Asahi Engineering Guide-Complete PDF

ENGINEERING
DESIGN
GUIDE
ASAHI/AMERICA
Malden, Massachusetts
Disclaimer
Asahi/America, Inc. provides this guide to assist engineers in the design of
systems, installers in the installation and owners in the operation. This guide
is designed to provide the best possible recommendations known at the
time of printing. Each and every type of piping system is different and no one
recommendation can cover all conditions. This guide is made available to
assist in the design and installation, but in no way should be construed as a
written recommendation on any system. Each system should be individually
designed and installed based on the responsibility and decisions of the
purchaser. This guide is not a substitute for contacting Asahi/America for
specific recommendations on a system. In addition, Asahi/America is not
responsible for items not appearing in the guide or recommendations that
may have changed after the printing of this guide. It is recommended in each
case to consult Asahi/America for specific recommendations on each sys-
tem.
Copyright 2002 Asahi /America, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
This Design Guide is dedicated in the memory
of Timothy Robinson.
He loved this business, our company and all the

people associated with Asahi/America, Inc.
He is missed everyday.
A Introduction The Plastic Benefit
Thermoplastics at a Glance
PVDF
E-CTFE
B Materials PP General Discussion

PPH, PPR, PPS, PPR (Eng. Data)
HDPE General Discussion
PE80, PE100 (Eng. Data)
PVDF General Discussion E-CTFE General Discussion
C Engineering Theory and

Design Considerations
Theory
Fluid Dynamics
Hanging
Leak Detection in Double Systems
Thermal Expansion Heat Tracing
Burial
Pure Water System Design
D Application and
System Design Chemical System Design
Ventilation System Design
Compressed Air System Design
Double-Wall Containment System Design
Explanation
E Chemical Resistance
Tables
Chemical-Resistance Check Req Form
Cost Estimation
F Installation Practices
Welding Methods
Duo-Pro Systems
Fluid-Loc Systems
High-Purity Installations Poly-Flo Systems
Chemical Single Wall Systems Compressed Air Piping Systems
Types
G Valves
Selection Process
I
Appendix A Physical Properties
A System Tables Burial Data
Vacuum Rating
Heat Loss per Linear Foot
Fluid Dynamics Valve Heat Loss Factor
Dimensional Pipe Data Heat Gain per Linear Foot
Appendix B Prism Load Values for A/A Pipe
B General Engineering Marston Soil Values for A/A Pipe
Modulus of Soil
Tables Bedding Constant
General Tables Force Table
C Appendix C
Conversion Tables Volumetric Flow Rate Table Heat Transfer Coefficient Table
Pressure Table Thermal Conductivity Coefficient Table
Viscosity Table Values of the Ideal Gas Law Constant
D Appendix D
Bibliography
E Index
Introduction A
Materials B
Engineering Theory and Design Considerations C
Application and System Design D
Chemical Resistance E
Installation Practices F
Valves G
Appendix A – System Tables A
Appendix B –General Engineering Tables B
Appendix C– Conversion Tables C
Appendix D – Bibliography D
Index E
ABOUT THE COMPANY
The Asahi /America story begins in 1974 when the forward thinking and keen business
instincts of its founder and CEO, Leslie B. (Bud) Lewis, put the company in the industrial
plastics manufacturing and distribution business.
The company’s first significant achievement was an agreement to become the exclusive
master distributor in the United States and Latin America for Asahi Yukizai Kogyo Co.
Ltd., a company believed to be one of the largest manufacturers of thermoplastic valves
in the world. The next major move by the company was in 1985 when it obtained the
exclusive right to distribute, in the United States, the polypropylene and PVDF products
produced by Alois-Gruber GMBH, a major producer of thermoplastic products based in
Austria marketing under the name AGRU.
The company’s growth continues by capitalizing on its exclusive agreements and

enhancing those products through actuation manufacturing, specialty fabrication, and
acquisitions. The company developed its own system of double containment, marketed
under the name Duo-Pro, and acquired a patented dual containment extrusion system
called Poly-Flo. Other acquisitions that helped propel Asahi /America’s growth were a
line of pressure relief valves, a patented industrial filtration system, and an established
line of vortex flow meters.
The company has taken its diverse line of products and grown their markets through a
network of more than 400 U.S. distributors, approximately 20 foreign distributors, and
an organization of independent reps.
Asahi/America, an ISO 9001 quality control certified manufacturer, markets and sells its
wide variety of products in a vast array of environmentally sensitive and industrial appli-
cations; applications that include, but are not limited to, semiconductor manufacturing,
chemical processing, waste treatment processes, and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
The company’s progressive management style continues to foster growth and expan-
sion into new markets and new products. From its humble beginnings to its current
stature as a major player in the industrial plastics arena, both domestically and inter-
nationally, Asahi /America has established itself as an example for others to imitate.
Asahi /America, now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Asahi Organic Chemical, is proud to

present this Engineering Design Guide to you. This publication represents over 27 years
of experience, talent, and engineering expertise. It is intended to aid in the process of
engineering, specification, and design of industrial plastic piping systems using the
family of Asahi plastic piping systems.
We encourage you to use it often and call upon our staff of piping and valve engineers
if there is something we have neglected to cover. This is your guide to sound plastic
system design.
Section A
INTRODUCTION
Contents
Introducit on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2
The Plastic Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2
Thermoplastics at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . .A-3
Plastic Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4
Solvay’s High-Purity PVDF Solef ® Resin . . . . . . . . . .A-4
ASAHI /AMERICA P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409
A-1
Rev. EDG-02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com
INTRODUCTION THE PLASTIC BENEFIT
A
INTRODUCTION Low Friction Loss
Plastic piping systems are offered today in a wide assortment Because the interior surface of plastic piping is generally very
of materials and sizes. Each material has unique and specific smooth, less power may be required to transmit fluids in plastic
mechanical properties. These diverse properties allow plastic piping compared with other piping systems. Furthermore, the
to become the preferred system for many applications ranging excellent corrosion resistance of plastics means that the low
from the transport of aggressive chemicals to the distribution friction loss characteristic will not change over time.
of ultra pure water. Because each material has its own unique
properties, understanding them becomes vital to the successful Long-Term Performance
design, installation, and operation of a system. Owing to the relative chemical inertness and the minimal
effects of internal and external corrosion, there is very little
Asahi/America is proud to present this design guide to assist change in the physical characteristics of plastic piping over
design engineers and system installers with the proper engineer- dozens of years. Examinations of pipe samples taken from
ing, layout, and installation of plastic systems. Asahi/America some systems have shown no measurable degradation after
has been a pioneer in the manufacture and distribution of plas- 25 years of service. In most cases, Asahi/America pipe
tic systems in the United States process industries. For over 27 systems are designed for 50 years of service.
years, we have dedicated ourselves to assisting our customers
in achieving the maximum benefits plastic systems offer. Light Weight
Designing a system made of thermoplastic materials differs Most plastic piping systems are on the order of one-sixth the
considerably than that of metallic materials. No one under- weight of steel piping. This feature means lower costs in many
stands this as well as Asahi /America’s sales and technical staff. ways: lower freight charges, less manpower, simpler hoisting
Our trained staff of professionals is available to assist with all and rigging equipment, etc. This characteristic has allowed
aspects of plastic piping systems. The information contained some unique cost saving installation procedures in several
herein is designed to minimize the efforts of engineers, design- applications.
ers, contractors, and research professionals in sizing and ,
selecting all aspects of fluid systems. Variety of Joining Methods
Plastic piping can be joined by numerous methods. For each
THE PLASTIC BENEFIT material there are several appropriate methods. Some of the
most common are solvent cementing, socket fusion, butt
For pipe, fittings, and valves, thermoplastic materials offer fusion, non-contact IR fusion, threaded joints, flanges, 0-rings,
superior corrosion resistance, lighter weight, simple installation, rolled grooves, and mechanical compression joints. This variety
and are generally more cost effective than their alternatives. of joining methods allow plastic piping to be easily adapted to
most field conditions.
Corrosion Resistance
Plastics are non-conductive and are therefore immune to gal- Nontoix c
vanic or electrolytic erosion. Because plastics are corrosion
Plastic piping systems have been approved for potable water
resistant, pipe can be buried in acidic, alkaline, wet or dry soils,
applications and certain systems are recognized by the FDA
and protective coatings are not required. In addition, cathodic
as appropriate material to be in contact with food stuff.
protection devices are not required.
As evidence of this, all plastic-potable water piping materials
Chemical Compatibility and products are tested and listed for compliance to ANSI/NSF
Impervious to many chemicals, thermoplastics are gaining an Standards 14 and 61. All ASTM and AWWA standards for
ever-increasing acceptance and preference in a large variety plastic pressure piping that could be used for potable water
of applications. Additionally, the variety of materials available contain a provision whereby the regulatory authority or user
allow a wide range of chemical solutions to be handled can require product that has been tested and found to be in
successfully by plastic piping. conformance with ANSI/NSF Standard 61– Drinking Water
System Components– Health Effects. When plastic pipe or fit-
Thermal Conduca
t nce tings are ANSI/NSF Standard 14 listed, and have the NSF-pw
(potable water) mark, they also meet the ANSI / NSF Standard
All plastic piping materials have low thermal conductance prop-
61 requirements.
erties. This feature maintains more uniform temperatures when
transporting fluids in plastic than in metal piping. Low thermal
The NSF-pw mark certifies to installers, users, and regulators
conductivity of the wall of plastic piping may eliminate or
that the product meets the requirements of ANSI / NSF Std 14
greatly reduce the need for pipe insulation to control sweating.
for performance and the ANSI / NSF STD 61 for health effects.
P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
A-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
THERMOPLASTICS AT A GLANCE INTRODUCTION
A
Biological Resistance cation. Polyethylene can be used in low temperatures (32° F
To date, there are no documented reports of any fungi, bacte- or colder) without risk of brittle failure. Thus, a major applica-
ria, or termite attacks on any plastic piping system. In fact, tion for certain PE piping formulations is for low temperature
because of its inertness, plastic piping is the preferred material heat transfer applications such as radiant floor heating, snow
in deionized and other high-purity water applications. melting, ice rinks, geothermal ground source heat pump piping,
and compressed air distribution. These properties also make
PE ideal for many single and double wall water reclaim systems.
Abrasion Resistance
Plastic piping materials provide excellent service in handling PP (Polypropylene). A member of the polyolefin family, PP
slurries such as fly ash, bottom ash, and other abrasive solu- is one of the lightest plastics known. It possesses excellent
tions. The material toughness and the smooth inner-bore of chemical resistance to many acids, alkalies, and organic sol-
plastic piping make it ideal for applications where abrasion- vents. PP is one of the best materials to use for systems
resistance is needed. exposed to varying pH levels, as many plastics do not handle
both acids and bases as well. It is not recommended for use
Low Maintenance with hydrocarbons and aromatics. Its upper temperature limit
is 195° F (90° C).
A properly designed and installed plastic piping system
requires very little maintenance because there is no rust, pit-
PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride). This high molecular weight
ting, or scaling to contend with. The interior and exterior piping
fluorocarbon has superior abrasion resistance, dielectric prop-
surfaces are not subject to galvanic corrosion or electrolysis. In
erties, and mechanical strength. These characteristics are
buried applications, the plastic piping is not generally affected
maintained over a temperature range of 32° F (0° C) to 250° F
by chemically aggressive soil.
(121° C), with a limited usage range extended to 302° F (178° C).
In piping systems, PVDF is best suited for systems operating
THERMOPLASTICS AT A GLANCE from 0° F (-17.8° C) to 250° F (121° C). PVDF is highly resistant
to wet or dry chlorine, bromine and other halogens, most
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride). Asahi /America uses an unplasticized
strong acids, aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, and chlorinated
PVC polymer in all of its PVC valves. PVC has excellent chemi-
solvents. Because of its extremely low amounts of extract-
cal resistance, strength, and rigidity. It resists attack by most
ables, PVDF is widely used in the transport of ultra pure water
acids and strong alkalies, as well as gasoline, kerosene, alipha-
for the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries.
tic alcohols and hydrocarbons, and salt solutions. Aromatic,
chlorinated organic compounds, and lacquer solvents do affect
E-CTFE (Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene). E-CTFE fluoropolymer
PVC chemical properties. Its low cost and overall balance of
is commonly known by its trade name Halar® (1). E-CTFE is
properties make PVC material best suited to the widest number
essentially a 1:1 alternating copolymer of ethylene and CTFE
of corrosive applications. Its temperature limit is 140° F (60° C).
(chlorotrifluoroethylene). It contains about 80% CTFE, one of
the most chemically resistant building blocks that can be used
CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride). The properties of CPVC
to make a polymer. However, CTFE homopolymers are difficult
and its advantages are very similar to those of PVC; however,
to fabricate, extrude, or mold. By the copolymerization with
its working temperature range is higher (195° F/90° C) than that
ethylene, E-CTFE displays much of the chemical resistance
of PVC. It should be specified, in some instances, where hot
of CTFE with the case of processing. It provides excellent
corrosive liquids are being handled, an extra margin of safety
chemical resistance-handling applications that almost all other
is required.
materials cannot. In particular, E-CTFE demonstrates effective
handling of fuming acids and chlorinated bases. It is most likely
PE (Polyethylene). PE is produced from the polymerization of
the best material for handling high concentrations of sodium
ethylene. Depending on the polymerization process, PE piping
hypochlorite. Additionally, E-CTFE has good electrical proper-
systems are available in low and high-density versions. These
ties, and a broad-use temperature range from cryogenic to
forms of PE are distinguished by specific gravity. Low-density
300° F (150° C). E-CTFE is a tough material with excellent
PE (LDPE) generally has a specific gravity of 0.910 to 0.925 g/cc.
impact strength over its broad-use temperature range. E-CTFE
High-density PE (HDPE), on the other hand, usually has a spe-
also maintains useful properties on exposure to cobalt 60
cific gravity of 0.941 to 0.959 g/cc. The different grades of PE
radiation at dosages of 200 megarands. It is one of the best
have different mechanical properties. Where HDPE is generally
fluoropolymers for abrasion resistance.(2)
superior to LDPE, it is important to know which mechanical
properties you are reviewing when selecting PE for your appli-
(1) Halar is a registered trademark of Ausimont Corporation.

(2) Halar® E-CTFE Fluororpolymer Chemical Resistance Data;
Ausimont USA, Inc., Technical Data Brochure.
A-3
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INTRODUCTION PLASTIC RESINS
A
PLASTIC RESINS If a manufacturer uses resins with large differences between
the MFI in its fittings and pipe, the overall integrity of the
All plastic piping systems begin with the production of resin. system becomes reduced. Pipe and fittings do not weld
Some resin, such as Solef TM PVDF, is produced pure without together properly and the mechanical properties may be
any additives. Others, such as PVC, must have stabilizers extremely different. Therefore, the art and science of polymer
added in order to make them suitable for pipe and fitting pro- pipe system manufacturing is to develop the skill and exper-
duction. When evaluating the suitability of plastics for your tise to manufacture with resins of the closest MFI without
application, you should know and understand which resin is sacrificing product quality.
being used and its effects.
Purad achieves this through the use of high-purity 1000 Series
The effects of stabilizers and copolymerization differ from mater- Solef resins by Solvay. Purad exclusively offers its system of
ial to material. Furthermore, a desired effect in material for one resin with the closest MFI and produced by the same manu-
application may be undesirable for a different application. A facturer.
prime example of this is PVC.
Furthermore, manufacturing and packaging of high-purity
In order to be producible, pure PVC requires the addition of PVDF resin is an important factor in the overall quality of
stabilizers. These stabilizers allow PVC to be molded and PVDF components. The purity of its components begins in
extruded, as well as adding to its overall strength. For simple essence with the resin. Solvay understands this important fact
plumbing, some chemical distribution, and other applications, and carefully manufactures and packages Solef 1000 Series
this is acceptable and desired. However, these same stabilizers resin with the strictest attention to high-purity concerns.
make PVC unusable for higher quality, ultra pure water applica-
tions because they contribute to the water's contamination Asahi /America and Agru's Purad Systems are designed for
through leaching extractables. a variety of applications from ultra pure water to aggressive
chemical distribution. Purad PVDF offers the user a broad
Solvas’y High-Purity PVDF Solef ® Resin range of chemical resistance and temperature operation.
Not all PVDF resin is the same. As a polymer, resin can differ
by the length of the polymer and its molecular weight. While
maintaining similar chemical compatibility, resins of different
molecular weight have different mechanical properties,
welding characteristics, and Melt Flow Indexes (MFI).
Manufacturers intentionally use resin with slightly different

polymer structures for their pipe, fittings, and valves. The rea-
son for this is simple. For the extrusion of pipe it is desirable
to use a polymer with a lower MFI, which easily maintains
its form as it exits the extruder. Conversely, fitting resin is
required to freely flow through the mold and evenly fill the
entire internal cavity. Therefore, a high MFI is desired.
Solef is a registered trademark of Solvay Advanced Polymers Corporation.
A-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
Section B
MATERIALS
Contents
Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-2
Special Grade Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . .B-3
Polyeh t ly ene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-4
Polyiv nylidene Fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-5
Halar® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-6
B-1
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MATERIALS POLYPROPYLENE
POLYPROPYLENE (PPR AND PPH) (94%) propylene. Copolymer resins generally exhibit better
mechanical strength and offer higher safety factors into a sys-
Asahi /America is the pioneer of piping systems made of poly- tem design. In addition, copolymer PP shows a greater purity
propylene in the United States. For over 15 years, polypropy- level when tested in a static leach test, making it the ideal
B lene systems have been successfully applied for a wide variety
of applications. Polypropylene is used in double containment
material for pure water systems. Table B-1 shows the differ-
ences between the two types of polypropylenes. Asahi /America
systems, chemical piping, and pure water systems. It is chemi- uses both types of material based on the application.
cally resistant to many strong and weak acids. In addition, it
is one of the few materials that is recommended for strong Copolymer is referred to as PPR, with the R designating the
bases such as sodium hydroxide. It is not ideal for strong oxi- term random copolymer. PPH is the standard designation for
dizing acids, aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. An all homopolymer polypropylene.
inclusive chemical resistant table is available in Section E.
Polypropylene has an extended operating range up to a
maximum temperature of 200° F. See Appendix A for pressure Toxicity
rating charts on all materials. Polypropylene (PPR and PPH materials) comply with the
relevant food stuff regulations as defined by ONÖRM B 5014,
Polypropylene is a fairly ductile material at ambient tempera- Part 1, FDA, BGA, KTW guidelines. Other modified polypro-
tures and it demonstrates good impact strength. Polypropylene pylenes are not compliant due to additives. Such materials
is available in two grades: copolymer and homopolymer. include PPH-s, PPR-el, and PPR-s-el, which have been modi-
Homopolymer polypropylene is a Type I resin according to fied for improved fire ratings and electro-conductivity. These
ASTM D 4101 and is produced from 100% propylene mono- are discussed in the next section.
mer. Copolymer polypropylene is a blend of (6%) ethylene and
Table B-1. Polypropylene Physical Properties

Characteristic Standard Units PPR PPH
Density ISO/R 1183 g/cm3 0.91 0.91
MFI 190/5 Code T
Melt Flow Index ISO 1133 g/10 min 0.50 0.50
DIN 53 735
ISO/R 527 psi 3625 4350
Tensile Strength at Yield
DIN 53 455 N/mm2 25 30
ISO/R 527 psi 5800 6525
Tensile Strength at Break
DIN 53 455 N/mm2 40 45
ISO/R 527
Percent Elongation at Break % >50 >50
DIN 53 455
ISO 178 psi 108750 166750
Modulus Elasticity (tensile test)
DIN 53 457 N/mm2 750 1150
ISO 179/2C
Charpy Impact Strength 23° C, notched kJ/m2 20 50
DIN 53 453
ISO 179/2D
Charpy Impact Strength -30° C, notched kJ/m2 50 35
DIN 53 453
DIN 53 752 1/° C 1.5 x 10-4 1.5 x 10-4
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
1/° F 8.33 x 10-5 8.33 x 10-5
DIN 53 736 °C 150 - 154 160 - 165
Crystallinity Melt Temperature
°F 302 - 309 320 - 329
Deflection Temperature Under Load
Method A DIN 53 461 ° C/° F 45/113 50/122
Method B ISO 75 ° C/° F 68/154 90/194
UL 94 Fire Rating UL 94 — 94-HB 94-HB
Thermal Conductivity (23° C) DIN 52 612 W/mK 0.24 0.22
Surface Resistivity DIN 53 482 Ohm >1013 >1013
Specific Volume Resistivity DIN 53 482 part 1 Ohm cm >1016 >1016
Dielectric Strength DIN 53 481 kV/mm 75 75
Color RAL — gray gray
B-2 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
SPECIAL GRADE POLYPROPYLENE MATERIALS
SPECIAL GRADE POLYPROPYLENE be properly grounded and, therefore, runs the risk of potential
static discharge to the media. Electro-conductive polypropy-
• Self-extinguishing polypropylene: PPH-s lene can be grounded to avoid this hazard. Finally, PPR-s-el
• Electro-conductive polypropylene: PPR-el is the combination of the electro-conductive property and the
• Self-extinguishing electro-conductive polypropylene: PPR-s-el enhanced fire ratings. PPR-s-el is a copolymer polypropylene. B
Polypropylene is also available in highly specialized grades PPH-s, PPR-el, and PPR-s-el have slightly different properties
developed for specific applications. PPH-s is a self-extinguish- than standard polypropylene. These changes in the material
ing homopolymer polypropylene with enhanced fire ratings as also change the chemical resistance of the material. While
compared to standard polypropylenes. PPR-el is a copolymer the resistance to chemical attack is similar to that of common
polypropylene with the added property of being electro-con- polypropylenes, verification of each application with the
ductive. Many applications call for a piping system to be Engineering Department at Asahi /America is recommended.
grounded due to the transport of flammable materials. During
operation, a static charge can build on the surface of a stan- These materials are produced by Agru and are available from
dard plastic pipe. If the material is not conductive, it cannot Asahi /America. Consult Asahi /America for availability.
Table B-2. Special Grade Polypropylene Physical Properties

