Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Selected Problems of Circuit Theory

Lecturer: Ph. D. Tomasz Sikorski

Institute of Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

Electrical Engineering Faculty
Wroclaw University of Technology

office: D-1, 205/8

tel: (071) 320 21 60
fax: (071) 320 20 06
email: tomasz.sikorski@pwr.wroc.pl

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Classes contents
Selected aspects of nonlinear
Circuit Synthesis
circuits

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Time table
FEBRU
ARY
MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

Md.

Td.

Wd.

Thd.

Fd.

Std.

Snd.

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Requirements or how to pass this course

Active contribution in the

Final homework
course

Desirable mark

• Active contribution: short solution of given problems, activities in groups, short competitions

• Final homework: detailed work containing description of selected subject belonging to the course
topics with set of literature, example of own problems and its solutions, analytic checking or
results of computer simulation

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Analysis – short review and reminding of knowledge

Activity - start
Please fill the empty “toolbox shelf” i.e. associate few selected analysis approach to conditions of
circuit work or general system description

• Empty “toolbox shelf”

Steady state Transient state General system description

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

• Selected set of analysis approach and system description

Toolbox 0 - universal approach

Kirchhoff laws with universal relations between voltage and
current:

e ( t ) − any time function Toolbox 4 - Convolution

diL ( t ) du ( t ) Relation between input and output in time
u R ( t ) = R ⋅ iR ( t ) , uL ( t ) = L , iC ( t ) = C c domain based on step response k(t) or impulse
dt dt response h(t)
d
Toolbox 1 - constant excitation Toolbox 6 - Fourier Transform x(t) y(t) y ( t ) =  x ( t ) ∗ k ( t ) 
k(t), h(t) dt
Simplified analysis Frequency characteristic of the system H ( jω ) y (t ) = x (t ) ∗ h (t )
e ( t ) = E = const , u R ( t ) = const , iR ( t ) = const.
u L ( t ) = 0, iL ( t ) = const , iC ( t ) = 0, uc ( t ) = const.
H ( jω ) H ( jω ) = H (ω ) ⋅ e
jϕ (ω )

Toolbox 2 - sinusoidal excitation

Symbolic analysis
e ( t ) = Em sin (ωt +ψ e )
Toolbox 5 - Laplace Transform Toolbox 3 - Laplace Transform
u R ( t ) , uL ( t ) , uC ( t ) → U R , U L ,U C
Transfer function H(s) Analysis in „s” domain
iR ( t ) , iL ( t ) , iC ( t ) → I R , I L , I C
u R ( t ) , uL ( t ) , uC ( t ) → U R ( s ) , U L ( s ) ,U C ( s )
e ( t ) → E , ( R, L, C ) → Z
X(s) Y(s) Y ( S ) = X (s) ⋅ s ⋅ K (s) iR ( t ) , iL ( t ) , iC ( t ) → I R ( s ) , I L ( s ) , I C ( s )
H(s), K(s) Y (s) = X (s) ⋅ H (s) e ( t ) → E ( s ) , ( R , L, C ) → Z ( s )

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

• Activity solution: filled “toolbox shelf”

Steady state Transient state General system description

Toolbox 0 - universal approach Toolbox 4 - Convolution
Kirchhoff laws with universal relations between voltage and Relation between input and output in time
current: domain based on step response k(t) or impulse
response h(t)
e ( t ) − any time function d
x(t) y(t) y ( t ) =  x ( t ) ∗ k ( t ) 
diL ( t ) du ( t ) k(t), h(t) dt
u R ( t ) = R ⋅ iR ( t ) , u L ( t ) = L , iC ( t ) = C c y (t ) = x (t ) ∗ h (t )
dt dt

Toolbox 1 - constant excitation Toolbox 3 - Laplace Transform Toolbox 5 - Laplace Transform

Simplified analysis Analysis in „s” domain Transfer function H(s)
e ( t ) = E = const , u R ( t ) = const , iR ( t ) = const. u R ( t ) , uL ( t ) , uC ( t ) → U R ( s ) , U L ( s ) , U C ( s )
u L ( t ) = 0, iL ( t ) = const , iC ( t ) = 0, uc ( t ) = const. iR ( t ) , iL ( t ) , iC ( t ) → I R ( s ) , I L ( s ) , I C ( s ) X(s) Y(s) Y ( S ) = X ( s) ⋅ s ⋅ K (s)
H(s), K(s) Y (s) = X (s) ⋅ H (s)
e ( t ) → E ( s ) , ( R, L, C ) → Z ( s )

