Lesson 11 Et332b

3/2/2018
Lesson 11_et332b.pptx
ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
LESSON 11: TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE

DATA AND CONNECTIONS
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After this presentation you will be able to:
 Identify transformer polarity using dot and conventional labeling.

 Explain and interpret information found on transformer name
plates.
 Compare and contrast the performance of three phase transformer
connections.
 Indentify the schematic symbols of potential and current
transformer. List characteristics on these devices and explain how
they relate to performance.
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TRANSFORMER MARKINGS AND POLARITY

Dot Notation - Terminals marked with a dot are considered instantaneously
positive
A I1 I2 C
+ +
EAB 0 degree
shift
- -
B D
N1 N2
Above Terminals A and C are positive at the same time
EAB ECD
Phasor Diagram
0 degrees
3
A + - I2 C
+
EAB 180 degree
+ shift
-
B + D
Above Terminals A and D are positive at the same time
EAB ECD
Phasor Diagram
180 degrees
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Conventional Labeling H = high voltage side
X = low voltage side
H1 + + X1
0 phase shift
H2 - X2
-
Terminal H1 more positive than H2. On secondary side X1 more positive

than X2

Conventional Labeling H = high voltage side
X = low voltage side
H1 + - X2
180 phase shift
H2 - X1
+ +
Note: Polarity of secondary is reversed creating 180 degree phase shift

across transformer
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TRANSFORMER NAMEPLATE DATA
Voltage ratings high side and low side values (no-load values)
Additional Voltage Markings
Dash (-) = Indicates voltages from

different windings
Slant (/) = voltages from same winding
Cross(x) = voltages obtained by series
or parallel connection of two
part windings
Wye (Y) = wye-connected windings
TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE RATINGS

Single Phase Examples 240 V winding
with a center tap
240/120
Two part winding that can be
240x120 connected in series for 240 V and
parallel for 120 V
240-120
A 240 V and separate
Three Phase Example 120 V winding
12470-480Y-277 V Two winding transformer. Wye

connected secondary with 277V
and 480 V available
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OTHER NAME PLATE DATA
Frequency Rated frequency of transformer
kVA Rated Apparent power of transformer
Apparent power rating determined by

construction and cooling- oil cooled. Oil
also provides insulation
Power ratings
AO rating - natural convection air and
oil.
FA rating - natural convection of oil and
forced air
FOA rating - forced air and oil circulation
TRANSFORMER POWER RATINGS

Typical ratings 30/40/50 MVA AO/FA/FOA
Forced oil by
Dry Type Insulated transformers (no oil) Typical circulating
at voltages of 15 kV and below pumps
Classes Forced air by

AA - dry type, self-cooled, natural convection of air radiators and
fans
AFA - Dry type, forced-air cooling
AA/FA Dry type self-cooled/forced air cooled
Dual rating that requires fans
10
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OTHER NAME PLATE DATA

Impedance measured at indicated
Percent
temperature. Base S and V values are the
Impedance
ratings of the transformer
Temperature Maximum allowable temperature rise

Rise
Heat effects the insulation Excessive

heating reduces life of transformer
Insulating medium and cooling ( see

Class
previous slide)
11
BASIC IMPULSE LEVEL

(Basic Impulse Level) Measures the
BIL maximum voltage stresses that the
transformer can handle
Impulse tests used to simulate the
effects of lightning over-voltages
Voltage surges in excess of the BIL

can cause insulation failures
12
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THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Transformers increase voltage, decreasing current in power systems.
Lower I means less power loss due to I2R losses in lines, cables,
transformers, etc
I V
V I
Step up Step down
transformer transformer
Generator
Three phase transformers

3 single-phase units can form 3-phase bank
or
Single three-phase transformer (3 separate cores in a single tank)
Step up/down transformers are different connections of 1-f units or coils based on
wye-delta configurations
13
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Examples from the field
Three-Phase Transformer Single

Unit, Substation Type
Three Phase Bank

Three individual Transformers
14
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DELTA-DELTA (D-D) CONNECTION
primary
secondary
Parallel coils are part of same transformer or core
Phase
diagram
Advantages: Absorbs unbalance of load. Unbalance I circulates in delta.