Characteristic Standard Units PPH-S PPR-EL PPR-S-EL
Density ISO/R 1183 g/cm3 0.934 0.94 1.12
MFI 190/5 Code T
Melt Flow Index ISO 1133 g/10 min 0.5-0.8 1.0 1.0
DIN 53 735
ISO/R 527 psi 4060-5365 4350 4205
DIN 53 455 N/mm2 28-37 30 29
ISO/R 527 psi — 4060 2900
DIN 53 455 N/mm2 — 2 8 20
ISO/R 527
Percent Elongation at Break % >50 15 >50
DIN 53 455
ISO 178 psi 152,250 87,000 145,000
DIN 53 457 N/mm2 1050 600 1000
ISO 179/2C
Charpy Impact Strength 23° C, notched kJ/m2 10 3.5 4
DIN 53 453
ISO 179/2D
Charpy Impact Strength -30° C, notched kJ/m2 40 2.5 —
DIN 53 453
DIN 53 752 1/° C 1.5 x 10-4 — 1.5 x 10-4
1/° F 8.33 x 10-5 — 8.33 x 10 -5
DIN 53 736 °C 164 - 168 — 148
°F 327 - 334 — 298
Method A DIN 53 461 ° C/° F 55/131 50/122 —
Method B ISO 75 ° C/° F 83-110/181-230 75/167 —
UL 94 Fire Rating UL 94 — V-2 94-HB V-0
Thermal Conductivity (23 °C) DIN 52 612 W/mK 0.22 — —
Surface Resistivity DIN 53 482 Ohm >1013 3 x 104 3 x 102
Specific Volume Resistivity DIN 53 482 part 1 Ohm cm >1015 — 3 x 102
Dielectric Strength DIN 53 481 kV/mm 30-45 — —
Color RAL — dark gray black black
B-3
MATERIALS POLYETHYLENE
POLYETHYLENE (PE80 AND PE100) The other material, HDPE, offered by Asahi /America, is PE100.
This is a special high grade PE that is not commonly available.
Polyethylene is one of the most common thermoplastic materials. For certain applications, only PE100 can be used. PE100 is
Polyethylene is available in a diverse variety of grades provid- available in both blue and black color depending on the appli-
B ing varying physical properties for specified applications. PE
is commonly available in low density (LDPE), medium density,
cation, but it is not limited to those colors.
(MDPE), high density (HDPE), and ultra high molecular weight PE100 is a further development of PE materials by modifying
(UHMWPE) forms. Within each of the designations there are the polymerization process. PE100 has a higher density than
various classes of material. Classes of polyethylene are speci- PE80. PE100 also has superior mechanical strength and a
fied according to ASTM D-3350 which depicts the differences higher cell classification as compared to PE80. It provides
between grades of material. higher pressure ratings and higher safety factors in all appli-
cations. It is one of few materials available to the market
In piping systems the most common type of PE is high density that meets Cal-OSHA requirements for thermoplastic use in
polyethylene. Due to the extensive range of HDPE materials, unprotected compressed gas applications. Due to its extremely
discussion will be centered around materials offered by ductile nature, it will resist shattering in all failure modes and
Asahi /America. The first grade of HDPE offered by A / A is even in cold temperatures.
generally known as PE80. PE80 is a black color material that
is 100% UV resistant. PE80 has fairly good chemical resistance PE100 has a maximum temperature rating of 140° F. It is avail-
to strong and weak acids, as well as many base chemicals. It able in multiple pressure ratings and is commonly available
has a maximum operating temperature range of 140° F. PE80 in a high pressure rated version of 230 psi at 70° F. See
also has fairly ductile properties in cold temperature conditions. Appendix A for system pressure ratings. In general, PE100
material offers higher pressure rated piping systems without
PE80 is generally used for simple, less aggressive applications. the addition of more material or a thicker wall, which can lead
It can be readily applied in double containment pipe systems, to greater pressure drop in larger diameter systems.
and is ideal for wastewater applications.
Table B-3. Polyethylene Physical Properties

Characteristic Standard Units PE80 PE100
Density ISO/R 1183 g/cm3 0.953 0.96
MFI 190/5 Code T
Melt Flow Index ISO 1133 g/10 min 0.4 - 0.5 0.3 - 0.55
DIN 53 735
ISO/R 527 psi 3045 3480 - 3625
DIN 53 455 N/mm2 21 24 - 25
ISO/R 527 psi 4350 - 4785 5365
DIN 53 455 N/mm2 30 - 33 37
ISO/R 527
Percent Elongation at Break % >600 >600
DIN 53 455
ISO 178 psi 116000 145000
DIN 53 457 N/mm2 800 1000
ISO 179/2C
Charpy Impact Strength 23° C, notched kJ/m2 10 17 - 26
DIN 53 453
ISO 179/2D
Charpy Impact Strength -30° C, notched kJ/m2 16 9 - 13
DIN 53 453
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion DIN 53 752 1/°C 2.0 x 10-4 2.0 x 10-4
DIN 53 736 °C 128 - 133 128 - 135

°F 262 - 271 262 - 275
Method A DIN 53 461 ° C/° F 42/108 41/105
Method B ISO 75 ° C/° F 73/163 61/141
UL 94 Fire Rating UL 94 — V2 V2
Thermal Conductivity (23° C) DIN 52 612 W/mK 0.43 0.40
Surface Resistivity DIN 53 482 Ohm >1015 >1015
Specific Volume Resistivity DIN 53 482 part 1 Ohm cm >1015 >1015
Dielectric Strength DIN 53 481 kV/mm 53 22 - 53
Color RAL — black blue or black
B-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE MATERIALS
POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF) The suspension process, as opposed to emulsion or Type I

PVDF, allows the manufacture of polymers with fewer structural
PVDF is a thermoplastic fluorocarbon polymer with wide defects in the molecular chain. In other words, the PVDF poly-
thermal stability from -62° C (-80° F) to 148° C (300° F) and mers are more crystalline. Thus, the melting temperature and
crystalline melting point of 171° C (340° F). In terms of piping
systems, PVDF has a usage range of up to 121° C (250° F).
the mechanical characteristics are higher than homopolymers B
with the same average molecular weights obtained by emulsion
polymerization.
Material Grade
Purad PVDF pipe, valves, and fittings are manufactured of Solef PVDF is thus manufactured by suspension polymerization
natural polyvinylidene fluoride resin. PVDF is part of the fluo- of vinylidene fluoride. The process uses a recipe where the
rocarbon family and has the following molecular structure. monomer is first introduced in an aqueous suspension and
then polymerized by means of a special organic peroxide-type
PVDF resin is partially crystalline and has polymerization initiator at low dosage. The polymerization is
F H
a high molecular weight. Purad is 100% performed in a heated autoclave under high pressure.
C C
PVDF with absolutely no antioxidants,
anti-static agents, colorants, fillers, flame H F The polymer powder form is then subjected to extensive wash-
n
retardants, heat stabilizers, lubricants, ing and rinsing operations, and then, after drying, is stored in
plasticizers, preservatives, processing aids, UV stabilizers, homogenizing silos. All the while, strict inspections are per-
or any other additives. Purad is also resistant to the effects formed on line in order to ensure optimal quality control.
of gamma radiation and has a V-O rating according to the
UL-94 vertical flame test. When complete, Solef PVDF contains a high percentage of
fluorine. The bond between the highly electronegative fluorine
Purad PVDF has been tested for its inherent purity through and carbon atom is extremely strong with a dissociation energy
extensive testing performed by internationally recognized of 460 kj/mol. Thus, the importance of exclusively using Solef
independent laboratories. The outstanding performance of PVDF high-purity resin is two fold:
Purad material, with respect to extreme conditions, is well 1. Provides for a cleaner, mechanically superior system.
documented and available upon request. Therefore, it is well 2. Allows the closest melt flow indices between system
suited to handle such aggressive media as ultra pure water components, which in turn, provides superior
and ultra pure, electronic grade acids. Just as importantly, it welding/joining capabilities.
conforms to FDA regulations as outlined in Title 21, Chapter 1,
Part 177-2510 (contact with food).
Corrosion Resistance Table B-4. Polyvinylidene Fluoride Physical Properties

Purad PVDF systems offer the broadest pro- Characteristic Standard Units Value
tection for the chemical process industries, Specific Gravity ASTM D 792 g/cm3 1.78
pulp mill bleaching, bromine processing, and Tensile Strength ASTM D 638 psi 7975
electronic product manufacturing in both etch- Ultimate Tensile Strength ASTM D 638 psi 6960
ing operations and ultra pure deionized water Elongation at Break ASTM D 638 % 50
lines. Purad-PVDF resins resist most corrosive Flexural Strength ASTM D 790 psi 12,180
chemicals and many organic solvents. It is par- E-Modulus ASTM D 790 psi 435,000
Impact Strength ASTM D 256 ft-lb/in 2.80
ticularly good against strong oxidants, strong
Hardness–Shore D ASTM D 2240 — 80
acids, all salts, and solvents such as chlori-
Abrasion Resistance DIN 53 754 mg/100 cycle 0.5–1
nated, aromatic, and aliphatic. Strong base
Friction Coefficient DIN 375 — 0.4– 5
amines and ketones such as hexamethylene Dynamic Friction Coefficient — — 0.34
diamine and propyldimethylformamide, and °C 350
methylethyl ketone are not recommended for Crystalline Melting Point DIN 53 736
°F 177
use with PVDF. A comprehensive table is avail- °C 293
Vicat Point ASTM D 3418
able in Section E, Chemical Resistance. °F 144
°C -40
Brittleness Temperature ASTM D 746
Solvay Solef Resin °F -40
Thermal Conductance ASTM D 177 Btu–in/hr ft 2• °F 1.32
Purad PVDF is exclusively produced from Coefficient of Thermal Expansion DIN 53 453 ° F-1 6.7 x 10-5
Solvay Solef 1000 Series high-purity resin. Specific Volume Resistivity ASTM D 257 Ohm•cm 5 x 10 14
Solef 1000 Series resins use a suspension pro- Surface Resistivity DIN 53 482 Ohm >1013
duction process according to ASTM D 3222, Dielectric Strength ASTM D 149 kv/mm 40
Type II PVDF resin. Burning Rate UL94 — V-O
Limiting Oxygen Index ASTM D 2863 % 44
B-5
MATERIALS HALAR®
HALAR® (E-CTFE) Asahi /America Halar systems are manufactured from unpig-
mented fluoropolymer E-CTFE resin. Their chemical structure,
Halar is a durable copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroeth- a one-to-one alternating copolymer of ethylene and chlorotri-
ylene. It is resistant to a wide variety of corrosive chemicals fluoroethylene, provides a unique combination of properties.
B and organic solvents including strong acids, chlorine, and
aqueous caustics. Best known as its trade name Halar, it
In addition to superior chemical resistance and unmatched
mechanical properties, Halar maintains its usefulness during
has excellent abrasion resistance and electrical properties, exposure to cobalt 60 radiation at dosages of 200 megarads,
extremely low permeability, and handles temperatures from and meets the fire requirements of UL-94 V-0 vertical flame
cryogenic to 171° C (340° F), with continuous service to 149° C tests.
(300° F). Its brittleness temperature is 105° F.
For these reasons, Halar is considered one of the most durable
Severe stress tests have demonstrated that Halar is not subject and versatile thermoplastics used in piping systems. Applica-
to chemically induced stress cracking from strong acids, bases, tions ranging from the harshest of chemicals to the purest of
or solvents. Only hot amines and molten alkali metals affect hot DI water are ideal. No other known thermoplastic offers as
Halar. There is no known solvent for Halar below 250° F. much versatility in chemical resistance and strong mechanical
Additionally, Halar is most likely the best known material properties as Halar.
for handling high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite.
Table B-5. Halar Physical Properties

Characteristic Standard Units Value
Specific Gravity ASTM D 792 g/cm3 1.69
Tensile Strength ASTM D 638 psi 4500
Ultimate Tensile Strength ASTM D 638 psi 7250
Elongation at Break ASTM D 638 % 200
Flexural Modulus ASTM D 792 psi 6200
E-Modulus ASTM D 790 psi 240,000
Impact Strength (IZOD with V-notch) ASTM D 256 — No Break
Hardness–Shore D ASTM D 2240 — 75
Abrasion Resistance DIN 53 754 mg/100 cycle 0
Friction Coefficient DIN 375 — 0.15
Dynamic Friction Coefficient — — 0.65
°C 240
Crystalline Melting Point DIN 53 736
°F 464
Brittleness Temperature ASTM D 648 °F -105
Thermal Conductance @ 69° F (20° C) Btu–in/hr ft 2° F 1.07
ASTM D 177
@ 302° F (150° C) Btu–in/hr ft 2° F 1.11
DIN 53 453 ° F-1 4.4 x 10-5
-22 to 122° F (-30 to +50° C)
Specific Volume Resistivity ASTM D 257 Ohm•cm 10 15
Surface Resistivity DIN 53 482 Ohm >1015
Dielectric Strength ASTM D 149 V/mil 500
Burning Rate UL94 — V-O
Limiting Oxygen Index ASTM D 2863 % 60
NOTE: Halar® is a registered trademark of Ausimont USA, Inc. Solef® is a registered trademark of Solvay.
B-6 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
Section C
ENGINEERING THEORY AND

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Contents
Introducit on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2
Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2
Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-4
Non-Compressible Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-4
Calculating System Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-7
Compressible Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-10
Thermal Expansion Design . . . . . . . . . . .C-11

Thermal Expansion (single a
w ll) . . . . . . .C-11
Thermal Expansion (double a
w ll) . . . . . C-16
Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-16
Poly-Flo Thermal Expansion Design . . . . . . . . . . . .C-20
Hanging Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-21

Burial Practices for Single Wall Piping .C-23
Burial Practices for Double Wall Piping .C-25
Installation of a Buried Syse
t m . . . . . . . .C-26
Pipe Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-28
Heat Tracing and Insulation . . . . . . . . . .C-29
Thermal Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-29
Ext. Self-Regulating Elec. Heat Tracing Design . . . .C-30
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com C-1
ENGINEERING THEORY DESIGN BASIS
INTRODUCTION Normally metal pipes and PVC pipes are sized according
to Schedule ratings. A common Schedule rating for PVC is
This section of the guide is to assist in the engineering and
Sch 40 or 80. The higher the number, the higher the pressure
theory of a thermoplastic pipe system. Asahi /America provides
rating. In schedule systems, no matter what the material, the
the theory and the data on the design within this section. When
wall thickness will always be the same. For example, a Sch 40
designing a pipe system, all of the topics in this section should
PVC pipe will have the same wall thickness as a Sch 40 PVDF
be considered. The complexity of your system will dictate how
pipe. However, due to the differences in material properties,
detailed the engineering needs to be. For safety reasons, it is
these pipes will have very different pressure ratings. Schedule
important to consider all topics.
ratings offer the convenience of tradition and dimensional
C While thermoplastics provide many advantages in terms of
consistency.
weight, cleanliness, ease of joining, corrosion resistance, and
Since all plastic materials have varying strength and are nor-
long life, it does require different considerations than that of
mally connected with 150 psi flanges, Schedule ratings are not
metal pipe and valves. Like any product on the market, ther-
really the best standard to be used. If a material offers superior
moplastic has its advantages and its limitations. Use the
mechanical strength, such as PVDF, it can be extruded with a
engineering data in this section, coupled with the design
thinner pipe wall than perhaps a Sch 80 rating, while still pro-
requirements of Section D, for optimal results in a thermo-
viding a 150 psi rating. The conclusion is that Schedule ratings
plastic piping system.
ignore material properties, and in many cases, waste excess
material and cost just to meet the required wall thickness of
DESIGN BASIS the standard.
Ous
t ide Diameter of Pipe A better system being used is SDR. This is a ratio between
Outside diameter (OD) of piping is designed, produced, and the OD of the pipe and the wall thickness. SDR is simply the
supplied in varying standards worldwide. The two prevalent outside diameter of the pipe divided by the wall thickness.
systems are metric sizes and iron pipe sizes (IPS).
All PVDF and polypropylene pipes supplied by Asahi /America
IPS is a common standard in the United States for both metal are produced according to ISO 4065 standards, which outlines
and plastic piping. PVC, C-PVC, stainless steel, high density a universal wall thickness table. From the standard, the follow-
polyethylene (as examples) are generally found with an IPS OD. ing equation for determining wall thickness is derived.
The difference is the inside diameter (ID). Each of these materials
will be produced with a different ID based on the wall thickness. 2S D
= -1 = (SDR) - 1 (C-1)
P t
Asahi /America pipe systems are provided both in metric and
IPS OD dimensions depending on the material. Polypropylene which can be reconfigured to determine pipe and wall thickness as:
and PVDF systems are always produced to metric outside 1
diameters. However, these systems are also provided with t=D (C-2)
standard ANSI flanges and NPT threads to accommodate
attaching to standard US equipment and existing pipe systems.
( P )
2S +1
Where: D = outside diameter

Inside Diameter and Wall Thickness t = wall thickness
The ID of a pipe can be based on various standards. The two P = allowed pressure rating
common standards for determining the ID or wall thickness of S = design stress
a pipe is a Schedule rating and a Standard Dimensional Ratio
(SDR).
C-2 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
DESIGN BASIS ENGINEERING THEORY
The design stress is based on the hydrostatic design basis

(HDB) of the material.
S = (HDB) / F (C-3)
where F is a safety factor.
HDB is determined from testing the material according to

ASTM D 2837-85 to develop a stress regression curve of the
material over time. By testing and extrapolating out to a certain C
time, the actual hoop stress of the material can be determined.
From the determination of the actual HDB, the exact allowed
pressure rating and required wall thickness is determined. The
advantage is that piping systems based on SDR are properly
designed based on material properties instead of a random
wall thickness.
One key advantage to using SDR sizing is that all pipes in a

Standard Dimensional Ratio have the same pressure rating.
For example, a polypropylene pipe with an SDR equal to 11

has a pressure rating of 150 psi. This pressure rating of 150 psi
is consistent in all sizes of the system. A 1/2" SDR 11 and a
10" SDR 11 pipe and fitting have the same pressure rating. This
is not the case in schedule systems. The wall thickness require-
ment in a schedule system is not based on material properties,
so a 4" plastic pipe in Sch 80 will have a different pressure
rating than a 10" Sch 80 pipe.
It should be noted that in all SDR systems the determined

allowed pressure rating is based on the material properties.
Therefore, the actual SDR number will be consistent within
a material type, but not consistent across different materials
of pipe.
Table C-1. Example of SDRs

Material 150 psi 230 psi
Polypropylene SDR 11 SDR 7
PVDF SDR 33 SDR 21
All material ratings are indicated in Asahi /America literature,

drawings, price sheets, and on the product itself. For more
information on SDR, contact Asahi /America’s Engineering
Department.
C-3
ENGINEERING THEORY FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID DYNAMICS To determine maximum velocity for clear liquids:

Sizing a thermoplastic pipe system is not much different than Where: v = velocity (ft /s)
that of a metal pipe system. Systems transporting compress- ρ = fluid density, (lb/ft3)
ible fluids and non-compressible fluids are sized very differently
and have different concerns. This section will approach each
Liquid Service
subject separately.
When sizing for erosive or corrosive liquids, Equation C-8
should be halved. The corresponding minimum diameters for
Non-Compressible Fluids liquid service can be estimated from the following equations:
C The basic definition for the liquid flow of any liquid is as
follows:
ρ∆h ∆h X (SG)
1
w2
∆P = = (C-4) Clear liquids: d = 1.03 (C-9)
ρ
1
144 2.31 3
Basic definitions for fluid flow:

