
(milestonewise/sectionwise) as the case may be.
r In the form of a BG of the amount of 50lo of contract price, to be submitted
within 21 days of receipt of the LOA. o Limit of Liquidated Damage = 10o/o of Final Contract Price.

r To be returned within 28 days from the expiry of ntf (oefects Liabtkty o The rate of L.D can be reduced in propprtion to the cost of balance work
L'efiod) if fhc faking-over cefiificate fbr part ./hrk is issrrcd br:forc complction of
the whole work or a section of work (Clause 47.2 GCC).
37.2 SIGNING OT AGRIEMENT
ln 1{(B
(Clause 36 of ITB)
Same as for ICB.
Vithin 28 days of receipt of LOA, along with the Agreement (the Agreement
Form provided document)' (The contractor is, however,
in the bidding 37.5 vARtATtoils
normally asked to sign the Agreement in the office of Employer.)
(Clauses 51, 52 of GCC & COPA)
NOTE: Failure of the successful bidder to comply with either of the above two
requirements (submission of Performance Security and signing of Agreement) (a) The Engineer can issue instructions to the Contractor for variations as
constitutes breach of contract, cause for annulment of award, forfeiture of Bid specified in Clause 51.
Security, etc. (Clause 37.4 of ITB) (b) No instructions are required for any increase or decrease in the quantities
provided in the BOQ.
ln N$ Controct I.
(c) The effect of the variations, if any, is to be evaluated in accordance with
Same as for ICB (Vorld Bank / FIDIC) case. Clause 52, viz.
(D At the rates and prices set out in the BOQ of contract, if applicable.
* IcB - Internatlonal Competttlve Btdding
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and 8rid9. En1ir".r" $ ffi nr,tnrs rre u Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

"r!-{rrtrt-*..ffi+ s,i -.,**5fpryi.l5ila.c*r{itri*&i*s*gi'6..; *-"'

F
f,
i{ Chapter - 37
i; SOME IMPORTANT WORLD BANK ICB- CONO/I/ONS OF CONTRACT
:l

(ii) The rate and price of the BOQ item shall be the basis if fbund (e) Part of the retention money can be withheld depending upon the
reasonable/applicable (s imllar item s p b i losop by). requirement at the different stages of repayment to cover any eventuality
(iii) The agreed rate between Engineer and the Contractor after due in Defects Liabitity, etc.
consuitation if (i) and (ii) are not applicable.
(d) If. in the opinion of Engineer, any BOe item ,rater becomes inappropriate ln NCB
or inapplicable owing to the quantum of rvariationr due to reasons of the Same as for ICB
nature and amount of any varied work in relation to the nature or amount
of the whole of the work or
tt
part thereof....then a new suitable rate 37.7 ADVANCT PAYME}ITS
shall be agreed between the ^nyEngineer and l
the Contractor after due i

. consultation with the Client. COPA) ,'

(Sub-clau.se 60.7 of

(e) But 'change' in the quoted trater of the BOe itenr shall be considered only if:
(a) Mobilisation Advance and Equipment Advance, normally 10% of the
contract Price for each , interesffree, payable on the certification of the
(i) The BOQ item amount is more thanZo/o of the cohtract price. Engineer after:
(ii) The quantities exceed or fall by 25o/o or more. (D Signing of Agreement;
(f) If overall variation due to varied work under Clauses 52.1 and 52.2 ancl (iD Submission of Performance Security (unconditional BG), and
ali payments on BOQ (except provisional sums, dayrvorks, and escalation (iii) Submission of unconditional BG of amounts equal to these
(Clause 70)) exceeds by more than 75o/o of the contract price, a sum eirher advances.
agt€ed or determined by the Engineer shall be added to compensare for (b) The recovery of these advance payments will commence normally when:
the increase in O,/H, equipment, erc. Tbe addttion will be based onljt
on an atnount in excess oJ'tlce aboue 15%. (D 159/o of thc controct pricc hoc bccn ccrtificd for pnymcnt (or oc
provided in the specific contract) by tfe Engineer, or
ln I'1(B (iD After' 6 months (or as provided ir1' the specific contract) after
payment of 1st installment of advance (if.payment of advance made
Same as for ICB except that (e) (ii) is not inclicated directly in the provision. in installments)
For changing the quoted 'rate, of the effected item, its quantity must change ....... wbicbeuer is earlier.
by 25o/o or more, and the cost of change should exceed 1o/o of the contract (c) The recovery of these advances shall be made at the rate of 300/o (or as
pfice.
provided in the specific contract) of the amount of IPCs until full advance
is recovered.
37.6 RTTTNTIOI{ MONTY (d) k is also to be ensured tbat these aduance payrnents sball be completely
(sub-clause and Clauses 50.5 and 60.5 of COPA) ' recouered prior to tbe time wben BOlo of tbe contract price bas been

(a) certified
6,/o of IPC (Interim Paymcnt Certificate) srafting from 1st IpC till ir
totals to 5% of the conrracr price (Limit).
(b) The full amount once realised can be replaced by the unconditional
ln l{$
BG. 'Same
.i as for ICB in general except that mdximum limit of equipment advance
(c) One half (50VA of the total money so rerained shall be cerrified for is 5 o/o of the Contract Price.
payment by the Engineer after. issue of the Taking-Over Certificate.
(d) The other half (5070) shall be certified afrer expiration of the Defect
Liabiliry Period (DLP).

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Brtdge Fnglneers

ffi ffi n r"s rle H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
 SOME IMPORTANT WORLD BANK ICB - COND/I/ONS OF CONTRACT
Chapter - 32

18 montbs or less (12 montbs in certain countries prone to beauy

37.8 tSCALATtoil escalation) . tbe Contractor is assumed to include possible escalatory
.. . as
effects in bk Bid price in sucb works.
(Clause 70 of COPA)
(a) Price adjustment for Escalation shall apply only for work caried out ln l{(B
within the stipulated time and within the extension period granted. Same as for ICB
(b) Price adjustment after the period stated above and the delay being
attributable to the contractor but extension, still granted, shall be made 37.9 DAYWORKS (clause 52.4 of GCC)
either using the indices at the completion time or those curent at the time a The contractorts unit rates for different categories of labour and for
he should have theoretically completed the work, whichever is favourable materials and equiprnent inpurs are provided by. him in the relevant part
to EmDlover. of BOQ to cover the eventualities of any (other than BOe) works to be
(c) In applying the price adiustment formulae, following are the assumed got done by him on Daywork basis
pefcentage components (work specific) fixed by client in the tender a The theoretical amounts for '!virtual' ets. specified for this purpose in the
(percentage values will differ from job type to job,type, e.g., more cement tender, are worked out and accounted for in the valuation of tenders,/bids
and steel in bridges). at bid evaluation time.
1. Labour ----- o/o a Escalation on Daywork not payable if costs paid against actual uouchers
and costs eacb time sucb tuork calledfor and executed.
2. Cement --------- o/o

3. Steel -------- o/o In ll(B

4. Plant and machinery spares __-_-_- o/o No such provision unless specified in Contract

5. Ritumen ______ o/o

37.10 PROVlSlOl{At SUftlS (clause 58 of ccc)
6. P.o.L. -_-_- oh
o For the elements of contract work which are unforeseen at the time of
7. Other materials ------- o/o bidding (i.e., unknown items), a 'provisional sum, is provided and is
Total opelated at the instructions of the Engineer as required.
100 o/o

o These items can be deleted from execution.

Nole:
r These sums are not accounted for in the valuation of tenders.

. Pleas. .efe. to 'Corstrrrctior Cortra.t pri." c No escalation payable on sucb works as tbese are paid against AetuAl_A1SE
Es.alation Ho* to and uoucbers.
estimate it' (Chapter 40) for: "nd
- Suggested values of percentages of different components that form ln ll(B
. a major highway project (expressed as percentages of Contract ,, No such provision.
Price), item 40.3.9, Chapter 40).
- Various methods for estimating the quantum of escalation
t Generally escalation is not paicl ubere tbe specified duration of contract is

] a"in"'" ri"td Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers -*--_-@

ld Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engrneers
!
 38.O ESSENTTATS OF THE HOW
CONSUTTANT SHOUI.D SUPERVISE
A HIGHWAY & BRIDGE PROJECT
TO FIDIC-T999/87

f aaina's ri.u Manuatfor Highway and Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 38
38.O ESSENTIATS OF HOW THE CONSUITANT
ShIOUID SUPERVISE A HIGHWAY & BRIDGE
PROJECT TO FIDIC.I 999/87
The Consultant, awarded the consultancy contract for supervising
constrlrction of a (major) Highway/Bidge proiect to the contract conditions
of FIDIC-1999,/87, must ourline his work to the Client (Employer) on rhe
following lines (.... tbe narration bas been presented belout in the
fortnat of tbe CONSULTANT spea.klng to tbe CLIENT).
CONSTRU$ION SUPERVISION
Activiry I Delegotion
o) Role of the Engineer
The 'Engineer' must be folmally appointed by the Employer and is r-rsually
named in the Appendix to Tender or otherwise formally norified ro the
Contractor no ldter than the award of the contract. The duties of the
Engineer are defined in the particular contracr and the intent is rhat the
Engineer should act impartially between the Employer and Conrractor in
administering the contract. The principal duties may be summarised as
qualiq' control, coat control, ond timc control, and thc Enginccr. is
traditionally delegated extensive powers under.FIDIC contracts in order
for him to exercise such controls and to issue the various certificates
required by the Conditions of Contract. However, we recognise that under
most Employer/Consultant contracts, the Engineer must obtain the
specific approval of the Employer before taking cerrain acrions under the
FIDIC Conditions of Contract. Such limitations are specified in the
Conditions of Particular Application and may fypically include:
r Issuing variations in the scope of work or works quantities under
Clause 13.3 GIDIC-1999/87), except in rhe case of emergency or
where permitted within delegated financial limits.
r Consenting to the subletting of any part of the Works under Clause 4.4,
r Determining an extension of time under Clause 8.4.
r Fixing rates under Clause 12.3.
\7e ('The Engineer') will strictly observe all requirements for seeking the
Employer's prior approval under Clause 3.1 together with other requirements
to consult the Employer where specified in the Conditions of Contract.
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bnage Englneers
ffi
"Ess.Nr/Als"oFri,g,ltri""f gii*xrr11llt?;yFf,Jl::if;i
hl Role of the Engineer's Representotive
Most of the duties and powers of the Engineer will be formally delegated
to the Engineer's Representative (Chief Resident Engineer). The Engineer's
Reple-sentative will be resident on the site full time and will be formally
the appdinted under clause 3.2 of the conditions of contract by the Engineer.
such delegation of powers by the Engineer will not take effect until the
Empioyer and contractor have been notified by him in writing. It is,
therefore, critical to the smooth management of the contract that prompt
notification is given at the time of awarding the contract, or as soon
thereafter as practicable, and the Engineer will take immediate acrion to
delegate powers following his appointment as the Engineer.
\x/hilst the Engineerrs Representative will be delegated extensive powers,
we will have full regard to the important principle under the contract that
. neither the Engineer's Representative nor his site staff has any authority
to amend the works contracts or to relieve the contractor of any of hi.s
contractual duties or obligations.
The appointment of assistants to the Engineer's Representative similarly
requires to be notified to the Contractor with details of their duties and
scope of authoriry and again the Engineerrs Representative will take
pfompt action to clari$z responsibilities and lines of communication at an
early stage.
clear lines of communication between the Engineer, the Engineer's
Representative and contractor will be vital for the successful
implementation of any project. Based on normal practice, we anticipate
that the Engineer's Representative will provicle the key link in the overall
communication chain, receiving reporrs from his site staff, exchanging
formal corespondence with the contractor, and liaising with and reporting
to the Employer and The Engineer as required under the del.gat"J
powers.
Aclivity 2Notice to comnence works
The Engineer's Representative will be respolsible for issuing the Notice to
commence w'orks under clause g.1 of the conditions of contract within 42
days after the Letter of Acceptance.
Activitl 3- Insurances
under clause lB.2 of the conditions of contract, the contractor is required to
insure the works for the full cost of replacement (pius the cost of demolition,
H n r"S fr H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
 Chapter - 38
"ESSENI/ALS" OF 'HOW THE CONSULTANT
SHOULD SUPERY/SE'A
HIGHWAY & BRIDGES PROJECT TO FIDIC-1gSg'
clearing the site, professional fees, etc.) and to insure the contractor,s
equipment for a sum sufficient for their replacement at the site. In adclition,
o Tbe proulsion of taboratory
facilities and the identification of
materiatls sottrces.
under clause 18.3 of the conditions of cof:ttract, the contractor is required to
provide third party cover for the amount stated in the Appendix to Tender t Tbe tdentification and programming of crittcal atl, actiaitles
and, under clause 18.4 of the conditions of contract, to-provide insurance such as tra.1ffic managernent and serttice diuerslons.tr
against accidents to workmen.
c The identiflcation of manulfact trers, suppliers, and ,nater,lrlls
\fe will veri$z that the contractor
provides satisfactory evidence that such sources in particular, u.tbere tbe sourcing of
m.atet lals inaolae
insurances have been acquired before the commencement of work, and
that protracted negotiations and,/or speclal matet ials
the contractor submits copies of these policies to the Employer as required
requiring a long
Iead tlmefor ordertng,
by clause 18 of the conditions of contract, within the iespective periods
specified in the Appendix to Tender. ve will inspecr the policies o., b"half of e Inteqlfa.ces utlth concutrent contr"acts, wltere
appkcablc
the Employer and ensure that they are consistent with the agreed terms and In reviewing the contractorrs programmes, we will
arso require the contractor
are in the joint names of the Contractor and Employer. to provide detailed resource schedules to support
the timings for inJividual
activities.
Activity 4
Pertornance and Advsnce poyment Securities
Following initial consent by the Engineer's Representative,
uncler clause 4.2 of the conditions of contract the contractor is required to we will monitor the
progress and require the contractor to revise
submit a Performance securiry to the Employer within 28 days of the Letter of tire works prograrnme ,"."q.ri."a
to reflect changes in the rates of progress or in the nature
Acceptance. we will verify that the contractor complies with this important and extent of work.
requirement and that the performance security is provided in the form of an $'here there are delays to the programme that
have potentia'y
unconditional Bank Guarantee in the amount statecl in the Appendix to on the completion date and, .o.rt.".t price, we will, as serious impaci
recommend changes that will mifigate srrch adveme
iu, u" poruitt.,
Tender. In addition, the Advance paym6nl provided for under clausc 14.2 of effectc.
the conditions of contract and the Appendix to Tencler will be conditional .n Should the rate of progress be too slow, in our
receipt of both the performance security and an Advance payment security, opinion, for the works to be
completed on time and the contractor is not entitled
which will also be in the form of an unconditional Bank Guarantee. w.e will to any extensi"" or,i-.,
we will so notifiz the Contractor under Clause g.3 oi
advise the Employer as required on the adequacy of all securities. the Conditions of Contracr.
If delays have occurred, which are the Ernproyer's
responsibility, a choice may
Activitv 5 Works progromme
exist
.berween
granting an extension of time of retaining the
completion date by agreeing to pay the contractor
original
under clause 8.3 of the conditions of contract, within 2g days of ttre Letter to accelerate the works.
We-wou_ld make appropriate recommendations
of Acceptance, the contractor is requirecl to subrnit a programme to the to the Employer on the
preferred solution, given the particular circumstances.
Engineerrs Representative for his consent. rve will encourage the contractor
to submit his programme in a timery manner ancl review tf,e programme in \7e will include full details of progress relative to the
contractorrs programme
depth before giving consent. tX/e will particulafly ensure that the p"rogramme in our M-onthly progress Reports together with a resume
of the extent and
is in sufficient detail to demonstrate that project objectives *itt u" causes of both actual delays and potential future
delays.
accomplished and that those activities are identified, which are critical
overall cornpletion of the contract within the period for completion.
to the Activity 6 Right ol access to the site
It is the responsibiriry of rhe Employer undci clause 2.1
We utill attach garticular importance to tltefollotr.dng: of the conclirions of
contract. to provide of access to the site within such ,rrrr., u,
a Tbe moblllsatlon of key equlpment, tnclud.ing cntslting and. mix 'ight to Ten<ier.
specified in the Appendix
u. -ry
plant, and tbe stockpiling of sulfflcient qttentlttes of aggregates to
ensure contlnuous paolng opefations.
not present any unnecessary impediment.
ffi---
i

Raina's Field Manuat fo/.Highway and Bnage €ngineers

ffi ffi R"rrs r,ala Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
i

"FF_ j
Chapter - 38 .S €SSEA/I/AIS' OF'HOWT.H E CONSULTANT SHOULD'SUPERVISE'
A
HIGHWAY & BRIDGES PROJECT TO
FIDIC-Iggg"
Activity 7
lssue instractions aml additional or modified drawings A rypical form for stage Approvar is shown ahead.
In the event that any work
is rejected, the Resident Engineers will notify
The Conditions of Contract recognise that no design can be 100% complete at the Engineerrs Representative
who will instruct the contrzctor to take appropriate
commencement and that it will be necessaly to issuq supplementary drawings remedial action. Examples
of Stage Approvals are:
and instructions under Clause 3.3 of the Conditions of Contract to facilitate the
proper completion of the N'orks. r Checking formwork ancl reinforcement for
dimension, cleanliness, rigidity of fixings and
accuracy of line,
level,
We will will be fully conscious of the need to
exercise this responsibility br-rt suppor.r systems, etc., prior
differentiate between site instructions that clari$r requirements without to concreting.
altering the intent of the contract and site instructions that may constitute a r Checking pipework for accuracy of iine and
level, avoidance of damage
variation under Clause 73.3 of the Conditions of Contract. Xfle will be to pipes, watertightness etc. prior to bacKilling.
particularly conscious of the need to respond quickly to any norification by
the Contractor under Clause 1.9 that the works are likely to be delayed or r checking pavement layers for accrlracy of
line and lever, adequacy of tack
disrupted unless further drawings or instructions are issued to the Contractor. coats and prime coats where applica'ble,
density/compaction tests, etc.,
before laying the nexr p".,.-"ri i"y"..
Activity I Setting out r checking the dimensions, levels, physical properties
of the finished work
Whilst the Contractor is responsible for the accurate setting out of the works, to ensure compliance with the contract.
it is the Employer's responsibility to ensure that the design drawings include
- adequate information for the Contractor to set out the works. W'e will liaise
with the Design Consultant (our firm, in the present consultancy), should
additional data be required.
\Ve will mobilise our sulvey teams to check the accuracy of the Contractor's
setting out. However, it is an important principle of the Conditions of
Contract, that no checking of the Contractor's setting out by the Engineerrs
Representative will relieve rhe Contractor of the responsibility of his
obligations undel this clar-me, and we will, therefore, ensure .that our field
checks are carried out and presented in such a way so as not to contravene
this principle.

Activity 9
Inspclion and aFoval ol work in Fogress
Clauses .3 and 12.1 are fundamental to the rights and duties of the Engineer's
7

Representative to approve and measure work in progress prior to work being

covered up. In the event of the Contractor covering up work without giving
the Engineerts Representative due notice of his intentions under the Clause
7.3, the Contractor may be required to uncover such work at his own cost to
facilitate inspection.
In our experience, the most expedient way of operating under this clause is
to jointly agree with rhe Contracior on a 'Stage Approval, system under which
the Contractor gives notice using a prescribed format for checking and
approving the work.

@--- Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Brtdge Ergtneers f f n rrt rle H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
-
 Chapter - 38 ,,€ssENzArs,oFT
%
A lyfcal Stoge Approval Request Form Activity r0 rahorarory testinL'i\'l'x'i'"fg}i":!!".8?!t?;Yffi::ff;i
Contract No. ............ It is our understanding that provisions are
contract to facilitate independenf
to
be included in the works
testing by the Engineer.
REQUEST FOR STAGED TNSPECTION OF WORKS

No. .. Liability Certificate, it is nevertheless important

that continuous assessments
Following works be ready for inspection at............ (time) on ..... are made so that non-compliance
(date) ctn be avoided to the maximum possible
extent. This process can be represented
'Work is intended to commence as follows:
at ............ (time) on ............ (date)
(24 hours' notice must be given) Matedals Controi Testing

Descriotion of W'orks
Location:
Type of 'Work to be inspected: Advance Testing
Construction Control Testing

Source Approval Bulk Approval Process Control Finished Product

Testing Testing
Request submitted by .(for Contractor) Testing Testing

Request received by.. (time) on .......(date)

a
'source Approuat rcsf,rrtg: The rpprovar uI'a supprier
(Signarure) ma1' be given on the basis of or manuf.acrurer
the'manufa.;;;; qualiry conrrol sysrem
under which represenrarive
.:i_pl^": il; ;;;;rlar batch are resred in
Inspected by ..on at
order ro ceni$r rhe acceprabil*y irr rrr. ."r"p.[," iarch. we wourd
Lhe Contr"ctor to [acilitate access require
R.E.rs. Comments to the manr-rfacturer,s premises in
accordance wirh Clause 37.2 and *oulJ- inirially inspecr the
I. Delete as inapplicable: manufacturerrs sysrem for certi$zing
n"iJ"J'!_Oucrs prior ro giving
A. Inspection passed. The Contractor is allowed to proceed with the source approval. Thereafter, ,.."ptu.r""
of the materials at site would
works. include visr'ral inspection and ..."ip,
or trt" -r.rlriucfurer,s test certificate.
B. Remedial works listed below to be completed and re-inspection is source approval w'l arso cover
quarries and borrow pits based
required afterwards. initial testing of representative samples. on the
C. Remedial works listed below to be completed but no inspection is t BulkApproaat Testlng: Approval of material delivered
required. at the site, would be made on the to or stockpiled
II. Remedial works to be completed: basis of representative sampling
testing of such materials as aggregates, and
cement, bitumen, steel, etc
a Process Testing: Approval of work
on the basis of testing undertaken
during the construction process would
typically include slump fests on
Signed (R.E.) At ................ (time) On................ (date) concrete, compaction of earthworks
using a nuclear density meter, quick
moisture tests on pavement materials
immediately prior to constfuction,
etc.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
] f nu,i',us rre H Manual for Highway
and Bridge Engineers

*ff--- --. ir.,rt-{6* 5-_

Chapter - 38
'EssE/r/ALs"oFri,g,i#f
,"f !Ei;:x,;Ei!t?;zrFfJi::f;!.
e Flnlslted. Product Testing: Approval of finished wolk based on tesring
of the product once the construction process is complete would typically Actiyitv IZ Solety ond coreof rhe Works.
include field densities, concrete cube tests, etc. Under crauses 4-2, 4.g, and" 4.22 0f the
conditions of conrract, the contractor is
Laboratory and field testing are, tl-rerefore, essentiai prerequisites to
' responsible ficr the s?bility and safety
of all site operarionq' .tr.i"g *r"rv
procedures, and ensuring security of
procedures described above and are envisaged under Clause 37 of the the site. The contracto. i, n .tt-r"...rponsibre
under Clause 17.2 of the Conditircns of
Conditioirs of Contract. Our Materials Engineer will take key responsibility for: Contract for care bf the works.

o Monitoring the Contractor's laboratory and in-situ testing;

As paft of tbese obrigations, tbe contractor,s
,netbods of t orktng and ternpora.ry responsibititlt for
utorks i" opoaoiiiolprio"tpt
r Supervising independent sampling, in-situ testing, and laboratory testing, of tbe contra.ct and it is impirtani tltat tbe
including the labeling and safe storage of samples unril they are no longer protects tlte interests En{fueer,s R.epresentatiae
Employer by carefuily cbecklng tbe
required; contr^ctor's propo_1ars "f.?" g{aing approaar
yithout
undullt lnjluence tbe Contractir,s i in sich a u(ry a.s to
o Checking trial mixes, including any admirlr-u'es proposed;
to
reltetie tbi con*actor of bis rb,sr,"X::;:t:;;
r Reviewing and advising if the pavement design seems inappropriate to
existing conditions actually encountered in the field; Ihe appropriat: fo:m of wording in responding ":;;:":ooear
submisslon is, tlterefore, to to a Contractor,s
o Checking regr-rlarly the caliblation, accuracy, and operation of plants, i_W is sue
'qpproag: trre proposals. u.tilliqulre tbe contractor to subrnlt
mixing plant and testing equiprnent; ^we
detailed dranatngs, speclficatlonr, a;d supporting .oiuirron" o"
o Advising the Engineer's Representative on the approval of materials and necessary to enabre us to satisfy ourserues
ii r" ,ntf,.r*piJress a.nd
materials sources; adequac1 oJf the Contractorts "froposals
prior r" siriri-;;"J.or.
o Advising the Engineer's Representative on the approval of sforagr- \il'/ewill revicw rhe corrtractor'c proposecl wurkirrg
ari?ngements in
facilities to
ensure adequate protection of rnaterials against adverse ensure thar they afe consistent with-rhe detair to
intenf of ih" .o,i6r.t. Following the
weather and to prevent pollution of the ground or ground water from consent to proceed, we will monitor the
contractor,s execution of the works
bitumen, oil, fuel, or other harmful substances; [o ensure adherence ro the agreed methods
of *".f.ing-";J io,.r,, n*r."
revised a'angements with the iontracror
o Advising the Engineer's Representative on the need fol special tests and
necessary to preserve
as the work p;;;; ir.o,rria"r"a
the removal of improper materials in accordance with Clause 39.1 of the safety and security.
Conditions of Contract. anenrion wilt be paid ro the adequacy,
safery and security of such
o Liaison wiih the Engineer's Representative on all test results and
;:*::3.
particularly, advising in the event of substandard results, o Traffic contror. schemes, incl'ding tefnporary
road diversions, detours,
one_way working, contra_flow armngements,
r Maintaining records of all sampting and testing;
o Temporary watching, lighting, fencing and
etc.,
baricades, warning signs, erc.,
r Training local counterpart staff, primarily through on{he-job experience o Excavations and associated temporary
in carrying out the above functions. supports,
o Falsework to strucfures.