Toolbox 2 - sinusoidal excitation Toolbox 6 - Fourier Transform

Symbolic analysis Frequency characteristic of the system H ( jω )
e ( t ) = Em sin (ωt +ψ e )
u R ( t ) , uL ( t ) , uC ( t ) → U R , U L ,U C
H ( jω ) H ( jω ) = H (ω ) ⋅ e jϕ (ω )
iR ( t ) , iL ( t ) , iC ( t ) → I R , I L , I C
e ( t ) → E , ( R , L, C ) → Z

Activity - end

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Analysis vs Synthesis
Analysis problem: Synthesis problem:
Given the structure and the input of the system Given the input and the output of the system
we determinate its output we wish to find its structure

The answer of analysis (systematic approach): The answer of the synthesis (design approach):
There is one answer Sometimes there is no answer and often the
answer is not unique

The available elements for the synthesis

Synthesis

Passive circuits Active circuits

One-port circuit Two-port circuit

(Driving Point Immittance) (Transfer Immittance, Filter
design)

LC RL RC RLC
class class class class

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Synthesis of Passive Circuits

One-Port Circuits: Two-Port Circuits:
I(s) I1 (s) I (s)
2

U (s) U (s) U (s)

1 2

U (s) U1 ( s ) Additionally:
- driving point impedance - driving point impedance
I (s) I1 ( s ) U 2 (s)
- voltage ratio
I (s) I1 ( s ) U1 ( s )
- driving point admitance - driving point admitance
U (s) U1 ( s ) I 2 (s)
- current ratio
U 2 (s) I|1 ( s )
- transfer impedance
I1 ( s )
I 2 ( s)
- transfer admitance
U1 ( s )

Immittance is the word used generically for impedance and admittance. In other words, we can realize
immittance using impedance or admittance approach. The designer decide if the created structure of
the circuit represents impedance or admittance. Functions serves as immittance must fulfil set of very
specific requirements.

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Immittance and rational positive real function

A network with finite number of R,L,C elements has a driving point immittance, one-port impedance
Z(s) or admittance Y(s), of the rational form:
N (s) an s n + an −1s n −1 + ... + a1s + a0
F (s) = =
D ( s ) bm s m + bm−1s m−1 + ... + b1s + b0
Given function F(s) can be immittance of design RLC passive circuit (in Z(s) or Y(s) form) only if fulfil
requirements for being rational positive real function.
Condition for real character of F(s) (necessary and sufficient):
C.R.1. coefficient of numerator ( an , an−1 ,..., a1 , a0 ) and denominator ( bm , bm −1 ,..., b1 , b0 )
polynomials must be real
Conditions for positive character of F(s) (sufficient):
C.P.1. coefficient of numerator ( an , an −1 ,..., a1 , a0 ) and denominator ( bm , bm −1 ,..., b1 , b0 )
polynomials must have the same sign
C.P.2. power of “s” in numerator and denominator may differ at most by 1 ( ( n − m) ⊂ {−1,0,1} )
C.P.3. Poles and zeros must lie on the left-hand half plane or on the imaginary axis
C.P.4. If the poles and zeros lie on the imaginary axis their must be single (real s=0 or in conjugate
pairs s = ± jω ) and F(s) must have positive, real residues for poles

s = s pole s → s pole
( )
( res F ( s ) = lim s − s pole ⋅ F ( s ) ), and positive, real derivative for zeros F ( s zero )
'

{ }
C.P.5. replacing s = jω obtained form must have positive real part Re F ( jω ) ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ ω ≤ ∞

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Example
Verification process of F(s) in point of possible realization as one-port RLC immittance (test of
realizability)

Verified function (F(s)) Check list of conditions

s C.R.1 all coefficient real O.K.
F (s) = 2
s + 2s + 1 C.P.1 all coefficient with the same sign O.K.
power of numerator n=1
zeros: s=0 C.P.2. power of “s” in numerator and denominator differs by 1 O.K.
power of denominator m=2 n-m=-1
poles: s1,2=-1 C.P.3 all zeros and poles lie on the left-hand half plane or on the O.K.
imaginary axis
C.P.4 only one zero lie on the imaginary axis and its real O.K.
the derivative in s=0 is real and positive

F ( s = 0) =
' ( s 2
+ 2 s + 1) − 2 s ⋅ s
=1
(s + 2 s + 1)
2
2
s =0

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

C.P.5 jω jω O.K.
F ( jω ) = = =
( jω ) + 2 jω + 1 − ω + ω
2 2
1 2 j

jω ⋅ (1 − ω 2 ) − j 2ω  2ω 2 + jω (1 − ω 2 )
= = ;
(1 − ω ) (1 − ω )
2 2
2
+ 4ω 2 2
+ 4ω 2