Corrosive or erosive liquids:
1
For liquid: w 2
d = 1.475 (C-10)
ρ3
1
Where: ρ = fluid density, (lb/ft3)

∆h = head loss, (ft) Where: w = flow rate (1000 lb/h)
SG = specific gravity = ρ/62.4
d = piping inside diameter (in)
∆P = pressure loss in psi ρ = fluid density (lb/ft3)
hp = P = pressure head (ft) (C-5)
ρ
Equations C-8, C-9, and C-10 represent the maximum velocity
v2 (C-6) and minimum diameter that should be used in a piping system.
hv = = velocity head (ft) To determine typical velocities and diameters, the following
2g
equations can be used to determine a starting point for these
For water: values:
Where: v = fluid velocity (ft/s) Typical velocities:

g = gravitational acceleration v = 5.6 d0.304 (C-11)
(32.174 ft/s2)
Typical diameters, pressure piping:
hg = z = gravitational head (C-7)
()
0.434
= 32.174 ft
w
d = 2.607 (C-12)
ρ
Sizing a Thermoplastic Piping Syse

t m
Suction or drain piping:
Preliminary Sizing
()
The first step in designing a piping system is to decide what 0.434
w
diameter sizes to use. If the only basis to begin with is the d = 3.522 (C-13)
required flow rates of the fluid to be handled, there must be ρ
some way to estimate the diameter sizes of the piping. Without
this knowledge, it would be a lengthy trial and error process.
The diameter must first be known to calculate velocities and Determination of Reynolds’ Number
thus the pressure drop across the system. Once the pressure Once the diameter sizes have been selected for a given piping
drop is found, a pump can be sized to provide the proper flow system, the next step is to determine whether the flow through
rate at the required pressure. Equations C-8, C-9, and C-10 the pipes is laminar or turbulent. The only accepted way of
represent quick sizing methods for liquid flow to give an initial determining this characteristic through analytic means is by
sizing of diameter size of a piping system. calculating the Reynolds’ Number. The Reynolds’ Number is
a dimensionless ratio developed by Osborn Reynolds, which
48
v= (C-8) relates inertial forces to viscous forces.
( ρ) 3
1
FLUID DYNAMICS ENGINEERING THEORY
To determine type of flow from Reynolds’ Number value, use The Darcy method expressed to determine pressure drop:
Equation C-14:
ρ f Lv2
∆P = (C-16)
De vρ De G Dev 144 d 2g
Nre = = = (C-14)
µg µ Ω
Where: ∆P = pressure loss due to friction (psi)
Where: Nre = Reynolds’ Number (dimensionless) ρ = fluid density (lb/ft3)
De = equivalent diameter (ft) = (inside
diameter fully-filled circular pipe)
v = velocity (ft/s) The equation is based upon the friction factor (f), which in this C
ρ = fluid density (lb/ft3) form is represented as the Darcy or Moody friction factor. The
µ = relative viscosity (lb x sec/ft2) following relationship should be kept in mind, as it can be a
g = gravitational acceleration = source of confusion:
(32.174 ft/s2)
G = mass flow rate per unit area (lb/h-ft3) f DARCY = f MOODY = 4f FANNING
Ω = ratio of specific heats (dimensionless)
In Perry’s Handbook of Chemical Engineering, and other
chemical and /or mechanical engineering texts, the Fanning
Laminar flow: Nre <2100 friction factor is used, so this relationship is important to point
Transition region: 2100 <Nre <3000 out. If the flow is laminar (Nre <2000), the friction factor is:
Turbulent flow: Nre >3000
64
f = (laminar flow only) (C-17)
Once the Reynolds’ Number is determined, it can be used in Nre
other equations for friction and pressure losses.
If this quantity is substituted into Equation C-16, the pressure
Pressure Loss Calculations drop becomes the Poiseuille equation for pressure drop due to
laminar flow:
There are a number of different methods for calculating pressure
loss in a piping system. Two of the more common methods are
the Darcy method and the Hazen and Williams method. The ∆P = 0.000668 µLv (laminar flow only) (C-18)
d2
Hazen and Williams method has been the more commonly
accepted method for calculating pressure loss in plastic pipes.
However, the Darcy method is the more universally accepted
If the flow is turbulent, as is often the case for plastic pipes, the
method for piping made of all materials, although its use
friction factor is not only a factor of Reynolds’ Number, but also
requires more tedious calculations. Below is an explanation
upon the relative roughness (ε/d). (ε/d) is a dimensionless
of both methods.
quantity representing the ratio of roughness of the pipe walls,
ε, and the inside diameter, d. Since Asahi /America’s thermo-
Darcy Method plastic systems are extremely smooth, friction factor decreases
The Darcy formula states that the pressure drop is proportional rapidly with increasing Reynolds’ Number. The roughness has
to the square of the velocity, the length of the pipe, and is a greater effect on smaller diameter pipes since roughness is
inversely proportional to the diameter of the pipe. The formula independent of the diameter of the pipes.
is valid for laminar or turbulent flow. Expressed in feet of fluid
flowing, the Darcy formula is: This relationship can be seen graphically in Figure C-1. (Note: ε
has been determined experimentally to be 6.6 x 10-7 ft for PVDF.
f L v2 ε for polypropylene pipe is approximately the same as that for
hf = (C-15) drawn tubing = 5 x 10-6 ft) The friction factor can be found from
2d g
the plot of ε/d versus friction factor shown in Figure C-2, which
Where: h f = head loss due to friction (ft) is known as the Moody chart. The Moody chart is based on the
f = Darcy (Moody) friction factor Colebrook and White equation:
L = total length of pipe, including
equivalent lengths of fittings, valves, ε
expansions, and contractions, etc. (ft) 1 d 2.51
1 = -2 log + 1 (C-19)
v = fluid velocity (ft/sec) (f) 2 3.7 Nre(f) 2
d = inside diameter (ft)
g = gravitational acceleration
(32.174 ft/s2) This equation is difficult to solve, since it is implicit in f, requir-
ing a designer to use trial and error to determine the value.
C-5
Hazen and Williams Method

The Hazen and Williams formula is valid for turbulent flow and
usually provides a sound, conservative design basis for plastic
Laminar Flow
piping sizing. The formula, simply stated is:
0.01
( ) ( )
1.85 1.85
100 Q
hf = 0.2083 x (C-20) f
C d 4.87
C Where: hf = friction head (ft of water/100 ft of pipe) 0.005
ε
d
d = inside diameter of pipe (ft) 0.0001
Q = flow rate (gpm) 0.00005
C = roughness constant Hydraulically Smooth 0.000025
0.00001
0.001
103 104 105 106 107
To determine pressure loss in psi: d ub P
Re =
µ
∆P = 0.4335hf (C-21)
Figure C-2. Friction factor e
v rsus Reynolds’ Number
Where: ∆P = pressure loss (psi/100 ft of pipe) for Asahi /America pipe
For plastic piping, it has been generally accepted that C varies Quick Sizing Method for Pipe Diameters
from 165 to 150. Therefore, most designs have been sized By modifying the Darcy equation, it can be seen that pressure
using C = 150 as the basis, providing a conservative design. loss is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the internal
This compares quite favorably with that of carbon steel, which diameter. The same is approximately true for the Hazen and
generally is assigned a value of C = 120 for new pipe and C = 65 Williams formula as shown in Equation C-22. Therefore, when
for used piping. Substituting C = 150 into Equation C-20 yields pressure drop has been determined for one diameter in any
the following relationship in Equation C-22: prescribed piping system, it is possible to prorate to other dia-
meters by ratio of the fifth powers. The following relationship
1.85
Q is used to prorate these diameters when the Darcy formula has
hf = 0.0983 4.87
(for C = 150) (C-22) been used in Equation C-23:
d
d 51
Asahi/America has already calculated the pressure drop in our ∆P2 = ∆P1 (C-23)
pipe systems at most flow rates using the Hazen and Williams d 52
method. These tables are found by material in Appendix A. Where: ∆P1 = pressure drop of 1st diameter, psi
0.001
∆P2 = pressure drop for new diameter, psi
d1 = 1st diameter selected (in)
d2 = new diameter selected (in)
0.0001
This formula assumes negligible variation in frictional losses
ε Proline PP and HDPE
(Equivalent to Drawn Tubing)
through small changes in diameter sizes, and constant fluid
d density, pipe length, and fluid flow rate. When using Hazen and
Williams, the formula itself is easy enough to use if the value of
0.00001
C is considered to be constant and is known.
Purad PVDF
0.000001
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14
Pipe Diameter (inches)
Figure C-1. Relatie

v roughness of Asahi /America pipe
C-6 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
Calculating Syse
t m Pressure Drop Therefore, a rule of thumb of 3 to 5% of pressure loss across
For a simplified approach to calculating pressure drop across a system can be used to compensate for the welding effects.
an entire pressure piping system consisting of pipe, fittings,
valves, and welds, use the following equation: Table C-3 shows pressure drop % by various welding systems.
∆Ptotal = ∆Ppipe+∆Pfittings+∆Pvalves+∆Pwelds (C-24) Table C-3. Pressure Drop for Various Welding Systems
Size (inches) But / IR HPF Socket
Pressure Drop for Pipe 1/2 – 1 1/4 5.0% 0% 8%
To determine the pressure drop due to the pipe alone, use one
of the methods already described or Equation C-25.
11/2 – 2 1/2
3 –4
3.0%
2.0%
0%
—
6%
4%
C
6 1.5% — —
8 1.0% — —
∆Ppipe = λ L S G v2 10 – 12 0.5% — —
x x (C-25)
144 d 2g
Oult et Piping for Pumps, Pressure Tanks, or

Where: λ = frictional index, 0.02 is sufficient for
Reservoirs
most plastic pipe
L = pipe length (ft) When piping is used to convey pressurized liquids, and a pump
d = inside pipe diameter (ft) is used to supply these liquids, the pump outlet pressure can
SG = specific gravity of fluid (lb/ft3) be found by making an energy balance. This energy balance is
v = flow velocity (ft/s) defined by the Bernoulli equation:
g = gravitational acceleration (32.174 ft/s2)
Pressure Drop for Fitit ngs v 21 v 22

Z1 + p1 v1 + = hpump + hf + p2 v2 + + Z2 (C-28)
To determine pressure drop in fittings, use Equation C-26. 2g 2g
∆Pfittings = ε x
v2 Where: Z1, Z 2 = elevation at points 1 and 2 (ft)
(C-26)
144 2g P1, P2 = pressure in system at points 1 and 2 (psi)
v1, v2 = average velocity at points 1 and 2 (ft/lb)
where: ε = resistance coefficient of the fitting.
v1, v2 = 1r = specific volume at points 1 and 2
Table C-2. ε Resistance Coefficient (by fitting) (ft3/lb)
hf = frictional head losses (ft)
Size Std 90 Ext Lg 90 45 Tee
1/2"
hpump = pump head (ft)
(20 mm) 1.5 2.0 0.3 1.5
1" (32 mm) 1.0 1.7 0.3 1.5 Note: This balance is simplified to assume the following: constant flow rate,
11/2" (50 mm) 0.6 1.1 0.3 1.5 adiabatic (heat loss = 0), isothermal (constant temp.), low frictional system.
≥ 2" (63 mm) 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.5
Once frictional losses in the piping are known along with ele-
Pressure Drop for Valves vational changes, the pump head can be calculated and the
To determine the pressure drop across a valve requires the pump sized. If a pump already exists, then an analysis can be
Cv value for the valve at the particular degree of open. The made from the hf value to determine which diameter size will
Cv value is readily available from a valve manufacturer on each give frictional losses low enough to allow the pump to still
style of valve. deliver the fluid.
Use Equation C-27 to determine the pressure drop across each It may occur that the application does not involve pumps at all,
valve in the pipe system. Sum all the pressure drops of all the but instead involves gravity flow from an elevated tank, or flow
valves. from a pressurized vessel. In either case, Equation C-28 can be
solved with the term hpump = 0 to determine elevation neces-
∆Pvalves = Q2 • SG sary of the reservoir to convey the fluid within a given diameter
(C-27)
Cv2 size, or calculate the amount of pressure required in the pres-
sure tank for the given diameter size. If the application is such
Pressure Drop for Welds that a pressure tank or elevation of reservoir is already set, then
Finally, determine the pressure drop due to the welding sys- hf can be solved to determine diameter size required to allow
tem. In actuality it would be very difficult and time consuming the fluid to be delivered.
to determine the pressure drop across each weld in a system.
C-7
0.205
[ ]
Inlet Piping o
t Pumps
Inlet sizing of diameters of piping to supply a pump depends
on the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) required by the pump.
d= 0.2083 ( )
100
C
1.85
xQ
1.85
(C-30)
hf
NPSH is given by the manufacturer of a pump for each specific
pump to be supplied. If the pressure at the entrance to the
pump is less than the NPSH, a situation known as cavitation Compound Pipe Sizing
will occur. Cavitation will occur at pump inlets whenever the
Flow through a network of two or more parallel pipes con-
fluid pressure drops below the vapor pressure at the operating
nected at each end is proportional to the internal diameters,
C temperature. As the pump s“ ucks” too hard at the incoming
fluid, the fluid will tend to pull apart and vaporize, resulting in
and lengths of the parallel legs, for constant friction factors
(coefficients) and turbulent flow. The following relationships will
a subsequent damaging implosion at the impeller face. In addi-
be true:
tion, NPSH must be higher than the expected internal loss
between the pump and impeller blades. To determine NPSH, 2
the following equation is used:
NPSH = hatmos + Zpump - hfriction - hminor - hvapor 1 4

(Z is positive if the pump is below inlet) (C-29) Q Q
3
Where: hatmos = atmospheric pressure head

= (pa /62.4; pa is in lb/ft2) (ft)
Figure C-3. Typical compound pipe
(corrected for elevation)
Zpump = elevation pressure head (ft)
(difference between reservoir exit Q3
and pump inlet) R = (C-31)
Q2
hf = total of pipe fittings and valve
frictional head losses (ft) Where: Q3 = flow rate in leg 3 (gpm)
hminor = entrance and/or exit losses (ft), Q2 = flow rate in leg 2 (gpm)
(use inlet loss formulas or R = ratio of total flow, Q, through
hc = 0.0078v2) compound network
hvapor = vapor head (ft), (use property l2 = length of leg 2
tables for specific fluid, i.e., steam l3 = length of leg 3
tables for H2O)
And: 1
[( )( ) ]
5 2
To determine diameter of piping required to supply the mini- l2 d3
R= (C-32)
mum NPSH, the following procedure is outlined. l3 d2
Step 1. Or:
1
2
Obtain the minimum NPSH at the pump inlet from the pump
specifications.
R=
[( ) ( ) ]
l2
l3
1.08
d3
d2
5.26
(C-33)
Step 2.
Equation C-32 is used when using the Darcy equation and
Calculate hatmos, Zpump, hminor, and hvapor.
Equation C-33 is used when using Hazen-Williams to deter-
mine velocities in legs. For other velocities, use Equation C-34.
Step 3.
Determine hf by subtracting items in Step 2 from NPSH in Step 1.
q2 q3
v2 = ; v3 = (C-34)
Step 4. 448.8 A2 448.8 A3
Determine minimum inside diameter by rearranging Where: v2 = velocity in leg 2 (ft/s)

Equation C-20. The resulting equation for d follows. v3 = velocity in leg 3 (ft/s)
A2 = cross-sectional area in leg 2 (ft2)
A3 = cross-sectional area in leg 3 (ft2)
448.8 is derived from (60 sec/min) x (7.48 gal/ft3)
Since total head loss is the same across each parallel leg, total Q = 27.8 (rs)1.67 (d)2.67 (C-38)
head loss can be calculated by:
Where: Q = capacity of the stack (gpm)
h f = h1 + h2 + h4 = h1 + h3 + h4 (C-35)
rs = ratio of cross-sectional area of
Where: h f = total head loss through entire the fluid at terminal velocity to
piping system (ft) internal diameter of the stack
d = inside diameter (in)

C
Sizing of Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping
The value of rs is determined according to local building codes.
Flow in a Vertical Stack Also, the maximum number of fixture units, laboratory drains,
As flow in a vertical stack is accelerated downward by the floor drains, etc. is normally established by the local building
action of gravity, it assumes the form of a sheet around the codes.
pipe wall shortly after it enters the sanitary tee or wye. The
acceleration of the sheet continues until the frictional force
Flow in Sloping Drains Where Steady Uniform Flow Exists
exerted by the walls of the stack equals the force of gravity.
The maximum velocity that is thus attained is termed t“ erminal There are many formulas useful to determine flow for sloping
velocity” and the distance required to achieve this velocity is drains with steady uniform flow. The most commonly used
termed t“ erminal length.” It takes approximately one story equation is the Manning equation:
height for this velocity to be attained. The terminal velocity nor-
mally falls into the range of somewhere between 10 to 15 feet 1.486R 0.67 S 0.5
per second. Some simplified equations for terminal velocity v= (C-39)
n
and terminal length are as follows:
Where: v = mean velocity (ft/s)
()
0.4 R = hydraulic radius = area flowing/wetted
Q
VT = 3 (C-36) perimeter (ft)
d
S = hydraulic gradient (slope)
n = Manning coefficient
LT = 0.052(VT)2 (C-37)
Where: VT = terminal velocity in stack (ft/s)

LT = terminal length below entry point (ft) The value of n varies from 0.012 for 11/2" pipe to 0.016 for
Q = flow rate (gpm) pipes 8" and larger under water flow. The quantity of flow is
d = inside diameter of stack (ft) found from:
Q = Av (C-40)
When flow in the stack enters the horizontally sloping building
drain at the bottom of the stack, the velocity is slowed from the Where: Q = flow rate (ft3/s)
terminal velocity. The velocity in the horizontally sloping drain A = cross section of the flow (ft2)
decreases slowly and the depth of flow increases. This contin- v = velocity (ft/s)
ues until the depth increases suddenly and completely fills
the cross section of the sloping drain. The point at which this This equation is not valid for conditions where surging flow
occurs is known as hydraulic jump. The pipe will then flow full might exist. A more detailed analysis should be used in surging
until pipe friction along the walls establishes a uniform flow flow situations, with the Manning equation serving as a rough
condition of the draining fluid. The distance at which jump check on the calculated values.
occurs varies considerably according to flow conditions, and
the amount of jump varies inversely with the diameter of the
horizontal building drain.
Flow capacity of the vertical stack depends on the diameter of

the stack and the ratio of the sheet of fluid at terminal velocity
to the diameter of the stack:
C-9
Compressible Fluids To design the main line of a compressed gas system, the fol-
Designing pipe lines for compressed air or gas is considerably lowing equation has been developed:
different from designing a non-compressible liquid system. 0.2
Gases are compressible, so there are more variables to con- 0.00067 L Q1.85
d = (C-41)
sider. Designs should take into account current and future ∆P P
demands to avoid unnecessarily large pressure drops as a
system is expanded. Elevated pressure drops represent unre- Where: d = inside diameter (inches)
coverable energy and financial losses. L = length of main line (ft)
Q = standard volumetric flow rate (make-up air)
C Main Lines
P = output pressure from compressor (psi)
∆P = allowable pressure drop (psi)
Normal compressed air systems incorporate two types of pipe
lines when designed correctly: the main (or the trunk) line and
the branch lines. Mains are used to carry the bulk of the com- Equation C-41 relates the pipe’s inside diameter (id) to the
pressed gas. Undersizing the main can create large pressure pressure drop. In order to use the equation, certain information
drops and high velocities throughout the system. In general, must be known. First, the required air consumption must be
systems should be oversized to allow for future expansion, predetermined. Based on required air consumption, choose a
as well as reduce demand on the compressor. compressor with an output pressure rating (P). The length of
the main pipe line to be installed and the number of fittings in
Oversizing the main line will be more of an initial capital the main line must also be known. For fittings use Appendix A
expense, but can prove to be an advantage over time. In to determine the equivalent length of pipe per fitting style.
addition to reducing pressure drop, the extra volume in the Specify the allowable pressure drop in the system. Typically,
trunk line acts as an added receiver, reducing compressor a value of 4 psi or less is used as a general rule of thumb for
demand and allows for future expansion. Small mains with high compressed air systems.
velocities can also cause problems with condensed water. High
air velocities pick up the condensed water and spray it through Branch Lines
the line. With a larger diameter, velocities are lowered, allowing
water to collect on the bottom of the pipe while air flows over Lines of 100 feet or less coming off the main line are referred to
the top. A generally accepted value for velocity in the main line as branch lines. Since these lines are relatively short in length,
is 20 feet per second. It may also be preferred to arrange the and the water from condensation is separated in the main lines,
mains in a loop to have the entire pipe act a reservoir. branches are generally sized smaller and allow for higher veloc-
ities and pressure drops.
To prevent water from entering the branch line, gooseneck

fittings are used to draw air from the top of the main line, leav-
ing condensed water on the bottom of the main.
Figure C-4. Main compressed air loop iw h

t branches
Figure C-5. Gooseneck fitit ng
THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN (single wall) ENGINEERING THEORY
THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN THERMAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Plastic pipe systems will expand and contract with changing IN SINGLE WALL PIPING SYSTEMS
temperature conditions. It is the rule and not the exception. The First, calculate the stress that will be present in the system due
effect of thermal expansion must be considered and designed to all operating systems. These include stresses due to thermal
for in each and every thermoplastic pipe system. Thermal cycling and the stress due to internal pressure.
effects in plastic versus metal are quite dramatic. To illustrate
the point, Figure C-6 below outlines the differences in growth Thermal stress can be calculated with Equation C-42.
rates between different plastics and metal piping materials.
ST = E α ∆T (C-42) C
Thermal Expansion (inches/100 ft/10° F)
1.0
0.9 Where: ST = thermal stress (psi)
0.8 E = modulus of elasticity (psi)
0.7 α = coefficient of thermal expansion in/in ° F
0.6 ∆T = (Tmax – T install) (° F)
0.5
0.4 Next calculate the stress due to internal pressure.
0.3
0.2 (D-t)
0.1
Sp = P (C-43)
2t
0
PVC C-PVC PP PVDF STEEL
Where: Sp = internal pressure stress (psi)
Figure C-6. Comparison of h t ermal expansion of plastic D = pipe OD (in)
and steel piping material t = wall thickness (in)
P = system pressure (psi)
An increase in temperature in a system will cause the pipe
to want to expand. If the system is locked in position and not Now combine the stresses of ST and Sp using Equation C-44
allowed to expand, stress in the system will increase. If the to obtain the total stress placed on the system due to the oper-
stress exceeds the allowable stress the system can tolerate, ating parameters.
the piping will fatigue and eventually could fail.
Progressive deformation may occur upon repeated thermal