Aclivity ll Working Drqwings le w'l obrain from the conrracror rhe deh's of
.
transporring
his haul routes for
material from off_::!: bo11ow pits and
The Contractor will be required to prodr-rce working drawings such as temporary quaries rf,. type of
vehicles they propose ro use. \xre will
works drawings, workshop drawings for prefabricated components and bar advise rhe Contractor""J
; ;;; special
precautions which, in our. opinion,
are required ,. *"iv ,nJrJqru"k."o
bending scheduies, where not included in the contract drawings, etc. We will Clause 4.15 of the Conditio.,, .f
review such proposals in detail before giving cohsent for the work to proceed. io.rtr*t]--
"f
W---*- Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and en'dge Engineers
ffi f a"in" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engin
"
 Chapter - 38
"EssENr/Ls"oF'3,g,iilir"f
!Ei;[t!'rt^3,!t?::F:,;::if;i"
In the course of the works, we will also encourage the Contractor to observe The duties of the (2uantiV Surveyor will also include:
good public reiations in the expeditious handling of third. party claims for o Measuring and.recorcling all approved work as executed with recorded
.we
damage to persons or property. will require the Contractor to establish a t\
I

measurements being entered on Taking off sheets, Abstract sheets, site

formal procedure for notifying the Engineer's Representative of all third parry Measurement Forms and Record Drawings in an approved format. All
claims and for making the claimant aware of the action being taken to settle recorded measurements and quantities of work exeduied will be agreed
the claim. with the contracto q as faf as possible, and any differences of opinion will
be noted.
Whilst the primary responsibiliry for health and safety will be retained by the !l
Engineer's Representative, with specific functions being formally delegated to t r Agreeing to the final measurements in sections as the works proceed. on
appropriate site'staff, health and safety should be the concern of everyone, tifi completion of the final measurements, the detailed measurement forms,
suitably indexed, will be filed for audit.
and we will, therefore, encourage all site staff to report any situation that they g

regard as potentially unsafe to the Resident Engineers and/or Engineer's Ii, o Examining and recording details oi the materials and plant brought on site
Representatiye. for incofltoration in the Permanent $Zorks.
ii
In view of the importance that we attach to traffic safety, our Organisation :l
!,1
e Examining and recording particulars of any labouq plant and materials
.t employed on additional work so that record sheets may be mutually
Chart indicates our intention to retain the Transportation / Traffic Management
agreed with the contfactor as a possible basis for evaluating the work in
l

Engineer during construction to work closely with the Engineer's j

{ the absence of analogous bill rates.

Representative and site staff for the peiformance of their duties.
o
:

Examining and recording particulars of any labouq plant and materials

Activity 13 Proteclion ol the environnent
:
employed for dayworks so that record sheets may be mutually agreed to
Clause 4.18 of the Conditions of Contract places a responsibility on the . with the Contractor.
Contractor to observe methods of working that mitigate nuisance from the Yuewill examine the Contractor's monthly statements (invoices), statement at
construction works and protect the environment. We will pay close attention completion, and application for the final payment statement submitted in
to the environmental requirements embodied in the contract based on the EIA
'
accordance with clauses 14.3, 14.10, and r4.ri, respectively of the conditions
and associated outline EMP. \7e will verify compliance with those
requirements, including the initial submission of a detailed EMP by the
of Contract. On the basis of these statements,
-" *iil prepare interim ancl final
payment certificates in accordance with clauses 14.5 ani 14.11 respectively of
ContrActor. .conditions
the of contract. In this regard, the permitted time scale for
submitting statements, ceftirying payment, and making payment under FIDIC
Acrivily 14 llleosarement and Payment conditions are outlined below subject to any amendments imposed by the
As described above, Clauses 7.3 arid l2.t of the Conditions of Contract are Employer in the Conditions of particular Application.
fundamental to the rights and duties of the Engineerrs Representative to
approve and measure work before it is covered up. The Quantity Surveyor
will be responsible for interim measurement of work in progress and final
measurement of completed parts of the works in parallel with the
corresponding Stage Approvals. A fundamental starting point for
measurement wilt be the agreement of existing ground levels with the
Contractor prior to works commencing, and our Topographic Surveyor and
Quantity Surveyor will work closely with the Contractor to this end.

rcrc Manuat ror ntgnway and Endge Lngneers

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Brtdge enOineers f, ! ^o,o " -

-:.481+1.#;;{P.,. --
,,'';iR.uw'
I
li Chapter - 38
l! 'ESSFNTALS'OF "HOW fHE CONSULTANT
SHOULD 'SUPERY/SE'A
HtGHwAy & sRlDG€s pRoJEcr ro Hori_ies;"
Contaactorrs Statement Engineer to Certi$' Employer to Pay o $/herever possible, we would propose to value
variation as at directly
l
Monthly Statement
applicable contract rates and prices,
: Interim certificate wifiin 28 Payment within 56 days of
o
:
days of Statement Statement In the event that a contfact does not cont,in any rates
of prices directry
:
Statement at Completion Interim cettificate within 28 Payment within 56 days of applicable to aclditional or varied work, we
would use
within 84 days of days of Statement Statement and prices in the contract as a basis for valuation "rr"logou, ,ut",
Taking-over Certifi cate adjustments, so far as may be reasonable.
*itt uifrop.i"t"
Application for Final Final Payment Certifi cate Payment within 56 dayi of r \where existing
rates and prices cannot be used as the basis
Certificate within 56 days of within 28days of Final Final Paynent Cerrificate of evaruation;
-"
we would propose new rares based on reasonable
Performance Certifi cate Statement and Vritten cosr and p;ii;.
followed by agreed Final Discharge where the Engineer's Representative considers
Statement and Written Lhat a variaLioH in the works
can best be accomplished by dayworks, he
Discharge wilr so instmct i'u..o.anrr.. -itti
Clause 13.6 of the Conditions oi Contract.
I
1
Or

l
Application fot Final
Cert-ificate within 56 days of
Intedm certificare within 28
days of Statement with
Payment within 56 days of
Statement with Iinal
Adiviry 16
Cloims ond Dispure Resolution
!
Ferfotmance Certifi cate disputed amount subject to payment subject to dispute The contractor may craim an extension of time
under clause 8.4 of the conditions
dispute tesolution procedures resolution procedures of Contract due to addirional works, any cause of
I delay referred ; ;L;;;.r"
) under the conditions of contract, excepiional
!
adverse weather conditions, and
All works will be valued for payment purposes at the rates and prices set out other special circumstances.
l
in the Bill of Quantities and schedules raking into account the provisions of The contractor may claim additional payment for
clause 70 with regard to changes in cosr and including deductions for the any rerevant crause under the
I Conditions of Contract that entitle him to do so.
repayment of the advance and retention money. In the event. of varied work,
the principles described in the following acriviry will apply. ln both cases, the contrac'tor is required to foilow the craims
l procedure set Iout
r:vlvssre ovl
under clause 20.1 of the conditions of contract.
I
Activitv 15 Voriotion md Dalworks lrders 've will initially discuss an craims and contractuar disputes arising from any
of the
I Clause 13.3 of the Conditions of Contract empowers the Engineer to vary the above with the contractor and Emproyer to try and reacir
an amicabre settlement
i works if required, and sets out the procedure to be followed. These give rhe andlor find altemative solutions that obviate the need
l for proceeding ;th;"
Engineer the prior opportunity to solicit the Contractor's claims andlor imposition of penarties. w.e will
I
.t proposals for also place fir. r;;.dy
I
I
carrying out and evaluating the work. resolution of claims and disputes in order that "-prr*ir
they do not "" anention or
io* tire
the staff away from the all-irnpor-tant construction
IJ?here any circumstances, in our opinion, justify a variation order, the activities and so ttrat
" w^rt "r
I

claims does not remain to be dealt with during the

I
Engineer's Represenrative will submit a preliminary report to the Employer. In post<onstruction period.
this regard,, it is important that any requirements for the Employer to give prior It is common practice that a contractor win submit
! notice of his intention to craim
approval before the issue of any variation order by the Engineer are complied for.additional rime or expense prior to fun detairs
of rhe events b"i"tk";;. fte
with, if so stated in Clause 3.1 of the Conditions of Contract.
in two parts:
our preliminary report will include the justification and basis of valuation for
the proposed change. The basis of valuation will be strictly based on the
following contractual principles as embodied in Clause 12.3:
a) Action on Recei{ of CIEin Notilicalion.
Effective action on the part of the Engineer's
Representative is vital in the
event of a Contracror noti$ring his intention to
additional ;;;;;,
Raina's Field Manual tor Highway anA eriage engineers
fi
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ffi Rainat rieta Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

I
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 ,ESSENNALS"
Chapter - 38 OF 'HOW THE CONSULTANT SHOIJLD 'STJPERVISE'A
HIGHWAY & BRIDGES PROJECT TO FrAC-I;gg,

or extension of the time for completion. \7hile the action to be taken is In the event of consistent failure to reach an agreement
with the contractor
not the same in every case, it can be summarised as follows: on the settlement of any claim, either pafty may
submit the matter to the
Disputes Review Board (DRB) and uhimaieljt proceed
(i) Ensuring that the Employer and Engineer are immediately aware of they do not accept tbe decislon of tbe DRi.
to arbitration if
the notice with all relevant sLrpporting details to enable the Engineer
to make preliminary recommendations to the'Employer on the likely
admissibility of the claim'and any interim payments to be made
Activity lT
pending the full settlgment of the claim. Regular and close co-ordination with the utility
owners , traffic police, local
authorities,_property-owners and land, owners
(ii) Examining the circumstances and ensuring that appropriate will be ..iri.uf a'p.og,u**"
since the diversion of services, arrangements
immediate mitigating action is being taken, particularly where safery for traffic ,uf"ry u'rrJ?orrt.or,
including temporary road diversion, d"torrr", etc., are all potential sources
is of concern. of delay. \7e wilr, therefore, continue
"rr-d
the co-ordination activities initi2ted
(iii) Inspecting and ensuring that the Contractor maintains contemporary during the design stage to identify arrd contrin
problem areas.
records to the satisfaction of the Employer and Engineer including
'We will also ensure co-operation with the public, particularly
particulars of labouq plant and materials employecl and of any other are likely to expefience disturbance from the
where peopie
circumstances that may be relevant. construction works, their rights
of access may be interfered with, or services may be
disrupted. To the
(iv) Ensuring that the Engineer's resident site staff maintain adequate maximum possible extent, we will explore ways of mitigating
,a.r".r"
on the public and ensure that arteinative n.".r"., or
independent records and/or the Contractor's contemporary records services are"f".r,
made
are being mutually agreed on a daily basis. available by the contractor prior to cutting
the existing accesses or services.

b) Action on Receipt of (lain Suhmission Activitv 18 Site Records

on receipt of full and detailed particulars, the Engineerrs Representative A significant volume of information wilr need to
be recorded.and evaruated
will be responsible for the following actions: for the works contract each month and this wiil
Le greatry assisted by the use
of computer information
(D Ensuring that the Employer and Engineer are fully informed and slzstems.

copied on the detailed particulars of the claim, During the early stages
.:f .,h" project,
therefore, work with the Engineer
the Engineer,s Representative will,
to deverop u ,u'iarrt. co.rt,u.t ur.rug"-".rt
(ii) Checking the validity of all facts and the accuracy of all records s*** (cMS)' The Emphasis of the cMS *ii n" ro monitor the key areas
presented. quality, cost and progress. we will maximise of
the use of e-mail links for rapid
(iii) Checking that the claim/application is made under applicable transmission of data in electronic format in
order to faciritate g"od ;-;rd.;;".
provisions of the contract and that the contractor's logic is tenable The cMS will enabre the. Engineer's Representative
and his resident site staff
under the terms of fhe contract. to stlmmarise all technical and management data
for timely transmission of the
(iv) Monthly and euarterly Reports.
Evaluating the extent of the award (costs andlor time) and making
recommendations to the Engineer.
a) Generol Dota
Subject to approval Employer and Engineer, the Engineer's
by the
Key background data pertaining to the contfacts
Representative will initially negotiate all claims with the Contractor without will be entered here
prejudice in order that the Engineer may submit a detailed rePort for the
including the names and contabt details of.all
those involved in the
contract' base indices for escalation, dates of
Employer's approval outlining the grounds for the claim, the contractual Letter of Acceptance, Notice
validiry and the recommended settlement of the claim.
to commence vorks, Taking-over certificates, and Defects Liabiliry
Certificates, and weather ,".o.dr.
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge engineers $ f n rrtro{Manual forHighwayandBidgeEngineers *:--
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tl
fi
Chapter - 38 .€SSENI//LS"
,l
OF "HOW THE CONSULTANT SHOIJLD 'SUPERVISE'A
r; HIGHWAY & BRIDGES PROJECT TO FIDIC-1ggg"

ht Specilic Dota and the requirements of the Terms of Reference. The manual
will establish
Specific information on the Bills of Quantities, contract programmes, procedures for contract administration and, whilst being based on
specifications and detailed drawings for each contract will then be dealt international practice, will arso need to take account of local 'practices
and
with under the following headings. project reporting requirements. In particular, the procedures Manual
will
embrace the Monthly.progress Report and ensure the timely availability
o Administrathte Data: Staff time sheets, vehicle journey logs, of
data to be included in the monthly report.
project accounts, project invoices, Sub-consultant's invoices, filing
lists for both hard copy and computer filing systems, register of
incoming and outgoing correspondence, and register of third party I
Aclivity 20 Toking-0ver Certilicote
The contractor may give notice under clause 10.1 of the conditions
claims for damage to persons or property. of
contract for a Taking-over certificate no earlier tl-tan 14 days before
he
c Engineerlng Data; Lists of contf,act drawings, including revision considers the works will be ready for taking over.
dates and new drawings; lists of working drawings submined by the
It will be important at this stage to establish a definitive list of defecrs that
contractor, calculations for permanent or temporary works; setting- remain to
.complered be remedied or other outstanding *ork, th"t ,"rr_rain to be
out and survey data, site instructions and variation orders. within the Defects Liabiliry period. \Xze will record ancl agree with
o Qualtty Contro, Data: Details of material sources and approval of the contractoq. by a "wark-through survey',, a checklist of outstanding
works
materials at source, records of site inspections/stage approvals for . and defects existing on receipt of the contractor's norice. This ;ill
sefle as a
work in progress, laboratory and field test results. guide to staff in ensuring that such works are duly cornpleted
during the
Defects Liability period and that conditions exist for iszuing the
c Time Controk Records of the Contractor's programme and revised Defects
Liability cerrificate at rhe end of the Defects Liabiliry period.
programmes consented under Clause 8.3 of the Conditions of
Contract, records of progress against the contractor approved if and when the Engineer's Representative is satisfied trrat the works are
programme with a particular emphasis on highlighting critical substantially complete and that the nature and extent of the
outstanding
actiuities and delays, and details of approved exterlsiolr of timc
works will not arrversely alfccl .ccupation and usc of the \'.urks
by th!
Employee, and subject to any_necessary prior approval fiom
awarded under Clause 8.4 ol the Conditions of Contract. the Employer, the
Engineer's Representative will issue ths Taking-over certificate.
If he is not
o Financi.al Control: Records of interim and final measurement of satisfied that the works are substantiarly c-omplete, n" *iil
norify rhe
works in progress; payment'certificates, new rates approved by the contractor of the outstanding works, which must be completed
before issuing
Employer; and the financial content of the Monthly Progress the Taking-Over Certifi cate.
Reports,
rssulng tbe Taking-or'er certrficate u,r t*gger release of trte first barf
At the site level, the Engineer's residenf site staff will be required to maintain of tlte retentlon n oney
individual site diaries, recording on a daily basis all facts and events relevant
to the administration and supervision of the contract. These diaries will also Acliiity 2l Perlormance Certifkate
assist in resolving queries on any issues that may arise concerning the Under Clause 11.9 of the Con-Qitions of Contract, the Contractor has an
execution of the works, particularly with respect to claims submined by automatic entirlement to a perfoimance certificate *ithi., zs
Contractors for additional time or costs. arv, tr expiry of
the Defecrs Liat..iliry period except that rhe Employer is entitlei
to extend rhe
Defects Liability period if the works cannot be used for the intended purpose
Aclivitv 19 Procedures anl fulninistrolion . due to defects or damage.
For the purposes of ensuring a consistent approach to construction If the contractor fails to remedy defect or damage within a reasonable
supervision and contract administration, we will develop a Procedures time,
the Employer is entitled to carry out remedial works at the Contractorrs
Manual for use by all site staff. It will be tailored to suit local circumstances risk
and cost or require a reduction in the Contract price.
@-*- Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f Ratnatr,;etdManual forHighwayandBidgeEngineers _ffi
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I
tl
Chapter - 38 ,ESSEA/I/AIS"
OF 'HOW THE CONSULTANT SHOIJLD ,SUPERVISE'A
il ,
il HIGHWAY & BRIDGES PROJECTTO FIDIC.lggg"

Issuing the Performance Certificate (completion of Defects Liability Activity 23 As-Built Records and Maintenonce Monual
satisfactorily) will trigger release oJi the second. balf of tlre retention
moneJ, and the return of the performance security to the Contractor within 21 we will maintain a continuous inventory of design changes and clarifications
days of issue of the Performance Ceftificate. including all site sketches, drawing revisions, und ruppl"-"ntary drawings.
These will be transferred and added to the originar contract drawings
Aclivily 22 Finol Statenent
progressively rather than being left as a residual exercise after substantial
completion of the works. A set of "as-built', drawings (made by the contractor
Agreement and certification for payment of the Cootractor's Final Statement and approved/agreed to by us) will be issued on Microstation files.
(Fl.nal Bill) are deeply rooted in the process of measurement and payment
\x/e will prepare a Maintenance
of work in progress. Although interim payment certificates are not binding, a Manual covering routine and periodic
systematic and disciplined approach towards the measurement and evaluation maintenance for roads and sftuctures, having regard to the fact ihat
the
of work during the construction period will lay the foundations for structures should enjoy . . . .. (generaily 30) years of siructural maintenance
fiee
certification of ihe Contractor's Final Statement and restrict the outstanding lite. s(/e will include planning and programming procedures, inspection
and
issues following completion of construction to the more contentious claims condition survey procedures, and mainienance activities and techniques
for:
and disputes. As stated above, we would also place emphasis on the speedy r Traffic signals,
resolution of claims and disputes to pave the way for an amicable and timely r Traffic signs and markings,
settlement of the Contractor's Finai Statement. e Guardrails and bridge parapers,
The Contractor is required to submit a Statement at Completion within 84 o Lighting,
days of the Taking-Over Certificate and an application for the Final Payment o Drainage,
Certificate within 56 days of the Performance Certificate, both of which
focus on mutual agreement of the final Contract Price.
o Pavements
r Landccapc and irrigation,
\7e will review the Contractor's Statement at Completion and try to maximise
r Monitoring and control operations,
the area of agreement, in order to pave the way for certification of the
Contractor's Final Statement, and specifically identify those areas of o Periodic bridge inspections.
disagreement where further efforts need to be concentrated prior to Each section on maintenance activities and techniqr-res wiil be
accompaniecl
submission of the Contractor's application for the Final Payment Certificate. by planning and method statements, primarily intended for use by tne
The Engineer will certiff the amount he considers due to the Contractor in _
Maintenance supervisors who are charged with ordering and supervising
the
respect of the Statement at Completion. maintenance works.
We usill subsequentljt conttnue in our efforts to jl.nakse a.greemcnt o1f The planntng statetnents will rypically define:
outstanding dsszes ln order tbat tbe Contractor nay tben submit bis r The activities,
Final Statement a.nd. Dlscbarge in aecord^ance utltb Clauses 14.11 and r The units of measurement,
14.12, respecttue$t. In tbts ittent tbe ingtieer will lssue tlte Flnal
Payrnent Certiffcate under Clause 14.13. o The averuge daily production,
o The resources required,
However, should it not.be possible to agree to all matters in the draft Final
Statement, the Engineer will issue an Interim Payment Certificate for those
o The particular planning points.
parts of the draft of the Final Statemenr, which are not in dispute with rhe The metbod statetnents will rypicaliy define:
disputed amount then being subject to the dispute resolution procedures. r The restoration standard,
r The steps to be taken in achieving those standards,
o The check points.
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and aaaoe enoineers
Q ! R"inas rie H Manuatfor Highway and Bridge Engineers -ffi
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39.O MON TFIE EFFECTS OT

PIANT PRODUCTION-RATES & JOB
EFFIGIENSYaFAGT9RS,
tgB WoRKMAN
ITKE CONTRACT MANAGE'YIiNT

39.t WORK PROGNilIflIE FON N0AD

coltsTRuotoil
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39.2 Rrvtrw 0r A(tutl wont( pRocRAililES
SUBflIIITIDOY THT COilNAOOR
39.3 routPilrltT Pndlii,cli6f'hi?iy, .
39.4 VUORK f0R

39.5 I[Ar
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! n",tn"t r,,i, ld Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 39 MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF PLANT PRODT]CTION
RATES & JOB EFFICIENCY
FAcroRs Fo R woR KMAN_LIKE cowrneCi ueuacE MENT