Lose one transformer and can still operate
Disadvantages: No natural neutral

15
WYE-WYE CONNECTION
C
Three phase, four-wire , grounded wye primary
A
B Advantages:
C A
N
Two voltage levels available
B Graded High voltage insulation
H2 H2
Easy balancing between 1-f
H1 H2 H1 H1
and 3-f loads

c
Disadvantages:
X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1
a
208
a
Single phase short circuit
208
b
208
120
120
currents passed. Zero

c
120
n
120/208 b
sequence (3rd Harmonics
passed)
Three 7200 - 240/120 V transformers
Primary VAn = VBn = VCn = 7200 V H1 - H2 VLL = 12470 V Total Bank power:
Secondary Van = Van = Vcn = 120 V X1 - X2 VLL = 208 V
S1 + S2 +S3 = ST
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DELTA-DELTA (180O SHIFT)

Three phase, three-wire, delta primary
B
Advantages
A
B Ideal for motor loads, 3-wire.
C A C Can tolerate single line shorts with
no interruption.
Traps 3rd harmonic currents
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
Disadvantages
Full insulation required on H.V.
Windings.
X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1
T1 must be larger KVA when

c a
a
Serving 1-f load with 3-f.
240
240
b
240
120
No natural ground point

120
c 208
b
n
120/208/240 Unbalanced connection when
serving 1-f and 3-f loads together
3 Transformers 7200 - 240/120 V
primary VA = VB = VC = 7200 V VLL = 7200 V Bank power
Secondary Vab = Vbc = Vca = 240 V VLL = 240 V S1 + S2 +S3 = ST
180o phase shift H1-H2 to X1-X3

17
EXAMPLE FROM FIELD

12.47 kV Line-to-
line primary
Smaller size
indicates lower
power rating
Secondary
connections
Three-Phase Bank
Unequal Transformer Power Ratings
18
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DELTA-WYE CONNECTION- 30° PHASE SHIFT

B
A
B
C A C Advantages:
Single phase load easy to
balance. New neutral point is
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
established. Two voltage
levels. Traps 3rd harmonics
b
X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1 Disadvantages:
a Full insulation required on H.V.
winding of transformers
n
a
208
208
b
208
120
120
c
Bank Power
120
c
n
120/208
S1 + S2 +S3 = ST
3 Transformers 7200-240/120 V
Primary VLL = Vp = 7200 V
Secondary Van =Vbn = Vcn = 120 V Vab = 208 V
30o phase shift Van to VAn lag is standard
19
OPEN DELTA-OPEN DELTA

B
Two transformers supply
A
B balanced 3 phase voltages
C A C
and currents. Connection
itself is unbalanced
H1 H2 H1 H2
Bank Power
S1  S2
ST 
X3 X2 X1 X3 X2 X1
b 3
a
If S1 = S2
240 240
240
b n
120
120
c
2S1
ST 
a c
n
120/208/240
3
2 transformers 7200 - 240/120 V

Primary Vp = VLL = 7200 V Secondary VLL = Vp = 240 V
Transformers exchange reactive power to provide balanced
voltages and currents to 3-phase loads
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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
High power measurement requires highly accurate transformers to reduce
the levels or voltage and current to a safe range.
Meter coil ratings
Voltage coils for voltmeters, power meters and watthour meters
115 - 120 Vac

Current coils for ammeters, power meters and watthour meters
2.5-5 A (100% overload allowed)

(short time)
In power systems, voltage levels 100’s of kV and thousands of amps

Instrument Transformers – convert
Potential transformers (PTs)
high voltages and currents to Current transformers (CTs)
measurement levels
21
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CTS)