√S 2+
Sc = T Sp2 (C-44)
cycling or on prolonged exposure to elevated temperature in
a restrained system. Thermoplastic systems, therefore, require
sufficient flexibility to prevent the expansion and contraction Where: Sc = combined stress (psi)
from causing:
• Failure of piping or supports from over strain or fatigue Having the combined stress of the system, the total end load on
• Leakage the piping and anchors can be calculated using Equation C-45.
• Detrimental stresses or distortion in piping or connected
equipment F = Sc A (C-45)
Asahi /America has put together simplified equations to predict Where: F = end Load (lbs)
the stress in a system to avoid fatigue. For safety reasons, SC = combined stress (psi)
Asahi /America takes a conservative approach to design con- A = cross-sectional area of pipe wall (in2)
siderations. With over 5,000 successful installations of thermo-
plastic piping systems, Asahi /America is providing the right Knowing the combined stress and force generated in a system
approach. now allows the designer to make decisions on how to compen-
sate for the thermal effects.
Many of the equations below are applicable for single and dou-
ble wall piping systems. A dual contained piping system will By comparing the combined stress to the hoop stress of mater-
have a few more design variables, but the approach is similar. ial allows a safety factor to be determined.
Review the single wall section first to fully comprehend thermal
expansion design issues.
C-11
ENGINEERING THEORY THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN (single wall)
Restraint Only
EXAMPLE
A PVDF single wall pipe system with a combined stress of

500 psi is compared to the hoop stress or allowable stress
of PVDF, which is 1100 psi with all the appropriate safety
(HDB = 2200 psi, S = HDB/2 = 1100 psi) factors:
SF = 1100 psi /500 psi = 2.2 Figure C-9. Improper design
C Therefore if this system was fully restrained, it would have Flexible Syse
t m Design
2.2 to 1 safety factor. The factor assumes that the system
A flexible pipe design is based on strategically using expansion
will be properly anchored and guided to avoid pinpoint
and contraction compensating devices to relieve the stress in
loads.
the piping system. Common devices are, but are not limited to:
If the value of the combined stress was 600 psi and the • Expansion loops
resulting safety factor is now below 2, the designer should / • Expansion offsets
may choose to compensate for the expansion using a flexi- • Changes in direction
ble design. • Flexible bellows
• Pipe pistons
Restraining a Syse
t m
To compensate for thermal expansion, Asahi /America recom-
If a system design is deemed safe to restrain, proper hanging mends using loops, offsets, and changes in direction. By using
design becomes critical. If fittings such as 90° elbows are not the pipe itself to relieve the stress, the integrity of the pipe system
properly protected, the thermal end load could crush the fitting. is maintained. The use of bellows or pistons will also work, but
It is important to remember that end load is independent of often introduce other concerns such as mechanical connec-
pipe length. The expansion in one foot of piping compared to tions and possible leaky seals. Although these occurrences are
the expansion in 100 feet of piping under the same operating not common, using the pipe eliminates the chance altogether.
conditions will generate the same force.
The following section outlines how to size expansion loops. An
A proper design will protect fittings using anchors and guides. example is included to better understand how to use the equa-
Use guides to keep pipe straight and not allow the material to tions and lay out a system.
bow or warp on the pipe rack. Use anchor or restraint style fit-
tings to protect fittings at changes of direction or branches. To start, first determine the amount of growth in the pipe sys-
tem due to the temperature change. The change in pipe length
is calculated as follows:
∆L = 12 x L x α x ∆T (C-46)
Where: ∆L = change in length (in)

L = length of the pipe run (ft)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/° F)
α = 6.67 x 10-5 for PVDF
Figure C-7. Restraint fitit ng and hanger α = 8.33 x 10-5 for PP
α = 8.33 x 10-5 for HDPE
Finally, ensure proper hanging distances are used based on the ∆T = temperature change (° F)
actual operating temperature of the system.
∆T is the maximum temperature (or minimum) minus the install
Figures C-8 and C-9 are illustrations of proper and improper temperature. If the installation temperature or time of year is
design and installation hanging techniques. unknown, it is practical to increase the ∆T by 15% for safety.
It is not necessary or practical to use the maximum temperature
Restraint minus the minimum temperature unless it will truly be installed
Guide
in one of those conditions.
Figure C-8. Proper design
EXAMPLE The loop width is the length A divided by 2. Figure C-11 illus-
trates a typical loop.
A 3" SDR 11 (150 psi) PP pipe system running up a wall
10 feet from a pump. It then runs 25 feet north by 100 feet
A/2 Anchor
east to an existing tank. The system will be installed at about
60° F and will see a maximum temperature in the summer of
115° F. See Figure C-10 and following equation for calculat-
ing the expansion for the 25-foot run and the 100-foot run.
A C
100 ft
25 ft
Growth Growth
Fixed Point Figure C-11. Loop
Vertical Riser
An offset can be calculated in the same manner using
10 ft
Equation C-48. Figure C-12 depicts a typical offset used to
accommodate for thermal expansion.
A=C 2 D ∆L (C-48)
Figure C-10. Sample layotu
Growth
For the 100-foot run:
L = 12 (100)(8.33 x 10-5)(115-60)
∆L = 5.50 inches A
Using the same procedure we now determine the growth

on the 25-foot run.
Growth
∆L = 1.40 inches
Figure C-12. Offset
After determining the amount of expansion, the size of the expan- The last choice is to accommodate the expansion using existing
sion/contraction device can be determined. The use of loops, changes in direction. By allowing pipe to flex at the corners,
offsets, or existing changes in directions can be used in any stress can be relieved without building large expansion loops.
combination to accommodate for the expansion. To determine
the length and width of an expansion loop, use Equation C-47. For a change in direction to properly relieve stress, it must not
be locked for a certain distance allowing the turn to flex back
A=C D ∆L (C-47) and forth. Use Equation C-49 and Figure C-13 to properly
design changes in direction.
Where: A = loop length (in)
C = constant
= 20 for PVDF
= 30 for PP, PE
D = pipe OD (in)
∆L = change in length (in)
C-13
ENGINEERING THEORY THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN (single wall)
A=C D ∆L (C-49) EXAMPLE

Anchor
5.5 ft Point
11 ft
∆L Growth Direction
Anchor
Point
C A Anchor
Point
Figure C-13. Changes in direction

Figure C-14. In-line expansion loop
The distance A is the amount of distance required prior to
placing an anchor on the pipe from the elbow. By leaving the Figure C-15 is an elevation view of how the change in
distance A “ ” free floating, the pipe can expand and contract direction can be used.
freely to eliminate stress on the system. Within the distance A,
it is still required to support the pipe according to the standard
support spacing, but without fixing it tightly. Since the pipe will
25 ft
be moving back and forth, it is important to ensure the support
surface is smooth and free of sharp edges that could damage
the pipe.
Expansion Anchor Points
Growth Direction
EXAMPLE Anchor
A Point
Consider two possible approaches to solve the expansion
in the system. For the shorter run of 25 feet, use the change Guide
in direction to compensate for the growth. For the longer
100 feet, use an expansion loop in the middle of the run.
First consider the expansion loop. Calculate the length of

the loop’s legs as follows: Figure C-15. Use of change in direction
A=C D ∆L The distance A is the length of pipe on the vertical run that
must be flexible to compensate for the growth. A is calcu-
A = 30 3.5 x 5.50 lated as follows:
A = 132 inches = 11 feet A=C D ∆L
A / 2 = 5.5 feet A = 30 3.54 x 1.40
A = 66.7 inches = 5.5 feet

The 25-foot long run must still be considered. Since the
100-foot pipe run is anchored on the end of the pipe sys-
Therefore, the vertical run should be guided 5.5 feet from
tem, it is difficult to use the horizontal change in direction to
the bottom of the horizontal run. This allows the expansion
compensate for the growth. However, the 90° elbow on the
to relax itself by use of the flexible 90° elbow.
end of the vertical can be used.
As with all three methods of expansion, it is necessary to use

hangers that will anchor the pipe in certain locations and be
a guide in other locations. Guides are extremely important to
ensure that the expansion is eliminated within the compen-
sating device and not by the pipe bowing or snaking. Also,
restraint fittings are required at the point of anchoring. See
Hanging Practices in this section.
C-15
ENGINEERING THEORY THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN (double wall)
THERMAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN Next, calculate the stress due to internal pressure.
DOUBLE WALL PIPING SYSTEMS
The effect of thermal changes on a double containment pip- (D-t)
Sp = P (C-51)
ing system is the same as a single wall system. However, the 2t
design considerations are more involved to ensure a safe
operation. Where: Sp = stress due to internal pressure (psi)
D = pipe OD (in)
Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok Syse
t ms t = wall thickness (in)
C For thermal expansion in a double contained system, it is nec-
P = system pressure (psi)
essary to discuss and design it based on the system. Not all
Now combine the stresses of Sp and ST using Equation C-52 to
double wall piping can be designed in the same manner, and
obtain the total stress placed on the system due to the operat-
some systems truly may not be able to be designed around
ing parameters.
large changes in temperature.
SScc==√SSTT22 ++ S
SPp22 (C-52)
In a double contained piping system, three types of expansion
can occur:
• Carrier pipe exposed to thermal changes, containment Where: Sc = combined stress (psi)
remains constant. Typical possibility when carrier pipe
is exposed to liquids of various temperature, while outer Having the combined stress of the system, the total end load on
containment is in a constant environment such as in the piping and anchors can be calculated using Equation C-53.
buried applications.
• Containment piping experiences thermal changes, while F = Sc A (C-53)
carrier remains constant. Typical application is outdoor
pipe racking with constant temperature media being Where: F = end load (lbs)
transported in carrier. Sc = combined stress (psi)
A = area of pipe wall (in2)
• B oth inner and outer experience temperature changes.
Knowing the combined stress and force generated in a system
A double containment system can be restrained the same way
now allows the designer to make decisions on how to compen-
as a single wall system. The values for actual stress in a system
sate for the thermal effects.
versus those allowable can also be determined. Then, the deci-
sion can be made according to the system’s needs to use
By comparing the combined stress to the hoop stress of
either flexible or restrained supports.
material allows a safety factor to be determined.
Determining Stress
EXAMPLE
This method is the same for all types of double containment
expansion. A PVDF carrier with a combined stress of 500 psi is com-
pared to the hoop stress or allowable stress of PVDF, which
First, calculate the stress that will be present in the system due is 1100 psi with all the appropriate safety (HDB = 2200 psi,
to all operating systems. These include stresses due to thermal S = HDB/2 = 1100 psi) factors:
cycling and the stress due to internal pressure.
SF = 1100 psi/500 psi = 2.2:1
Thermal stress can be calculated with Equation C-50.
Therefore, if this system was fully restrained, it would have
ST = E α ∆T (C-50) 2.2 to 1 safety factor. The factor assumes that the system
will be properly anchored and guided to avoid pinpoint
Where: ST = thermal stress (psi) loads.
E = modulus of elasticity (psi)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in° F) If the value of the combined stress was 600 psi and the
∆T = (Tmax – T install) (° F) resulting safety factor is now below 2, the designer should/
may choose to compensate for the expansion using a
See Section B on Materials for the values of modulus of elastic- flexible design.
ity and coefficient of thermal expansion for each material.
THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN (double wall) ENGINEERING THEORY
Carrier Expansion, Containment Constant Carrier Constant, Containment Expansion

Restraint Design Restraint Design
If a system design is deemed safe to be restrained, proper In systems where the containment pipe will see thermal expan-
design and layout must be engineered to ensure the system sion and the inner pipe is constant, and where it has been
functions properly. determined that the pipe can safely be restrained, the instal-
lation is simplified. Since the outer pipe will be locked into
First is the use of the Dogbone fitting, also known as a Force position and the inner pipe does not want to expand, the
Transfer Coupling. In systems where thermal expansion is on design is based on the secondary pipe only.
the carrier pipe and the secondary piping is a constant temper-
ature, the Dogbone fitting is used in order to anchor the inner In these cases, only an outer wall anchor is required. However, C
pipe to the outer pipe. The Dogbone fitting is a patented design since the pipe will most likely be joined using simultaneous butt
of Asahi /America making our system unique in its ability to be fusion (where inner and outer welds are done at the same time),
designed for thermal expansion effects. the restraint shoulder Dogbone is the logical choice for a
restraint fitting.
Dogbones are available in annular and solid design. Annular
Dogbones allow for the flow of fluid in the containment piping Restrained Syse
t ms — General
to keep flowing, while solid Dogbones are used to stop flow
If restraining a system, proper layout design becomes critical.
in the containment pipe and compartmentalize a system.
If fittings such as 90° elbows are not properly protected, the
Figure C-16 depicts a Dogbone fitting.
thermal end load could crush the fitting. It is important to
remember that end load is independent of pipe length. The
expansion in one foot of piping compared to the expansion
in 100 feet of piping under the same operating conditions will
generate the same force.
A proper design will protect fittings using Dogbones and

guides. Use guides to keep pipe straight and not allow the
material to bow or warp on the pipe rack. In an underground
Solid Vent Hole and Annular Cut Out system, the pipe will be naturally guided by use of trench and
backfill. Use Dogbones to protect fittings at changes of direc-
tion or branches.
Figure C-16. Solid and flow h
t rough Dogbones
It is important to note that Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok systems
In a buried system, the outer wall pipe is continuously
use support discs on the end of pipe and fittings to ensure
restrained. Welding the standard Dogbone restraint into the
proper centering of the components. These support discs are
system fully anchors the pipe. In systems where the pipe is not
designed to be centering guides and locks for fusion. The
buried, a special Dogbone with restraint shoulders is required
support disc is not an anchor fitting.
to avoid stress from the carrier pipe to pull on the containment
pipe. Below is a detail of a Dogbone with restraint shoulders.
Finally, ensure the proper hanging distances are used based on
the actual operating temperature of the system. Figures C-18 and
C-19 are illustrations of proper and improper design and installa-
tions to highlight the importance of proper hanging techniques.
Solid Vent Hole and Annular Cut Out
Figure C-17. Restraint shoulder Dogbones
C-17
Carrier and Containment Axial and Radial Restraints To start, first determine the amount of growth in the pipe sys-
Containment Radial Restraints tem due to the temperature change. The change in pipe length
is calculated as follows:
∆L = 12 x L x α x ∆T (C-54)
Where: ∆L = change in length (in)

L = length of the pipe run (ft)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/° F)
C α = 6.67 x 10-5 for PVDF
α = 8.33 x 10-5 for PP
Figure C-18. Proper design
α = 8.33 x 10-5 for HDPE
∆T = temperature change (° F)
Carrier and Containment Axial Restraints
∆T is the maximum temperature (or minimum) minus the install
temperature. If the installation temperature or time of year is
unknown, it is practical to increase the ∆T by 15% for safety.
It is not necessary or practical to use the maximum temperature
minus the minimum temperature unless it will truly be installed
in one of those conditions.
After determining the amount of expansion, the size and type

of the expansion/contraction device can be determined. The
use of loops, offsets, or existing changes in directions can be
Figure C-19. Improper design
used in any combination to accommodate for the expansion.
To determine the length and width of an expansion loop, use
Flexible Syse
t m Design — General Equation C-55.
A flexible double containment system requires additional
design work to ensure safe working operation. A = C √D∆
AL= C D ∆L (C-55)
A flexible pipe design is based on strategically using expansion Where: A = loop length (in)
and contraction compensating devices to relieve the stress in C = constant
the piping system. Common devices are, but are not limited to: = 20 for PVDF
• Expansion loops = 30 for PP, PE
D = pipe OD (in)
• Expansion offsets
∆L = change in length (in)
• Changes in direction
• Flexible bellows The loop width is the length A divided by 2. See Figure C-20 for
• Pipe pistons an example of a typical loop.
Asahi /America recommends compensating for thermal expan- Dogbone

A/2
sion by using loops, offsets, and changes in direction. By
using the pipe itself to relieve the stress, the integrity of the
pipe system is maintained. The use of bellows or pistons
will also work, but often introduce other concerns such as
mechanical connections and possible leaky seals. Although
these occurrences are not common, using the pipe eliminates A
the chance altogether.
The following section outlines how to size expansion loops.