2ω 2
Thus, Re { F ( jω )} = and its real and positive
(1 − ω )
2
2
+ 4ω 2

for al 0≤ω ≤ ∞
Final decision: Circuit possible for design and realization in RLC passive class

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Verified function (F(s)) Check list of conditions

s2 −1 C.R.1 all coefficient real O.K.
F (s) = 2
s + 3s + 2 C.P.1 there is one coefficient which sign differs from the others NOT
power of numerator n=2 O.K.
zeros: s1=1, s2=-1 C.P.2.
power of denominator m=2
poles: s1=-1, s2=-2 C.P.3
C.P.4

C.P.5

Final decision: Circuit can not be design and realize in RLC passive class
Verified function (F(s)) Check list of conditions
F (s) = s + j C.R.1 there is one complex coefficient NOT
power of numerator n=1 O.K.
zeros: s1=-j C.P.1 all coefficient with the same sign O.K.
power of denominator m=0
C.P.2. power of “s” in numerator and denominator differs by 1 O.K.
n-m=1
C.P.3 all zeros and poles lie on imaginary axis O.K.
C.P.4 there is zero s=-j which lies on imaginary axis but hasn’t got its NOT
conjugate pair s=j O.K.
C.P.5

Final decision: Circuit can not be design and realize in RLC passive class

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Activity – beginning
Verify if given function F(s) can be realized as one-port RLC immittance (test of realizability)

s 2 + 2s 7 s 2 + 5s + 1
a) F (s) = 2 e) F (s) = 4 2
s + 4s + 3 s + s + s +1
s+4 2s + 1
b) F (s) = 2 f) F (s) = 2
s + 3s + 2 s + 3s + 2
3s − 1
c) F (s) = 2 g) F (s) = s + 3
7 s + 5s + 1
s +1
d) F (s) = s + 1
2
h) F (s) =
s 2 + 4s

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• Activity solution:

s 2 + 2s 7 s 2 + 5s + 1
a) F (s) = 2 O.K. e) F (s) = 4 2 NOT OK. – C.P.2
s + 4s + 3 s + s + s +1
s+4 2s + 1
b) F (s) = 2 NOT OK. – C.P.5 f) F (s) = 2 O.K.
s + 3s + 2 s + 3s + 2
3s − 1
c) F (s) = 2 NOT OK. – C.P.1 g) F (s) = s + 3 O.K.
7 s + 5s + 1
s +1
d) F (s) = s 2 + 1 NOT OK. – C.P.2 h) F (s) = O.K.
s 2 + 4s

Activity - End

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Specific subclass of fractional positive real function – reactive function, reactive

networks, LC subclass
Rational positive real function F(s) is reactive function if
Re { F ( s )} = 0 for Re {s} = 0
Except classical conditions characteristic for positive real function reactive function has some
additional restrictions.
LC additional realizability conditions:
C.LC.1. all poles and zeros alternate on imaginary axis and their must be single and appear in
conjugated pairs, F(s) must have positive, real residues for poles , and positive, real derivative for
zeros. It can be said that the poles interlace with the zeros
C.LC.2. there must be either a pole or a zero at the origin s = 0 and simultaneously there must be
pole or zero at infinity s = ∞
C.LC.3. power of s in the numerator and denominator must differ exactly by 1
C.LC.4. including points at the origin and at infinity the number of poles and zeros are the same

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

A network with finite number of L,C elements has a driving point immittance, now understood as
reactive function, and can be described by 4 below formulas:

F (s) =
N (s)
=K
( s + ω )( s + ω ) ...( s + ω )
2 2
1
2 2
3
2 2
2 n +1

D(s) s ( s + ω )( s + ω ) ...( s + ω ) (pole at the origin, pole at infinity)

2 2
2
2 2
4
2 2
2n

where : K > 0, ω1 < ω2 < ω3 < ω4 < ... < ω2 n < ω2 n +1

F (s) =
N (s)
=K
( s + ω )( s + ω ) ...( s + ω )
2 2
1
2 2
3
2 2
2 n −1

D(s) s ( s + ω )( s + ω ) ...( s + ω ) (pole at the origin, zero at infinity)