39.O MONITORING THE OF PTANT EFFECTS (cl The Work Progromme from the (onfioctor's stondpoint
The review of a work programme by the Engineer is
PRODUCTION.RATES & JOB EFFICIENCY matter but it is a major_ undertaking for tl-re contractof.
a fairly routine
It is unique to each
FACTORS FOR WORKMAN.TIKE CONTRACT contract ancl wilr largely determine his financial success
or failure. a-org
the various considerations that must be considered by
trre co.,tracio.,
some of the more important ones are:_
'UANAGEMENT
39.I WORK PROGRAMIiIIE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION { (D Equlpment
Does he have sufficie.nt available equipmenf
(ol .If not, he must weigh
Controctuol Requiremenl the various alternatives: buy more- equipment, lease o-e"rrt
Almost all contracts require the Contractor to produce a work programfiIe equipment or subcontract certain parts - of the work,
combination of these, so as to minimise his costs. f fris
or, a
and submit it for review and acceptance by the Engineer. The Engineer, equipment
if not satisfied with the programme, can return it for revision. During the is not enough, he must carefully scheclule his work so that his
course of the work also, the Engineer can require a reviseil programme. equipmenr is fully utilised ar all times.
This usually occurs when the Contractor falls behind his original
schedule. His original programme remains the official baselevel (ii) Mass Diagram
proflramme. Escalation payments, in the case of a contract spilling over He must produce a Mass Haul Diagram (for earthwork)
its contract period, often require that payments be made as though work
if he is to
minimise his hauling costs.
had been completed as per the base-level programme. This would refer
to the original programme adjusted for any approved time extensions and (iii) Other Hauting Costs
not to the latest revised programme updated by the Contractor for his
own sake. The revised programme unless reflecting an approved time- Hauling costs will vary greatly, based on the iocation of
crushing/screening plants, asphalt plants, etc.
extension, can only be considered as the Contractor's interim or
accelerated programme in an attempt to bring ihe work back near to the An asphalt plant located at the extreme end of a rinear
contract
original target. This should be made plain in comespondence to the requires much more haul distance compared to
the one t"."t"J.r.*
Contractor while agreeing to any of his revised schedules, perhaps with the middle. Availability and cosr of land must be weighed
some phrase - such as "Although your original last approved extended haul costs. "gui.rr,
programme remains legally in effect, we agree to your subsequent/latest
In the case of a single asphalt plant, the haul distance, at some
revised programme as your interim or accelerated programme as an stage, can become so overbearing that it may
attempt to complete the work within the official Contract Period". be economical to
relocate &e plant as the .pavemeni operation moves
. furthe, uiuy.
The same applies to the location of sires and crushing/s;;.;;i;;
(bl A Necessory Requiremenl for the (onlructor in ony cose plants. Tnrck production and related costs.are a
big con"cern of th3
In his own interest, to be successful financially,
as well as to physically Conrracror and can become very compeliing,
f;r;;;
complete the work, the Contractor must have a work programme. His such as the rolling resisrance,-depending on rLa"oiriO".i.rf
.;;;rl;;,-;;;;
internal programme arrd data are normally more detailed and resistance, optimum speed wtren giing-up and
down gr"A:;;;
comprehensive than those submitted to the Engineer, and they involve a shifting rime, erc. On a major hait the Coritrac;;;-;t
great variety of financial considerations not of'direct interest to the "f.otior;
(and should) go so far as ro derermineihe
most efficient 'speea'
Engineer. "ni
'gear' to be used when tfavelling on different sections of the route.
For off-highway hauling, he must consider how much
efforr is ro be
put into maintaining or upgrading the access road
as opposed to the
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana er,'dge erO,neer" ffi ffi Rrrrt ri"la Manual fot Highway and Bddge Engineers

resulting benefits of higher haul speeds, reduced fuel consumption
and wear and tear on the trucks and ryres. He may find it to his
benefit to assign a motor grader full time to maintain the road.
(iv) Needless Costs
By preparing and adhering to a workmanlike work programme, the
Contractor is likely to complete work on time and at nearly the cost
envisaged at the start of the contract, thus almost ensuring the profit
margin assumed at the commencement of the work. In the abience iii
of a good work programme, there are three alternatives, all resulting
in additional and needless expense to the Contractor:
* The completion date is not met and Liquidated Damages are
inculred.
* The Contractor, failing to meet his original targets, acceierates
the work by working overtime, bringing in more manpower and
equiprnent ancllor subcontraciing some of the work. He may
meet the completion date but has incurred aclditional costs.
* Sometimes, a Contracior will have a poor programme but
enough equipment ro get rhe job done. This is inefficient and
the Contractor will have incurred needless costs.
(dl fhe Work Progrornme lrom the lngineer's stcndpoint
Compared to the various factors that the Contractor must consider, the
Engineer's responsibilities, with respect to the work programme, are
much simpler. He has no direct interest in various financial implications
and needs only to review the programme from the following aspects:
* Is tbe programme Logical and sequential
Does it show 'embankment work' being followed by rsubgrade
:.
work' and not the reverse?!
Does it reflect seasonal considerations? It would not be logical to
show a fullscale entbankment operation during the rainy season.
Does it comply with any contractual requirements as to phasing of
the work?
Sometimes, certain sections are required to. be given priority or
individual completion dates. Is rhis met?
@*-- '" Raina's Field Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engine"rc
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* Is tbe progralnme practica.l and realistic?
On paper, it is easy to squeeze the work that needs to be done
within the contracr period without regard to reality. 50,000 cM a
month of embankment might fit neatry into the programme and be
equired for timely completion, but, unress the ^coitractor has the
' required resources of arl the needed trucks, roaders, graders, rolers,
etc., the 50,000 CM a monrh is meaninglessl
As part of the contractor's work programme, it is necessary for him
to include the schedured monthly quantities for the major items of
work and make available all the equipment needed to perform it.
A neatly coloured bar cbart, showing completion of 30 kms in
'year one, and completion of the remainder in ryear two,, may be of
no value.. some contracts specify the minimum equipment to be
furnished by the contractor. This is a very desirable'feature in a
contract and is of great benefit in administering the contract.
If work is done in a workman-like manner, the minimum equipment
requirement will be nearly sufficient to carry out the work. If not,
rhis plant requiremenr being only a minimum, the contractor will be
'
bliged to furnish such additional equipment as necessary. .rJ7irhout
such a requirement, things are less clear-cut and more confusing.
Usually the Contractor must actually fall behind schedule to give the
Engineer a basis for requesting additional equipment, and thls takes
time. All the consequenr letter.wrirings, will only make the work fall
behind even further. The minimum equipment requirement in the
contract helps resolve a lot of this.
39.2 REVITW OF ACTUAI. WORK PROGRAIUMTS SUBMITTED BY THT
CONTRACTOR
(a) Let us now briefly review two programmes (a oector-type
and. a Bar-
clgart-type) that have to be (and have been) produced by the Contractor.
, we should bear in mind that although the contractor may not have
provided all the detai-ls, he may have a good reason for what he has
shown, which, on occasion, may iook rathef strange to the Engineer. For
example, he may show the start of borrow excavation at what would
appeaj late in the contfact. perhaps he is not able at that time to entef
into an agreement until a cument rease'on the property expires. lrith the
work programme, as with all other aspecfs of tfie contraci, the Engineer
' and Contractor should communicate with each other and ensure that both
R ,tr"s ro M Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
 Chapter - 39
parties have a full understanding of the situation before committing
themselves on paper.
(i) Reoieut of tbe Contractor's Vector-Type Programme
Here we have a vector-type programme showing kilometres versus
.
months, showing two separate independent operations. This
prografiune of itself tells us very little; it only shows what kilometres
are scheduled for completion in what time period. Included in the
Contractorrs submittal were Plant production rates of various
plant/equipment. These rates were tied up with the quantiry to be
perflormed each construction season. This is a programme based on
a nine-month interval. What is required is a monthly programme
showing quantities to be performed each monrh and rhe rated
equipment to do it. When we were asked about reviewing this
prografirme, the emphasis was on determining if the Contractor had
adequate equipment. According to the Contractor's method, he had,
btrt when we dug into the available information and exercised things
on a monthly basis, we found that the equipment was seriously
inadequate to meet the work scheduled in the four months of the
last construction season. Actually, with regard to excavation, we
calculated that the schedule called for about 22,000 cu.m,/month in
the second season and about 45,000 cu.m/month in the last season.
Therefore, the schedule, as presented, was unrealistic and needed to
be revised. The overall conclusion was that the equipment was
adequate if the work was spread out or balanced more evenly.
(ii) Reaieu.t of tbe Contractor's Ba.r Cbart-Type Programme:
Here we have another type of programme chart, which, of itself,
tells us very little; various colours representing kilometres 0 to 13,
kilometres 74 to 78, and so on. There are six sections. About all we
can do with this is look at it from the logical or sequential aspect.
'When we reviewed it, the following questions
were raised:
+ .
The 'embankmentt operation stops only for about tuo and a balf
montbs during the 1995 monsaon andfor aboutfour and a balf
rnontbs in tbe 1996 nnonsoon season. Tbis appeaw due to tbe
delayed 'planned sturt' on tbe first section, stafting to ,clear and
gntb' only in S@tember of 1996. Perbaps tbe Contractor bas bis
re6,sons but it would appear tbat be could moue up his sturt datu
in tbis f.itst-sectinn area by about six rnontbs and haue a lnore
continuous operatian.
Raina's Field Manuat for Highway ana 8n?9e Eng,neurs
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* FromJanuary tbrougb April of 1996, tbere is embanknxent uork
goi?rg on, but no excauation work. A"fter sifting tbrougb tbe
information furnisbed and also tbe Bill of Quantities, we
concluded that tbere is ouer 10O,OOO cu.m of 'borrow excauationl
on tbe contract but tbe bar-cbart makes no direct reference to it.
' For seuen montbs, October 1995 to Aprit 1996,' there is no
subgrade operation sboutn, yet a full-scale ernbankrnent
operation is sbown to be in progress!!
i It does not seeln reasonable to leaue att tbis embankment
un"finisbed and unprotected in tbeface of tbe ensuing monsoonll
* Em.bankment operations are sbown to be completed in Marcb oJ'
1997 but it is not until 9 months and one monsoon later tbat tbe
subgrade is sboun completed! This is nxost unusual q.s tbe
subgrade operation norrnally follows uery closely behind tbe
ernbankment operation, and one would expect subgrade to
complete within a couple of weeks of tbe embanhment.
Although the package containing this programme had a lot of cletail
(a good amount of information including qLrantities per kilometre
for maior items), nowhere was the scheduled work tied into the
monthly quantities to be performed and no details were given of the
equipment required to do it. T'he re was reference to the
'equipment production rates' as being adequate to complete the
whole of the work on time, but tlris is of no value in analysing the
programme as presented.
To analyse a programme or schedule, one needs to know the
volume of work to be performed each month and if the resourced
equipment is adequate to do it. Vhen we speak of quanrity, we
mean volume of work,(particularly with regard to excavation and
embankment) in terms of cubic metres, not kilometres!
Kilometres are okay for work that is falrly uniform over its length
(usually items such as sub-brase, base and pavement), but km alone
can be misleading when applied to'excavation' and'embankmentr.
As an example, take a 10 km stretch of embankment that is
scheduled for completion in 10 monrhs and assume that the first 7
kilometres are a low fill of 1 or 2 metres and the last 3 kilometres
'l
are an avetage 5 metres fill. If the Contractor commences with the
t low fill with a limited amount of equipment, barely enough
i equipment to do a kilometre a month, and if we monitor the
schedule strictly on a kilometre basis, we would have to show the
i !| Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers : attll
t+i-":t +r. -'
Chapter - 39
work as being on schedule or even a little ahead of schedule for the
first 7 months even though it was obvious that the equipment would
be inadequate for the stated last 3 kilometres. Instead of completing
in 10 months as scheduled, it will take about 16 months.
Unfortunately, by scheduling and monitoring on a kilometre basis,
this shortfall will not become evident until the end of the eighth
month. Using the information contained in the package, particularly
the quantities of major items per kilometre, we arrived at a format
that is. much more informative, one which at a glance shows: what
quantity of each major item is required to be performed each month
while maintaining the Contractor's sequence of operations and
showing them in a much clearer mannel-. What one is getting at is
that the Contractor had sufficienr data to produce a meaningful
programme rather than a non-revealing colourful bar-chart we just
talked about. The 'formai, that we arrived at, exchtdlng tbe
equipment utbiclt ute utill come to later, shows, almost
everything: what rnajor item of work is to be done for each section
of road and when, and also the monthly production rate (output)
required to achieve it.
Any work programme or schedr.rle should contain this information
in either the same or an improved format.
\When we reviewed tl"re programme, the following questions
were
raised:
. Up until September of 1996, tbe maximum scbeduled excauation
(bonow plus roaduay excauation) was only about 1B,OOO cu.m;
tben it jumps to about 27,OOO Cu.m in S@tember and October of
1996. So tb^t indicates tbat eitber the equipment is under-utilised
in tbe early stages if it is capable of doing 27,0O0 cu.nxper montb
or eke the equiprnent will not be adequate to do 27,OOO cu.m per
rnontb so tbat additional equipnrcnt is neededfor tbis period.
o Scbeduled embankment from Nouember 1996 to Marcb 1997
caltsfor about 75,000 cu.m but tbe scbedule only sbows about
45,000 cu.m of excauation. Were does tbe balance comefrom?
c 'X/itb regard to sub grade work, witb tbe excE)tion of October to
December 1996, tbe scbeduled quantity is a madmum of about
9,OOO cu.m; but during tbese 3 montbs, it increases to 14,OOO
and 21,OOO cu.mper montb. So we baue tbe sarne question as we
bad with tbe excauation.
Even if we have a schedule in the same format as this, containing
the same type of information, and which raises no questions (i.e_
Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway ana arrage engineers
f f
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every activity is in its logical sequence and the quantities of the
scheduled works are fairry uniform each month nrri ro faults with
it), even then the schedure is meaningless unress we can relate the
' conrractor'|s plant and its productiviiy to the monthly schedured
quantities required to be carried out.
fn orde-r to do tbis, the Engineer ntust baae some knoutlcdge
4s to tbe production fatesfof o^rious pieces oftbe inaolaed
planL That is our next topic, the rna.ln topic of the present
Ad.ulsory. Iet us understand tlte effect of ,plant production
. Ra.tes, on,tbe management oJf o contract,s progress, taking into
account the conditions of both plant and Operation (i.e, tbe
Job
Efficiency Factors).
39.3 TOUIPTNENT PRODUCTION RATES
In order to know if a work.schecluie is realistic or not, we must know how
much work is scheduled for each month and if the contractor plant is
adequate for turning over the task.
The Engineer can_determine this only if he has some knowredge as to the
production capabilities of the plant. The plant we are primaLili concerned
. with on roadworks are dozers, Iaaders, graders, compactors,
ators and ttttc k s.
e x ca,t)
The best estimate as to what specific equipment wil produce how much,
under various conditions, will come essentially from an exper.ienced
contractor who has maintained records of production, maintenance, etc. The
Engineer must rely on his own past experience or acfual observation of similar
activities and, together with this, go through a 'theoretical calculation,
generally recommended-^by various eqr-ripment manufacturers and adjust
the
result by, practical job efficiency factors.
The general procedure is to estimate the maximum production that the
equipment is capable of and then reduce this by an efficienry factor that
attqrnpts to reflect actual conditions. (See table abead)
The maximum production rate assumes ,ideai, conditions, and that the
' operator is capable. of continuousry operating the equipment at peak
efficiency: In realiry, the operaror may not-be able-to get 1000; efficiency from
the maihine even for short spurts of duration. tne effilabn4tfactor should,
ionsider these a6pects, including:
- nffQfe,ncy of tbe Operator (human element),
- Rest breaksfor trre.Operator (buman element),
Ru,,rrs r," ld Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 39
wru*Mo*ro*N'""",i3i3iJ::HY::f,if,f1i2!:3{,?E::f
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Dousn-time of tbe equipment, work. The following deals with rubber tyred loaders but the same procedure
Weather conditlons, and formulae would also apply to the crawler types.
Ll.glrttng condltlonq Loader productioity is parttJ, d.ependent upon its bucket-capacitjt a.nd
UntJormity or otberwise of tbe materlal to be uorked o4 borsepouter to bandle it, ln the absence of exact specifications for a
Ease o1f load.ing tbe mater'lal particular machine, the following Tabte A will be helpful in relating bucket
capacity to horsepower and. also for getting an idea of the operating speeds
Condition of tbe utork a.rea, in the first gear (usually rhe gear used in loading rhe trucks from a Jlpcipile,
Ar'ra.ngement and comblnation of tbe equl.pment, and its ulorking the travel distance often being in the range of 10 to 20 rnetres).
conditlott,
TABLE A: BUCKET CAPACITY AND HoRsE PowER
'Rolling' re slstance, and
Fonrrard Goar Reverse Gear
'Grade' resistance, lUanufacturer Model HP
Bucket (Kmlhr. maxl lkm/hr. maxl
Capacity
JOB EFFICTENCY FACTORS
1st znd lst 2nd
Komatsu lw20 49 0.6 7.5 25 10
Komatsu lwso 4S 0.8 7,5 10
Machine Maintenance Standard Komatsu w40 72
Operating 1.2 7.2 7.2
Conditlons Hough H-3OB 73 1.0 5.8 :o 6.8
Excellent Good Average Rather Poor Poor Hough H.6OB 95 1.3 5.b 6.9
Komatsu w60 10? 1.4 7.6 15.'l /.b 15.2
Excellent 0.83 0.81 0.76 o.7 0.63
Komatsu vw0 '107 1.7 13.8 7.1 13.8
BEML (lndia) w4200-1 108 1.7 8.6 13.3 I 13.3
Caterpillat 950 '130
6.6
Good 8,5
0.78 o.7 0.71 0.65 0.6 Hough H-65C 141 't.7 6.9 8.2
Komatsu w90 152 2.3 7.5 13.3 8 14.2
Average o.72 0.69 0.65 0.6 0.54 Hough H-80 160 2.3 0.3 7.6
Komalsu w12o 200 3.3
Rather Poor 0,63 0.62 0.57 o.52 0.45 In clrder to arrive at a production rate, it is necessary to make use of a factor,
called the Bucketfacto,4 which reflecrs the ease or difficr-rlry in ioading the
Poot 0.52 0.5 0.47 0.42 o32* bucket. These are listed in Table B below.
* Actual output: only about one-tbird ! TABLE B: BUCKET FACTOR FOR LOADERS
As examples, let us start with the production for a utbeel loader and then
1.0 to 0.8 Easy loading requiring litfle digging powerin the material that can b€
go on to etccaoators, dozers, compactors, motor graders a.nd trucks. (easy loadirtg) heaped in the bucket. (Sand, sandy soil or sticky soil with moderate
moisture content or materials that have been previously broken up and
stockpiled).
A. r.oADtRs
0.8 to 0-6
Rubber tyred front-end loaders are frequently used on road projects and they (alerage loading)
Loading from loose slockpiles of soil, dry sand, sandy soil, unscrmn€d
gravels, packed sand, etc., which are more difficult to
are particulady well suited for loading stockpiled material into trucks and in *ill..plfu nearly a fully heap€d buck6t. Excavating sofl ftnekate
but which
gavets Oirecfly ftom
transporting stockpiled or loosened materials for short distances. In addition, a hill side.
the healy-duty ones are useful during certain types of excavation, especially
0.6 to 0.5 Loading of flnely crushed stone or rocks, hard clay, gravelly sand, sandy
in fonndations, where they have an advantage'over a dozet of similar size (rather difficult) soil, sticky colloidal soil, ctay, etc., with high,moisturJcontent wirich travi
because they can be used to lift the excavated material and dump it into b€en stockpiled. lt is difficull to get a full bucket with these matsrials
trucks or dump it over the edge of the excavation into stockpiles. It is these 0.5 to 0.4
rubber tyred loaders that we will now look at from the point of view of their (difticull loading) 8ulky, inegular shaped rock, blasted rock, sand mixed with boulders, sandy
productivity. Crawler types are seen less frequently, They are more powerful soil, and claygy soil.

but a lot slower for truck loading, which is what is most required in highway
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and 8nd9e Engineers
ffi S n ,ir"t ro M Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
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Chapter - 39 reMoNtroR*a*,*,;siLiJ::Hw:[f,if,".[:f
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Generall3t, tbe bour$t prod.uctionfor load.ing ca.n be obta.inedlfront the Cycle Time (Tc) = (2 x 15) /II5 + (2 x 15)/120 + 0.25 = 0.76 minute
fonnula: Qh = (1.19 x 60 x 0.65)/0.76 = 6I cu.rn per bour.
Qh = (Qcx 60xn),/Tc
(BEMI WA2M-I Wbeel Loader Hourly production Rate)
where Qh = Hourly production (cu.rr,/Hr)
Qc = Production per rycle (cu.m)
B. BACKHOES (TXCAVAIORSI
E : Job efficiency factor
The term texcavatorr is a general one in the sense that all backhoes are
excavators but all excavators are not backhoes. The term- excavator is
with Qc VxK 'generally used
to include power shovels, draglines and front-end loaders.
where V ; Heaped bucket capacity given in tl're specifications (CM)
Backhoes, sometimes referred to as excavators, are either rubber-tyred or
K Bucket factor
crawler rype. The larger machines are usually the crawrer rype. The difference
between the two is that the rubber-ryred machine can travel faster (20 km/hr
and Tc Cycle time (minutes) and more). on the bther hand, although the rrack machine can oniy travel
at
2x (D/F + D/R) + z 2 or 3 km/hr, it can operate on soft as well as wet ground and over sharp
where D Haul distance in metres rocks, etc., and can climb steeper grades. It is rnore itable and has a much
F Forward speed in metres per minute (in 1st gear) shorter turning radius! In roadwork, the smaller machines are used for
ditching and trenching for culverts, etc. Larger machines can be used for
R Reverse speed in metres per minute (in 1st gear)
simultaneous excavation and loading. Backhoes are also used for trimming
z Fixed time (min.), being the sum of gear shift, load, turn of
. slopes. rn tbe p)vssent exercise, we are rnterested. in tbe productioitJ)
oJf
and dump times (Komatsu uses 0.25 min. for direct tlte backboe rn exca.aafing and roadrng tbe
drives and 0.20 min. for hydrauiic.)
natertil in road.u'iy
excaaatiott, and ln borrout excalatiott-

As an example take the BEML Model nflA200-1 \Wheel Loader loading the
Table c below lists some of the specifications for various moders of mostly
crano ler type -b ack b oe s.
dump tiucks under the following conditions:
Operating method : V-shape loading TABLE C: SOME'BACKHOE' SPECIHCAfiONS
Haul distance : 15 metres (reversing from pile and forward to truck)
ilanufacturel Model HP
Bucket Capacity Max Travol
Material : rBase'aggregate Cu.m haaped Speed km/hr
Crawler Tvoes

Job efficiency factor 0.65 (normal or average) . Komalsu PC20-2 21 0.07 1.7
Bucket factor 0.7 (average loading) . Komatsu PC40-2 35 0.11 2.2
. Gmatsu PC200-2 105
Travel speed forward 0 to 8.6 km/h (1st gear) . Komaliu
0.80 3.6
PC200-2 136 1.00 3.4
Avg. taken as 8U/o of maximum in 1st gear, i.e., . BEML*"*1lndian1 PC220-3 148 100 34
11.5 m. per minute.
o Komatsu PC300-1 180 1.30 3.0
o.Komatsu PC400-1 233 1.8 3.2
:i
Travel speed reverse :
0 to 9 knllh (1st gear) Wheel Tvoe
Avg. taken as 8Oo/o of maximum in lst gear, i.e. . Komatsu PW60-1 50 0.28 20
120 m. per minute.
Qc (production per cycle) =.V x K = 1.7 cu.m heaped x 0.7 : 1.19 cu.m
t I used in the example
' ahead.
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
ffi f Raina's rieu Manuat for Highway and Bridga Engineers

-,.r\+r:r*..r ir,fj;1.r
chapter- 39 F&$
W MoNtroRtNc rHE EFFEcrs oF p.l.NT pRoDUcnoN RATEI & JoB FFFtctENcy
FACTORS FOR WORKMAN-LIKE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
In the calculation of productiviry for a backhoe, the cycle time and job
efficiency are determined in the similar manner as for loaclers but the backhoe Table E: BACKHOES (!00 swing)
has its own bucket factors (Table D) and these are somewhat different from
Weight Machine cycle time
the bucket factors used with laadcrs. Itdodel
(Ks.l HP
in seconds Til
TABLE D: BUCKET FACTORS FOR BACKHOES PC10 990 17
1
13
PC40 4335 35 14
BUCKET FACTOR MATERIAL PC60 6200 50 15
PC120 1 '1500
90 16
1.00to 1.10 Moist Loam or Sandy Clay PC200 18800 105 18
0.90 to 1.00 Common Soil PC220 21800 136 20
0.85 to 0.95 Sand and Gravel PC300 29000 180 22
0.80 to 0.90 Hard Clay
0.60 to 0.75 Rock well Blasted As an example, for the BEML pC 220-3, which weighs 22,000 kg, and is of
0.40 to 0.50 Rock poorly Blasted 148
HP, we can use the machine cycle time of 20 seconds. This machine cycle
The hourly production Qh in cu.m per hour can be obtained from the basic time is then adjusted by a conversion factor (F) that takes into account digging
formula' conditions and the size of the target are .In the case of ctumping tnto a t"iuck,
we can consider this as a reiatively small target and r.rse the factor of 1.1. If
the machine was simply dumping to spoil, rhe factor rt,ould be about 0.7.
Qh = (Qcx3600xB),/Tc
where Qc = V6 x K Cycle time Tc = Tm (Machiie cycle time) x F (Conversion factor)
Vh : Heaped bucket c^p ciLy given in the equipment Tc = 20 x 1.t : 22 scconds.
specification (cu.m)
K = Therefore, for Vh of 1.0 cu.m, K of 0.9, E of 0.70, and Tc of 22 seconds,
Bucket factor
E is Job Efficiency factor, and Qh = 0.9 cu.m x j,tSUU x U.7u/,22 seconds = 103 cu.m per hour
Tc is Cycle Time = (excavaring time + swing-rimeloaded + swing-time_empry) (BEMI Pc 220-3 Crduiler,tylre kckhoe ltourljt Eroductlon Rate.)
F is Conversion Factor (expiained ahead)
(. BUU.DoZtRS
cycle tirne (Tc) is the sum of excavaring time, swing-time-loaded and swing-
Although a dozer is very versatile and can be used in many ways, when it
time-empfy. Swing time varies with the degree of swing and the swing speed
comes to more major items of work that we are interestecl in from a roadwork
of the particular machine which, in turn, varies with the size of the
-".hir,..
The usual approach to establishing a cycle time is to arrive at the one based
programme aspect, its use is limited to clearing and grubbing and excavation
in roadway and in borrow.
on the manufacturer's specifications and then adjust it by a 'conversion factor'
reflecting digging conditions and the ease or difficulty in dropping it on rarget. This is accomplished by dozing thq material into heaps that are rhen loaded
into trucks by fpont-end Loaders or else the Dozers are used in conjunction
Some ma.cbine cjtcle times (Tu) tultb a 9O degree suing as used. by
with scrapers. The Dozer is also sometimes used in the spreaiing of
Korna.tsu are sboutn tn Tabla E ahead embankment but generally a Motor-Grader is more appropriate for this activiry
of spreading to grade. l

Productlalty of a dozer is dependent irpon irs blade_capaciry, which, in

turn, depends upon the power of the dozer. Listed in Tabte'F are some
general relationships between borsepou.ter and blade ca.paclty.

Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and Brldge Engineers

ffi ffi arr"t rr H Manua! for Highway and Bridge Engineers
Chapter - 39 MONITARNG THE EFFECTS OF PLANT PRODUCTION
RATES & JOB EFFICIENCY
FACTORS FOR WORKMAN-LIKE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT

Table F: DOZERS Going to the stated formula:

Qh = (Qc x 60 xe)/Tc
HP Blade Capacity(S blade: Cu.m)
Qc = I7 xH2 x a : 3.4 x (1. I5),x 0.8 - 3.60 cu.m
50-75 2.9 Tc = 15/52 + 75/67 + 5/60 = 0.58 minute
75 - 125 4.9
125 - 2A0 6.7 Then, Qh = (3.60 x 6O x 0.65)/0.58 = 242 cu.m,/hn
200 -275 9.1
(BEMI Hp D65 E-8 Bultidozer ltourly production Rate)
1.65
Production of a dozer in terms of cubic metres per hour (eh) can be arrived For example, if rhis 242 cubic metres quantity was'excavated,in
at from the formula: sandy cray,
,one could say that the volume dug would be only about 190 _"i..,
eh= (ecx60xB)/Tc (loose vs' banked) and if this 242 cubic ".rUi"
metres was ,compacted' as
where Qc= cubic metres capacity per rycle, given.by: embankment, it would provide only about 170 cubic meres
of
(loose vs. compacted). see Tabte G ahead
ec= \f xH2xa that relates the tbree"-b"nkrn"rrt
condltloms
for different types of materials.
where W' = blade width in metres
H : blade height in metres
a : blade facror
E : Job efficiency factor, and
Tc = Cycle rlme in mrnutes, given by:
Tc = D/Sf +D/Sr+z
where D : is the haul (i.e., push) distance (m)
Sf : forward speed (metres per minute) in lst gear
Sr : reverse speed (metr.es per minute) in 1st gear
z : a frxed time for gear shifting, usually between 3 to 6 seconds,
depending upon the rype of transmission, usually taken as 5
seconds.

Based on the above and using the specificarions for the Indian manufactured
BEML 165 Hp D65E-8, *" *iil make a rough estimate for excavati"t r"a.,
'average dozing condirions' with a blade factor (a) of 0.8, a job efiiciency
factor (E) of 0.65 and (manufacturer's specification) blade widih (\xD 1.4 m,
blade height (H) 1.15 m and maximum 1st gear./orutard andrOoerse speeds
of 3.9 km/h and 5 km,zh respecrively. \7hen dozing over short distances, we
will assume D = 15 m in this case, and maximum.first gear speeds worked at
B0%o only. Thus, Sf = (0.8 x 3.9 x IO00)/60 = 52 m/minute and Sr
= (0.8 x 5
km/h x 1000)/60 = 67 m/minute.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Briase enoineers ! Rain"s ri" H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f
Chapter - 39 reru*,MoNroRtNc,,,"Fi3i3lJ::tAi;:[f^i:,f]il!:s{,F^:::fr
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TABIJ G D. COMPACTORS

Relative volumes of SoilrRock to be moved As opposed to tnost otber equipment, productiaity o1f compaction is
Nature of SoilrRock largefu elffected by tbe 'contract specifica.fions,. A specification that calls
ln 'loosened' ln'compacted' for loose lifts or layers of embankmenr no thicker tian 25 cm places a
ln 'bank' condition
condition condition
(natural ground) constraint on the production that could be better achieved with more efficient
''heavy-dury
Sand 1.00 1.11 0.95 compactors'. It has little or no effect on productiviry of lighter
0.90 1.00 0.80 equipment that require many rpasses' in any event. The other factor is the
1_0s 1.17 1.00 'density' reguirement itself. A specification calling for 90% maximum dry
Sandy Clay 1.00 1.26 0.90 density will require fewer passes than a 95o/o specification. This is further
0.80 '1.00 0.72 effected, in many countries, by having basically two different methods of
speci8ring maximum ctry densiry, namely: the
'Standard proctorr and the
1.11 1.39 '1.00

'Modified prbctor'. The modified one uses a heavier hammer in the laboratory
Clay 1.0Q 1.25 0.90
procedure to establish maximum dry clensiry, thus imparting
0.70 1.00 0.63 more energy
1.11 1.59 1.00
than in the 'standard Proctorr case. Thus, a corresponding inciease in energy
must be furnished in the field in the form of additional passes.
Gravelly soil 1.00 1.18 1.08
0.85 1.00 0.91 There are a variety of compactors available. These can be broken down into
0.93 1.09 1.00 four major ciasses: rabber-tyred, smootlt-steel-utlteeled, segmented-steel-
Gravels 1.00 1.13 1.03
ubeeled and oibratory-rorlers. Although any compactor can eventually
0.88 1.00 0.91 achieve compaction ol most materials, if the layer is thin enough and
a
0.97 1.10 1.00 sufficient numbe. of passes are made. The contractor must rry to optimise his
use of the equipment, which basicalry means that on a very smail
Solid or rugged gralvels 1-.O0 1.42 1.29 lot he could
use whatever he has readily available, provided it is not contrary to
0.70 1.00 0.91
specifications. on a normal size contract he would limit his options
0.77 '1.10 1.00 to
vibratory or segmented steel wheel rollers. If the contract, has a very large
Broken limeslone, 1.00 1.65 1.22
sandstone and other soft
amount of fill, the most efficient compactor would normally be the self
0.61 1.00 0.74
rocks propelled segmented-steel-wheeled, sometimes is referred io as a 'sbil
0.82 '1.3s 1.00
compactorr. These compactors can be attached with a blade and can thus
-r.'-ib
Broken granite, basalt 1.00 1.70 1.31 simultaneously 'knock down' and 'compacr,. Their higher rp""J,
and other hard rocks c"p
0.59 1.00 0.77 km/fu) and their manoeuvrability give the highest rare of production. These
0.76 1.30 1.00 days fire vibratory roller is the one encountered most frequently but the
rate
Broken rocks 1.00 '1.75 1.40 of production for any type is calculated in'the ,u-"
-un.r"r. The compaction
0.57 1.00 0.80 width, speed and the number of passes required will depend on.the specific
0.71 1.24 1.00 machine.
Blasted bulky rocks 1.00 1.80 1.38 Production is usuauy expressed in 'square netres, or ,cwbrc ,netres,.
0.s6 1.00 0.72 we are lnterested in tbe cubic metre production rate, utbrcb drrectly
0.77 1.38 1.00 relates to the contract quartttties.
.

The production per hour (eh) can be found from the following formula:
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers I f aainu's rieu Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers ':f.i. j

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 Chapter - 39 W!re MoNtroRtNc rHE EFFEcrs oF ,LANT pRoDucrtoN RATE' & JoB EFFtctENcy
FACIORS FOR WORKMAN-LIKE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT

Qh = (\(/ x V x H x 1000 x E)/ N and make several passes to roughJevel it. on the other lund, if material was
dumped from a moving vehicle (such as a belly-dump), the marerial wi[ be
where \V = 'Effectiver compaction width per pass, generally taken as roller width
fairly evenly distributed and the motor grader can require fewer passes and
less 0.2 m. For the present exercise, \7 = 2.00 m - 0.2 m = 1.8 m those too at higher speeds. For tbe present exercise, lct us a.ssume J
p4sses at 4 km/hn'for etibaikmeiit iougb-Ieaelkng. For embankment
V = Operating speed, kmlhr. Komatsu gives the following
approximations for V: fine-gradlng tfue speed is largely based on tbe prolficienqt of tbe
Steel \X/heel: about 2 km/hr .Operaton For tbe present exercise, Iet us assume 2.5 km/br, Tbe
Tyre Roller: about 2.5 km/hr nuntber of passes uill ako uary, d.epending on tbe opera.tor and tbe
Vibratory Roller: about 1.5 km/hr. tolerances that baue to be obserued For tlte present exercise, let us
Soil Compactor (Segmented steel-wheeled): 4 - 10 km/hr assurne 12 passes (at 2.5 km/hr) embankmentjfine-grading.
I
"for
.

I
For the present exercise, assume V = 1.5 km,/hr. (Vibratory Roller) Aside from the 'working speedr (V) and the Inumber of passes, (N) that we
have deterrnined above, we also need to,know the ,effective' blade length
l H: 'Compacted-thickness' of one layer (m). (Ve), and the 'overlapr (Vo) in the case of grading adjacent lanes. Usually \X/o
:
Many specifications call for 25 cm 'loose', say 22 cm,
= 30 cm and the job efliciency factor (E) is raken as 0.75.
I
compacted thickness.

I
E= Job efficienry factor. Here, we assume E : 0.75 Blode lenglh
I
j

I
N= Number of passes to compact thickness H will vary with fype In the absence of knowing rhe exact dimensions of the blade of a particular
i . ^nd
size of the compaction equipment and the specifications motor grader, we can get a rough idea from relating horsepower of the
i
, in force. For the present exercise, assume N = 4 for machine to blade size as per the following Tablc H.
l 'etnbanktnenlr'and N = 6 lor 'subgrade', base', etc.
In actual operations, the blade is almost always angled, r.esulting in an
Therefore, Qh for'embankmenl is
(1.8 x 1.5 xA.22 m x 1000 x 0.7r/4 passes = i11 cu.m,/hr 'effective' blade length, \7e, being less than its 'actual' length. Table.EI shows
i
the effective blade lengths for 60", which is the commonly adopted angle.
Qh for 'base'. etc., is
(1.8 x 1.5 x O.22 x 1OO0 x 0.75)/ 6 = 59 Cu.rn/tu. TABLE H: MOTOR GRADERS
:

E. Itl0T0R GRADERS (levelling ond Groding] Aplrroximate Relotlon betueen llP and Blade length
I

.l The motor grader is a \rersatile piece of equipment and has many uses, but
we will iust concern ourselves with embankment leuellinp and fine pradinp. Blade size 'Effective'length bVe
HP Range (m! for 60 Degree
i The estimating of production rates for a motor grader calls for more Length (cm) Height {cm) Angle
assumptions on the part of the Engineer than is required lor other equipment.
os-is 275 - 304 34-42
This is due to the big differences in the working speed and the number of 2.38 - 2.63
passes required for different applications 70 -',t10 304 - 366 46-64 '2.63 - 3.16

100 - 170
A rouglt gulde to uorklng speed. is 2 to 8 km/br. for lcoelling and 1.6 366 - 396 61 -E9 3.16 - 3.42
to 4 km/hrforft.ne gradJng, 145* * * 37',! 54 3.21

For embarikment roughJevelling in advance of the roller, the speed will

depend on how the material was dumped. If. it is unloaded in piles manually * x * Ttor tbe India.n-manuf,actured BEMI GD6O5 R-2 motor gratler.
or dumped in piles from a truck, the grader will have to proceed more slowly

Raina's Fieid Manual tor Highway ana Biage Engireers j I nair"'" Fi"td Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

-..!,::ii: -; i1.,)-iti;.-:.-.i
Chapter - 39 ffi rcMoNtro*Nc,,,,,Fi"iLli::Hil::f^fffI:f
!:t{ilk+"frfrf[::lfl!:,i
Taking tVe :
3. 19 m and the foregoing data, we can calculate the 'area' (later on a long haul, the truck would spend most of its time on travelling and only
to be convefted to volume) that can be completed per hour. a small percenrage of time on loading and dumping.
Examplc: From the Contractorrs point of view, he should try to match truck
productlon with loadl.ng productton so rhar borh are fully utilised. Usually
(l) For Embankment Rougb-Ieuelling
the biggest factor-for the Engineer to determine, as regards truck production,
Qh = V x (.Ve - lVo) x 1000 x E/N is to arrive at a fairly realistic 'travel speed' for the trucks. Tlte di11n"n""
behoeen traoeling @ IO kpb on a bad. road (or track) and A
i.e. Qh = 4 km/hr x (3.I9 m- 0.30 m) x 1000 x 0.75/3 = 2,890 m'/hr 3O npn on
a paoed road ls an lncrease ln productlon of about 2OO% !!!
Embankment layers for rough-levelling, in accordance with many
Productlttltlt of Trucks nay be caleulated
specifications, should not exceed 25 cm in thickness in 'loose' as follotos:
condition, say 22 cm when'compacted'. Therefore, the square metre Qh= (V x 6O)/ Tc
x where V = Tmck volume or capacify (cu.m),
production of 2,890 mThr wouid convert to 0.22 2,890 = and
636 cu.m,/hr (Embankment Rougb-Leaelling).
Tc = Cycle time (minutes)
Tc = 60 (D/Sl+D/Se) + T1 + Td
(ii) For Embanhment Fine-Grading D = One_way haul distance (kms)
: 2.5 km/hr x (3.19m - 0.30) x TOOO x 0.75h2 = 450m'/ht Sl = Speed loaded (km/hr)
Qh Se = Speed empry (km,/hr)
Assuming the compacted fine layer to be 20cm. thick, then volume T1 = Loading time (minutes)
production would be 450 X 0.2 : 9O cu.m/br (Embankment Fine- Td = Dumping rime (minutes)
Grad.ing).
In_ this example let us consider the Ashok Leyland Beaver Rear Dumper Truck
Thus, we have an idea about Motor Grader productiai'ty rates per whose specified capacity is 8 cu.m 'heaped' and 6 cu.m ,struck, and use
bourfor 7 cu.m as its job capaciry to 'haul' embankment marerial. In this hypothetical
case, take haul distance as l0 km., travel speed
i) Rougb-Leuelling in embankment, 'loaded, as 20 km7hr, travel
speed 'empty, 30 km,/hr., loading time as 2 minutes and dump time as 1
ii) Fine-Grading in embankment.
minute.

F. TRUCKS (DUIIIPERSI Then,

Tbe productiaity ra.tes of trttcks are ba'sed on: Tc = 60 (10/zo + IO/30) + 2 + 1 = j0 + z + 1 = 53 minutes
Truck ca.pacltjt, so thar eh = (v x 60)/Tc = (7 cu.m x 60)/53 _ 7.9 cu.m per bour
(Tnrck production Rate per bour)
Haul distance,
Traoel speed, 39.4 WOEK PROGRAilMT FOR BRIDGTS & CUTVTRTS (STRUCTURTSI
Loa.dlng time and All of the foregoing has been referred to as road work, so the logical question
is what about srructure work, i.e., bridges and large box_type cilverts?
Irump tirne.
Generally, equipment governs production on roadworks, manpower governs
Loading and dump times are big factors on a short haul of a few hundred
the progress on structures to a large extent.
metres but their importance decreases as the haul distance increases.
For regular structures, the equipment normally used consists of pile drivers,
On a very short haul, the truck may spend 500/o of the time loading and
well-sinking gear,^concrete batching plant, cranes, some equipment for a
dumping and only 500/o on travelling.
modest amounr of excavation and levelling, and sometimes, ihe dewatering
and pre-stressing equipment.

@-*-- Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana arraoe enoineers I ] nain"'s ri"M Manuat tor Highway and Bidge Engineerc

.. \4,r"! . j€-. ., r.irs.6

Chapter - 39 i .,... ,. ,. .: ,.
MoNroRNG"",Fi3i3:{::Aii::,:^if
,f"[:,2!:tl,Fit':,.fr frf[31:^i,",i
Usua.tly tbe pt"eparatory eartbuork and leuell:ing of tbe concerned
areas in. tlte case of pile fottnclations, or excaaatittg for spread 39.5 TNSURIHG THAT AN APPROPRIATE PROGRAII1fiII
IS IN EFFTCT
foundations, are rtot major actiuities inaoluitlg hrge quatttities. Under (CONTRACT MOHIIORING}
nortncll cortditions tbese can be d.one in relatiue$t shoft periods of
time. Simllar\t utitlt pile clriuingu for a ntodest sized briclge structure. The contract requires the contractor to furnish an i'itial
work programine,
Ihtls, eartlt works equ.ipment and pile-driairtg equiprnent may be and then to updzrte and revise it a^s necessary
{r, -ry lr.'.5q.'rirr.a Uy
neeclecl ottljt for relatiae\t brief periods of tinrc. Caissott founekttiort the,Engineer)_during the course of the contract. A logical
"u.,_,
qu.rrio'i, *i_, i,
utork, ltoueoer, cafl take m.uclt longer. More time may be needed for to be dore if the contractor cloes not or- is unable" to cornply
corrditions of t.ontracl?
-. """'Y'r *irr-, irr.r"
the rrctual constrltctiort of tbe bridge superstr'rtcture, ht scbeduling a
briclge.for const'uction in say 1O ntorttbs, it is u.nllke$t thctt the initial it woulcl be most unusual if the contractor dicr not comply with
ean'thwork ancl pile dtiuing tooukl take mot'e tbant 2 to 3 montbs. the contmct
conditions at the stafi of the contract. It is only later on
ttiai rre ,r,r"y b. ur"robr"
'We
might look at a modest sizecl bridge work in the follow to fulflll his commihrrents, b.t inirially he will invariably
conditions of contracr
.o-piy with the
ale say six blidges to he built ot-r a briclge contract of 36 months. Theoretically, acljusiing ih" prog.n_,ne as required by the
if single normal lrridge clew completes a briclge in about 6 months, then it Engineer, even tho'gh he ,bycannot
oi cloes not"intencr to work to a revisecr
woulcl take that one crew oveL 35 months to complete all the 6 bridges if tr-" in therater srages .,f rl.re conrfacr that probre'rs
tackled one after the other'. If the Contractor elected to use 6 crews, working
::lrjll:'
rne Lc)ntr:lctor hes tellen behincr in the schecrule. -ny o.i.. *h"',
The first step is to r-roti$r the
the 6 briciges simultancously, he woulcl cotrtplete the briclges in about 6 Contractor (i' u'ritir-rg) of the unsatisfactory progress
ancr request a revised
months. If we go even l'ut'ther and a.ssutne that in addition to working all the schedr'rle, including acrcriti.nal eq.ipme't ,ni
*rr-rp,r*.r., if appropriate. If a
bridges simultaneously, he clouble-shifis or-r each bridge, then he could revised scheclule is n.t fcr-thcoming, a r.emincler
retier-could be'sent and you
perhaps complete the 6 Lrriclgcs in arottncl 3 to 4 months. So you see the can starr thinking ar,out having his project ivranager
removecl fiorn the contfacr
flexibility available in scheduling this type of wolk. Practically, howevcr, the (as per relevant conrract claurc).
At tltis stage,')ou pxtbabQt baae a ,,sick,,
Contractor q'ill always dovetail the various operatiolls (i.e., the activities and cotttr.sct, ancl poar pr.ogr"ess and tbe laik oy a^corre.i"a
the events) at the six sites so tl-rat he can optimise on both equipment as well are tuto of tlte mni.n slntptoilts.
progrn**n
as manp()wer ancl havc only :rs mlt--h of these as wotrld enable him to
Tbere cottrl be otber sJrttnpknts:
complete these six briclges in :rbout the specified 36 months. financial difficttlties,/co,strahfis,
p&lroas flot ntet, sttbcontt qctors irct paiet, lapsecl htsrrantces
It should be further- notecl that thc other mejor pieces of mechanical bank-guarantees, atcl so ort. Trtis is ttsttaily associated and
equiprnent, namely the concrete batch plants, rarely work every day. What unsatisfactorJ, xt)ork and ktck of peryfonnarrce to uitrt
may take the briclge crew to prepare and ready-up a few weeks (say staging uork_specificatiotr,
petifornuntce not rectifiecr, irtstt.,tctiotti o1f tbe Enghteer notjollitaeel, etc.
+ shllttering + reinfmt. + cables'fbr a span of bridge deck), can perhaps be
poured in just a day or two (if necessary, with some overtimc). Then tbere ,naJ, corne a st&ge uhen consideratlon
ntust be giuen
ternti,t&tiot, of tbe corrt,act. r'rtis generailJr rturts botrt paiies to tlre
So, the typical (modcst) bridges enc()untered on nlost highway jobs. are not but can
beconrc ,recessary.
very critical lrom the star-rdpoint of 'equipment reqnirements' and 'equipment
production rates' as long as thc Contractor has the necessary minimum It is clifficuh to tenrrinate a corrtr.act strictb) on tbe basis o1f lack of
equipment in good condjtion. progress alorte. If tbe Contractor is 2O% bebind
tlte scbedule, utbat c4n
yort clo? Tbe Cotttr.act, by specifying,liquidated datnages
However, the bridges siill have to be schedulecl and shown in the Contractor's tutfot"tuttate$t tben hnplies that tlte Contractor can
work programme, together with the major mechanical equipment needed lor cornplete late. Bttt
on the other hand, rhcre can come a stage when progress
usc. But the Engineer here will probably be more concerned that the as to be totally unreasonable and, hence, unacceptable.
is found so poor
equipment is suitable for the work and is in accordance with the contmct But before reaching
specifications rather than be mucir concerncd with the productiviry rate of the
ecluipment.

Raina's Fielcl Manualfor Highway and Bridge Engineers it.:" ,:: .

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Briclge Engineers
5
It
I

I
.