Growth Growth
The method of calculation of loop size is independent of the
type of system expansion. An example is included to better
understand how to use the equations and lay out a system. Figure C-20. Loop
THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN (double wall) ENGINEERING THEORY
An offset can be calculated in the same manner using Carrier Expansion, Containment Constant
Equation C-56. Figure C-21 depicts a typical offset to be Flexible Design
used to accommodate for thermal expansion. Using the equations and methods previously described will
A = C √2D∆
AL= C 2 D ∆L (C-56) allow for the design on the inner loop dimensions. However, the
containment pipe must be sized to allow the movement of the
inner pipe. Below is an example of a short run of pipe designed
to be flexible.
Growth
EXAMPLE
C
A 3 x 6 – 75 foot run of Pro 150 x Pro 45 polypropylene
A pipe is locked between existing flanges that will not provide
any room for expansion. The double containment pipe is
continuous and will be terminated inside the two housings.
Growth The ∆T will be 60° F. The containment pipe is buried, and
the thermal expansion only affects the carrier pipe.
Figure C-21. Offset
Manhole Manhole
The last choice is to accommodate the expansion using exist- 3"x 6" P150 x P45
ing changes in direction. By allowing pipe to flex at the corners,
stress can be relieved without building large expansion loops.
For a change in direction to properly relieve stress, the pipe

75 feet
must not be locked for a certain distance allowing the turn to
flex back and forth. Use Equation C-55 and Figure C-22 to
Figure C-23. Detail of syse
t m
properly design changes in direction.
From the proposed installation, all the thermal expansion
will need to be made up in the pipe run itself. Since the
Growth pipe run is straight, the use of an expansion loop(s) is the
best method.
A
First, determine the amount of expansion that must be
compensated.
∆L = 12 α L ∆T
∆L = 12 • (8.33 x 10-5)(75)(60)
Figure C-22. Changes in direction

∆L = 4.50 inches
Next, determine the size of the loop. Based on the result of
The distance A is the amount of distance required prior to
the calculation, it can be determined if more than one loop
placing an anchor on the pipe from the elbow. By leaving the
will be required.
distance A “ ” free floating, the pipe can expand and contract
freely to eliminate stress on the system. Within the distance A,
A=C D ∆L
it is still required to support the pipe according to the standard
support spacing, but without fixing it tightly. Since the pipe will
A = 30 3.54 (4.5)
be moving back and forth, it is important to ensure the support
surface is smooth and free of sharp edges that could damage
A = 119 inches = 10 feet
the pipe.
For this application, it is determined that one loop is suffi-
As with all three methods of expansion compensation, it is
cient. The system will have the following layout.
necessary to use hangers that will anchor the pipe in certain
locations and allow it to be guided in other locations. Guides
are extremely important to ensure that the expansion is elimi-
nated within the compensating device and not by the pipe
bowing or snaking.
C-19
EXAMPLE (continued)
Carrier Constant, Containment Expansion
Flexible Design
5 feet
These systems are designed in the same fashion. Work with the
equations as if the outer wall piping is a single wall pipe system.
10 feet
The use of loops, offsets, or changes in direction is the same
design method, accept in this case it is important that the car-
37.5 feet
rier pipe does not restrict the growth of the containment piping.
C The methodology to avoid this from occurring is the same as in
the previous section.
Figure C-24. Expansion layotu
The last step is to determine the size of the outer wall pipe. Flexible Syse
t m — Final Considerations
Since the loop has been designed to compensate for a In all double wall piping systems that require a flexible design,
maximum growth of 4.5 inches, it is known that the carrier some similar installation and design practices apply.
pipe will grow into the loop 2.25 inches from both direc-
tions. See Figure C-25 for clarification. All flexible systems require staggered butt-fusion assembly.
Since the inner and outer piping are expanding and contracting
at different rates, the support disc that locks the two pipes
together for simultaneous fusion cannot be used. For a flexible
system, the inner weld must be conducted and then the outer
Growth
3" weld. See Section F, Installation Practices, for staggered weld-
ing procedures.
6" 2.25" As in a single wall flexible system, it is important to control and

direct the direction of the expansion. In hanging systems, the
Figure C-25. Expansion into h
t e loop
use of guides and anchors is critical to properly direct the
growth. In buried systems, the spider clips provided within the
The annular space in the containment pipe must be designed
pipe are used to guide the carrier pipe inside the containment.
to allow for the free movement of the carrier pipe, a total dis-
tance of 2.25 inches. In this particular case, based on the
Dogbones are again used to anchor the pipe. From the loca-
OD of the carrier and ID of available containment piping, the
tion of the anchoring Dogbone, the direction of the expansion
containment pipe must be increased in size to a 10" Pro 45
is known. These fittings are used at all points of required
outer wall pipe. Figure C-26 depicts the cross-sectional view
anchoring.
of the pipe and the new expansion loop design.
Poly-Flo Thermal Expansion Design

2.5" 2.5"
A Poly-Flo double containment piping system is similar to that
of a single wall pipe. Poly-Flo pipe is made with continuous
supports between the carrier and containment pipe. The pipe
1/2 Moon is extruded all as one piece, different than any other fabricated
3" P150 Style Support double containment pipe system available in the world. Since
the carrier, the containment, and the ribs are all one homo-
10" P45 genous component, the containment pipe will expand and
contract at the same rate as the carrier pipe.
Figure C-26. Cross-sectional iv ew
Asahi /America has tested the effect of expanding the inner
Dogbone
pipe and verified that the outer pipe will expand at the same
rate with minimal stress to the rib support system.
Therefore, a Poly-Flo system should be designed for thermal

expansion in the same manner as a single wall piping system.
For further understanding of thermal expansion, consult with

the Asahi /America, Inc. Engineering Department to review any
needs of a specific project.
Figure C-27. New double contained expansion loop
HANGING PRACTICES ENGINEERING THEORY
HANGING PRACTICES
Hanging any thermoplastic system is not that much different
than hanging a metal system. Typically the spacing between
hangers is shorter, due to the flexibility of plastic. In addition,
the type of hanger is important.
Hanging Distances
Hangers should be placed based on the spacing requirements
provided in Appendix A. Since thermoplastic materials vary C
in strength and rigidness, it is important to select hanging dis- All Th l l clamp
Figure C-28a. Recommended i H
tances based on the material you are hanging. Also, operating
conditions must be considered. If the pipe is operated at If a clamp will be used as an anchor and it will be exposed to
a higher temperature, then the amount of hangers will be high end loads, a more heavy duty clamp may be required, as
increased. Finally, if the system is exposed to thermal cycling, well as a special anchoring setup. In these cases it is advised
the placement of hangers, guides, and anchors is critical. In to either consult a mechanical engineer with experience in pipe
these cases, the hanger locations should be identified by the stress analysis or receive detailed recommendations from the
system engineer and laid out to allow for expansion and con- clamp manufacturer .
traction of the pipe over its life of operation.
Hanger Types
When selecting hangers for a system, it is important to avoid
using a hanger that will place a pinpoint load on the pipe when
tightened. For example, a U-bolt hanger is not recommended
for thermoplastic piping.
Pressure
Point
Pressure
Point
Figure C-28. Effects of U-bolt on pipe
Hangers that secure the pipe 360° around the pipe are
preferred. Thermoplastic clamps are also recommended over
metal clamps, as they are less likely to scratch the pipe in the
event of movement. If metal clamps are specified for the pro-
ject, they should be inspected for rough edges that could
damage the pipe. Ideally, if a metal clamp is being used, an
elastomeric material should be used in between the pipe and
the clamp. This is a must for PVDF and E-CTFE systems, which
are less tolerant to scratching. Figure C-28a illustrates some
recommended hanger types.
C-21
ENGINEERING THEORY HANGING PRACTICES
C All Thermoplastic Hanger

(recommended for plastic pipe) Adjustable Solid Ring Clevis Hanger
Available from Asahi/America (swivel type)
Roller Hanger Pipe Roller and Plate Single Pipe Roller
Band Hanger with Riser Clamp Double-Bolt Clamp

Protective Sleeve
Vertical Clamp Vertical Pipe Clip Vertical Offset Clamp
U-Type Clamp Horizontal Pipe Clip Suspended Ring Clamp
Figure C-29. Typical plastic piping restraints
BURIAL PRACTICES (single wall) ENGINEERING THEORY
BURIAL PRACTICES FOR SINGLE WALL PIPING

When designing for underground burial of thermoplastic piping,
both static earth loads and live loads from traffic must be taken
into account. The static load is the weight of the column of soil
on the piping. The actual static load that the pipe is subjected
to is dependent on many factors: the type of soil, the compac-
tion of the soil, the width and detail of the trench, and the depth
that the pipe is buried. The deeper the burial, the higher the load.
Burial of Single Wall Piping

C
Live loads decrease radially from the point at the surface
from which they are applied. Live loads will have little effect
on piping systems except at shallow depths. Polypropylene,
polyethylene, and PVDF are flexible conduits. According to
a basic rule of thumb, at least 2% deflection can be achieved
without any structural damage or cracking. When analyzing
a system for capability of withstanding earth and live loading, Figure C-30. Example of n
u derground installation
deflection under proposed conditions are compared to maxi-
mum allowable deflection (5% for PP and PE and 3% for The load coefficient, Cd, depends on the ratio of the height
PVDF) and the adequacy is thus judged. of the fill to the trench width and can be determined from the
following equation.
Determination of Earth Loads
The method for determining earth loads of a flexible conduit is (1-e(-2K µ H/Bd))
Cd = (C-59)
the Marston Theory of loads on underground conduits. From 2K µ
the theory, it is concluded that the load on a rigid conduit is
Where: e = natural logarithm base
greater than on a flexible conduit. To determine the earth load
K = Rankine’s ratio of lateral to vertical
on a flexible conduit, the Marston equation for earth loads is
pressure
used. The ratio of the load on a rigid conduit to the load on a
flexible conduit is:
µ = coefficient for friction between backfill
material and sides of the trench
Wc (rigid) Bd From Equation C-59, a larger load can be expected at increas-

= (C-57)
Wc (flexible) Bc ing widths. As trench width increases, this load increases at a
decreasing rate until a value as prism load is attained. For most
applications, this value can be calculated as follows:
Wc = Cd w Bd Bc (C-58)
W c = H w Bc (C-60)
Where: Wc= load on conduit, (lbs/linear ft)
w = soil density, (lbs/ft3)
And prism load, expressed in terms of soil pressure, is as
Bc = horizontal width of conduit (ft)
follows:
Bd = horizontal width at top of trench (ft)
Cd = load coefficient
P = Wc H
Where: P = pressure due to soil weight at depth H

(lbs/ft2)
Therefore, the theory implies that a trench width twice the
H = height of fill (ft)
width of a conduit being buried will result in a load on a rigid
conduit twice that of a flexible conduit. Figure C-30 displays
Prism loading is the maximum attainable load in a burial situa-
the dimensions indicated in Equation C-57.
tion and represents a conservative design approach. Due to the
fact that frost and water action in a soil may dissipate frictional
forces of the trench, the long-term load may approach the
prism load. Therefore, it is recommended that this load be
considered when designing an underground thermoplastic
piping system.
C-23
ENGINEERING THEORY BURIAL PRACTICES (single wall)
Simplified Method for Burial Design If the maximum allowable is less than the actual load, changes
To properly determine the feasibility of thermoplastic piping will have to be made, such as burial depth, trench details, or
system in a buried application, follow the steps below. These pipe wall thickness. The allowable loads for Duo-Pro pipe are
steps will provide the proper design to resist static soil loads. based on an allowable ring deflection of 5% for PP and HDPE
and 3% for PVDF.
Step 1.
Live Load Designs
Determine the soil load exerted on the pipe in lbs/linear foot.
For applications where live loads are present, a general rule
C The following information is required: of thumb is to place the pipe 5 feet below the source of the
live load. If piping is only being exposed to a live load in a
Pipe Diameter: _____________________________________ short length, and cannot be placed 5 feet down, it may be
advantageous to sleeve the pipe through a steel pipe or
Soil Type: _________________________________________
enclose it in concrete.
Trench Width: ______________________________________
Burial Depth: ______________________________________ In general, live loads should be added to static earth loads to
determine the total load exerted on the pipe under site condi-
With this data, use the Martson Soil Load Tables found in tions. In Figure C-31, H20 highway loading, the effects of live
Appendix B to determine the actual load on the pipe. It is load and static earth loads combined on a pipe can be viewed.
critical to pay particular attention to the trenching details. If In shallow depths, shallower than the 5-foot mark, the effect of
proper trenching cannot be accomplished, values for the load traffic is significant and needs to be added to the static load to
should be determined using the prism load values, also found determine the effect. From the graph, it is demonstrated that at
in Appendix B. deeper depths the effect of a live load becomes a minimal effect.
In all cases of static and live loads, consult Asahi /America’s
Actual Soil Load: ______________________ per linear foot Engineering Department for assistance on design.
Step 2. 16
Determine the E' Modulus of the soil. Live load applied on assumed area of 30 x 40
14
E' Modulus values are based on the soil type and the proctor
(see Appendix B for table). If on-site conditions are not known, 12
use a low value to be conservative. H20 live load
Height of Cover (feet)
+ impact
10
E' = _______________________________________________
Dead load = 120 lb/ft3
8
Step 3.
Determine the allowable load on the pipe. 6
Total load
(live and dead)
The allowable load on the pipe is compared to the actual load 4
to determine suitability of the burial application. In addition,
safety factors can be calculated. Allowable loads are based 2
on the pipe diameter, material, wall thickness, and E' Modulus.
To determine the allowable loads, use the tables in Appendix A 0
for Polypropylene, PVDF, and HDPE. Be sure to use the tables 0 500 1000 1500 2000
by wall thickness and material. Vertical Soil Pressure (lbs/ft2)
Source: American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC
Max allowable soil load _________________ per linear foot

Figure C-31. H20 highway loading
If the actual load is less than the allowable load, the installation
is acceptable, providing a 2:1 safety factor is present.
Safety Factor = Max allowable load/ actual soil load.
SF = ______________________________________________
BURIAL PRACTICES (double wall) ENGINEERING THEORY
BURIAL PRACTICES FOR

DOUBLE WALL PIPING
The procedure is the same as that of a single wall system. All
calculations should be based on the outer wall, containment,
pipe OD, and wall thickness.
If leak detection cable is used on a buried double wall sys-

tem, it is necessary to calculate the actual deflection and
the resulting annular space to ensure the cable will have C
adequate clearance. See Figure C-32.
Deflection of
Leak Containment Pipe
Detection Restricts Annular
Cable Space
Figure C-32. Deflection of double contained pipe
The following formula is used to calculate deflection on the

containment pipe.
(K Wc r3)
∆X = DL (C-61)
(E I + 0.061 E'r3)
Where: ∆X = horizontal deflection based on inside

diameter (in)
DL = deflection lag factor (use 1.5)
K = bedding constant (Appendix B)
Wc = Marston load per unit length of pipe
(lbs/linear in)
r = radius of pipe (in)
E = modulus of elasticity of pipe materials
(psi)
I = moment of inertia of the pipe wall
(in3) = t3/12 (App A, Table A-28 to A-32)
E' = modulus of soil reaction (psi)
C-25
ENGINEERING THEORY INSTALLATION OF A BURIED SYSTEM
INSTALLATION OF A BURIED SYSTEM shifting, thereby preventing shearing and bending stresses on
the piping. It is strongly suggested that an elastomeric material
These preparations can be used for either single wall or double be used to prevent stress concentration loading on the piping
contained piping systems. caused by the reinforcing rod.
Trench Preparation–General Laying of Pipe Line and Backfilling Procedure

The recommended trench width for both single wall and double Caution must be exercised so that the laying of straight lengths
can be found by adding one foot to the width of the pipe to be or piping prepared above ground do not exceed the minimum
buried. Larger trench widths can be tolerated, but trench widths
C greater than the diameter plus two feet typically produce large
bending radius of the piping. For a given trench height, "h", the
minimum length of piping necessary to overcome failure due to
loads on the pipe. For small diameter pipes (4" and less), smaller bending strain can be determined by the following procedure.
trench widths are suggested. The important point to remember
is the trench width at the top of the conduit is the dimension
that determines the load on the pipe. Therefore, the sides of Step 1.
the trench can be sloped at an angle starting above this point Determine trench height = h
“ .” This trench height will equate to
to assist in minimizing soil loads in loose soil conditions (prior the offset value A
“ .”
to compaction). If the trench widths described are exceeded,
or if the pipe is installed in a compacted embankment, it is rec- A = 2Rb (sin Q)2 (C-62)
ommended that embedment should be compacted to 2.5" pipe
diameters from the pipe on both sides. If this distance is less
than the distance to the trench walls, then the embedment
Step 2.
materials should be compacted all the way to the trench wall. Determine Rb from longitudinal bending tables (see Appendix A)
for the pipe diameter to be laid.
When installing long lengths of piping underground, it may
not be necessary to use elbows, as long as the minimum Step 3.
radius of bending for specific diameters and wall thicknesses Determine the angle of lateral deflection (α).
are observed. If the soil is well compacted, thrust blocks are
not required. However, if changes of directions are provided
1/2
with tees or elbows, or if the soil is not well compacted, thrust
blocks should be provided. The size and type of a thrust block
α = sin-1 ( ) h
2Rb
(C-63)
is related to maximum system pressure, size of pipe, direction

of change (vertical or horizontal), soil type, and type of fitting or Step 4.
bend. To determine thrust block area, it is suggested that a geo- Determine the central angle β.
technical engineer be consulted, and soil bearing tests be con-
ducted if deemed necessary.
Step 5.
If the bottom of the trench is below the water table, actions Determine the minimum length L
“ ” in inches.
must be taken to adequately correct the situation. The use
of well points or under-drains is suggested in this instance,
βR
at least until the pipe has been installed and backfilling has L = 57.3b (C-64)
proceeded to the point at which flotation can no longer occur.
The water in the trench should be pumped out, and the bottom
Where: h = A = height of trench (in)
of the trench stabilized with the use of suitable foundation
material, compacted to the density of the bedding material. β = 2α = central angle (degrees)
In a double containment system, annular spaces must be Rb= radius of bending (in)
sealed to prevent water from getting into the space. (Appendix A)
L = minimum laying length (in)
For unstable trench bottoms, as in muddy or sandy soils,
excavate to a depth 4 to 6 inches below trench bottom grade, If the value determined in Step 5 is greater than the entire
backfill with a suitable foundation material, and compact to the length to be buried, due to a deep trench or short segment,
density of the bedding material. Be sure to remove all rocks, then the entire length should be lifted with continuous support
boulders, or ledge within 6 inches in any direction from the and simultaneously placed into the trench.
pipe. At anchors, valves, flanges, etc., independent support
should be provided by the use of a reinforcing concrete pad If the pipe is pulled along the ground surface, be sure to clear
poured underneath the pipe equivalent to five times the length the area of any sharp objects. Some means to prevent scarring
of the anchors, valves, or flanges. In addition, reinforcing rods to minimize soil friction should be used. Since the allowable
should be provided to securely keep the appurtenance from
INSTALLATION OF A BURIED SYSTEM ENGINEERING THEORY
working stress at pipe laying surface temperature should not

be exceeded, pulling force should not exceed:
Pipe
Depth
PF = SF x S x A (C-65) Backfill
85% Proctor 9"
Where: PF = maximum pulling force (Ibs) Sand

95% Proctor 9"
S = maximum allowable stress (psi)
A = cross-sectional area of pipe wall (in2)
SF = safety factor = 0.5 Pea Gravel
6"
6"
6"
C
Since the soil will provide friction against a pipe that is being
pulled on the ground, a length L “ ” will be achieved where the
pipe can no longer be pulled without exceeding maximum Figure C-33. Example of n
u derground installation
allowable stress of the piping. This length can be estimated by:
The piping location should be accurately recorded at this point,
2.3 SF S and it may be a wise idea to place a conductive wire or shield
L= (C-66)
(µ cos ∅ + sin ∅) in the vicinity in order to locate the piping at a later date by the
use of an underground metal detector. This will ensure that pip-
Where: L = maximum pulling length (feet) ing can still be located if the installation plans are misplaced.
S = maximum allowable stress (psi)
Offset
SF= safety factor = 0.5 Snaking Length
µ = coefficient of friction between
the soil and pipe wall
∅ = gradient (ground slope)
Muddy soil with a low coefficient of friction will allow for a

longer length to be pulled.
Offset
For small diameter pipes (21/2" and under), the pipe should be
snaked, particularly if installed during the middle of a hot sum-
mer day. The recommendations for offset distance and snaking Figure C-34. Illusrt ation of et rms relating o
t snaking
length should be observed, as outlined in this section, Thermal of pipe iw h t in a rt ench
Expansion. It is suggested that the laying of the pipe into the
trench on a summer day take place first thing in the morning to
minimize thermal contraction effects. For larger diameter pipes
with well compacted soil, friction should prevent pipe move-
ment due to thermal expansion and minimize the need for
snaking, although it is still recommended.
The initial backfilling procedure should consist of filling in on

the sides of the piping with soil free of rocks and debris. The
filling should be compacted by hand with a tamping device,
ensuring that the soil is forced under the pipe, and should
continue until a level of compacted fill 6" to 12" above the
top of the pipe is achieved. This process should be performed
in gradual, consistent steps of approximately a 4" layer of fill
at any one time to avoid the arching effect of the soil. When
this procedure is accomplished, the final backfill can proceed.
With a soil that is free of large rocks or other solids, the final fill
can be accomplished.
C-27
ENGINEERING THEORY PIPE BENDING
PIPE BENDING
As previously mentioned, many thermoplastic piping systems
can be bent to reduce the usage of fittings. Pipe bending pro-
cedures are dependent on the intended radius, the material,
and size and wall thickness of the pipe. Consult with
Asahi/America for procedural recommendations.
To determine the minimum allowable radius, see Appendix A.

C Tables App. A-15 and App. A-16 provide factors for bending
based on material and size. Polypropylene and HDPE can be
bent in the field, but bending PVDF is not recommended.
Di
OD
Rb
90°
Figure C-35. Asahi /America pipe allowable bend
HEAT TRACING AND INSULATION ENGINEERING THEORY
HEAT TRACING AND INSULATION Step 3.