2 2
2
2 2
4
2 2
2n

where : K > 0, ω1 < ω2 < ω3 < ω4 < ... < ω2 n−1 < ω2 n
N (s) s ( s 2 + ω22 )( s 2 + ω42 ) ...( s 2 + ω22n )
F (s) = =K
D(s) (s 2
+ ω12 )( s 2 + ω32 ) ...( s 2 + ω22n+1 ) (zero at the origin, zero at infinity)

where : K > 0, ω1 < ω2 < ω3 < ω4 < ... < ω2 n < ω2 n +1

N (s) s ( s 2 + ω22 )( s 2 + ω42 ) ...( s 2 + ω22n )
F (s) = =K
D(s) (s 2
+ ω12 )( s 2 + ω32 ) ...( s 2 + ω22n−1 ) (zero at the origin, pole at infinity)

where : K > 0, ω1 < ω2 < ω3 < ω4 < ... < ω2 n−1 < ω2 n

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Illustration of four possible form of reactive function in complex plane:

s = jω4 s = jω4

s = jω3 s = jω3 s = jω3 s = jω3

s = jω2 s = jω2 s = jω2 s = jω2

s = jω1 s = jω1 s = jω1 s = jω1

s = − jω1 s = − jω1 s = − jω1 s = − jω1

s = − jω2 s = − jω2 s = − jω2 s = − jω2

s = − jω3 s = − jω3 s = − jω3 s = − jω3

s = − jω4 s = − jω4

pole at the origin, pole at pole at the origin, zero at zero at the origin, zero at zero at the origin, pole at
infinity infinity infinity infinity

F (s) =
( s + ω1 )( s + ω3 )
2 2 2 2

F (s) =
( s + ω1 )( s + ω3 )
2 2 2 2

F (s) = 2
s ( s + ω2 )
2 2
s ( s 2 + ω22 )( s 2 + ω42 )
F (s) = 2
s ( s 2 + ω22 ) s ( s 2 + ω22 )( s 2 + ω42 ) ( s + ω 1 )(
2
s 2
+ ω3 )
2
( s + ω12 )( s 2 + ω32 )
where : ω1 < ω2 < ω3 where : ω1 < ω2 < ω3 < ω4 where : ω1 < ω2 < ω3 where : ω1 < ω2 < ω3 < ω4
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4
Simply way of verification if given rational positive real function is the reactive function can be
done by geometrical representation of their poles and zeros.

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Example
Verification process of F(s) in point of possible realization as one-port LC immittance (test of
realizability of LC subclass circuits)

Verified function F(s) Geometrical representation

s3 + 2s
F (s) = 4
s + 4s 2 + 3
power of numerator n=3 s= j 3
power of denominator m=4
n-m=-1 s= j 2

( )(
N ( s) = s3 + 2s = s ( s 2 + 2 ) = s s + j 2 s − j 2 ) s = j1

zeros: s1 = 0, s1 = j 2, s2 = − j 2, s1 = s2*
M ( s ) = s 4 + 4s 2 + 3 = t 2 + 4t + 3 2 = ( t + 1)( t + 3)t = s 2 = s = − j1
t =s

= ( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 3)
s=−j 2

s=−j 3
poles:s1 = j1, s2 = − j1, s3 = j 3, s4 = − j 3, s1 = s2* , s3 = s4*
s ( s2 + 2)
F (s) = 2
( s + 1)( s 2 + 3)
Final decision: F(s) is reactive function in form zeros at the origin, zeros at infinity
Circuit can be realized in LC one-port passive subclass

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 Selected Problems of Circuit Theory, Classes 2008

Activity – beginning
Verify if given function F(s) represents reactive function (test of realizability of LC subclass of circuits)

s2 + 1 s2 + 1
a) F (s) = 2 e) F (s) =
s +2 s
s2 + 1 s
F (s) = F (s) = 2
s ( s2 + 2)
b) f)
s +1
s2 + 2 s
F (s) = F (s) =
s ( s 2 + 1)
c) g)
s2 + s + 1
1 s
d) F (s) = h) F (s) = 2
s2 + 1 s −1

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• Activity solution:

s2 + 1 s2 + 1
a) F (s) = 2 NOT O.K.- C.LC.2 e) F (s) = O.K
s +2 s
s2 + 1 s
F (s) = F (s) = 2
s ( s2 + 2)
b) O.K. f) O.K.
s +1
s2 + 2 s
F (s) = F (s) =
s ( s 2 + 1)
c) NOT O.K.- C.LC.1 g) NOT O.K. – C.LC.1
s + s +1
2

1 s
d) F (s) = NOT O.K. - C.LC.2 h) F (s) = 2 NOT O.K. – C.LC.1
s2 + 1 s −1

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