40.o STRUCTION CONTRACT

o. PRIGE,ESCAIATION AND
HOW TO ESTIMATE IT
40.t lilIRoDucflol{ 40.5 APPRoAff - ilt {.../t stttPrE &uT
40.2 APPI.ICATION OF A PRICT ADJUSTIIITNT DETAIUD MEI'IOD)
FORftIUIA 40.6 ffMS Ofl $IHICH PRI(E ADJUSIilII{T
40.3 APPROA(H - | (...sfttplf AND coilpACI WII. IIOI APPIY
nErHpPt 40.7 REWEW ff roRt[Ut A APPiloTtoil
40.4 APPRoI(H - il (...woRlD BANK 40.8 RIFTRENGS
nETH9D'

f a"in"'" ri"H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

Chapter - 40 rEEilE co'srRucr/oru- coNTRAcr pRtcE ,EI;ALATTIN,AND How ro E'T.MATE rr

4O.O CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT - PRICE 40.l.ll The use of suitable escalation formulae linked ideally to a sysrem of
independent cost indices allows prices to be adjusted at determined
ESCATATION AND HOW TO ESTIMATE IT intervals,
limits both the Client's and the Contractorts levels of risk, and ensures a
fair
and equitable return.
40.t INTRODUCTION
40.1.12 contract price is generally adjusted for an increase or decrease
40.t.t The collection of data on the prices of construction items and on their in rares and
prices of labour, materials, fuels and lubricants in accordance
variations over time should be part of the normal task of contractors preparing with following
principles and procedures and as per formulae stipurated in
cost.proposals for jobs, be it for the construction of a highway, a bridge, or the contract data
/ Tender Document:
any proiect.
a) .Unless the contract duration is short (generally 12 to lB months), price
40.t.2 Contractors generally build their'own sysfem for assembling prices of materials, adjustment shall apply for the work done from the staftlstipulated
date
calculating labour rates and forecasting economic trends to enable them to given in the contract data up to end of the initial intended completion
optimally plice the Bill of Quantities for the jobs they wish to tender for. datelexrension granted by the Engineer, and shal not norinarly apoly
to
40.t.3 The outcomes may be effective only for a limited period of time for a
,h" *ork .ud"d o.r, rfr.r rr"h ,i*" li*i, ,rl"r, ,h. ullo*r.
"orrru",
Contractor for a given job and place of work. b) Price adjustment shalr be determined during each month of contract.
40.t.4 However, as with most construction work, if the contract programme is longer c) To ihe extent that full compensation for any rise (or fall) in cost to the
than about a ye r or so, and the prices of labour, plant and materials increase . contractor is not covered by the provisions of stated price adjustmeqt
over this period, the contract price will increase. clause in the conffact, the unit rates and price incruded in the
contract
shall be deemed to include amounts to cover the contingency.
40.t.5 fncrease in contra.ct cost tbrouglt lncrea.se tn quantities or a.triations
should. not be confused u)itb cost escal,atton incident to inJfllttlon
40.2 APPI.ICATIOI{ OF A PRICT ADJUSTIITNT FORMUI.A
40.t.6 It is unreasonable to expect the Contractor to order or buy all the materials at 40.2.1 In various countries, during the periods of steep price rises (late 1960s and
an early stage of construction because capital required for such purchases will eady 1970s), sophisticated sysrems for
impose a heavy financial burden. 'recording' and 'monthly publishing, of
cost indices were developed.
40.1.7 A Contractor may have all the construction equipment and vehicles available 40.2.2 These permit contract prices to be regularly modified using
suitable formulae
at start of the works, but rnust estimate the depreciation, interest on capital with invoices adjusted by comparing the updated..indices to the indices
and the cost of repairs at future escalated prices. applicable ar rhe rime of bidding.
40.t.8 Expendinrres for labour are subject to statutoly increase of minimum wages 40.2.3 In overall terms, this'system allows the contract prices to be adjusted
at a tate
and'social' charges (insurance, benefits, etc.) probably slightly ahead of the remil.price index and inflation.
40.t.9 The Contractor must, therefore, provide estimates which allow for price 40.2.4 Price adjustments to contracts can, therefore, be any of ihe
following,
increases during the period of construction. As these cannot be accurately
predicted under the variable inflationary conditions, there is a tendency to
a) Fixed (no escalation) .fo{ ? Qontracr of a stipulared length of time
(variations and c.laims excepted);
allow for more than thought necessary for such bscalation effect.
b) vaiiation of price 'allowed if tiie contract period exceeds a pre-ser rime
40.t.t0 If, on the other hand, such price increases are underestimated, the Contractor
....from a pre:set time;
will experience financial difficulties and may default on the contract, and this
will eventually adversely affect the Client.
Raina's Field Manuat for Hig\way and.Bridge Engineers fi I H Raina's Fietd Manuat for Highway and.Bidge Engineers
.I
" +'{F*{ii^ir.'.'-i:r r!:.F til:*i+}Jdrf-r.St#'' d'..
 ffi w%ax corusrRucr/oN- IINTRACT pRtcE 'EscALATtoN' AND How ro EITIMATE tr
Chapter - 40

c) Variation of price by an agreed formula, if the 'change' in any constituent 40.3.3 Adiustment for'Cement' component:
of the formula is greater than a certain percentage (e.g.,5VA wrt its value (ii) Price adjustment due to an increase or decrease in the cost of cement
at time of tender; procured by the .Contractor, shall be paid in accordance with the
d) As per a contract that allows for periodic adiustmens of rates changed following formula:
according to published indices over the base indices. The period of V. - O.85 xP.,/1.0O xRx (C1 - C)/Co
adjustment may vary from one month to one year after the date of tender
and then every agreed period thereafter.
V. = Increase or decrease Ln tbe cost ofuork during the montb
under consideratlon d.ue to cha.nge ln rate of Cement
40.2.5 Set out belou are THREE APPROACHES for price adiustment. Co = Tlte countryui.de utbolcsalc price index for Cement on tbe
A suitable one may be inclucled in the construction contract, duly amended day 28 da.ys precedlng tlte date of opening of bids, as
depending upon the Client's policy. publtshed by tbe Ministry of Industrial DeDelaprnent,
Gouern nent of ....:...,
40.3 APPROACH - I (.. .A SIII/IPIE AND COMPACT MEtH0Dl Ct = Ihe countrywide aoerage usbolesalc price lndex for Cemcnt
40.3.t The following expressions and meanings are assigned to work done during lfor the montb under conslderatio4 as published by tbe
Ministry of Industria.l Deoelopment, Goaernment of ,..,,...
each month:
P. = Percentage aalue o1f C.entent cotnputent ofthe work (See abead)
R = Total value of work done during the month. It would include the amount
' of secured advance granted, if any, during the month, less the amount of 40.3.4 Adiustment for 'Steel' (omponent:
secured advance recovered, if any, during the month. It will exclude
(iii) Price adiustment due to an increase or decrease in the cost of steel
value of works executed under variations for which price adiustment will
procured by thc Contractor shall he paid in arr:ordance.nrith the follorvirrg
be worked uul scpara[cly l,,ased oti the tel'rls nlutually agrccd.
. formula:

40.3.2 Adiuslmenl lor'[obour' component: Vs = O.85xP"/100xRx(S1 -SJ/S"

, (i) Price adjustrnent due to an increase or decrease in the cost of Labour shall V" = Increase or d.ecrease in tbe cost oif work during the month
be paid in accordance with the following formula, under consideration due to cba nge in rate of SteeL
vr = o.85xP/looxRx(L1 -LJ,/L. So = Tlte country-uide utholesale price index for Steel (Bars and
V, - Increase or decrease I'n tbe cost of uork during tbe montb rods) on tbe day 28 days precedtng tbe date oJ'opentng o1f
und.er consideration due to cbange ln ratesfor local Laboun Blds, as publtshedby tbe Ministry of Ind.ustr-tal Deoelapnnent,
' Lo -'The consumer pdce ind.ex for lnd'ustrlal workers lfor tbe Goaern nent ojf,..,
State on tbe day 28 days precedlng tbe date of opening of St - Tbe countryuide aaerage ubolesalc price ind.ex for Steet
blds, as published by Labour Burea4 Mlnlstry of Labout' (Bars and rods) lfot tlte montb under conslderatloq as
Gooerflmerrt of ...... publtsbed by Mlnlstry of . Industrial Deoelopntent,
Lt - Tbe ataerage corrst.rner prtce tndce for lnd.ustrial uorkers Gooernment of....,
for tbe Statefar the montb under conslderatlon as publlsbed' Ps - Percettage aafue of Steel component of tbe utork (See ahead.).
by Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labou4 Gorterrrmertt of .....,
Note: For application of tbis clause, tbe index of Barc arnd Rods may be
. \ - Percentage aalile of Labour coffipoflent of the t4ork cbosen to represent tbe Steel group.
(See'ahead)
i

i@
I
Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway ana erfaAe en1ineers ] ! ^u,nu " "-,
ep twanuat rcr nrgnway and Brnge Engneers

--_ IqESW -
Chapter - 40
WW.$ S* CONSIRUCI/O/V. CONTRACT PRICE 'ESCALATION'AND
HOW TO ESTIMATE rT

40.3.5 Adiustment lor 'Bilumen' (omponenl:

40.3.7 Adiustment for ,plont ond Mochinery/Spores, (omponent:
(Unlike indices for other components, adjustment for Bitumen is made
directly on a retail price basis since 'indices' may not be available for an item (vi) price adjustment due to an increase or deirease
in the cost of plant and
like Bitumen.) Machinery/-spares procured by the Conrracror tn^1
u. p"iJin accordance
with the following formula:
(iv) Price adiustment due tq an increase or decrease in the cost of bitumen
procured by the Contractor shall be paid in accordance with the following Vn = O.85xpn/t00xRx(p1 _pJ/po
formtrla: vo = rncrease or decrease rn tbe cost of t,ork durrng trre montrr
Vn = O.85xP6/LO0xRx(81 -BJB. under consideratlon due to cbange Ln rates of plant and
V6 = Increase or d.ecrease tn tbe cost of utork durtng tbe montlt Macblnery/Spares.
under consideration d.ue to cbange tn rate of Bitum.en- Po = Tbe country utide utbolesale price index for beaajt
Bo = Tbe official retail Price of Bitumen at tbe nea.rest depot Macbinery and Spare parts on tbe day 2g days preceding tlte
centre on tbe day 28 da.ys prlor to date of opening of bids. date of opening of Bids as pubkslted by tbi Ministry of
81 = Ihe official retait pnbe of Bitumen at trte nearest depot Inclustrictl Deoelopment, Goaernment of .......
centrefor tbe 15'b day of the montb under conslderation Pt = The country utide aaerage wborcsare price ind.ex
for beaajt
P6 = Percentage aalue of Bltumen cornponent of tbe work Macbinery and Spare parts lfor tbe month under
(See ahead). consrderation as pubrished by trte Mintstry of rndustriat
Deoelopment, Goaernnaent of ..,....
40.3.6 Adiustment for 'P0[' {fuel ond lubricontl (omponent:
Po = Percentage uarue of pta.nt and Macrtinery/spares component
(..... based directly on price of High Speed Deisel (HSD), for sarne reaso4 as
oftbe u;ork (See abead).
for Bilumen).
Note: For application of tbis clause, tbe idex of Heauy Macbinery and
(v) Price adjustment due to increase or decrease in the cost of POL (Fuel and parts may be cbosen to represent tbe plant
Lr.rbricant) shall be in accordance with the following formula: and Macbinery/Spares
group.
V1 = 0.85xP/10OxRx(F1 -FJFo
V1 = Increase or decrea.se in tbe cost of work during tbe montlt 40.3.8 Adiustment lor '0ther llloteriols' (omponenl
under consideratlon d.ue to crJange tn ?ates for Fuel and (vii)Price adjustment due to an increase or decrease in the
cost of Local
Lubrtcants. Materials other than- cement, Steel, Bitumen and pol procured by the
Fo = The official retait ptise- of HSD at tbe existing consttmer contractor, shail be paid in accordance with the folowing formula:
purnps at nearest Depot centre onibe day 28 days prlor to 0.85 x P*,/1.00 i nx (U, - M")/tU"
tbe date ofopentng ofbids. -V-=
Fy = Tbe offtclal reta.tl pdge of HSD at tlre exlstlng consutner vro* rncrease or decrease rn tbe cost of utork dutrng tbe month
purnps at nearest dcpot centre on tbe l5tb day of tbe montlt under consideratlon dae to cbanges in rates of Loca.I
under consideration Material.s otber tban Cemen4 SteeI Bltumcn and pOL
P1 = Percentage aalue of Fue! and Lubr'tcants cornpoflent of tbe Mo- The countryuid. utbolesare pr:rce rndex (aU conmodities)
utork (See abead). on the dat 28 days precedlng tbe date ofopentng ofbtds, as
Note: For application of tbis clause,tbe price of HSD oil may be cbosen to publtsbed by tbe Mtnistry of fndustrlal Deaelopment,
represent tbe Fuel and Lubricants group; Gooernment o1f,.....

Raina's Fietd Manua! for Highway ana AriAge engineers

$sa?; fi nr,'ir"s
ffi rle M Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

:...,-,.n.r|1ri..i. !rl
Chapter - 40 re co'srRucr/o^/- coNTRAcr pRtcE ,E*,ALAT.,N,AND How
ro E,TMATE tr

Mr = The countryxolde ooerage wltolesalc price tnd.ex (all 40.4.1.3 use of the 'tdocumentary euidence,,(producing
Receipts for Invoices) method
commodities)for tbe montb under conslderation as pubhshed of price adjustment is discouragecl, and shoull only te
rare cases,
by tlte Mtnistty of Ind.ustrta.lDeaelapment, Goaernment of ....,. ^is
where there are no official indices available, and it"ppri.a-i'
not possible to
P*= Percentage aahte of Loca-l Ma'terial cornponent (otlter tban determine proxy indices
Cement, Steel , Bltutne4 a.nd POL) of tbe utork (See abead). 40.4.1.4 llse of the "documentary euidence,,method will require different
clauses, and
care and diligence in the checking of base price documents and actual
40.3.9 Percenloge Vulues: invoices submitted by the Contractor.
r The following percentage values (of Project Cost) may be assumed for the
price adjustment, for e.g. an entire Ifightrtay contract: 40.4.1.5 Price Adiustment:
1.. Labour P1
- 25;k; The amounts payable to the Contractor in various currencies pursuant to
Sub-
2. Cetnent P.- 5% Clause 60. 1, shall be adjusted in respect of the rise or fall in the
cost of Labour,
contractor's Equipment, plant, Materials, and other inputs to the works,
Steel - P" by
J. 5% applying to such amounts the formulae prescribed in this clause.
4. Bitumen - P6 10%
40.4.1.6 0rher Chonges in Cosr:
5. POL - P.f 5%
To the extent that ftrll compensation for any rise or fall in costs to the
6. Pkmt & Macblnery SPares - Po 5% contractor is not covered by the provisions of this or other clauses in the
7. Otber Mater'ta.b - P- 45% contract, ..... the unit rates and prices included in the contract shall be
deemed to include amounts to cover the contingency of such other
rise or fall
Tota.l IOO% . of costs.

40.4 APPR0ACH 'll l...Worhl Bank MEIHOD.|

40.4.1.7 Formuloe:
The adjustment to the Interim Payment Cerrificates with respect to changes
in
40.4.t For larger Works cost and legislation shall be determined from separate formulae for each
of
the currencies of paymentrj and each of the rypes of construction work
. . . . i.e.. complex uorks and all uorks costing nzore tban iS$ 1o million. follow to be
performed and plant ro be suppliedra
tbe Bank's latest "SBD lor Procurement of Vorks". excetpts from wbich are
reproduced below witb courtesJt and. due acknowledgernent. The formulae will be of the following general rype:.
(See 4O.4.2for smaller works.\ Pn = A + b +. !" !b* d Et_* etc
LMoEo
40.4.1.1 In 'Works contracts financed in whole or in part by the Bank, it is mandatory where:
to include price adiustment provisions if the contracts extend beyond 18 e pn adjustment faclor' to be appried to the amount in each
-a 'price
is
months (or even shorter periods in countries with high inflation rates).
specific currency for rhe payment o[ the work carried out in the subject
40.4.t.2 The method of price adjustment prescribed (i.e., the use of a formula) is for month, determined in accordance with various sub-clauses where such
cases where official or proxy indices for the fluctuation of the prices of variations and Daywork afe not otherwise subiect to adjustment;
constructiQnal inputs are avarlable. c -4 is a constant, specified in the Appendix to Bid, representing the non-
adluEtable portion in contractual payme^ts",
'somewhat stmtlar to the FIDIC Method. a b, g4 etc., are weightings or co-efficients representing the estimated
Raina's Field Manual for Highway and eriaOe enOineers I f R"ir"'" ritu Manual for t"tqhway and Bddge Engineers ::'l;':

i.,r/ r5{:.!.rr+E;,,-^
Chapter - 40 li".ilri.ji:.i.:r, :;i::::: ,,.-ri-i: ;'.:i: ;:. CONSIRUCI'ON-CONTRACT PRICE 'ESCALATION'AND HOW TO ESTIMATE IT

proportion of each cost element (tabour, materials, equipment usage, etc.)
in the works or sections thereof, net of Provisional Sums, as specified in
the Appendix to Bid;
.' Lrr, Mry Eq etc,, are the 'current' cost indices or reference prices of the
cost elements in the specific currency for month "n", determined pursuant
to Sub-Clause 70.5, applicable to each cost element; and.....
r I- M^ E^ elc.. are the 'base' cost indices or
corresponding to the above cost elements at the date specified in Sub-
Clause 70.5;
- If a rprice adjustment factor' is applied to payments made in a currency
other than the currency of the source of the index for a particular indexed
input, a con'ection factor Zo/Z will be applied to the
component factor of pn for the formula of the relevant cLlrrency.
e Zo is the number of units of currency of the country of the index,
..equivalent to one unit of the curren.cy of payment on the date of the
.....
base index, .......and Z is the corresponding number of such currency
units on the date of the current indext6.
L3. In contracts itwohting oa.riotls curtencies, fomatlae or families of
fonrula4 wbich dertoe lrrice ad.justmentfac-torsfor eaclt cutren y,
ate essentlal
74 For cortplex works lnuofulng seaeral Alres of constnrctlttn toork witlt
difliercfi tnputs, afanfiy offormulae will be necessary.
Ihe oarkrus ltems of fultwork may also require differentfonmilae,
deprcnding 4rot the ,rature and. source of the inputs.
1 5. Irrsefi artgureforfa&rr A' only wherc tbete is a. part of fu e (bntradots'
expen&wes, uthich trtill nat be subjed b fudxtdton in cost 0lor
exwtQle, stan{t edes and. c*lter expenses hntrtedfu$nnalking tbe
coftrad), or ta cornt errsatefu the unehabi@t of some indices
A' sltould nonnany rutt exceed O. LO.
Ihe sun oJf ,4 b, c d. etc., sbouW be one (uniA}
16 Tlte corTect ptocedure for price is to use an lndex
,elating to the camtry oJf supply for a pa*tadar lnlrut and to rt .rke
paytent tntbe atteney of tbat countqt
Houteaer, ffprfce aQJustfitent paJments are made in a currencat otber
tbantbe tuttency oftbe source ofthe hdexedfnprg di:siortiots nury
ocatr due ta .liflfitrential rates of price aariatian and perbdb
excba.nge rate changes, Herrcg the need.for a. cor'rectionfaetor
40.4.t.8 lndices ond Weightings
- The sciurces of indices shall be those listed in the Appendix to Bid,
as approved by the Engineer.
- Indices shall be appropriate for their purpose and shall relate to the
Contractor's proposed source of supply of inputs on the basis of
which his contract price and expected foreign currency
reference orices requirements shall have been computed.
il
- As the proposed basis fop price adjustment, the Contractor shall
have submitted with his bid the rabulation of various weightings and
indices in the Appendix to Bid, which shall be subject ro approval
by the Engineer.
respective
40.4.r.9 Bose, (urrenl ond Provisionol Indices:
- The base cost indices or plie€s shall be those prevailing on day 28
days prior to the latest date for submission of bicl.
- Current indices or prices shall be those prevailing on the day ZB
days prior to the last day of the period to which a particular Interim
Payment Certificate is felated.
tf ^+. ^-., r:-- .L^ ^. provisional
indices as determined by the Engineer will be used, subject to
subsequent correction of the amounts paid to the Contractor when
the current indices become available.
40.4.t.t 0 Adiuslment Alter (ompletion
- If the Contractor fails to complete the works within the prescribed
. time for completion, adiustment of prices thereafter until rhe date of
,completion of the works shall be made using either the indices or
' prices relating to the prescribed time for completion, or the clrrrent
indices or prices, .....whichever be more favourable to the
Employer, provided that if an extension of time is duly granted, then
the above provision qhall apply only to adiustments made after the
expiry of such extension of time (tte gutnor s Comme* sltoaW
the contract permtt payment for escalatlon lfor utork done
afier eiiptt'l of granted exte?.slon of ttme).
40.4.tJ I Weightings {items b, c, 4 in 40.4.1.7 eorlier}:
- The weightings for each of the factors of cost given in the Appendix

Raina's Fietd.Manual for Highway and Eridge Englneers

ffi f xu,nu
"
-f en Manuat rcr nrgnway ano Bnqge Engneers
 Chapter - 40
CONSIRUCI/ON-CONTRACT PRICE 'ESCALATION'AND HOW TO ESTIMATE IT

to Bid shall be adfusred if, in rhe opinion of the Engineer, rhey have
been rendered unreasonable, ......unbalanced or inapplicable as a
o A separate formula of the type indicated below applies to each contract
currency:
result of varied or additional work already executed or instructed or
. for any other reason. Pc = A" + B. Imc/loc
where:
40.4.1.12 Subsequent legislotion:
o ff, after the date 28 days prior to the latest date for submission of bids for c Pc is the adjustment factor for the portion of the contract price payable
the contract, there occur - in the country in which the works are being or in a specific currency "c".
are to be executed - any changes to any National or state statute, t Ac and B"
are co-efficients* specified in the contract data, representing
Ordinance, Decree, or other Law or any regulation or byJaw of any local the non-adiustable and adjustable portions, respectively, of the Contract
or other duly constituted authority, or other introduction of any such State Price payable in that specific currency rrcrr; and
Stafute, Ordinance, Decree, Law, regulation or byJaw, which causes
additional or reduced cost to the contractor, other than under the
c hnc is the index prevaiiing at the end of the month being invoiced and
preceding sub-clauses of this clause, in the execution of the contract, loc is the index prevailing23 days before bid-opening for inputs payable;
both in the specific currency 'b'1
......then such additional or reduced cost shall, after due consultation
with the Employer and the cont'actor, be determined by the Engineer and * Tbe nm of tlte tuo coeJffictefis Ac ard B" sbould. be I (one) in tbe
shall be added to or deducted from the Contract price.
ftnrulafireacb curtencJt
o The Engineer shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Nomaey, botb cocficients uU W the same tn tbe firtwlae fo, oll
Employer. c-tt'rencies, sfuce meflicien A, for tbe non4dJ'us-table Tnrtion. of tbe
. Norwithsranding the foregoing, such additional or reduced cost shall not p6yrnertsls aueryt apprcxhndefigurc (usually O,I5) totake aecotttxof
be separately paid or credited if the same shall already have been taken f.xed e.nst elemens or other non<Qiusatble comlmefi.
into account in the indexing of any inputs to the price Adjustment Tbe satmoftbe a4ft$hnertsforeacb cu.rrcnc1t arc addedtotbe Mract
Fonnulae in accordance with provisions of Sub-Clauses 70.1 to 70J.
Mce.
40.4.2 tOR SItlALLIR Works
(IVorld Bank metbod .... Contd.)
a If the value of the index is changed after it has been used in the
calculation, then the calculation shall be corrected and an adjustment
c^"" -^a+a--t- /^^---- .^.t;ad lao- +L-- 7D n;ll;^-\ made in.the next payment certificate. The index value shall be deemed to
contracted tbrough ICB and sometimes also tbrougb NCB.follow tbe Bank,s take account of all changes in cost due to fluctuations in costs.
I'atest 'tsBDfor Procurement of works - smaller contractsr. etccerptsfrom ubicb
are reproduced below utitb,couftes! and due acknowledgement. 40.5 APPROACH. III (. .. A SIMPTE BUT DEIAILED MEfHODl
40.5.t The'amount payable to the Contractor valued at'base'ra.tes and. prices in
40.4.2.1 Price Adiustment:
the Interim Payment Certificate issued by the Engineer shall be adjusted with
o Prices shall be adjusted for fluctuations in the cost of inpus only if respect to the rise or fall in the indexed costs of labour, materials and other'
provided for in the contract data. inputs to the works, by the application of suitable price adjustments as
o If so provided, the amounts certified in.each payment certificate, after determined by formulae.irrescribed below.
deducting the advance payment, shall be adjusted by applying the i
40.5.2 To the extent that full compensatiori for any rise or fall in the costs to the
respective price adiustment factor to the payment.amounts due.in each
cuffency.
I

I
contractor is not covered by the provisions of this or other clauses in the
I
contract, the unit rates and prices included in the contract shall be deemed to
I include amounts to cover the contingency of such other rise or fall in costs.
Raina's Field Manual forHighway.ana aridge Engineers f I R in"s ri"H Manual for Highway and Bddge Engineers r: :;:i:.-i
:

.4r cr,.a.{,iw*;g:,
'.ii-liltr.
 Chapter - 40
@FfficoNsIRUcI/oN.coNTRAcTPRtCE,ESCALATtoN,ANDHowToEsTtMATElT

40.5.3 Cost Adiustment required due to change in cost of: where;

40.5.3.1 lorol labour (ornponenr:

v2 = var'ration rn contract price on account of generar a.rriafion
of prices af all materials other tba.n
(....ba.sed on cost. lndices) . prooidedlfor in sub_clause hereinalften
lfor trrose speciJicatty
The contract price will be subject to adjustment on account Io =
of variation in fuilre
cost of Labour. The adjustment will be rnade according to
the following, country (for all commodiiies) (Base 2M2 _ I (M) released b1t
Rrx(c-cJxt 't tlte Economic-Adaiser; Ml.nistry of Industry, Gouernment o1f
O= at the time spectfi.ed, in 4A5,9 berelnafier.
c'
where: . I =Cu
' vt = va'riation in contr^ct price on account of oariation in tbe countrl (for ail ciimod.ittes) for tbe pertod under
tbe conslderation (Base 2OO2 = IOO) reteased. blt tbe same
cost of locar rabour during tbe period urrd", consrdet a,on
agenc! at the tlme specifted in 4O.5.9 bereinafiin
Co=
rndexifot" rndust,ral workers on a. countryuMe basis (Base G = Factor of O.15 represerrting cost cornporrent of a.Il factor
2OO2=IOO) released. by tlte Labour Buleau, Mtntstrlt of ,nateriars otrter tban tbose speciftcq.rry proatded
Iabour, Goaernment of ....... at the ttme speitfied tn ub - c lau
for ri trte
s s e e re i.n a1ft e r.
' 4O.5.9 .