Heat tracing of thermoplastic pipes differs considerably than Determine Q (heat loss) in watts per linear foot by using
that of metals. Some of the important contrasts include: poor Equation C-67 or by using the heat loss tables found in
thermal conductivity of the pipe material, upper-temperature Appendix A.
limitations of the pipe material due to low melting ranges and
combustibility features, high expansion and contraction char- π L ∆T
Q=
acteristics and the resulting insulation restrictions, poor 1 ln(Do/Di) 1 ln(Dins/Do) 1 1
grounding qualities for electrical currents, and the typical + + + + +
hi Di 2kp ho Do 2kins hins Dins hwb Dwb
harsh environmental consideration to which plastic piping
is frequently exposed to. External steam tracing is strongly
C
not recommended, due to the upper temperature limitations. (C-67)
However, there are two very reliable methods of providing
freeze protection and/or temperature maintenance: external Where: Kp = thermal conductivity of the pipe (BTU.in/ft2 h ° F )
electrical heat tracing using s“ elf-regulating” style electrical Kins = thermal conductivity of the insulation
heaters, and the internal method of using a smaller diameter (BTU.in/ft2 h ° F)
pipe that conveys a hot fluid to transfer heat to the fluid flowing Di = inside pipe dimension (in)
in the annular space. Both methods require a slightly different ho = inside air contact coefficient, pipe to insulation
design method, and also require their own unique fabrication (BTU.in/ft2 h ° F)
techniques. When designing a system using either of these
Do = pipe outside diameter (in)
methods, it is suggested that the factory be contacted for
technical advice pertaining to the particular situation. Dins = combined outside diameter of the pipe plus
Manufacturers of heat tracing also now offer computer pro- insulation (in)
grams to determine the proper system for an application. hins = inside air contact coefficient, insulation to
Raychem offers the TraceCalc program for such applications. weather barrier (BTU.in/ft2 h ° F)
Dwb = combined outside diameter of the pipe,
Thermal Design insulation, and weather barrier (in)
The heat loss calculations to determine the amount of heat that hwb = heat transfer coefficient of the outside air film
must be replaced by the heater are based on the Institute of (BTU.in/ft2 h ° F)
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 515-1983, Hi = heat transfer coefficient of the inside air film
Equation 1, with the following modification. Since the factor for (BTU.in/ft2 h ° F)
pipe wall resistance cannot be neglected for plastics, a term for
pipe wall resistance is also included. Pipe heat losses are
shown at a variety of temperature differences and insulation
thicknesses. Heat loss for Asahi /America piping can be found
in Appendix A. The information is based on foamed elastomer
insulation, according to ASTM C-534, located outdoors in a Di Do Dins Dwb
20 mph wind, no-insulating air space assumed between insula-
tion and outer cladding, and negligible resistance of the outer
cladding; thereby, providing an additional margin of safety in
the calculations. To determine heat loss through the insulated
pipe, the following procedure should be used.
Figure C-36. Double containment pipe
Step 1.
Determine applicable conditions such as type of piping, internal
Step 4.
fluid, minimum expected temperature condition, desired main- If the desired type of insulation is not foamed elastomer, do not
tenance temperature, outdoor or indoor condition (applicable adjust the number found in the table by applying a design factor.
wind velocity for outdoor condition), amount and type of insula- Instead, Equation C-67 should be used to determine the heat
tion desired, etc. loss. The resistance of the plastic pipe prevents the use of these
quick insulation factors, unlike the situation experienced for
metal piping where there is no pipe resistance to heat transfer.
Step 2.
Determine ∆T by subtracting the minimum expected design
temperature from the desired maintenance temperature.
Step 5.
For piping located indoors, multiply the values for Q (heat loss)
found in the heat loss tables in Appendix A, by 0.9 to determine
the corrected values.
C-29
ENGINEERING THEORY HEAT TRACING AND INSULATION
Exe
t rnal Self-Regulating Electrical Heat Step 1.
Tracing Design Select the appropriate family of heater based upon the maxi-
Plastic piping melts at comparatively low temperatures with mum exposure temperature and the desired maintenance
respect to that of metallic piping. If high enough temperatures temperature.
are achieved, the external walls of a plastic pipe may become
charred or burned causing damage to the external walls. Due Step 2.
to these features, the only recommended type of electrical heat Select an appropriate heater from the thermal output curves
tracer is the self-regulating type. A product with high reliability for that particular heater, so that the thermal output at the
C that is compatible with thermoplastic piping systems is
Chemelex® Auto-Trace® heaters, manufactured by Raychem
maintenance temperature equals or exceeds the heat loss.
Since polypropylene, HDPE, and PVDF have much lower ther-
Corporation of Menlo Park, CA. By automatically varying heat mal conductivities than that of metals, the power output curves
output, Auto-Trace heaters compensate for installation and should be adjusted. It is suggested that a power output adjust-
operating variables such as voltage fluctuations, installation, ment factor of between 0.5 to 0.75 be used to derate the stated
heat sinks, and ambient temperature changes, while continuing power outputs at the design temperature of the pipe. This fac-
to provide necessary heat for system operation. tor takes into account that ∆T-180 aluminum tape be used over
the heater. It is suggested the tape be used both over and under
Self-regulation works by the use of a unique heating element the heater to aid in heat transfer. Without any tape at all, a fac-
that is a specially blended combination of polymer and con- tor between 0.3 and 0.5 should be applied to the power to
ductive carbon, creating electrical paths between the parallel derate the stated power outputs.
bus wires at every point along the circuit. As it warms, the core
expands microscopically, increasing resistance to electrical
flow and causing the heater to reduce its power output. As
Step 3.
the surrounding temperature cools the core, it contracts micro- Should the heat loss already calculated be greater than the
scopically, decreasing resistance and increasing the heater power output of the selected heater:
output. In addition, the heat distribution along the pipe surface • Use thicker insulation
can be more evenly controlled as the heater will vary its power • Use insulation with a lower thermal conductivity
output in accordance with the state of the heater core. In cold • Use two or more parallel strips
spots, the core contracts microscopically creating many electri-
• Spiral the heat tracing or
cal paths through the conductive carbon. The flow of electricity
through the core generates heat. In warmer sections, the core • Use product from the same family with higher
expands microscopically, disrupting many electrical paths. The thermal output rating
increased electrical resistance causes the heater to reduce its
power output. In hot sections, the microscopic core expansion Step 4.
disrupts almost all the electrical paths. With this high resistance When spiralling of the heater is chosen as in Step 3 above
to electrical flow, power output is virtually zero. Thus the heat because more than one foot of heater is required per foot of
distribution is very even, and hot spots along the temperature pipe, divide the pipe heat loss per foot by the heat output of
sensitive plastic pipe and insulation are avoided. the selected heater (at the desired maintenance temperature)
to calculate the spiral factor. Use Table C-4 to determine the
Other features of self-regulating heaters include parallel pitch. Refer to Figure C-44 for an illustration on how to mea-
circuitry for cut-to-length convenience at the job site, flexibility sure pitch.
for easy field installation, and circuit length up to 1,000 feet
(305 meters). In addition, reduced operating cost is achieved
by balancing heat loss through efficient energy use, compensa-
Step 5.
tion for local temperature variation, and minimal maintenance Determine the total length of the heater required by combining
due to long lasting reliability. Engineering design assistance is lengths from each component in the piping system. For the
provided through Asahi /America’s Engineering Department on piping, calculate the amount of heater required for the pipe
request. length. In the case of a straight heater run, this quantity is equal
to the total length of piping.
To design a system with electrical heat tracing, the following
variables must be known: design temperature difference (∆T) For each pair of bolted flanges, add a heater length equal to
found as shown in the thermal design section of this chapter two times the pipe diameter.
in watts per linear foot of pipe, voltage, area classification,
chemical environment, type and number of valves, flanges and For each valve, add a heater length determined by multiplying
supports, and total pipe length. Once these factors are known, the heat loss Q by the valve factor provided in Table C-5 and
the following procedure is used to design the electrical heat dividing by the heater output at the maintenance temperature.
tracing for the piping system.
Q Fv Insulation
Lh = (C-68)
Tm Insulation is a good method of protecting a pipe system from
UV exposure, as well as providing required insulation for the
Where: L h = length of heater (ft) system or media being transported. A serious difference
Q = pipe and insulation loss between plastic and metal is plastic’s thermal properties.
(watts/linear foot • hour) A metal pipe system will quickly take the temperature of the
Fv = valve factor (see Table C-5) media being transported. A system carrying a media at 150° F
Tm = maintenance temperature (°F) will have an outer wall temperature close to or at 150° F. In con-
For each pipe hanger, add a heater length equal to three times
trast, thermoplastics have an inherent insulating property that
maintains heat inside the pipe better than a metal system. The
C
the pipe diameter. advantage is that a plastic pipe has better thermal properties,
which translates into improved operating efficiencies and
Step 6. reduced insulation thickness. In a double contained plastic
piping system, you have the benefit of the inherent insulation
In hazardous or classified areas, or in applications where a
properties of the plastic plus the additional benefit of the air in
ground path must be provided, or in general harsh environ-
the annular space between the carrier and containment pipes.
ments, select the optional heater coverings as follows:
For dry and non-corrosive environments where a ground path

is required, use the tinned copper shield covering. Table C-5. Valve Heat Loss Factor
Valve Type Heat Loss Factor
For limited exposure to aqueous inorganic chemicals, use Gate 4.3
the tinned copper shield with modified polyolefin outer jacket. Butterfly 2.3
(For BTVTM type heater only.) Ball 2.6
Globe 3.9
For limited exposure to organic or inorganic chemicals, use the For Example: Heat loss for a 2" gate valve is 4.3 times the heat loss for one foot of
tinned copper shield with the fluoropolymer outer jacket. pipe of the same size and insulation.
Step 7.
Select the heater voltage from either the 120 Vac or 240 Vac
options. If the 240 Vac option is selected, but the available volt-
age differs from the product rating, the heater output must be
adjusted by using appropriate factors. Consult the maker of the
heat tracing for the appropriate factors.
Table C-4. Spiral Factor/Pitch
Pipe Size Spiral Factor (feet of auto-tractor per feet of pipe)

(ips) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.0 NR NR NR NR NR
1.5 NR NR NR NR NR
2.0 17 NR NR NR NR
2.5 20 14 NR NR NR
3.0 24 17 13 NR NR
3.5 28 19 15 13 NR
4.0 31 21 17 14 NR
4.5 35 24 19 16 14
5.0 39 26 21 18 15
6.0 46 31 25 21 18
8.0 59 41 33 28 24
Note: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
C-31
ENGINEERING THEORY HEAT TRACING AND INSULATION
Locate Multiple Cables Self-Regulating Heater Cable

90° Apart or Rain Shield
Equally Spaced
Thermal Insulation
Watertight Jacket
45° 45° 45° End Seal
Grade
Two Heater Cables One Heater Cable 1 ft Glass Tape
C Thermal Insulation Underground lagging

must be waterproofed
Glass Tape to prevent seepage
into thermal insulation
Frost Line
Self-Regulating
Heating Tape
24" (closer as necessary Seal Thoroughly

for good contact of heater Weatherproofing
to pipe)
Coupled or Welded Pipe Flanged Pipe
Figure C-37. Positioning of heating a
t pe on pipe
Figure C-40. Applying heating a
t pe below grade
Bar Hanger
Thermal Insulation
Sealer
Self-Regulating Heater Cable
Glass Tape Glass Tape
Plastic Pipe
Thermal Insulation
Self-Regulating
Heating Tape Weatherproofing Glass Tape
Heater cable is normally applied
to outside (long) radius of elbow

t pe around bar hanger

t pe on elbows
Self-Regulating Heater Tape
Flange
Glass Tape
Self-Regulating
Heating Tape Glass Tape

t pe around flanges Figure C-42. Heating a
t pe placed on e
t es
Valve Body Self-Regulating

Glass Tape Heating Tape
Glass Tape
Note:
Heater cable
installations Self-Regulating
will be different
for different
valve shapes
Heating Tape
C
Pipe Support
Adjust cable length

for valve body
Apply glass tape as necessary

to hold heater cable in place
Figure C-43. Heating a

t pe placed around a
v lves
t pe on pipe supports
Thermal Insulation Glass Tape
Pitch
Spiral Method No. 1
Wrap loops in opposite directions
Apply glass tape before

spiralling cable on pipe
Tape after spiralling cable Pitch
Spiral Method No. 2
Figure C-44. Spiral rw apping of heating a

t pe around pipes
C-33
ENGINEERING THEORY
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Section D
APPLICATION AND
SYSTEM DESIGN
Contents
High-Purity Syse
t m Design . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-2 Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-15
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-2 Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-16
Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-2 Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-16
System Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-3 Welding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-16
Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-3 UV Exposure and Weatherability . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-17
Minimize Dead Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-3 Leak Detection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-18
System Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-5 Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-20
Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-5 Sensor Cable Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-21
Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-6 Ventilation Syse
t m Design . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-23
Welding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-6 Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-23
Single Wall Chemical Pipe Syse

t m Design . . D-7 Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-23
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-7 Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-23
Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-7 Layout Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-23
System Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-24
UV Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 UV Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-24
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-24
Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 Welding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-24
Welding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 Compressed Air Syse

t m Design . . . . . . . .D-27
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-27
Double Wall Syse
t m Design . . . . . . . . . . . .D-10
Operating Parameters, Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-27
When to Use Double Containment Piping . . . . . .D-10
System Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-27
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-10
Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-28
System Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-12
Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-29
System Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-13
Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-29
Specialty Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-14
Welding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-29
Double Contained Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-15
D-1
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN HIGH-PURITY SYSTEM DESIGN
HIGH-PURITY SYSTEM DESIGN leach into a water system for extended periods of time. PP
is an extremely weldable material, making fusion joints simple
A pure water system comprised of PVDF or polypropylene is and reliable. For more information on PP, consult Section B.
similar to most chemical feed systems. The critical factor in a
pure system is to design it in a continuous moving loop without The third alternative is E-CTFE. This material, also known as
dead legs to avoid the possibility of microorganism growth. Halar® , provides superior surface even compared to PVDF. Its
extraction levels are also similar to that of PVDF. Halar is a very
Systems should also be sized to have turbulent flow as part ductile material, making its use and welding methods extremely
of the method of inhibiting bacteria growth. PVDF and PP sys- reliable. E-CTFE is normally available only in certain sizes and
tems are ideally suited for pure water as they have extremely does have some pressure limitations at higher pressure. Halar
smooth inner surfaces that reduce particle generation and has become the preferred material for tank lining applications.
inhibit sites for bacteria to adhere to and proliferate. In addition,
PVDF and PP systems have low extractables, thus not contam-
Operating Parameters
inating the water being transported. See the Purad High Purity
D Guide for more data on material purity. Because thermoplastic systems have varying ratings at differ-
ent temperatures, it is important to design a system around all
In designing a thermoplastic high-purity water system, the the parameters to which it will be subjected. As a first pass,
following items need to be considered: verify the following operating parameters:
• Materials of Construction • Continuous operating temperature
• O perating Parameters • Continuous operating pressure
• System Sizing • Media and concentration
• Thermal Expansion
By knowing the above parameters, thermal plastic pipe systems
• Minimize Dead Legs can be selected. Compare the actual conditions to the allow-
• System Monitoring able ratings of the material being selected for the job. It is
• Other Considerations important to predict elevated temperatures, as thermoplastics
• Hanging have reduced pressure ratings at higher temperatures. Valves
• W elding Methods should be verified in terms of temperature and pressure sepa-
rately from a piping system, as certain styles and brands of
valves have lower ratings than the pipe system. Finally, if the
Materials of Constrc
u it on
media is not water, a chemical compatibility check should be
PVDF is the premier material for high-purity water systems. conducted with the manufacturer. See Section E, Chemical
PVDF has been used in ultra pure water systems for over Resistance.
15 years because it is superior to materials such as stainless
steel or PVC. PVDF combines excellent surface finish with low After verifying the standard operating conditions, it is neces-
extractables to provide the highest quality piping material for sary to examine other operations that might affect the piping.
the application. In addition to its purity attributes, PVDF is also The following is a sample of items to investigate prior to speci-
available in a variety of components and welding methods that fying a material.
are well suited for UPW applications. PVDF is a crystalline
• W ill there be spikes in temperature or pressure?
material that can withstand high pressures. However, the nature
of PVDF requires special planning and handling during the • I s there a cleaning operation that the piping will be
installation. These types of requirements are now common- exposed to?
place on the market and are accepted as standard operating • If yes, what is the cleaning agent? What temperature
methods. For the strictest applications, requiring low bacteria will the cleaning be conducted at?
counts and virtually undetectable levels of metal ions, PVDF • Will the system be exposed to sunlight or other
is recommended for this service. sources of UV?
For applications less stringent in water quality level, polypro- Each of the above questions should be answered and the
pylene is an excellent alternative. PP offers excellent surface desired material should be checked for suitability based on
smoothness, as well as low extractable levels as compared the above factors, as well as any others that might be special
to stainless steel. Polypropylene systems are thermally fused to the system in question.
together, eliminating the use of glues, which will continue to
® Halar is a registered trademark of Ausimont Corporation.
D-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
HIGH-PURITY SYSTEM DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
Syse
t m Sizing Thermal Expansion
It is well known that high-purity water systems are designed Typically, Purad and PolyPure systems are designed for ambi-
to operate in a continuously flowing loop to prevent stagnant ent or cold DI water. In these cases, since the systems operate
water in the system. Stagnant water can proliferate the growth continuously and are normally inside a fairly constant tempera-
of bacteria and bio-film. The pattern and design of the loop will ture building, the need to compensate for thermal expansion is
vary depending on the facility requirements. not required. Although, it is an important factor that should be
reviewed on each and every installation design.
The flow rate in the system is important in determining the pipe
diameter size. In a pure water system, elevating flow velocities Hot DI systems normally operating at temperatures of 65° C to
is recommended to reduce the possibility of bio adhesion to 120° C, depending on the water usage, require a more complex
the pipe wall or welded surfaces. design. PVDF systems can be used in hot water applications
and applications where the temperature is cyclical. These
Many specifications will state that the flow should be set at a systems require analysis of the thermal expansion effects.
minimum of 5 feet per second, which will always be turbulent
flow at this velocity. However, a more sensible approach may
Section C walks through the steps of calculating thermal
expansion, end loads, and expansion compensating devices.
D
be to review the Reynolds’ Number of the system to ensure In most cases, the use of expansions, offsets, and proper hang-
the flow is turbulent (see Section C, Equation C-14, for the ing techniques are all that is required to ensure a proper design.
calculation). Use of the Reynolds’ Number may reduce waste
oversizing of pumps to overcome excessive pressure drops Hot DI systems also reduce the rigidity of thermoplastic piping
due to unnecessarily high velocities. systems, which, in turn, decreases the support spacing
between pipe hangers. In smaller dimensions, it is recommend-
Since many HP systems are now produced from high-quality ed to use continuous support made of some type channel or
Purad PVDF, high velocities in a continuously flowing system split plastic pipe.
may not be as necessary. High velocities are generally accom-
plished by undersizing the pipe diameter, which is directly Finally, the use of hangers as guides and anchors becomes
proportional to increased pressure drops. In fact, high minimum important. As the design procedures in Section C indicate,
velocities are detrimental to the ability of a system to deliver certain hangers should be used as guides to allow the pipe
adequate point of use pressure during peak demand condi- to move back and forth in-line, while other hangers should
tions.(1) Therefore, using cleaner, smoother material such as be anchoring locations used to direct the expansion into the
PVDF is desirable for design and operation. compensating device. The anchors and hangers should be
designed to withstand the end load generated by the thermal
Sizing Laterals expansion.
A pure water and an ultra pure water system will be made of
Minimize Dead Legs
main loop branches known as laterals. It is important in design
to not dead end laterals and ensure there is always flow move- The term dead leg refers to a stagnant zone of water in the
ment in the main and in the lateral. Systems are designed with system. Dead legs are normally formed in the branch of a tee
different loop configurations to accommodate the needs of pro- that is closed off with a valve. See Figure D-1.
duction. However, all laterals must be designed for continuous
flow and should feed back unused water into the return line.
For supply laterals feeding multiple tools, the lateral needs to Flow
be sized based on an acceptable pressure drop.(1) A general
rule of thumb is 2 psig per 100 feet. Consideration of point of
use water consumption, length, and frequency of demand must
be factored into the sizing process of the lateral. Dead
Zone
Sizing Mains
Main trunk lines are sized using the demand for water by
the tools plus the tool and return lateral minimum flows. Tool
demand can be calculated by taking the average flow demand
and multiplying it by 1.2 to 1.8 to accommodate for peak demand.
This should be based on the tool manufacturer’s parameters.(1)
Figure D-1. Dead legs due o
t poor design
The return lines should be sized for minimal pressure drop when
the tool demand is at a minimum, thus corresponding to maxi-
(1) Ultra Pure Water, May/June 2000: “Criteria, Tools and Practices for High
mum bypass at the end of a main pressure control station(1). Purity Water Distribution”
D-3
A rule of thumb in designing a system is to keep all dead legs Since these tee configurations are narrow in diameter, they
to a maximum of 6 internal pipe diameters in length. The turbu- create a dead leg in the branch where microorganism growth
lent flow in the main trunk line will create a significant amount can be initiated. The use of instrumentation fittings eliminate
of movement to keep the leg moving and prevent bacteria from dead legs while being a safe adapter for gauges or sample
adhering to the pipe wall. However, the Purad system allows valves. See Figure D-4.
designers to avoid dead legs altogether with the advent of
T-diaphragm valves and zero dead leg fittings.
Gauge or Sample Valve
T-valves (see Figure D-2) take the place of a tee, reducer, and
diaphragm valve by combining all three into one component.
T-valves reduce the quantity of welds in a system as well. By Instrument Fitting
using a T-valve, branch lines can be shut off at any time without
creating a dead leg and turned back on without an extensive Flow
flush procedure.
D
Figure D-4. Proper s
u e of instrm
u ent fitit ng o
t avoid dead
Diaphragm
space. Can be s u ed iw h
t gauge guard.
T-Valve
The insert of a resistivity probe can also be a possible source

for dead legs. Since most probe manufacturers recommend
that fluid flows directly at the probe, they are often situated in
Flow
the leg of a tee and the tee acts as a 90° elbow. Since most
probes are supplied as a 3/4" NPT fitting or sanitary adapter,
there is the necessity to weld reducers onto the tee leg to
Figure D-2. T-valve eliminates dead leg accommodate the sensor, which will create dead zone. A sim-
ple fitting, the probe adapter, conveniently eliminates the need
Dead legs in a system can be found in more than just branch for reducers and shortens the leg of the tee. See Figure D-5.
lines. Often, the introduction of a gauge, measurement device, Probe adapters are available in all sizes and pressure ratings.
and /or sampling valve can create a dead leg. Since it is not
recommended to tap into the side of a PVDF pipe for safety
reasons, gauges are installed using tees and caps as shown Tee Probe
Tee Probe
in Figure D-3.
Flow Flow
Female Adapter Probe