Single turn primary - usually the conductor with the current to be measured
Multi-turn secondary - side connected to low power instruments
Schematic Symbols
Bushing Standard
type CT type CT
Current transformer ratios

200/5 200 amps input gives 5 amps
output (40/1)
600/5 600 amps input gives 5 amps
output (120/1)
Can overload rated values
150-200% continuously
22
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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS (PT’S)

High accuracy transformers with minimum power
loss and very small voltage drop. Assume idea
operation of both CTs and PTs
Potential transformers reduces high voltages to
110-120 Vac range
Potential Transformer Schematic Symbol
Schematic
symbols should
indicate polarity
mark Can exceed
Vin ratings by
Typical potential transformer ratios approximately
±10%
39,837-115 Vac
6900- 115 Vac
23
PT’S AND CT’S CHARACTERISTICS

Power Ratings (burden)
VA rating of all instruments connected can not exceed
this value or accuracy of transformers will suffer
Phase Shift
Typically less than 1 degree of phase shift or less through
transformer
Voltage and Current Magnitude

Magnitude accuracy: Panel metering and protection < 0.5%
Revenue metering < 0.1%
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PT/CT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

PTs - always ground secondary. Capacitive coupling can
cause dangerously high voltage to develop on low voltage windings
CTs - NEVER OPEN LOAD ON CT CIRCUIT.

ALWAYS SHORT CT SECONDARY TERMINALS
BEFORE REMOVING LOAD. Can induce 2-6
kV on open secondary leads
2-6 kV
25
ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
END LESSON 11: TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE

DATA AND CONNECTIONS
26
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Lesson 11 Et332b

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3/2/2018

ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

LESSON 11: TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE

 Identify transformer polarity using dot and conventional labeling.

TRANSFORMER MARKINGS AND POLARITY

Above Terminals A and C are positive at the same time

TRANSFORMER MARKINGS AND POLARITY

Above Terminals A and D are positive at the same time

TRANSFORMER MARKINGS AND POLARITY

Terminal H1 more positive than H2. On secondary side X1 more positive

TRANSFORMER MARKINGS AND POLARITY

180 phase shift

Note: Polarity of secondary is reversed creating 180 degree phase shift

TRANSFORMER NAMEPLATE DATA

Additional Voltage Markings

Dash (-) = Indicates voltages from

TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE RATINGS

12470-480Y-277 V Two winding transformer. Wye

OTHER NAME PLATE DATA

Frequency Rated frequency of transformer

kVA Rated Apparent power of transformer

Apparent power rating determined by

TRANSFORMER POWER RATINGS

Classes Forced air by

Dual rating that requires fans

OTHER NAME PLATE DATA

Temperature Maximum allowable temperature rise

Heat effects the insulation Excessive

Insulating medium and cooling ( see

BASIC IMPULSE LEVEL

Voltage surges in excess of the BIL

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Three phase transformers

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Three-Phase Transformer Single

Three Phase Bank

DELTA-DELTA (D-D) CONNECTION

Parallel coils are part of same transformer or core

Advantages: Absorbs unbalance of load. Unbalance I circulates in delta.

Disadvantages: No natural neutral

and 3-f loads

currents passed. Zero

DELTA-DELTA (180O SHIFT)

T1 must be larger KVA when

No natural ground point

180o phase shift H1-H2 to X1-X3

EXAMPLE FROM FIELD

DELTA-WYE CONNECTION- 30° PHASE SHIFT

OPEN DELTA-OPEN DELTA

2 transformers 7200 - 240/120 V

115 - 120 Vac

2.5-5 A (100% overload allowed)

In power systems, voltage levels 100’s of kV and thousands of amps

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CTS)

Current transformer ratios

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS (PT’S)

PT’S AND CT’S CHARACTERISTICS

Voltage and Current Magnitude

PT/CT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

CTs - NEVER OPEN LOAD ON CT CIRCUIT.

ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

END LESSON 11: TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE

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