.b
hereina.lften
'
RI = Value of tbe lVork done durlng the Beriod uncler
C =
9lTenI cost tndex retated consideratlon and paya,ble in lacal currenc!, at tlre base
rndex.for rndustriar workers
the period under consideration.on o "ooitry*rii bosrs during rates and prices as a.ppltcablc under tbe coniract
(Base ZOOZ = IOO) reteaseZ
by the aboae rnentloned a.g"ncy ai the time specifred.
in 4O.5.9 40.5.3.3 P0[ Component:
bereinafien
L Afactor of 0.2 representi.ng cost componentfactor of all htcal (....,.based on HSD prices, since'indices,may not
= be avairable for such an
Labour costs ln the contract pnre, tnctidlng orlerbeads, irem.)
bene1ftts, amcnities, etc. ' The contracr price will be subject to adiustment on account of variation
of
R1 Vahte of tbe utork done during tbe perlod under of pol. The adjustment will be made according to the following
= Srrices,
consderation and payabte ln lacalanreniy at tbe base rormula:
rates andpr.lces as opplicabte under tlte coniaci R.x(P-po)xe
v3
40.5.3.2 Generol llloteriols Component Po
(,... based on cost tndtces) where;

Thg:contract price will be subject to adjustment on account v3 = va'riation in contract pttce in account of aariafion rn tbe
variation of prices of alt materials other tban
of general prices of pOL durlng the period under consideration
prooidedfor rn the sub-crause bereinafter. The for
tbose spectficaty,
-adlustment
" - &ase
will be made P prlce of HSD at the fuel d.epot at ......
according to the foilowing formula: tbe tinte spectfred in 4O.5:9 berehr a1ften
for tbls Work. ai
Rtx(I-IJxc P = cjt*ent price of rrsDfor tbe perrod under consrderation at
Yz= delrot at
t t.be
bereinaifler.
.. .,. for tbis work, at tbe ttme spectfted. n aO.5g

Raina's Fietd Manual for Hlghway and Bridoe Engineers

fi f Rainas rre H Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers ::i'.,, :
Chapter - 40
recoNsIRUcI/oN-CoNTRAcTPRtaE.EsCALATtoN'ANDHoWToEsTlMATEtT

A = Factor of O.O5 representing the cost conponentJa.ctor of POL where;

.ln tbe contra.ct price,
v5 - Va,riation of prtce in lacal culTency on account of cbanges
Rt - Value of tbe utork done during tbe perlod. und.er in costs of 'foretgn inputs, if a.n1t, dudng the period under
consi.det'ation and payablc in local currency, at tlte base conslderatiott
rates and.Prices as applicable under tbe contract .Fo = Base lndex as applicable to foreign inputs'kke cost oJf
technical Personnel constructlon plont etc.. on construction
40.5.3.4 Plont ond [quiEnent (and Sporesl Component: proJects ln tbe Contractor's country, or faill.ng utlticb, an
The price adjustment for an increase or decrease in the cost of the hppropriate 'proxy lndex'refledfng tbe cost, at pedodlc
construction Plant/Spares shall be paid in accordance with the following lntenals, of prootdlng an appropriate mix oJ
formula: expatriate personnel tnported construction plant, etc, as
tbe cAse may be, at trre tlme specified tn 40.5.9 bereinafier.
R,x(m-rn")xE The releaant inde c to be applied for tbis
Y4
indlcated b! tlte tend.erer ln tbe Tender Bid
frt"
where; = Tbe ojfficlal bunent'index conespond.ing to Fo at tbe tlmc
spectfied in 4O.5.9 berelnalfter. Tbe uahte or methodologlt
V4 = Increase or decrease i.n tbe cost of work due to cbanges in for eoaluating releoant index to be appliedfor tbis purpose
rates of constr'uctlonal Pktnt, during trre qua.rter under sball be lndicated by tlte tend.erer in his Tender Bid.
consid.eration RF = The aa.hte of tltat uork done ubicb is pa.yable in foreign
mo = Ba.se cost lndex Jfor Macbinet? and Macbine Tools in (conttertible/ba.rd) cut rency (reckoned. in lacal currency)
' tultolcsale ptlce countryuide (Base 2O02 = IM) released by during tbe period. under constderation (u;ltich ls taken as a
Economlc Adui.ser, Mlnistry of Industry, Gooernment of .... at certain percentage of tbe total aa.lue o1f uork done during
trte tlme spectfied in 4O.5.9 berelna.fien tbe period under consideratlon) a.t base rates,/prlees as
nt = Cut'rent cost Index of rtholesale ttrlces ln tbe countrv for apphcable under ttJe contract, the said percentage ,nust be
Madtinefv and. Took (Base 2OO2 = lOO) released by tbe ghten in tbe approprlate Schedule o.f the Contractor,s
Tender Bid
Economlc Adulser, Ministry of Industry, Goaerrrfirent of ..., at
tbe ttme specified. in clause 4O.5.9 ltereina.fier. b) All official/proxy indices to be used in rhe prescribed Price Adjusrmenr
Formula in this connection shall be subject to approval by the Engineer.
E = Factor of O.O5 representi.ng the cost component factor for
'equlpment usage'tn tbe contract price. c) Indices shall be appropriate for their purpose and shall relate to the
Contractorrs proposed source of supply of inputs on the basis of which
Rt = Value of utorh done during tbe perlod under conslderatton his contract price and expected foreign currency requirements shall have
and payable tn local currency at tbe base rates and prices as
to be computed.
app0cable under tbe contract.
d) Ag the proposed basis for price adjustment, the Contractor shall have
40.5.3.5 foreign lnpuls (omponent. if onv: submitted alofrg with his tender, official publications showing the values
of the proposed indices as available durine the 12 months preceding the
a) Thp contract price will be subject to acljustment on account of general closing date for submission of tender.
variation in prices due to all foreign inputs, if contractually any to.be
provided for by the Contractor (in accordance with the details furnished e) fhe indices shall be well established and nationally recognised in the
by him in the contract), in accordance with the following formula: country of manufacture or origin. .

0.85 RF x (F - F.) 0 Preferably only Government indices shall be used.

v5 g) Ttr" tenderer shall furnish authenticared copies of rhe relevant published
F. indices as and when requested by the Employer/Engineer.
Raina's Field Manuat fot Highway ana erfdge engineers
f I nu.,
"
rle H Manuil for Highway and Btidge Engineers

, ",.r'. i^s.,'l].Ri-: ;:,r

 c h a p te r - 4 o SS- Rllftti!$r-:jgL-+;-'.;i+.'iq:;6 jiE$*tffi g+"
CONSIRUCI/ON-CONTRACT PRICE 'ESCALATION'AND HOW TO ESTIMATE lT

40.5.3.6 (omponent due to (hon$es in Source of supply ond Currency (l Cemenl (omponent:
a) If the contractor shall change the country or origin of the source of (...,. based.onindices, as these atetecordedas aruntryrwide aueragg and
supply of any input to the works. he shall immediately notify the Engineer
ryantity of C)
who shall rnodify the price adjustment provisions subsequent to such
change to reflect the relevant cost index from the actual country of origin The Contract Price will be srrbjeci to adjustment on account of variations
of the input. in cost of Cement, which is incorporated in permanent works, according
to the following formula:
b) If the currencies, in which the contract Price is expressed are different '
from the currencies of the sources of the relevant indices, the Engineer Cx(M-M.)x T"
shall determine the corection to be applied in calculating the price
Mc
Adjustment Factor in order to avoid distortions in the amount of price
where:
adjustment.
c) Such correction shall be applied to the increment of price fluctuatibn in
Vc = Ad.justment to tbe contract price on account of increase or
d.ecrease of 'cost indlces, of Cernent, As apphcable.
the 'base cost of the respective inputs' and shall correspond to the ratio
of the exchange rates between the respective currencies on the date of C = Basic Price Jfor cement as applicable, and. lndicated in tbe
the base indices and the date of current indices defined in sub-clause appropriate scbedule of the tender document.
40.5.9.
M, = Base cost index for cement utltlch shall be tbe lndex for
cement, a.s sboutn in tbe ,Index Numbers of Wholesale prices
40.5.3.7 'Seleced Muteriols' (omponent {Bitumen, (ement ond Steell:
ln tbe country -by Groups and Index Numbers of uholesale
o) Sub-Groups (montb-end,/yecn-end data)t (Ba.se 2(M2 = IOO),
For the purpote of this sub-clousq-
released by tbe OfJice of Economlc Adaiser, Ministry of
- "Specified materials" means the Materials stated in the appropriate Industry, Goaernment oif ..,... preaaillng at tbe time speciftecl
schedule of the tender documents and required on the site for the in 40.5.9).
execution and completion of the permanent works.
M = Current cost index for cement ubiclt sball be the Indexfor
- "Basic Price" means the price for Specified Material indicated in the ' cement as shoutn in tbe tlndex Numbers of tlholesale pri.."
appropriate schedule of the tender documents. in tbe Country - by Groups and Sub-Groups (month-
. end,/yea.r-end data)'(Base 2OO2 = IOO), relea;edby tbe Office
bl'Bilunen' Componenl: of tbe Economic Adl.tiser, Mtnistry of Industr,y, Gouernmmt of
(..... based clirectljt on prices (uthtclt could be used direct$t) and releaant to trte lteriod tn u,bicrr Ceneflt is delfuered to
quantities.) tbe sltefor use in permanent porks as per relcuant contract
cla.use, and incorparated tn perTnanent works.
"Cunent Price', means the ex-refinery price for Bitumen, from the nearest
refinery at........., prevailing on the relevant date applicable for T" * The actual quantitl of Cement, utlttcb is lncorporoted ln
adjustment ro the contract price, as per 40.5.9. pernta.nent ruorks, danlng ttJe pe.rtad under consideratlon
The adjustment to the contract price under this sub-clause shall be
calculated by applying the difference between the 'Basic' and rCumentr dl 'Sleel'(omponent:
Prices to the quantity of birumen (including bitumen content in cutback (.... based on irullces and qtantitieslfor same fieas(ms asfor C*ment)
bitumen andlor in
bituminous emulsion), which is incorporated in
The contract price will be subject to adiustment on account of variations
permanent work, during the period under consideration.
in cost of steel, which is incorporated in permanent works, according to
the following formula:
ffi---* -- Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bidge Enginee EE ffi aairas rralo Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers

:
r,1 - ; i-"-...,..*:j-.1, !.
,',..,ffii3::- "4)""$$S'r1:11*.B*?Sint::gsFj*itii;tiF-r}*r.*4id}{'"-
 Chapter - 40
CONSTRUCI/ON.CONTRACT PRICE 'ESCALATION'AND HOW TO ESTIMATE IT

Sx(M-MJx T" requirements or otherwise, then for the_purpose of adiusting the contract price
% = pursuant hereto, no account shall be taken
Ms any inciease In cost, which may
-of
be attributable ro such lack of diligence, default
where; or negligence and the amount
by-which any cost would have been decreased but fo"r such lack of diligence,
vs = Adjustment to tbe contract price on accoilnt o1f increase or default or negligence, shall be deducted from the contract price.
decrease in cost lnd.ices of Steel, as applicablc. 40.5.6 No other adjustment to the contract price on account of fluctuation in the cost
s = Baslc price tor Steel as i.ndicated in tbe appfopria.te of the specified materiah shall be made.
scbedulc of tlte tend.er documcnt 40.5,7 In determining the amount of any adjustment ro the contract price pursuant
M" = Base cost index Jfor steer ubicrt shan be tbe index
for iron to this sub-clause, no account shall be taken of any overheads or profis.
ancl steel as srt'un in tbe 'rndex Numbers of wrtoresare (which are assumed as already factored-in).
prites in tbe Count y W Groups and Sub_Groups (mantb_
40.5.8 Notice ond Records
Ti:r#,ffi;jHx:i"ix:'rfxr;?ffi The contractor shall forthwith, upon the happening of any evenr which
'may,
or 'may be likely tor give rise to adjustment of the contract price pursuant to
M - ,Cur.rent cost index this sub-clause, give notice thereof to the Engineer, and th; contractor shall
Jfor Steel_ utbich sbail be tlte Index for
iron ancr steer as sltou.tn rn tbe'rndex Nuntbers of t,horesare keep such books, accounts and other documents and recorcls as are necessary
pdces in tlte Country - bjt Groups and. Sub_Gtoips to enable adiustment under this sub-clause to be made, and shall, at the
' 6month_
end/year-end data) (Base 2OO2 * IN)), retcased by tbe Office request of the Engineer, furnish any invoices, accounts, documents or records
of the Economic Ad'iser, Mintstry of htdustry, Goaernment so kept and such other information as the Engineer may require.

?i
'"
of ...,...., rekpant to tbe periocl in uhicb

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40.5.9 lggg
-
Current ond Provisionol'lndices':
The base cost indices or prices shall be those ruling on the date 28 days
prior to the closing date for the submission of tender.
= Tbe a.tual auantitJt of Steel utlticlt is incorporated in
pennanent utork, durtng ilre period under consideratiott - current indices or prices shali be those ruling on the date 28 (twenty
40.5.4 Tlte contractor sball. use due diligence to ensure tbat unacceptable eight) days prior to the last day of the period to which a particular Interim
Payment Certificate is related.
utastage of the 'speci.fred Mater'rars' sbau not occur. Any specified
Llateriak remoued from tbe site sball be cleady identifved in tbe - In respect of serected materiars specified in sub-head 40.5.3.7, the price
records required under clause 4O.5.IO. shall be assumed to be that given in the appropriate schedule of the
tender documenrs (and bidders are advised to price the bicls accordingly).
40.5.5 The Contactor shall at all times have regard to suitable markers and shall,
whenever buying materials, a variation in the cost of which would give rise - If. tiTe. th" .ut."rt offi.iuily publirh"d o. t"l"rrrnt p.o*y i^di.",
"ryavailable. protisional indicer
are"tnot
to an adiustment of the contract price, as determin.d by the Enginee, *ill
...... be diligent to buy or procure the same at the most economical prices as to the
Contractor when the current indices become available.
are consistenr with.the due qualiry and performance by the contractor
of his
obligations under the contract.
40.5.10 Prke Adiustrnenr:
lf, at any time, theresharl have been any rack of diligence, defaurt or
negligence on the part of the contractor, whether in obirving the above The price adjustment shall be evaluated for the relevant date of each Interim
Payment Invoice (IPI) submitted by the Contracror using the weighting
WUpp-- - -* Raina,s Fietd Manuat for Highway ana anuge Engrneers
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Chapter - 40 ffiq*[b..EA**€iUgtBE# CONSTRUCI/ON-CONTRACT PRI?E 'E}CALATI2N'AND HoW To EiTIMATE IT

' prescribed in sub-heads above and the related current and base cost indices,
subject to any changes or corrections made in accordance with the subhead.
40.5.1I The 'Adiustable' Amount:
(...... the amount on usbich the EscalatronJfortnura.uil bp appried.)
- The 'adiustable' amount of each Interim Payment Certificatc shall be the
difference between the following (i) and (ii):
(i) The contract value of the total permanent work executed up to the
" end of the month in question, which, in the opinion of the Engineer,
shall be due to the Contractor (before deducting retention) based on
the 'base ratest and 'prices' of the scheduled work carried out and
Dayworks (unless orherwise agreed/adjusted) but excluding llie
value of materials on site. i.e.; not consumed yet and
(ii) The amount as calculated in (i) above for the last preceding Interim
. Payrnent Certificate issued by the Engineer.
- The adjustable amounr shall exclude payments nominated sub- to
contractors and any other amount based upon acrual cost or cuffent
prices.
40.5.12 lhe'Adiusted' Amount:
(..,., tbe anount of Escalation)
The 'adjusted' amount of each payment certificate shall be determined by
applying the priqe adjustment to the 'adjustabler amount and shall become
payable to the Cohtractor in accordance with the contractual provisions
subject to rttgd"du"tiorr th.."fro- fo. t"t.ntior
-orr"u. liquid"t"d d"-ug",
.r.d u.t), oth.. *oni"s d,,," to th" E-plo)r.r,f.o- th* Co.rt u.ior, i.r"ludi.rg ih"
recovery of advances. if anlr.
40.5.13 'Adiustment' olter the dote when 'complefion wos due':
If the Contractor shall fail to cornplete the works within the specified time for
completiorl, adjustment of prices thereafter until the date of aitual completion
of the.works shall be made using either the indices or prices relating to the
prescribed time for completion, or the current indices or prices, whichever be
'more favourable to the Employer,,
.. provided that, if an extension of time is 6;ranted, the above provision shall
.....
apply only to adjustments made after the expiry of such exension of time.(if
' payment for escalation allowed for work done after time-extension expires).
AIso refer to the appropriate clause in \fforld Bank's sBDlor procurement of
'Works.
40.5.14 limit of Price Adiustment:
Provided that in determining all such price adiustments in accordance with the
aforesaid sub-clauses:
(i) No accolrnt will be taken of any amounr by which any cost incured by
' the conrractor has been increased by default or negligence of the
Contractor.
(ii) If the Contractor shall fail to complete the work within the time specified
for completion under the relevant contract clause, increase or decrease of
cost of specified materials shall be made using either the indices or prices
relating to the specified time for completion or the current indices or
prices, whichever be favourable ro the Employer, provided that if
extension of time is grarited pursuant to the relevant contract clause, the
above shall apply to those of the adjustments required for the work done
after expiry of such extension of time (if so allowed in the Contract).
(iii) on completion of the works and before final payment, rhe contractor
shall give a certificate that he has made full and complete disclosure to
the Engineer of every increase or decrease in the price obtained by him
on all items affected by this clause.
40.6 ITTTUIS ON WHICH PRICT ADJUSTTUIT}IT WIII NOT APPTY
The following items shall not be included in the price adjustment calcularion:
(a) Liquidated Damages (LD),
(b) Retention money withheld and released,
(c) Advance payments in the form of loans and their recoveries,
(d) The value of any additional or varied work valued at current prices, and
(e) current cost payment to "Nominated" sub-contractors included as
"provisional sums' or prime cost items in the general cost (because these
payments are those worked out on the basis of current prices).
I
l
40,7 RTVITW OT FORMUTAAPPI.ICATION
40.7.1 The choice of any rcost adjustment approach' needs to consider:
o The nxatters to which the indices/prices in the formula should relate;
,
r The extent to which each index should affect the result;
c The portion of the contract sum to which the formula should apply;
o The dates of the indices;

Raina's Field Manual for Highway anA Aaage engreers mm ffi nurus ro H Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers

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Chapter - 40 Eryrco^/sIRUcI/oN-CoNTRAcTPRlCE'ESCALATloN'ANDHoWToESTtMATElT

. Mattets not couered by the formula; of Indices - Feb., 19BB - Properry Services Agency, Department of the
r Detailed metbods of application of the formula Environment (Ifr);
40.t.2 The Extent to which each index should affect the result may be either: 7. Tender documents for construction of Sabah Highway, Malaysia - Special
Provisions to the Conditions of Contract price Escalation;
r A range of rigid formulae each, using some or all of the indices in
specified proportions to suit a parricular class of project, or 8. MORTTI (Roads \fing) Model Conrracr Documenr (Highways) (New Delbi,
India);
r A single formula in which the proportions of the indices woulcl be left
g.
unspecified but would be stated in the tender document to suit the CP\fD Draft New Form of Contract (New Detbi, India);
concerned contract and concerned componenr. 10. Parkash Committee Model Contracr Documents - September L989 (New
Delbi, India);
40.7.3 It ls recognlsed that all price adjustment formulae have some
shortcomlngs, which reduce the precision of the adiustment and that 1.'1.. lVorld Bankb'SBD - Procurement of Works' (For Complex works and for
Tnadequa.te prlce adjustment specifications ma! Iead to a loss eltlter works costing generally more than US$10 million);
to tbe Cllent or to tbe Contractor as utell as afguments and dlsputes' \X/orld Bankb'SBD - Procurement of Works - smaller contracts, (For
12. works
....... These include: costing generally less than US$10 million.)
c Tbe 'omission' of important indices sucb as
"fbr
Plant, Fuel, Cement and,
Steel;

t Tbe timpropert selection of indices;

t Tbe use of 'unrealistictindex cofficients;
c 'Lach of definitionfor separating adjustments' in.furctgg and local costs;
t The 'limitation' of price adjllstment on certain interim payTnents or on
uariations bigber tban tbe specified minimu.m; and
; The tabsence' of indices for adiustnrcnts in tax uariatiolts.