Adapter Sanitary
Fitting Adapter
Dead Reducer
Zone
Figure D-5. Proper adapter setp
u s
Tee
Flow
Figure D-3. Dead leg due o t improper

instrm
u ent installation
D-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
HIGH-PURITY SYSTEM DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
Bluff Body Flow Tube

Syse
t m Monitoring
In the proper design of an ultra pure water system, it is impor-
tant to monitor the quality of the water, temperature, pressure,
and the flow rate. All devices should be picked on the following
criteria:
• Accuracy of indication Vortices
• Repeatability
• No moving parts Figure D-7. The o
v rtex principle
• Clean
• Devices in contact with the water Other Considerations
should be thermoplastic Ultraviolet
• Ease of use
All plastics react differently to UV exposure. Section C defines
In regard to monitoring flow, it is important to use devices that
the effects on PVDF, PP, and E-CTFE materials. In addition to D
the external exposure of UV lights, it is also common for UV
do not have moving parts to determine the flow rate. All ther-
sterilizing lamps to be used to control bacteria levels in a
moplastic construction is ideal to exactly match that of the
water system. These lamps give off high intensity light to
pipe. An ideal flow measurement device is the vortex meter.
break up living bacteria in water. Depending on the wave
A vortex meter from Asahi /America will provide accurate,
length of the lamp, trace amounts of ozone can be generated
repeatable flow without any moving parts. The features trans-
from these lamps. The combination of the intense UV and
late into the benefit of clean operating design and long lifetime.
ozone can create stress cracking in piping components
With no moving parts, no particles will be generated and there
directly in contact with the light source. To avoid a possible
are no parts to wear out. In addition, vortex meters are simple
problem, build a light trap from stainless steel (SS) compo-
to install and wire up. With all thermoplastic components, the
nents. The use of SS diaphragm valves or a couple of
device is unobtrusive to the process and provides years of
changes in direction will eliminate the concern altogether.
reliable, clean operation.
Figure D-8 illustrates an efficient light trap.
Stainless Steel
Light Trap
PVDF
UV Light
Sterilizer
PVDF
Stainless Steel
Light Trap
Figure D-8. UV light rt ap
Ozone
Figure D-6. Vortex meter The use of ozone for system sterilization has proven itself as
the preferred industry method. Dosing a PVDF or E-CTFE sys-
Vortex meters operate on the vortex principal. A bluff in the tem with ozone for sterilization purposes is acceptable and
flow body causes a slight pressure drop behind it as the flow does not damage the material. The exact concentration and
passes by. The water turns inward into the pressure differential period of ozonation should be verified with the pipe supplier.
causing the formation of small eddies or whirlpools. The vor-
tices, as they are called, alternate from one side to the other Using ozone in polypropylene systems is not recommended.
in direct proportion to the flow. The frequency is calculated to Ozone has a tendency to breakdown PP at an alarming rate.
flow and is transmitted as a 4–20 mA signal or a digital pulse, For these systems an alternate chemical, such as hydrogen
depending on customer preference. peroxide, should be used. The piping manufacturer should
verify the peroxide concentration and period of exposure to
the polypropylene system.
D-5
Hanging Heater
Pipe Pipe
See Section C for hanging details and proper placement dis-
tances. Since plastic reacts differently than metal, varying
hanger styles are required. The designer of a system should
specify the exact hanger and location and not leave this portion
up to the installer.
Welding Methods
Asahi /America offers several choices for joining PVDF and PP Start of Heating
together. The choice of a particular method should be based

Molten End Molten End
on the following concerns: purity of the system installation,
location, size range, and system complexity.
D While the welding method is instrumental in the purity of a

water system, the choice of a welding method is not the final
factor. The environment where welding occurs may be more
important than the actual welding method. Asahi /America
Heat Soak Time
recommends the welding method be based on the type of
installation, rather than the desire to have the most advanced
equipment on site.
PVDF can be installed using butt fusion, IR fusion, socket

fusion, and beadless HPF fusion. All methods are proven in
DI water systems, and each has its own advantages. Polypro-
pylene is weldable using butt, IR or socket fusion. In addition, Joining and Cooling
Asahi /America offers electro-fusion couplings for PP that are

Figure D-9. IR fusion e
w lding process
ideal for repairs. E-CTFE can be welded using butt or IR fusion.
It is recommended to assemble Halar with IR fusion, as special
IR fusion has become the standard welding choice within the
heating elements are required for welding Halar with conven-
semiconductor industry for the above reasons. IR fusion is
tional butt-fusion equipment.
neat, clean, and reliable. Current day welding equipment is
computer controlled, making each weld identical, and inspec-
Socket fusion is ideal for small, simple, low cost systems. In
tion processes more reliable. IR fusion equipment also allows
small diameters, 1/2"–1 1/4" socket fusion can be done quite
for complete traceability of each weld, by each operator.
easily with a hand-held welding plate and a few inserts. With
just a limited amount of practice, an installer can make clean
IR fusion is suited for cleanroom environments and bench top
and reliable joints. For larger dimensions, up to a maximum of
type welding. Equipment is highly sophisticated, making field
4", bench style socket fusion equipment is available for keep-
or location welds difficult.
ing joints aligned.
Butt fusion is similar in practice to IR fusion; however the com-
For systems that have larger dimensions above 4", butt and
ponents to be welded are in contact with the heat source. Butt
IR fusion make a logical choice. Both systems are available for
fusion is the parent of IR fusion and still maintains its one advan-
welding all dimensions from 1/2" to 10". IR fusion has several
tage; it can be done in a variety of environments. Wind or a
advantages; during the welding process the material is not in
strong breeze can make IR welding troublesome. In these cases
contact with the heat source, thus eliminating a source of
butt fusion is preferred. If welds are made outside or in a windy
contamination. In the course of an IR weld, there is no force
area, butt fusion should be used. Field welds in place can also
against the heating element like in butt fusion, therefore the
be accomplished with butt fusion. A variety of different types
weld beads are smaller when making an IR weld. In a flowing
of butt-fusion equipment are available, making location welds
system, an IR bead will flush cleaner, due to its round,
possible, where an IR fusion would not be recommended.
smoother shape as compared to a butt weld. See Figure D-9.
For a more detailed analysis of welding methods and equip-
ment, refer to Section F, Installation Practices.
SINGLE WALL CHEMICAL PIPE APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
SINGLE WALL CHEMICAL PIPE Each of the these questions should be answered and the
desired material should be checked for suitability based on
SYSTEM DESIGN these factors, as well as any others that might be special to
When properly designing a single wall pipe system for the the system in question.
transport of chemicals, several factors need to be reviewed.
A properly designed thermoplastic system will provide years Finally, in addition to verifying the temperature, pressure, and
of reliable service without the headaches of corrosion problems. media with the thermoplastic pipe material, it is also necessary
At the time of design, consider and plan for the following items: to verify other components in the system, such as valves, gas-
• Materials of Construction kets, valve seat and seals, etc. These should be examined in
• Thermal Expansion the same manner as the pipe material.
• System Sizing
Thermal Expansion
• UV Considerations
Based on your operating criteria, thermal expansion must be
• Insulation
• Hanging
considered. For systems maintained at consistent tempera-
tures, compensation for thermal effects may not be required.
D
• W elding Methods It is, however, important to review all aspects such as the oper-
ating environment. Is it outdoors where it will be exposed to
u it on changing weather? Is the system spiked with a high tempera-
The first and foremost item in any system design (metal or ther- ture cleaning solution? Will the system run at a significantly
moplastic) is the media that will be running through the pipes higher temperature than the installation temperature? The
and parameters of operation. Using accurate data for the sys- occurrence of any thermal change in a plastic system will
tem design will transfer to years of reliable operation. When cause the material to expand or contract. As an example
considering the system design, answer the following questions: of the effect, polypropylene will grow roughly one inch for
every 100 linear feet and 10 ∆T.
• What is the chemical(s) to be in contact with the system?
• What are the chemical concentrations? Thermoplastic systems can be used in hot applications and
• What temperature will the system operate at? applications where the temperature is cyclical; it just requires
• What pressure will the system operate at? analysis of the thermal expansion effects. Section C walks
• What is the flow of the media in the system? through the steps of calculating thermal expansion, end loads,
and expansion compensating devices. In most cases, the use
By answering these questions, the proper material of construc- of expansions, offsets, and proper hanging techniques are all
tion can be selected for the project. To assist in the material that is required to ensure a proper design.
selection, refer to the chemical resistance tables in Section E,
Chemical Resistance. A thermoplastic system’s ratings for tem- Hot systems also reduce the rigidity of thermoplastic piping,
perature and pressure are based on water. The addition of cer- which, in turn, decreases the support spacing between pipe
tain chemicals will add stress to the system and may reduce hangers. In smaller dimensions, it is recommended to use
the recommended operating parameters. For less aggressive continuous support made of some type channel or split plastic
chemicals, the use of printed resistance tables in Section E is pipe.
perfectly suitable. For more aggressive chemicals or mixtures
of chemicals, the manufacturer of the pipe system should be Finally, the use of hangers as guides and anchors becomes
consulted. important. As the design procedures in Section C indicates,
certain hangers should be used as guides to allow the pipe
After verifying the standard operating conditions, it is neces- to move back and forth in-line, while other hangers should
sary to examine other operations that might affect the piping. be anchoring locations used to direct the expansion into the
The following is a sample of items to investigate prior to speci- compensating device. The anchors and hangers should be
fying a material. designed to withstand the end load generated by the thermal
expansion. Figure D-10 is an example of an anchor type
• W ill there be spikes in temperature or pressure?
restraint fitting that is available from Asahi /America, Inc.
• I s there a cleaning operation that the piping will be
exposed to?
• If yes, what is the cleaning agent? What temperature
will the cleaning be conducted at?
• W ill the system be exposed to sunlight or other
sources of UV?
D-7
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN SINGLE WALL CHEMICAL PIPE
Place Clamp Here Insulation

Butt End
Insulation is a good method of protecting a pipe system from
UV exposure, as well as providing required insulation for the
system or media being transported. A serious difference
between plastic and metal is plastic’s thermal properties.
A metal pipe system will quickly take the temperature of the
media being transported. A system carrying a media at 150° F
will have an outer wall temperature close to or at 150° F. In con-
trast, thermoplastics have an inherent insulating property that
Figure D-10. Restraint fitit ng
maintains heat inside the pipe better than a metal system. The
advantage is that a plastic pipe has better thermal properties,
For calculation of allowed stresses and design of expansion
which translates into improved operating efficiencies and
compensation devices, refer to Section C, Engineering Theory
reduced insulation thickness.
and Design Considerations.
D Hanging
Syse
t m Sizing
See Section C for hanging details and proper placement dis-
In Section C, there is a detailed discussion on fluid dynamics
tances. Since plastic reacts differently than metal, varying
and determination of flow rates and pressure drops. When
hanger styles are required. The designer of a system should
using any thermoplastic with a hazardous chemical, it is recom-
specify the exact hanger and location and not leave this portion
mended to maintain flow rates below a velocity of 5 ft/second.
up to the installer.
High velocities can lead to water hammer in the event of an air
pocket in the system. Water hammer can generate excessive
pressures that can damage a system. For safety reasons, high
Welding Methods
velocities should be avoided. The system designer should specify the welding method to be
used in any given project. Asahi/America offers several choices
In addition, high velocities also mean added pressure drop, for joining PVDF and PP together. The choice of a particular
which, in turn, increases demand on the pump. If the flow method should be based on the following concerns:
velocity is not required, it is recommended to size a system • Installation location
with minimal pressure drop. It is also recommended to oversize • Size range
a design to allow for future expansion or chemical demand. • System complexity
Once a system is in place, it is difficult to add capacity to it.
PVDF can be installed using butt fusion, IR fusion, socket
UV Considerations fusion, and beadless HPF fusion. All methods are proven in
All thermoplastic materials react to the exposure of UV differ- chemical systems and each has its own advantages. Polypro-
ently. PVDF and E-CTFE materials are almost completely UV pylene is weldable using butt, IR, or socket fusion. In addition,
resistant over the course of its design life. However, certain Asahi /America offers electro-fusion couplings for PP that are
chemicals containing Cl anions exposed to UV light can ideal for repairs. (Electro-fusion PP couplings may have
create a free radical Cl, which will attack the PVDF pipe wall. reduced chemical resistance. Consult factory.) E-CTFE can be
For more information on these chemicals, refer to UV Exposure welded using butt or IR fusion. It is recommended to assemble
and Weatherability later in this section. Halar with IR fusion, as special heating elements are required
for welding Halar with conventional butt-fusion equipment.
Polypropylene is not UV stable. In direct exposure to sunlight
it will break down. The effect can be seen in a noticeable color Socket fusion is ideal for small, simple, low cost systems.
change in the pipe. In a pigmented PP system, the color change In small diameters, 1/2"–1 1/4" socket fusion can be done quite
will actually create a protective shield on the outer layer of the easily with a hand-held welding plate and a few inserts. With
pipe and prevent further degradation. For PP pipes with a wall just a limited amount of practice, an installer can make safe
thickness greater than 0.25", the effect of UV is reduced and and reliable joints. For larger dimensions, up to a maximum
can be used outside. However, it is still recommended to pro- of 4", bench style socket fusion equipment is available for
tect it from UV exposure for added safety. Natural PP will not keeping joints aligned.
self create a UV shield as the pigment PP does; therefore, UV
protection is required all the time on natural PP systems. For systems that have larger dimensions above 4", butt and IR
fusion make a logical choice. Butt fusion is available in every
Other materials, such as HDPE, may or may not be UV stabi- pipe size made available by Asahi /America. Welding can take
lized. PE containing carbon black are generally UV stable and place in a variety of climates and conditions. In addition, butt
can handle direct exposure. Other HDPE materials may require fusion offers the widest variety of welding equipment options.
protection. Use of protection should be based on the individual Tools are available for bench welding, trench welding, and
grade of the polyethylene. Consult the manufacturer for details.
SINGLE WALL CHEMICAL PIPE APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
welding in the rack, making it completely versatile for almost

all applications. Refer to Section F for guidance in tool
selection.
IR fusion is available for welding 1/2" to 10". IR is an extension

of the butt-fusion method. The operation is the same with the
exception that material being joined is not in contact with the
heat source. Rather, the material is brought in close to the heat-
ing element and the heat radiates off to the components. The
advantage of this method for chemical systems is the elimina-
tion of molten material sticking to the heat source.
IR fusion is better suited for indoor applications. IR fusion

equipment is highly sophisticated, providing the operator with
detailed information on the weld process and quality. For criti- D
cal applications with dangerous media, IR fusion may be best
suited due to the quality assurance built into each piece of
equipment.

D-9
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN DOUBLE WALL SYSTEM DESIGN
DOUBLE WALL SYSTEM DESIGN When o

t Use Double Containment Piping
Double containment piping systems are one of the most eco- Underground EPA Requirements
nomical and reliable methods for protecting against primary The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has adopted
piping leaks of corrosive or hazardous fluids. The Duo-Pro and regulations on underground storage tanks (USTs) and related
Fluid-Lok systems offered by Asahi /America are the original piping. The EPA states these systems pose threats to the envi-
and flagship products of the industry. When designed and ronment. EPA regulation 40 CFR 280 spells out the minimum
applied correctly, the system can be expected to have a long requirements for USTs that contain petroleum or hazardous
service life often exceeding 50 years. Double contained sys- chemicals.
tems constructed from thermoplastic materials offer significant
cost savings and superior chemical resistance over their metal A summary of the EPA’s requirements that affect double-
counterparts. A combination of government regulations, containment piping follows.
increased concern over environmental and personal safety,
and a growing fear of litigation has hastened the development This is a brief overview. A project engineer needs a thorough
D and improvement of double contained piping components into
highly engineered systems. With over 15 years of experience in
understanding of the regulations prior to designing a system.
thermoplastic double containment piping, no other company

can match Asahi /America’s experience and quality. EPA’s Regulations Cover
Media: All chemicals listed under Subtitle 1 of 40 CFR 280.
Use this guide to assist in the design and layout of a double Syse
t ms: All USTs and related piping.
wall pipe system for multiple applications. This guide highlights Syse
t m requirements: All USTs and pipes must be installed
the areas of consideration that an engineer should take when so that a release from the product pipe is contained or diverted
designing a system. This section should be used in conjunction to a proper collection system. Containment may be done via a
with Section C, Engineering Theory and Design Considerations, trench, dike, or double containment pipe and tanks. The con-
to achieve a proper design. tainment materials must be able to hold the leaking product for
a minimum of 30 days. By then, scheduled inspections and
Cost, reliability, and ease of installation can all be improved by periodic monitoring should identify the failure and correct the
careful planning in the conceptual and design phase of any situation.
piping project. Specific to double containment systems, the
Leak detection: Drainage and suction lines require monthly
following items must be given careful consideration:
manual inspections for product line leaks. Pressurized systems
• When to Use Double Containment Piping require automatic monitoring for product failure. In case of a
• Materials of Construction leak, the system must automatically restrict flow of the product.
• System Selection Compliance dates: The EPA has set requirements for the date
• System Sizing of compliance for both new and existing systems. Contact
• Specialty Fittings Asahi /America for the latest standard, or visit the EPA’s website
• Double Contained Valves at www.epa.org.
• Thermal Expansion Above ground: In addition to the EPA requirements for below
(particularly important in thermoplastic systems) grade systems, many companies have adopted policies for
overhead piping to protect personnel from a possible leak of
• Hanging
a harmful chemical.
• Burial
• W elding Methods Materials of Constrc
u it on
• U V Exposure and Weatherability The majority of double containment systems installed world-
wide are thermoplastic due to the ease of joining and chemical
Leak detection is an important part of double containment resistance to hazardous media, as well as underground mois-
systems. Leak detection of some sort is required on all under- ture. Asahi /America offers several materials to handle a wide
ground double containment systems. The type of leak detec- range of applications. Materials include:
tion, the installation method, and the system set up are very
different from system to system. For this reason, leak detection • Polypropylene
will be discussed in the next section separately. • PVDF
• E-CTFE: Halar®
• HDPE: High Density Polyethylene
DOUBLE WALL SYSTEM DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
The carrier pipe (the inner pipe also known as the product pipe) These include:
material is selected based on common piping practices using • Static and live burial loading
variables such as: • Leak detection requirements
• What is the chemical(s) to be in contact with the system? • Hanging requirements for above-ground applications
• What are the chemical(s) concentrations? • Physical space constraints
• What temperature will the system operate at? • Manufacturability and availability
• What pressure will the system operate at? • Operating pressure
• What is the flow of the media in the system?
When a double contained system is buried, the containment
By answering these questions, the proper materials of con- pipe bears the static soil load and the dynamic loading
struction for the carrier can be selected for the project. To imposed by traffic, equipment, etc. Section C provides a
assist in the material selection, refer to the chemical resistance detailed discussion for calculating static and dynamic loading
table in Section E, Chemical Resistance. A thermoplastic sys- to determine required wall thickness.
tem's ratings for temperature and pressure are based on water. D
The addition of certain chemicals will add stress to the system Leak detection requirements must also be considered.
and may reduce the recommended operating parameters. For Depending on the type of leak detection chosen, there may
less aggressive chemicals, the use of printed resistance tables be minimum requirements for the amount of annular space
is perfectly suitable. For more aggressive chemicals or mixtures necessary for successful installation and operation. As a gen-
of chemicals, the manufacturer of the pipe system should be eral rule of thumb, a minimum of 3/4 inches annular space is
consulted. required for installation of a continuous cable system. Leak
detection options are discussed in detail later in this section.
After verifying the standard operating conditions, it is neces-
sary to examine other operations that might affect the piping. Hanging requirements and physical space constraints are also
The following is a sample of items to investigate prior to speci- important considerations. Often, trenches or pipe racks are
fying a material. crowded with other systems, so the containment must not be
• W ill there be spikes in temperature or pressure? too large. Hanging criteria including support, restraint, and
• I s there a cleaning operation that the piping will be guide spacing are discussed in Section C. The designer of a
exposed to? system should specify the exact hanger location and not leave
• If yes, what is the cleaning agent? What temperature will this portion up to the installer.
the cleaning be conducted at?
Manufacturability and availability can also influence the selec-
• W ill the system be exposed to sunlight or other sources
tion of containment pipe. There must be adequate clearance
of UV?
between the carrier and containment to facilitate efficient
manufacturing. This is especially important for the manufac-
Each of the above questions should be answered and the
ture of fittings. Asahi /America has spent several years improv-
desired material should be checked for suitability based on the
ing fabrication techniques to offer the widest variety of sizes
above factors, as well as any others that might be special to
in the marketplace. The designer should also be careful to
the system in question.
design with standard pipe sizes to avoid costly delays due
to lack of availability.
Finally, in addition to verifying the temperature, pressure, and
media with the thermoplastic pipe material, it is also necessary
Operating pressure parameters may be quite different for
to verify other components in the system, such as valves, gas-
the containment pipe than for the carrier. Often, systems are
kets, valve seat and seals, etc. These should be examined in
designed so that any leaks into the annular space drain directly
the same manner as the pipe material.
into a manhole or sump. In these open-ended systems, it is vir-
tually impossible to build up significant pressure. As a matter of
Once the product pipe has been selected, the containment
economy, the containment pipe often has a lower pressure rat-
pipe must be selected. In most cases, the containment pipe
ing and thus a higher dimensional ratio than the carrier pipe.
is the same as the carrier pipe, such as in polypropylene and
HDPE systems. Using the same material internally and exter-
The final consideration when choosing the containment pipe is
nally yields many time-saving advantages on a project.
the environment in which it will be installed. Outer UV exposure
However, in many systems where the product pipe required
is not ideal for polypropylene systems and protection of the pipe
is a more expensive material, such as PVDF or E-CTFE, a
may be required. If surrounding temperatures are extremely low,
polypropylene outer shell is often used.
then certain materials will become brittle in the cold. Consult
Asahi /America for specific recommendations in these cases.
Sizing the containment pipe requires consideration of many
factors that are different than those used to size the carrier.
D-11
Syse
t m Selection
As stated in the previous section, the material must be selected
based on the media to run through the system, as well as the
operating conditions such as pressure, temperature, and media
concentration. In a double containment system, the selection of
pipe and associate pipe pressure ratings can be complex, as
any combination of material can be used. Table D-1 lists possi- Molded Fabricated Spider Clip
ble pipe ratings that can be used for both the inner and outer
pipe wall. Figure D-11. Support discs and spider clip fitit ngs
Per the EPA’s requirements, any double contained system