40.8 RTFTRTNCES
1. Petrobras Contract for the Construction of the Namorado 1l Off-shore
Platform, Clause 17 - Payment in National Currency (Brazit);
2. Conjuntura Economica, Fundacao Getulio Vargas - March 1988 (Brazil);
3. Wbdd Bank's Supplemental Procurement Guide to 'Price Adiustment,;
4. Report on Price Adjustmenr Formulae for Civil Engineering Contracts,
National Economic Development Office - NEDO - (t/K);
5. Price Adjustment Formulae for Civil Engineering Contracts, Guide to
Application and Procedure - London, HMSO;
6. Price Adjustment Formulae for Construction Contracls, Monthly Bulletin

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and eriAge engineers R"irrs ri" H Manual
I f for Highway and Btidge Engineerc

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 4Ia OF THE
ENvlRON MENT

! n ,'i,"s r,,,, td Manual lar Highway and Bfidge Engtnerrs

 Chapter - 41
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4I.O PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT covered with clean tarpaulins. Debris should be dampened prior to its
movement, except where this is contrary to the specification.
l. It is essential that the Contractor takei all necessary measures and precautions
on site and off site in conformity with statutory and regulatory 12. Any aebicle utitb an open load-carrying area :used for transporting
e nuironment al re quire ment s. potentially dust producing material, should. baae properetfitti.ng side and
tail boards. Materials having. the potential to produce dust-should not be
2. All measures and precautions should be taken to avoid a\y nuisance or loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards, and should be covered
d'isturbance ar'lsing from tbe executlon of tbe works, suppressing the
with tarpaulin. The rarpaulin should be properly securecl and should extend
nuisance at source rather than abating it once generated.
at least 300 mm over the edges of the side and tail boards.
3. rf any spoit, debris, toaste or ar.J, delcterlous substa.ncelfrom tbe slte is t3. Vhere graael or earth roads are used for bauktge, tbe contractor
deposited on any adjacent land, the contractor should immediately remove
should provide suitable measures for dust control, if considered necessary.
and restore the effected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the
such measures may include spraying the road surface with water at regular
Engineer.
intervals.
4. It shoutd be ensurid that rhere is no htterference utltlt uater suppljt, and t4. .ly'orbe is an environmental
constraint. The contractor should take all
no poUufion of utater resources (inctu.ding undetground percolattng
necessary measufesto ensure that the operation of mechanical equipment
utater) as a result of the execution of the works.
and construction works do not cause any unnecessary or excessive noise,
5. \wlren water is reguiarly or repetitively used for dasf
suppressrot purposes, taking into account the applicable environment requirements.
it should be made to fali into specially-constructed setrlement tanks to permit
t5. Ensure control of disposal of all forms of uaste generated by the
sedimentation, after the settlement of which the water may be re-used for dust
construction operations and their associated activities. No uncontrolled
srrppression and rinsing.
deposrtron or dumping should be permitted. This incfu.des altforrns offuet
5- Any tiqutd u;aste should be collected and disposed off at a locarion on or and engine olls, aA rypes of bitumeq ceffient, surplas aggregates,
off the site in a manner that should not cause nuisance or pollution. graaels' concrete mixes, bltuminous mixtures, eta The contractor.should
make specific provision for the proper disposal of these and any other waste
7. I)o not discltarge any matter arising from the execution of the \vorksizfo
products, conforming to local regulations and as acceptable to the Engineer.
.tny uaters except with permission from the regulatory authorities
concerned. t6. Ensure that the Contractor provides for remedial measures to be
implemented ln the eaent of occulTence of emergencies such as
8. At all times ensure that all existing strearn courses and drains within, and
sptUa.ges of olls, bttume4 cbemtcals, etc.
adjacent to the site, are kept sa.fe and free from any dcbrls and any
materlals and utastes arising from the works. 17. Obtaln tbe Contractor,s statement of tbe measures lte intends to
imFilement ln tbe eoent of suclt an emergencJl, explaining how he intends
9, Protect alluatel cortrses, uaterwals, dltcltes, canals, drains, Iakes to provide and depure personnel adequately trained to implement such
and the hkefrom poWufian caused by the execution of the works.
measures. This statement should accompany the programme of work to be
10. Devise and afiange methods of working so as to minrmke dust and submitted by the contractor in accordance with the provision of the
gaseous of other a.lrborne emisslons and carry out the works in such a Conditions of Contract.
manner so as to minlmlse the adoerse lmpact on alr qualtty.
t8. On tbe part of tbe Consultant responsiblc for car.rlting . out tbe
ll. Effectively uater spra.! any dust generated during'delivery, manufacture, lnaestlgatlons a'nd descgn for a bighrtay project his team must also
processing and handling of any materials. Stockpiles of materials should be p roo t de fo IIow lng inp ut s :

ffiffi * - - .
Raina,s Fietd Manuat for Highway and eriage engineers
I f Rainat rre u Manuat for Highway and Btidge Engineers --*-,- - .."fiffi
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Chapter - 41

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

EIA Specialists need to:
r Identify key environmental issues (if any) associated with the project. c) Woter 0uoliry:
r Define the required baseline environmental data collection. The existing and proposed drainage outfalls should be
-rrrr"."=iur"rs
reviewed to
at evaluare the potentiai for contariination of
o Develop initial mitigarion measures to be included in both detailed road
construction and post-constfuction. The potential impact
during
design and construction activities to address identified eRvironmental of the works on
the ground water regime also needs to U. .n".i"C
issues. i

i clearly define the requirements for the EIA both in terms of conrent and t
dl lcology:
process for preparation (including stakeholder engagement). J
i.
t Existing information on any eccirogical communities in.the
Tbe EIA Speclalists sltould meet releuant 'offictals from tbe vicinity of the
t
' proposed project may have to be evaluated. There
may be pfesenr any
Enaironmental Affairs Autbority and other \takebolders to conlrrm communities of ecological significance. Any potential
efflcts on i<le1tified
tbe EIA requirements and. ensure tbat trte uork programme conforms flora and fauna that may ariie during construction and
operations needs
to the necessary standards. to evaluated.
Tbe EIA should be prepared in accordance utltb tbe arboae regulatory
requlrements. Tbe ErA must eaaluate impacts of tbe foltotui.ng lssues el londrcope ond Visuols:
and recommend appropriate mitlgation measures to be adopted: Any grade-separated.schemes could have a significant
impacr upon the
r in the detailecl design woik, appearance a.nd visual quariry of the landscape and
toinscape. The
potential visibility of any new elevated highway
r during construction activities, ' and structure for
landscaping and beautificaiion, incruding r"r iJiguti6.,
u'a jn.rri,rg, -uy
need to be assessed.
ol Air Ouolity:
rffhere necessary, obtain existing air quality data from
the Environmental fl lroffk lmpucrs:
Affairs Authority or other relevanr sources. Ideally, this should be from a The positive and negative impacts of trzffic changes
location as close as possible to rhe existing project site. This data should during construction
and operations need to be evaluated.
be used to provide a "snapshot" of existing conditions and. compared to
appropriate standards, in order to determine if the existing air qualiry is
likely to be of concern to human health.
gl (ulturol Heritoge:
Data on any,areas of importance should be obtained
An appraisal of future impacts such as the predicted increases in traffic fiom relevant
ministries ancr other invorved authorities, and mapped
levels, changes in vehicle technology, traffic mix etc. should be made for assessmenl
pUfposes.
against existing conditions. Air quality modelling is not expected to be
justified unless existing air quality is considered.to be of serious concern.
h) (onstruttion Moteriols ond Woste:
bl iloise: Sources and methods of obtaining construction
materials for proposed
Noise data should 'be obtained from a point close to the existing project works will need to be examined and their iikely impacts
outhned. Any
site, if available. If noise data is not available, limited noise measuremenrs
significant waste materiars that may be generated *uri b. assessed for the
should be undertaken as required. predictions of future noise leveis are methods and impacrs of disposal required.
made based on the traffic forecast and existing ambient noise livels.
Predicted noise levels are compared to naiional and,/or appropriate il Srokeholder Consuhotions:
international noise standards related to human health. consultation with interested parties would normaily
form par.t of the ErA
process. This provides local community members
Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Baaoe rnoinuers and organisations with
f
t nuinrsfi"BManualforHighwayandBridgeEngrineers ^.--..----------.*.....-"-*-.._-ffi
'.! r:.\,'-, tr,;,t...1
Chapter - 41 PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

the opportunity to raise possible concerns and offer local knowledge that Deoeloping Guidellnes for monltoring enoironmental lffipacts
may be taken into account in the development of the proj6ct design. The durlng constracfion based on sels-moiitoring by ttte contiactor
most appropriate manner in which consultation may be undertaken will under tbe Consultantts superulsion and subjeci ti inspectton by the
be influenced by local political factors and communiry sructures. It is Enolronmcntal Autltority. Ihese guid.elines ldentlfy:
considered thatany consultation exercise need to be locally co-ordinated
and this may be most effectively undertaken by representatives of the - Ihe ltems requirlng monttoringo
Client. - Ihe requiredfrequenc! of, monitorlng,
19. Environmenlol filonogemenl Plon (tfllPl
I - Ihe enalronmental tbresbolds that rnust not be exceeded.
Based on the above studies, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) The approved EMP p-rovides important input to the Employer,s
is with recommended measures to mitigate detrimental
developed requirbments to be satisfied by the contractor during constructi;n.
The
impacts whilst enhancing positive project benefits. The EMP is tender documents will require the contractor to submit a detailed
EMp
(based on the oLrtline provided in the EIS) for
incorporated in the tender documents so that the proposed environmental approval prior to the
mitigation measures will be known to and be fully complied with by commencement of construction showing how the contractoi will
satisfy
contractors during construction. the Employer's requirements during construction.

Long-tertn mitigation measures utould typically includei Tbe EIA Report ls submitted. to tbe Enaironmental Affairs
Autltorttylfor approt)al prior to deta.i.led design.
r Landscaping and beautification,
r Oil interceptors and silt traps at critical drainage outfalls,
r Acoustic screening.
Mitigation measures to be adopted during construction utould
typtcaUJ) lnchtde:-
r Appropriate methods of working,
o Permitted hours of working, especially in residential and other
environmentally sensitive areas,
r Suppression of machine noise through the use of exhaust silencers,
lagging, insulation, etc.,
o Managing construction waste including waste minimisation and
recycling initiatives, seglegation, storage and transport of waste, etc.,
o Mitigating spill potentiai storage conditions and operating
procedures for the use of fuel, oil, hazardous materials, and
potential pollutans,
o Control of discharges to water courses,
o Suppression of dust during crushing, processing, transport and use
of aggregates,
o Control of dust on constftlction haul roads,
. Suppressing exhaust emissions from the asphalt mixing plant.

ffi- Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

] f Rainat rie H Manual for Highway and Bidge Engineers

--.. -it,'i,:*4n..r.
I \

j. l..ri--l

. Sornple DAIIY RIPORT SHttT

. Somple RIOUIST tOR lNSPtCTlOll SHttT

. Somple WORI( APPR0VAL CARDS (5 nos.: somples)

1::. I

f aaina,s riea'Manuat forHghway and Bndge.Enginoets

APPENDICES
APPENDICES

a DAITY RTPORT SHTET Highway No.

Name of Consultant: O RTOUESI fOR INSPECTIOII SHEET

Highway No.: Package No.: .. Contractoi:
No. ...........
Day of week: ...... Date: ......... Supervisor's Name: .....vc
Time Arrived on \Work Site: Following works arelwill be ready for inspectiori at (time)
Time for Li,rnch-lefc at:
Time Departed from uTork Site: Time for Lunch-returned at:
on ..................(date). rJfork is thereafter intended to commence at ..(time)
on .................(date).
l,abour and Plant Working:
(24 hours' notice must be given.)
On site:
Idle: Description of Works

Area covered: ...

Location:

Activity covered: Type of rJfork: .........

Time: Description of ri7ork and Movement:

0800
0900
* Include details of materials, labour and plant, and number of delivery trucks
1000 to be
used.
1 100

7200 This request was received by ............(aD ........... (time) on ..............(clate)

1300 .................(Signature)
1400 Inspected by .......................on .^t .......
1500
1600
Engineer's Comments:

1700
1) Delete as inapplicable.
a) Inspection passed. The contractor is ailowed to proceed with the works.
1800 b) Remedial works listed below to be completed and re-inspection is required
1900 afterwards.
Remarks:
c) Remedial works listed below to be completed but no further inspection
required.
Inspection ,/ Approval Sheets .. Nos. Attached 2) Remedial works to be completed:
Signature

Remarks of Supervisor:
Signature of Supervisor
Note: Use back as continuation sheet. Signed (Engineer) ............ ..........at .(time) on (date)
n. Raina's Field Manual tor Highway ana Bridge Engineers
f f naina's Fieu Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
APPENDICES
APPENDICES
Highway No.
Highway No. ............
. WORK APPROVAI. CARD
. WORI( APPROVAI. (ARD
For Pourtne Concrete
For Embankment FltI

Location: Description: .........

Location: Description:
Date:.... Name of Supervisor
Date: ..... Name of Supervisor :

Vork Descriptlon Approved Work Descdption Approved

- Work Descdption Approved Work Descrlptlon Approved
Setting out, including
Dimensions of formwork
Previous layer of fill Source and classification
Lines and Levels approved for covering of fill rnatedal
up
Layout and bending of
reinforcement, including Area to be filied Suitability of equipment
Box-out and fittings
number of bars clear of standing water for spreading and
compacting

Condition of General clean liners and Area to be filled Adequary of

reinforcement control of water clear of rubbish and Contractorrs sr.rpervision
vegetation

Cover to and binding Access to pour for

labour and materials, Tools and equipment
of reinforcement available
including safery

Condition and fixing fbols and equipment,

of formwork available, including
vibrators Other comments:

Other comments:

Approved confirmed: A.R.E. Approved confirmed A.R.E.

'---- Rarna's Field Manual.for Highway and Bridge Engin""o !

f Raina's rre H Manual tor Highway and Bridge Engineers .-**----fi
APPENDICES
APPENDICES

Highway No. Highway No.

. WORK APPROVAI. CARD . WORKAPPROVA1CARD

For Pa.aement Lq.lers For BqcWA tu Sffucture. Culoert or p4re

Location: Description: Location: Description: .........

Date:.... Name of Supervisor : Date: ,... Name.of Supervisor

Work Description Approved Work Descriptlon Approved Work Description Approved Work Description Approved
Subgrade or previous Tack or prime coat or
All work to be covered Source and classification
layer of pavement other surface treatment *
approved for covering of backfill marerial
approved

Area to be covered Source classification or Area to be backfilled Suitability of equipmenr

clear of standing water mix of material to be clear of standing water for spreading and
used compacting

Area to be covered Suitability of equipment Area to be backfilled Adequacy of

suitably clean for spreading and clear of rubbish and Contractor,s superuision
compacting vegetation

Line and Level (dip Adequacy of contractor's

Trench sheeting and Tools and
sheets to be attached supervision
other supports removed equipment available
here)

Tools and equipment ' If appropriate, attach pipe testing record sheets here.
available

Other comments: Other comments:

Approved confirmed: A.R.E Approved confirmed: A.R.E.

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana Bridge engineers f I Ralnas r.re ld Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

. i :,..- .F.;t3,. ir4 -.

APPENDICES
APPENDICES

Highway No. Highway No.

. WORKAPPROVATCARD

For Pouring Concrete to Precast'P.roducts

Location; Description: Location

Date: .... Name sf Supervisor r ... Date; ...

Work Description Approved Work Description ApproVed Work Description Approved Work Description Approved

Casting bed line and Box outs and fittings

level

Fixing of and cover O p er atton/ Calib ration

to reinforcement of concrete mixing
and strand plant

Condition of Clean liners and grading

reinforcement and of aggregates
strand

Anchorage blocks and Moisture in aggregates

load on strand

Shape condition, clean Tools, equipment and.,

lines and fixing of labour available for
formwork precasting

Other comments: Other comments:

Approved confirmed: A,R.E. Approved confirmed: A.R.E.

E
n Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eriage En1ineers
] I nur"t riu H Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
 A
Accelerator 295,307,745
Account 138,234,243
Accounting 7023,7083,1,087,1.092
Acknowledge me{t. 999,1236,1324,1,328
Additives 33,80,101
Administratibn 6,1.07 0,1079,1084
Admixture 295,304,346,364
Aeolian 47,554
Alligator 20,270,885,90L,1047,1,096
i
Alkali - Aggregare 366,373,530,540,553
Alligator 205,206,210,1200
Amendmenr 1,1,39,i.t44,Ll52,1.1.60

f u Bn Manuat br Htgnway and Bridge Engineers

^o,ru "
 INDEX INDEX

Analysis 99,106,108,1,60, 185,187 Bulldozer 30,31,47,166,17 r,992,993

Anchorages 33,228,232,234,250,261 Business 29,697,1048,L049,t064,I067
Anionic 74,80,8L,176 BBR Sray 267,280,287
Approval 10,1,1,L6,17,I9,20,24,26,27
Arbitration 1096,1!7 4,1L88,I1.89,1.249
Arches 235,236,237,238 'i
.

c
l

Asphalt t2,32,35,59,77,78,87 Cable Stayed 261,262,265,27 3,27 4,279,283,620,634

.,ll
Assembly 242,282,288,289,343,344,345,3j2 Caisson 297,351,411,41,2,413,414,540,648
..i Calcium 41,52,307,318,37 2,37 3,37 j,37 5,377,37 8
Assistant Resident Engineer 5,8,9,13,1.I08,L109
Authority 19,22,23,7 0,438,439,440,852,883 Canal 68,7 62,7 66,7 69,1.344
I
Canrilever 225,231,232,267,339,421
CapLllary 53,57,58,7 9,86,216,380,553
B I

j Capo- test 705,715

i

Backhoes 7303,1,304,L305 '

Cast in situ 227,239,247,297,324,334,393
t
Basalt 7 3,37 4,384,529,7 40,936 Cathodii 372,553,586,589
Batching Plant 34,307,356,489,535,978 ' Cationic 73,80,8I,112,173
Beacons 27,28,101.0 Cement 17,33,34,41,7 2,BI,B7,BB,9 5,98,1,00,I02
Beam 7 2,737,194,199,200,225,229,231 Chainage 74,15,781
Bedding 33,43,63,67,68,434,785 Charges 477,424,425,960,952,989,991
Bending 70,33,231,,232,239,263,27 0,277,300 Checking 8,9,11,12,13,25
Binder 7 2,7 8,79,8L,83,85,86 Checklist 112,179,607,7001, i008
Bidding 7077,1,083,"1112,11,79 Chromium 375,894
Biological 542,548 claims 6,15,1 83,7096,7099,1100
Bituminous Concrere 93,96,172,113,151,197 Classification L5,25,39,40,43
Blasting 2L,39,46,340,345,349,36g,370 Cleaning 131.,214,219,222,369
Blowing 17 2,297,422,423,425,431.,432 Clearanee 28,37,38,69,354,371.
Bond 85,86,87,162,17 0,21.3,21,5 Climate 727,257,258,534,539
Bonus 530,1 223,1238,1,242 Coats 90,128, 152,175,435
Breakdown 12,L42,i,44,L45,'1.46,t47 Combining 496,513
Bridges 177,178,193,225,225,227,232,233 Compaction 11.,L5,23,39,46,47
Bridgework 13,15,257,982,1170 Compressor 34,11.6,720,369,430,431,668,7 67
Built-up Spray Grour 85,90,1.17,I13,124,t25,94G Communication 5,12,17,20,35,10L2

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bidge Engine.rs f Rama's Fie ld Manuat for Highway and Bridge Engineers
f
INDEX
INDEX

Computers 34,701. Drawing 7,8,66,120,292

Condition Survey 193,685,68; ,69I Drilling 45,398,426,7Or,714
Consultant 530,558,670,688 Dryer t54,758,166,949,950
Contaminatio n 298,440,447,450,454 Drct 70,767,242,280
Conringency 24,433 Dump truck 30,993,995,996
Controls 29,1.L2,L81.,I88,24L Dusty 12),218,438,542
Conveyor 1,32,1,66,L70,172,350 tl
Correspondence A,13,6t9,t047 I

Corrosion 264,267,279,280,289,293,296
E
Cracking 43,93,104,1,94,195,205,206,207,215 Earthwork 30,34,921,,922,925,937,942,943
Crane 14,11,4,11,5,42L,7 85 East-bound 14
Curing 35,12L,I83,295,296,30I,302,303 I Elastomer 614,619,680
I

Crusher 1,30,208,832,936 Elecrriciry 19,879,880,1005,1005

Culvert 10,14,53,65,67,1,19 Embrittlement 583,586,913,9I4
Cuttings 39,46,47 Endoscopic 705,714
Environment 38,87,11.4,279,298,340
D Epoxy 242,27 8,280,281.,287,296,303,339,340
Escalarion 2j8,1.094,1096,LL00,L122
Daily report 5,9,12,74,15,16,43,783,1,84,185 Estimarion L41,596,650,j.199
Dayworks 9,14,885,1222 Evaluare 645,687,688,123G,1,285
Decision 1.t,421,435,558,7 03,858,1,047 Excavation 19,2L,30,39,43
Definirion 7 5,683,7 58,1027,1028 Existing services 17,19,22,23,68
Delegation L07 0,107 1,1,092,1244,1253
Expansion joints 1 0,33, 3 4,177,17 8,232,233,235
Demolition 385,7 40,779,7002,1021, Expenditure 19,24,L106,1I31,1155 Jt56
Dense 42,7 I,83,84,93,94,95 Explosive 384;4L7,431.,7 40
Desert 4I,102,54L External 72,231,240,242,298,299,319
l
Diaphragm 326,620,621,630
Diaries 5,8,12,13,1,286
Dilution 129,1090
F
Dispute 11.30,1.231,,1249 Fences 22
Diversion 17,79,20,22,23,29,721, Fender 665,666
Dnin 43,49,52,57,66 Final Account L221.,1.235,1,236

Raina's Fiold Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers

I f naina's rieu Manuat for Highway and Bddge Engineers
INDEX
INDEX
Financial Aspects 1.7,24
Infl uence 57,80,229,324,352,387,408
Financing 7083,1087,1090,7121,
Inspecrion 1.0,76,17,I9,22,29,45,59
Finishes 33,299,573,793
Installation 69 ,L32 ,261. ,27 7 ,272 ,27 5 ,282 ,287 ,288,28g ,2go
First aid 7,115,1.32,702
Instruction 77,1,2,1,5,2'1,,24,66,402
Fixing 15,1 17,300,321,326
Insurance 25,27,1.32,1096,1.']..'16,L'J.23
Formaldehyde 37 6,526,528,529
Inreresr 237,688,989,991.,1027,1,029
Formation 15,39,40,47,54,66,67,7I
Inrernal 103,145,240,286,299,335,339,413
Freyssiner 261,,27 5,27 6,281,282,283,284 ^.1..
.
',.1 Investigation 9,797,297
FrDrc 1221, 1 222,1223,1224
Invitation 7127,11,37,1,138,1.739,1162
Function 131,137,292,304,330,340,394,
Invoices 25,1281,,7285,L319,1325,1,337
Fog Spray 85,92,93,111,113;129,361

J
G
Jackhammer 738,933
Generator 97 I,985,989,997,998
J etttng 353,476,417,423,454,467,47 5
Grader 30,31,32,165,922,926
Granite 7 3,37 4,384,385,500
Guaranree 267,278,387,524 L
Grouting 242,246,27 5,27 8,280,282,286,295
Laboratory 2,8, 1 0, 1 1, 1 3, 18,19,27,33,43 ;4g,5 4,55,58,68
Guafi 742,337,415,438
Labour 2,74,1,5,17,18,26,28,29,35,68,1.79,132,240
Gypsum 41,376,377,378,379
Laitance 303,304,305,340,343,349,3i3,354,355,368
Land 13,22,24,37,38,64,714Jr6,193,337,394,4j.2
H Leadership 11.02,1.1,03,1t04,1.L05,1.1.06,1,107
Legal 9,25,7 80, 1003, i009, 1028
Handling 34,80,81,!01,1.1.1.,I1,4 J1.5,1.I9
Limestone 7 4,77,95,100,1,I5,37 4,3A4,404,484,527
Hauling 31,32,258,7 81,,925,993
riquid 39,59, 50,61, ,77 ,79,81,85,87,88
Hydrogen 37 6,382,383,556,583,586
Liquid Seal Coar B5,88, 1 1 1,,1,j.3,'t 28,20L,202
Hygroscopic 57,58,119
Loader 30,31,LL4,928,993,9g4
Hypothecation 1091,11.21
Logic 1.112,1.1 13,1284
Lok -Test 705,715,71.5
I Longitudinal 1,17 ,138,139 ,742 ,143,144,149 ,1.63 ,164,17 5
Indicaror 183,597,598,645,7 17,7 18,958 Losses 242,323,324,403,409,87 z,gt3,t}gl
Rainats Fietd Manuat far Htghway.end eadae engineerc
f rieu Manuatfor Highway
f aaina's and Bridge Enginoars
INDEX
INDEX

Lubrication 1.31,132,417,61,5,848,7018
organic 47,88,100,162,307,339,37 5,37 6,377
Outline 105,685,6s6,870, i 029, i 030, 0 33,1041 1

M P
Machine 34,708,118,133,1.41,160,762,163,169,170,176,17g,780
Parapers 10,297,299,434,438,502,619,630
Marine 279,37 3,397,398,404,486,525,533,539 Partern 147,146,747,1.i2,17 4,204,205,207
Majeure 1248,1.249,1.250,1254,1256,1258,1259 paver 32,89,733,135,136,137,138,739,140
Mainrenance 91,93,96,98,103,1I5,LL8,731,l7 1,L97
Pavement 8,10,12,1.4,L5,55,7 L,72,7 5,7 5
Maintenance Period 436,885,886
Penalry 175,438,439,1237
Manager 34,887,1.044,1057,7064,107 0,1,07 B
Personnel 5,7,33,L40,183,357,536,665
Mastics 98,804,805
Piling 13,15,297,393,394,396,401,,403,409
Mastic Asphalt 77,78,81,94,97,98,700
P its 23,39,43,47,48,200,332,386,432,437
Measurement 9,17,20,25,77,196
Planning 22,35,1 43,193,585,838,858, 1 0 34,1.065
Meeting 23,27,28,1.87,263
Plant & Labour 26
Ministry 21,,24,691,693,1057,7320
Plasrlc 39,41,50,51,,52,59,50,61,64,140,1.46,1,52
Miscellaneous 240,502,707,7 62,784,923
Plasticiser 295,3O7,528,534,567,57 4,587
Mix Design 33,7 L,95,95,98,99,101,702,103,105,7 40,t 4B,I5:.
Pneumatic 15,32,91,727,I30,7 47,j, 49,1 50,152,763,17 3
Mobilisation 17,33,35,1095,L1,I7,1151
Polyester 5L4,795,795
Modification 94L,lO7 1,707 3,1097,71,03,71.28,1.758
Post tension 234,235,24I,242,245,246,247,296,3I9
Money 1,9,68,257,258,1091, 1098
Potholes 20,116,192,193,1.94,795,204,220,221
Moniroring 153,361,530,584,588,595
Precaurion 355,383,398,545,552,580
Monthly 24,1093,1097,1123,11,67,1,769
Preconstruction 1191
Motor 30,3L, 32,765,168,17 1
Prel i minary 21,105,1 16,248,52g,552,580,65 5,690
Premix 94,97,11,2,1,58,154,155,1.56

N Prernix Seal Coat 93,97,97,112,113,1.58

Notification 11,,29,1,1,36,1137,11,45,1,752,1.240
Prequalificario n 1,043,1,044,1045,1046,1047,1053,1056
Prestressed Concrere 225,225,227,23t,234,239,241,,242,245,262
Pretension 836
o ) Prime
Prime
85,86,93,11.1,113,176,120,L22,125,152,154
coat 85,86,93,1,t1.,113,L20,122,125,152,154
Open Graded 93,94,96,97,104,7t1.,112,71.3,).j0,1,54
P robe 598,645,7 05,7 07,7 09,7 L0,7 17
Operation 15,22,33,97,109,716,1,1,8
Procurement 1063,107 0,11,27,1.129,7130,1132

Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Brtdge Enoineers

f f aaina'" ri"u Manuat for Highway and Bidge Engineers
"r€.+i5..,r,rGin*&.",, .-
 INDEX
INDEX

Producrion Rates 167, 17 1,17 2,12g1,72g2,72g6 Responsibility 10,18,20,47,357,440,536,634,697,782,842,843

Productiviry 30,31.,32,L65,993,994,995 Retarder 295,307,525,531.,532,533,j57,j7 4,580
Progress 8,9,1.3,I4,1,5,76,17,27,23,26,28 Rerention 52,57,55I,886,1735,L178,I227,1 226,1,228,1231
Pulverised 50,165,I70,308,739 Pading 7 2,)1,98,103,1.30,\36,169,191,193
Pump B 1,83,3 38,3 46,354,405,7 67,7 68J 96,7 98 F|lgid 7 2, 17 5,23 1,23 6,238,2 4Z,Z4S,ZI Z,Zt S,ZAO
Pylon 267,268,269,27 0,272,27 3,288,28g Rtsk 9,92,L27,132,155,157,4I3,41,5,431,432
PFA 49,50,295,308,309 Rollers 18,32,48,54,99,727,133,I4I,144,1.47,t48

o S
Qualification 7039,1040,1043,7063,7066,1069,r07 3,107 4
Sand Asphalt Base 94,702,t73
safety' 29,46,68,69,1.r7,71.5,1,79,j,30,1,37,132
Sampling 27,1,83,309,332,342,486,534,536,537,r85
R
Sandstone 7 3,n 384,385,404,559,7 4r
Radar 707,7 03,705,7 14,987,998 Scaffolding 7,33,232,239,240,597,7 02,861
RAil 130,243,245,246,258,287,289,422,424 Scale 1.8,64,59,140,198,300,355,377,509
Rammers 947 Schedules 1,0,33,35,846,1706,114j,775r,1,L52
Rebar 18,48,76,583,588,5g0 Schmidt 705,707,708
Receipt 300,336,1077,1090,71.27,1140,1 r41,1 1 48,1152 Scientific 890,11L2,11,13
Recommendarion 318,401, 434,592,594,67 6 Scraper 701,922,923
Recycled 71.2,rr3,154,155,167,t68,170,77 1 Screens 935,950,1019,1023
Refinery 77,78,79,948 Security 27 5,650,9I4,91!,1008,11,27,1t29
Rehabilitation 93,r93,200,416,584,599,683,690 Segregation 1.LL,1 L4,1.33,I34,I35,136,1.G2,1,64,1GG,I77,302
Reinforced Concrere 225,226,227,243,24j,246,247,249,298 Sequence 17,30,3t,32,742,167,216,277,280,287,324,456
Reliabiliry 261.,267,7 15,722,7 33,7 35 Service 7,19,23,24,29,789,277,278,279,28A 524,392,42I
Remedial 47,134,1,62,753,204,205,206,380,j62,583 sening 17,18,27,28,33,46,63,66,67,69,76,77,80,122,t33
Removable 350,352,826,918,967 Shipment 259,559,121.5 -ii'

Report 2,5,72,14,15,'t 6,1.8,24,43,184,185,302,312,402,405 Sinking 2g7,393,472,4L3,4L4,415,$6,41,7

Request 8,t6,L9,28,46,691,7 58,902,1.740,7158,1r5g,11,63 skid 7 5,90,9r,98,103,t04J61.,159,t7 3,1gr
Requiremenr 55,95,177,141,16t,!7 I,t94,305,321,325 Slurry Seal 80,81.,g3,94,98,112,t1.3,t61.,1.62,1,63,203,204,219,220
Resident Engineer 5,6,9,9,71,13,14,67,7 6,1g3,407,530,1096 smooth L8,2L,22,6g,7 4,9I,104,120,1,22,L23,124
Residue 37,38,475,850 Soaking 454,458,467,483

Raina's Field Manual for Highway ana eridge engineers f aaina'" rua Manualfor Highway and,Bttdge Engineers
f
INDEX
INDEX

Software 243,7030,7273,721,4,7215,1216,L2L7,7218J"219 Temporary 7,9,10,17,79,20,29,33,34,47,48,7 5,89,90,9r

South-bound 14 . Tendon 273,287,292,319,321,322,323,327,328,330
spray 86,87,90,92,93,1I1,173,1.'t 8 J.Lq,I2O Terms 39,43,44,45,46,78,89,90,9',r03,12i.,196,798
Spreader 122,1.23,1.28,L62,177,272,275,997,1060,708L Thermal 207,488,540,544,546,5i3,557,561.
spreading 31,32,45,7 5,89,122,724,125,1.27,1.33,1,35,739
Tesrs 1 0, 1 1, 27,5 4,55,56,58,68,92,108,1 1g,1.53,17 B
St^ff 2,3,6,7,8,1,1,13,26,27,28,34,35,69,1.83
Tolerance 48,77,188,297,299,396,397,849,899
srage 1 0, 1 7, 1 9,21,22,26,49,56,68,69,7 2,1.08,146,r48
Stakeholder 1.346,1347
i Tools 34,11.5,1.78,732,1,62,169,180,221,222,430,47
3
Towers 263,309,41.4,1,780
Statistical 486,487,516,520,121.8
Tractor 922,923,924,925,926,927,928,945,946
Stockpiling 114,164,165,166,17o,1,272
Training 1L5,646,t030,t08G,1, rOZ,r1O4, 1 1 O j, I 1 06
Stone 41,52,55,7 2,77,88,89,90,92,94,100
Tack Coar 79,85,87,88,11I,1,73,1.17,t21,L22,124,150,L52
Storage 10,50,11.1.,11,4,775,I3I,167,258,300,332,340
Transverse 133,135,136,137,1.38,142,145,149,1.55,157
Strand 264,27 5,280,282,284,288,292,324,331,332
Treatmenr 52,85,90,g1,93,98,121,178,201,202,203,204,208
Strategy 1083,1084,1098,1.172,L173
Streaking L97,203 Tremie 302,3J0,351,352,353,3i4,355,392,399,400
sffip 15, 163, 1 7 4,1,88,207,335,39r Trenches 79,39,47,48,52,21,G,792,880,1004,1021
Subconrracr 107 L,lO7 2,1,096,1099,7238,1245 Trial 23,58,87,j.05,708,1,40,141,147,17 4,306

Superplasticiset 526,528,529,530,537,532,533 Truck 30, 50, I 1 4,131,732,134,1 35,767,183,t84

Supervisor 2,5,L2,19,21,66,67,7 6,299,300,301 Tunnels 309,585,696,599,701,,1,002,1.021,71,20
surrounding 64,136,1,49,158,159,207,215,320,32r,350
Surfacing 77,83,84,91,92,93,96,97,I03,1.04,t72
Surface Dressing 78,82,90,9t,92,93,98,1.n J8,t18,1.21.,725
U
Suspension 16d,262,263,264,27 3,309,i29,3i2,394,4L6 utilities 7,19,22,23,2g,70,245,602,784,87g,s80

Suitability 1.4,1.5,43,73,7 4,105,297,308,320,471,526

Symptoms 20I,202,203,204,205,206,207,2L3,214
synthetic 37 5,7 56,794,7g5,7g7
V
Variations 8,9,t05,I40,153,j,G4,20I,212,243,268,27 4
T Vehicle 20,'t 02,'t 57,t81,L96,197,199
Tanker 31.,32,437,937,948,990,993,995 Visual 183, 18 4,194,30j.,425,,68G,69G,7 06,7 1 4
Tar 79,82,83,84,17 5,178,21,1,,37 9,594 Volcanic 41,374,550
Technique 222,241,267,27 8,32I,420,479
Telephone 7,L2,19,28,7 87, 1 006, 1 0 1 1, 1 01 2,1014 JOI6

Raina's Fietd Manual for Highway and Bridoe Engineers

] f Rainabrie H Manuat tor Highway and Bridge Engineers
INDEX

W
'wall 15,57,236,304,338,355,47 0,47 3,527
lTaterproofing 9 I,Z)J,J9 1,367,37 9,7 1,6,7 31,B 1 7,8 1 8, 856
\J(/ayleave 22,28,887
rvearing 7,10,32,72,73,7 5,82,83,84,90,96,97,98
rVell Foundation 297,421.,422,867
\(eighs 56, 1 8 1, 1 85,858,927,g35,936,9 46,9 53
\7est-bound 14
\{/ings 642,817,820,977 Dr. Raina is a highly qualified and experienced practising professional civil engineer with
V/orkabiliry 103,704,757,220,295,304,30G,308,309,352,38I sustained experience as senior Expert and Consultant to the United Nations, the World Bank
and various Consulting Engineering organisations.
\rorld Bank 196,1,1,29,1736,1.177,71.g7,1222,1222,t26t
P rofe s s io n al M em be rsh i o s :
. Member: lnstitution of Civil Engineers, London, UK (MICE)
. Chartered Engineer, London, UK (C.Eng.)
. Professional Engineer, Ontario, Canada (p.Eng.)
. Member: lndian Roads Congress, New Delhi, lndia (MIRC)
' Member: Various professional civil engineering committees dealing with drafting of codes of practice
for design, construction and specifications, fixing budget and management criteiia for various works,
reviewing technical books and papers, monitoring work of certain research projects and selection and
rccruitmcnt of engineers
Acad e m i c Qua I ifi c ati o n s :
. Ph.D. (Civil Engineering), London University (lmperial College), London, England, 1966
Major field : Concrete Structures and Technology
' D.l'c. (concrete structures and rechnology) Masters Degree, lmperial college, London,
England,1964
' 9'S". (Civil and Municipal Engineering), Banaras University, lndia, 1961. Awarded two gold medals
for medt, 1st Class 1st
Key Exoeriences:
' He has a rirell rounded Consultant engineering experience over a decade and a half as a Senior
-
Expert and Consultant to the United Nations, World Bank and African Development Bank AND over
two decades competitive practising professional expeiience with lnternationaiConsulting Engineers
in the Private sector, in developed as well as developing countries, and as Advisor to various Govern-
ments.
. Presentl)r. Technincat Directol ITNL (lL &FS),
' Previously TechnicalAdviso[ Bahrian . eatar sealink project, MowH, Govt of Bahrain.
Sr. Expert / Consultant: U. N. / World Bank / African Development Bank;
Operations Advisor {Bridge Engineering, Contract Management, Training ii Design and
.
Construction-Supervision) - as an lndependent Consultant
Rainas Field Manuat for.Highway and Bridge Engineers
f
', f i..J, {,,rtt...rtr, ..,
. Has designed and supervised construction of over 100,000 lane-meters of concrele bridges in Country Experience:
different countries on various types of foundaiions in different substrata conditions. [Prestressed i. Bahrain
and reinforced concrete straight / skew / curved - continuous, semi-continuous and determinate ii. Bangladesh
' decks (voided slabs, boxes, beams-and-slab), constructed segmentally, in-place or precast in place/ X. Lesotho (Southern Africa)
launched; on caisson / pile / open foundationsl. Also worked on the design of industrial structures,
iii. Bhutan
xi. North Yemen
buildings, aircraft hangars, chimneys, cooling towers, water tanks & towers, reservoirs, silos, port
iv. Fosnia Hezegovina xii. SaudiArabia
structures, etc. v. Canada xiii. Serbia
. He also carried out Assessment of Engineering for the United Nations in the 160,000 sq.Km. opera-
vi. Croatia xiv. Sri Lanka
tional area in ex-Yugoslavia under DPKO and UNPROFOR vii. England XV. USA
viii. lndia xvi.
His main capacity lies in : Yugoslavia
ix. lraq
. policy Design and Executive Direction (civil engineering, including transportation, design and xvii. Zambia
construction sectors) Brief Work Summary
. lnstitution building, Establishing parameters, developing Terms of Reference, managing . Design and Construction of different types
of Concrete Bridges
Engineering and personnel, assistance in establishing Roads Authority. . Advise on policy Matters, Objectives and
. Design and Construction ofConcrete Bridges Business & Strategic plans.
. Contract Management and Monitoring 8:T.".UT;l Manuar and Maintenance-Manasement-systems-
. Technical Audit
,T: LfJ[? tibfi::;"'*t
' Pranning, Design, rnvestigations, surveys,
. Procurement, including review of Bidding Documents to the requirements of lnternational Documents, Construction & Constn. H
RouteJocation, Quantities, costing, contract
Organizations (World Bank, United Nations, African Development Bank, European Union, etc.) : npprriJil ,no O.A.a e.C. for the Works.
. "in"O,
Technical Audit of numerous Civil Engineering projects.
Consultant Services, Works Contracts
. lnvestigation of Construction Failures / Claims / Dispute Resolution / Solutions / Rehabilitation
. Composition of *
. projectAppraisal and Review and Construction Supervision (Consultants and Conlractors works) - Procurement Manual
. Human Resource Management, selection of senior engineers for design / construction / - Technical Manual (Design of Bridges)
procurement, and - Technical Manual (Constructiurr and Rehabilitation
of Concrete Bridges)
-'-J--t
. Transfer of Technology Training of Policy-makers and senior-Engineers though practicing
- Construction Administration
professional capsule type Power Point presentations. - TechnicalAdvisories
He has Authored : Establishing and managing a Roads Authority:
advise on variousissues, sach as ,.
. Nine practical reference-class books in civil engineering (based on extensive professional experi- - Purpose of Roads Authority (RA)
ence in several countries). The Titles are : - Mission of RA
- Raina's Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers. - Jurisdiction of RA
- The World of Bridges. - Setting up a Road Board (RB)
- Concrete Bridges Handbook. - Setting up a Road Fund (RF)
- Concrete Bridge Practice - Analysis, Design and Economics. - Setting up a Road Fund Board (RFBd.)
- Concrete Bridges - lnspection, Repair, Strengthening, Testing and Load Capacity Evaluation of - FormatofRA
Bridges. - M Stafiing
- Consultancy and Construction Agreements for Bridges, including Field lnvestigations. - RA He Organogram
- Concrete for Construction - Facts and,Practice. Measures needed to expedite / streamline
RA working
- Concrete Bridge Practice - Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation, and Handling redundant staff from parent Ministry
- Construction Practice - The lnside Story (Publishers : Mccraw Hill' Rolling Corporate plan of RA
New York, Tata-McGraw l-{ill, and Shroff-Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai). Managerial accountability
. Numerous Papers, TechnicalAdvisories and Operational Procedures (on construction, design, lntroducing sound business practices
into M,s working
rehabilitation, Procurement and contract management & monitoring) for training Policy-makers and Financial Accounting System (RA _
FAS)
senior-Engineers through specialisl refresher courses' Financial Statement
Cost Accounting System (RA _ CAS)
Management lnfo Systems (MlS) for roads
and bridges, i.e. Road Management System (RMS)

-... Ar;,r !.. . . f1*3 .i_:

 CONCRETE BRIDGES:

- Key lndices for measuring "Performance" of RA

SONGMETE lnspection, Repair, Strengthening, Testing,
Load Capacity Evaluation
- Duties of 'Planning Unit' in RA EffigBSES Author: Dr. V. K. Raina
- Developing domestic contractors for road maintenance Pages : 546 @ 2005 Hardbound
- Allocating funds from RF to various road agencies ISBN : 978-81-7366-926-z
- Some typical road maintenance costs (Southern Africa)
- Bodies that manage different types of roads & requirements
,l
This state-of-the-art book offers almost all
there is to
know about'rehabilitation' of concrete anC josiie
Carrying out Technical Audit, and mounting missions for contract monitoring, construction-supervi-
sion for ongoing works, analysis and time framing of work programs, construction schedules and "t bridges. Drawn from the author's "om ou"i"
over-runs .
F' ii multitude of projects, this absolutely"*p"ri.n."
practice orienleJ
l\ |
. lnsilttlnil. nenxlt 'Prescriptions' book provides a d'eiailed excursio;
Examine appropriateness of Design Consultants' structural solutions (for optimization of Quantities
.Slftilltlhcnn?. festnU into the types of distress usually observaOfe,
and adequacy of construction techniques) . luilil Cailrcity tvthrnil0il cracts
and wounds and their remedies.
Dr. Raina also worked on a multi-billion dollar Hiohwav Development and Rehabilitation Proj- A
ects includino bridges. tunnels and culverts in various countries throuoh the United Nations Dr. V- K RATNA More than 400 illustrations and photographs
have
and World Bank for many vears. coverino : been used to unfold the various facets of bridge
repairs and strengthening. Meant specif ically
- Coordinating work in the field of transportation/traffic studies and economic evaluation of highway
for consultants, contractors and lheir clients,
the book is an indispensable reference for conducting
networks, hydrological studies and invesiigations, structural design, construction and repair of inspections, condition surveys,
performance monitoring and diagnostic tests
highways, bridges and associated structures, geo technical and foundation problems, materials for bridge repair and riaintenance. Besides
providing a tool-kit approach for repai
and testing, slope stability and rock slide studies, and operation and eval uation of routine and r and strengthening oi bridges, the book
into details of emergency bridging arrangements. also goes
preventive maintenance.
- Procurement
- Prequalifications,Tenders, Evaluations, Contracts.
- Programming and Liaisoning with Consultants, Contractors and Authorities.
- Providing technical support for project proposals, designs and procurement.
- Planning, analysis, design, economics, detailing, tender documentation.
- Maintenance and Rehabilitation. CONCRETE BRIDGE PBACTICE :
- Trainingofengineers. Construction, Maintenance and Rehabititation
- Providing direct on-call expertise to the Clients. Second Edition
- lnvestigating StructuralFailures.
- Writing / reviewing Consultancy / Construction Contract agreements. Pas es : .Alitii;?:.I; f.1T il
- lnvestigating and evaluating Construction Claims.
tSBN: 978_81_7366_959_0
- Assist in Dispute Resolution A comprehensive book on the subject, emDhasizino
construction practices, maintenince pro"eOui"l
and rehabilitation of bridges. A[ factors ,"f"t"J
io
bridge.aesthetic featuresl functionai i"qr""r""t.,
type of structure, method of construction,
,ut"ri"ls
to be used, etc., are covered in detail. tt"c"ss"iu
information, guidelines on actual practice
lists are provided. A number of coiour pnotogiupn.
of "il;;;[
modern bridges around the world included
iritf,d-O*t
would be of added interest.
 CONCRETE FOR CONSTRUCTION RAINA'S CONSTRUCT]ON & CONTRACT
Facts and Practice MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: The inside Story
Author : Dr. V. K. Raina Author: Dr. V. K. Raina
Pages : 272, @ 2OOS Paperback Paperback @ 2009
f SBN: 978-81 -7366-977-4
Pages : TBA
ISBN: TBA
This is a comprehensive and practical book
covering various parameters that affect the quality The book adopts a practising professional,s approach
of the structure. A practical and definitive method in discussing details of construction management.
of mix-design is followed by the fundamentals of Dissection of a project into planning and scheduling
statistical quality control of concrete. A complete vis-a-vis activity-orientation and events-orientation
chapter is devoted to the details of pumped
has been brought out with clarity. Considerable
concrete. Comprehensive information on cracking emphasis has been given to organisational set-up and
and repair and rehabilitation, including all materials manpower planning and administration and accounts,
and methods in use, is included. right down to the planning and functioning, liaison with
The book would serve as an invaluable guide to the banks, purchase and procurement, administration,
practising engineer responsible for the planning, execution and quality control of concrete. even library, printing and reproduction, travel and ticketing business that form part
a of the
overall comprehensive exercise. A whole chapter has been devoted to possible
btudents of civil engineering would also lind the book an extremely useful reference. contractual
problems covering development of disputes, creation of claims,
seeking- settlements, and
so on. The item on engineering has been broken down into great detail, covering
the
various aspects, even of the duties of the technical personnel down the
lines.
RAINA'S CONCRETE BRIDGE PRACTICE
The. b.ook would be indispensable to practising engineers,
Analysis, Design and Economics 3rd Edition contractors and clients. Students
of civil engineering would also find the book extrJmely useful.
Author : Dr. V' K. Raina
Pages : 866' @ 2007 Hardbound
ISBN: 978-81-8404-378-5

The Third edition ol this highly successful book

is a complete reference on analysis, design and
eonomics of concrete bridges. Meant for design
engineers, coniractors, their clients and field THE WORLD OF BRIDGES
engineers, the book presents a practical and Author: Dr. V. K. Raina
systematic methodology to enable quick and Hardbound @ 2006
The World of Bridges
accurate design decisions. A step-by-step approach I
Pages :300
has been adopted throughout the text reflecting
the order in which a practising professional might
., ISBN : 978-81-8404-013_5
The book takes the reader on a fascinating ,, l,
proceed for designing a concrete bridge. journey through the history of bridges - covering {rji
The book contains more than 350 illustrations and photographs, tables and charts, and the art and science of development of bridge- I

covers in detail toPics such as: form as it evolved through ages through ihe
o Structural analysis o Stability of foundations cascading process of refinement ol techniques
o Soil mechanics r Foundation design of structural analysis, design and construciion
o Reinforced and Pre-stressed concrete design - incident to and assisted by improvement A.

o Estimating safe bearing capacity of soils for footings in man's understanding of the mechanics of
o Caissons and Piles structural behaviour coupled with development of better, stronger.and
more dependable
. Maintenance management system for highway bridges materials of construction, ever enabling him to negotiate the oSstructions
tnrouin oigge,
o Bridge distress reporting-A workman-like approach and bolder spans.
. etc., etc.
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