Table D-1. Pressure Ratings and SDR Values needs to have leak detection. The methods of leak detection
include manual inspection, low point sensors, and continuous
System Material** Pressure Standard
leak detection cable. Leak detection cable is installed in
D Name
PRO 150 Polypropylene
Rating (psi)
150
Dimensional Ratio
SDR 11
between the annular space between the inner and outer pipe.
Duo-Pro is designed to provide sufficient space for the installa-
PRO 90* Polypropylene 90 SDR 17
tion of leak detection cable. Contact Asahi /America technical
PRO 45 Polypropylene 45 SDR 33
PVDF 230 PVDF 230 SDR 21 staff for an exact recommendation.
PVDF 150 PVDF 150 SDR 11
HDPE 150 High Density PP 150 SDR 11
Halar® E-CTFE Non-Standard
* Available, but less common. ** Not all materials are available in every diameter size.
In addition to all the choices in material, Asahi /America offers

three systems for double containment piping.
• Duo-Pro
• Poly-Flo
• Fluid-Lok
Each system has its ideal purposes and advantages. A descrip-

tion of the three systems follows.
Figure D-12. Duo-Pro piping syse
t m
Duo-Pro
Poly-Flo
The Duo-Pro system is the flagship of the Asahi /America dou-
ble containment piping system offerings. Duo-Pro is available The Poly-Flo system is a unique dual extruded and molded
in polypropylene, PVDF, and E-CTFE, and in any combination system. In all other double containment pipe systems, the inner
of the three. Duo-Pro is available in systems ranging from and outer components are made separately and then assem-
1"x 3" to 18"x 24". In addition, larger systems have been made bled into a double wall configuration. This adds time and labor
available on request. to each project. The Poly-Flo system produces both the inner
and outer piping at the same time. Asahi /America’s patented
Duo-Pro is a fabricated system made from extruded pipe and extrusion process locks the pipe together by use of continuous
primarily molded fittings. It has a complete range of molded support ribs. In addition, most fittings in the system are molded
pressure fittings that are fabricated at the factory into double as one piece components. The only deviation is HDPE material,
containment fittings. In addition, Duo-Pro is ideal for drainage where many fittings are fabricated from double wall pipe.
applications, having a complete compliment of fittings for drain-
age applications. It can be assembled using simultaneous butt Poly-Flo is available in 1"x 2", 2"x 3", and 4"x 6". (Consult
fusion or staggered butt fusion. Asahi /America for the availability of 6"x 8".) Poly-Flo is avail-
able in three materials: black polypropylene (UV stabilized),
The Duo-Pro system is assembled using a support disc on PVDF, and HDPE. It is a unique system, where the carrier pipe
each end of a pipe or fitting. The support disc centers the carri- has an OD consistent with IPS pipe, while the outer pipe is a
er inside the containment and locks the two pipes together for jacket not corresponding to an IPS dimension.
simultaneous fusion. On pipe runs, the spider clip fitting is used
to support the pipe inside the containment piping. Spider clips Poly-Flo is assembled using simultaneous butt fusion only. The
are spaced based on hanging criteria by size and material and system is available with manual and low point leak detection
are designed to avoid point loading of the pipes. sensors only. The use of leak detection cable is not possible
due to the limited annular space.
Question/Answer
Q: Are you operating under pressure or drainage?
A: Pressure systems may need to have consistent pressure
rating fittings on both the carrier and containment pipe.
DWV fittings are not allowed in pressure systems.
Q: Do you require consistent pressure ratings on the carrier
and containment?
A: If not, cost can be saved by using 150 psi carrier piping
and 45 psi containment piping.
Q: What material are you using?
A: Material requirements may determine the system you
Figure D-13. Poly-Flo piping syse
t m can choose. D
Q: Do you require continuous cable leak detection?
Fluid-Lok A: Only the Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok systems can accommodate
The Fluid-Lok system is an all HDPE system. It is manufactured cable systems.
in a similar process to the Duo-Pro system. Fluid-Lok is avail-
able in many sizes ranging from 1"x 3" to systems as large as Based on knowing the operating parameters and the desired
36"x 42". material, one of the following systems can be chosen for the
installations.
Besides being an all HDPE system, Fluid-Lok is different than
Duo-Pro in that most fittings are fabricated and not molded. Table D-2. Double Containment Systems
Fabricated fittings are ideal for the application of long sweep
90's and 45's, often required in these systems. Fluid-Lok is Product System Material Size Range
Name Name** (inches)
designed to accommodate leak detection low point sensors or
cable. In addition, HDPE manholes are available and can be PRO 150 x 150 Duo-Pro Polypropylene 1 x 3 to 16 x 20
directly welded to the pipe system to avoid unnecessary fittings PRO 150 x 45 Duo-Pro Polypropylene 2 x 4 to 18 x 24
and provide more consistency and leak protection. PRO 45 x 45 Duo-Pro Polypropylene 4 x 8 to 18 x 24
PVDF x Pro 150 Duo-Pro PVDF x Polypro 1 x 3 to 12 x 16
PVDF x Pro 45 Duo-Pro PVDF x Polypro 2 x 4 to 12 x 16
PVDF x PVDF Duo-Pro PVDF x PVDF 1 x 3 to 8 x 12
Poly-Flo BPP Poly-Flo Black Polypropylene 1 x 2, 2 x 3, 4 x 6
Poly-Flo PVDF* Poly-Flo PVDF 1 x 2, 2 x 3
Poly-Flo HDPE Poly-Flo HDPE 1 x 2, 2 x 3, 4 x 6
HDPE SDR 21x21 Fluid-Lok HDPE 1 x 3 to 16 x 20
* Consult factory for availability.
** Fluid-Lok is available in other SD ratios, as well as larger dimensions.
Syse
t m Sizing
In Section C, Engineering Theory and Design Considerations,
there is a detailed discussion on fluid dynamics and determina-
tion of flow rates and pressure drops. It is recommended when
using any thermoplastic with a hazardous chemical to maintain
flow rates below a velocity of 5 ft /second. High velocities can
Figure D-14. Fluid-Lok piping syse
t m lead to water hammer in the event of an air pocket in the sys-
tem. Water hammer can generate excessive pressures that can
The availability of many materials and three piping systems damage a system. For safety reasons, high velocities should be
creates many choices. Each system is designed for specific avoided.
applications and assembly techniques. To assist in the proper
selection of the system, answer the following questions. In addition, high velocities also mean added pressure drop,
which, in turn, increases demand on the pump. If the flow velo-
city is not required, it is recommended to size a system with
D-13
minimal pressure drop. It is also recommended to oversize a Dogbone fittings are available in the Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok
design to allow for future expansion or chemical demand. Once system. The Poly-Flo system does not require the fitting, as
a system is in place, it is difficult to add capacity to it. the pipe is continuously supported and locked together.
Specialty Fitit ngs Finally, the Dogbone can be used for connecting in low point
Double containment systems, for the most part, can be thought leak detectors, ventilation, and drainage. When designing a
of in the same manner as single wall piping systems with a few double wall system, it is important to incorporate high point
exceptions. In a double wall system, the issue of thermal vents to eliminate air from the system. In addition, in the event
expansion is more complicated (see next page), welding is of a leak, a drainage method for the containment pipe is
similar but not the same, and finally, the outer containment required. Connection methods for these valve requirements
pipe must have a start and stop. are shown in Figures D-17 through D-20.
The major fitting that sets Asahi /America systems apart from
D all other double wall systems is the patented Dogbone force
transfer fitting. The Dogbone fitting can be used in many ways
Dogbone
to assist in the design of a proper double containment piping

system.
The Dogbone is used for:

• Locking the inner and outer pipes together
• Compartmentalizing pipe section
• Termination of the containment pipe
Figure D-17. Ventilation of inner pipe: Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok
• Sensor installation
• Control of thermal expansion Dogbone
Figures D-15 through D-18 depict a few uses of the Dogbone.
Dogbone
Figure D-18. Drainage of containment pipe: Duo-Pro and

Fluid-Lok
Figure D-15. Oue
t r containment e
t rmination
Dogbone
Ball Valve
Outer Wall Reducer

(if necessary) Socket Adapter
Figure D-16. Locking inner and oue

t r pipes
Dogbones are available in solid and annular forms. A solid

Dogbone does not allow the passage of fluid in the annular
space to pass through, while annular Dogbones will allow the
passage. The placement and purpose of the fitting will deter-
mine the style required.
Figure D-19. Ventilation of inner pipe: Poly-Flo syse
t m
Removable Cover
Dogbone Seal
Optional (2 sides)
Outer Wall Adapter

Outer Wall Reducer
(if necessary)
Containment Box
1" x 2" Outer Wall

O Ring Flange Figure D-22. Double contained ball a v lve iw h
t out stem
1" x 2" Outer Wall Flange
exe
t nsion: Poly-Flo syse
t m
N/C Valve
N/C Valve
Drainage Water Inlet
(for rinse-out)
Outlet
Dogbone Seal Removable Cover
D
Float Switch Adapter Optional (2 sides)
Signal Wires to
Control System Float Switch
Figure D-20. Drainage of containment pipe: Poly-Flo syse

t m
iw h
t low point sensor
Double Contained Valves Containment Box

In pressurized systems, the necessity of valves can be accom-
plished without interrupting the integrity of the double contain-
Figure D-23. Double contained diaphragm a v lve iw h
t
ment system. Double contained valves are available in many
stem exe
t nsion: Poly-Flo syse
t m
shapes and forms. Double contained valves are available in any
style valve such as ball, butterfly, diaphragm, check, and gate.
More than valves can be installed. Items such as flow meters,
The valve selected, based on the application, determines the
and temperature and pressure monitors can also be incorpo-
shape of the outer containment.
rated into the internal containment portion of the system.
Contact Asahi /America’s Engineering Department to discuss
The following figures demonstrate a few valve configurations
your particular needs. It is important to specify and design in
that are available from Asahi /America, Inc. Other options are
the need to access valves for maintenance purposes.
readily available on request.
Thermal Expansion
Dogbone Seal
In a double contained piping system, three types of expansion
Optional (2 sides) can occur:
• Carrier pipe exposed to thermal changes, while contain-
ment remains constant. Typically possible when carrier
pipe is exposed to liquids of various temperature, while
outer containment is in a constant environment such as
in buried applications.
• Containment piping experiences thermal changes, while
carrier remains constant. Typical application is outdoor
Figure D-21. Double contained ball a v lve iw h
t stem pipe racking with constant temperature media being
exe
t nsion: Duo-Pro syse
t m transported in carrier.
• Both inner and outer experience temperature changes.
The Dogbone fitting is a proven and effective way to control

thermal expansion where a restrained system is acceptable. It
can also be used to direct the growth of a flexible system. For
systems maintained at consistent temperatures, compensation
for thermal effects may not be required. It is, however, impor-
D-15
tant to review all aspects of the operating environment such as: Hanging
• Is it outdoors where it will be exposed to changing See Appendix A for proper hanging distances by size and
weather? material. As in any thermoplastic system, the selection of
• Is the system spiked with a high temperature cleaning hangers is an important decision. Hangers that scratch or
solution? create point loads on the pipe are not recommended. The
• W ill the system run at a significantly higher or lower tem- ideal hanger is a thermoplastic component. In many cases
perature than the installation temperature? an all plastic hanger may not be available. In these cases a
metal hanger is acceptable, but precautions should be taken.
The occurrence of any thermal change in a plastic system will Any sharp edges on the hanger should be removed. A cushion
cause the material to expand or contract. made of rubber is recommended in the event that the pipe
shifts, thus preventing scratching.
Thermoplastic systems can be used in hot applications and
applications where the temperature is cyclical; it just requires Section C provides detailed recommendations on hanging
D analysis of the thermal expansion effects. Section C,
Engineering Theory and Design Considerations, walks
double containment pipe. Please consult this section prior
to specifying the hangers.
through the steps of calculating thermal expansion, end
loads, and expansion compensating devices. In most cases, Burial
the use of expansions, offsets, and proper hanging tech- Due to EPA requirements, burial of double containment piping
niques are all that is required to ensure a proper design. is a common practice. In most cases, the burial of double wall
pipe is the same as that of a single wall pipe system. Careful
Hot systems also reduce the rigidity of thermoplastic piping, consideration of the soil type, compaction, trench detailing,
which, in turn, decreases the support spacing between hang- back fill, load, etc. are necessary to consider in the proper
ers. In smaller dimensions, it is recommended to use continu- design. Section C, Engineering Theory and Design Consider-
ous supports made of some type of channel or split plastic ations, provides a step-by-step detailed process of how to
pipe. properly bury the system.
Finally, the use of hangers as guides and anchors becomes Live loads also pose the added complication when burying
important. As the design procedures in Section C indicates, a system. It is important to look at the possibility of the pipe
certain hangers should be used as guides to allow the pipe system being driven over, as well as the type of vehicle that
to move in-line, while other hangers should be anchoring would be creating the live load.
locations used to direct the expansion into the compensating
device. The anchors and hangers should be designed to with- In the design it is imperative to call out the recommendations
stand the thermal end load. of the burial in the details of the drawing set. By calling these
details out, the contractor will be in a better position to properly
In a buried system, the standard Dogbone fitting will lock the install the pipe as required.
inner and outer pipe together. The surrounding ground and fill
should eliminate the movement of the outer pipe. In systems Welding Methods
that are hung, the outer pipe hanger must withstand the ther-
All double containment systems offered by Asahi /America, Inc.
mal end load. To properly hang these systems, a special
are available for butt-fusion assembly. Butt fusion provides
Restraint Dogbone is recommended at the hanger locations.
reliable fusion, but is also ideally suited for the double wall
system. By properly aligning the carrier and containment piping
with the support disc, both the inner and outer pipe can be
welded at the same time. This reduces the assembly time, as
well as the need for extra fittings such as couplings. What can
be accomplished in one weld can take up to 4 welds in other
systems (weld the inner and outer separately on either side of
a coupling).
When building a system that is made of dissimilar materials

Restraint
(example: PVDF x Pro 45), the pipes cannot be welded simul-
Non-Restraint
taneously due to different heat and joining force requirements.
For these systems staggered welding is required, where the
Figure D-24. Dogbones
inner pipe is welded first and the outer pipe welded second
using a special annular heating element. Staggered fusion does
take more time due to the extra welds, but still proves econom-
ical when compared to using like materials such as PVDF on

both the carrier and containment pipe depending on pipe size,
project requirements, and installation environment.
See Section F, Installation Practices, for detailed information on

double containment welding methods.
UV Exposure and Weatherability

All thermoplastic materials react to the exposure of UV differ-
ently. PVDF and E-CTFE materials are completely UV resistant
over the course of its design life. However, certain chemicals
containing Cl anions exposed to UV light can create a free radi-
cal Cl that will attack the PVDF pipe wall. For more information
on these chemicals, refer to Section F, Good Installation
Practices, on weatherability and UV exposure of the piping.
D
Polypropylene is not UV stable. In direct exposure to sunlight
it will break down. The effect can be seen in a noticeable color
change in the pipe. In pigmented PP systems, the color change
will actually create a protective shield on the outer layer of the
pipe and prevent further degradation. For PP pipes with a wall
thickness greater than 0.25", the effect of UV is normally
reduced and can be used outside. However, it is still recom-
mended to protect it from UV exposure for added safety.
The Fluid-Lok HDPE material is UV stabilized. Fluid-Lok pipes

contain carbon black to make the material UV stable and accept-
able for use in outside applications. Other HDPE materials
made by other manufacturers may require protection. Be sure
to consult a manufacturer prior to selecting a pipe system.
D-17
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN LEAK DETECTION DESIGN
LEAK DETECTION DESIGN also require a valve for drainage. When using low point sensors
in below grade applications, it is important that special consid-
In all buried applications of double containment piping, the EPA erations in the excavation are taken to ensure that sensors are
(40 CFR 280) has set a requirement for leak detection. Drainage not damaged during installation or during back fill.
and suction lines require monthly manual inspections for product
line leaks. Pressurized systems require automatic monitoring Figures D-25 through D-28 depict a few assemblies for mounting
for product failure. In case of a leak, the system must automa- low point sensors into the annular space of a double contained
tically restrict the flow of the product. pipe system.
Asahi/America’s systems are designed to accommodate many
different technologies for detecting a leak. The following meth-
ods are acceptable:
• Low point leak detection sensors
• Continuous leak detection cable systems
D • V isual inspection (only acceptable on drainage systems) Outer Wall Adapter
Outer Wall Reducer
The selection of the leak detection system will play a critical (if necessary)
role in the layout of the piping system. For instance, if a cable
method is used, it will require additional fittings called access
1" x 2" Outer Wall
ports for pulling the cable. Pipe and fittings will need to be O Ring Flange
1" x 2" Outer Wall Flange
ordered with pull ropes installed at the factory. And finally, the
placement of the cable will need to be factored in. In some N/C Valve
N/C Valve
installations only the main trunk line will have cable; while in Drainage Water Inlet
(for rinse-out)
others, the cable will split and run up each of the branch lines. Outlet
This guide has been created to assist in the pipe layout and Signal Wires to Float Switch Adapter
design of a leak detection system. Each type of system is dis- Control System Float Switch
cussed below in regard to its use in an Asahi /America double
containment piping system. Figure D-25. Drain and low point Poly-Flo syse
t m
Dogbone
Low Point Leak Detection Sensors
Low point leak detection sensors can be used in any of
Asahi /America’s double wall systems.
• Poly-Flo
• Duo-Pro
• Fluid-Lok
For the Poly-Flo system, low point sensors are the only
Low Point Sensor
automatic system available.
Low point leak detection is relatively straightforward in terms Figure D-26. Simple connection, Duo-Pro/Fluid-Lok
of design. The sensing technology consists of either capacitive syse
t ms
or float type switches. These switches are placed in strategic Dogbone
locations throughout a system to properly identify leaks and
then determine their location within a reasonable length of pipe.
If an insufficient amount of sensors are used and a leak occurs,
determining the location of that leak can be extremely difficult,
especially if the piping is buried. It is always more practical to
use a few more sensors at the time of installation, as it could be
a huge cost savings in the long run in the event of a system leak.
Mounit ng of h
t e Sensor Valve
Asahi /America pipe systems can accommodate mounting sen- Low Point Sensor
sors in a variety of different methods. In some cases, it is ideal
to place the sensor with as tight a profile to the pipe as possi-
ble; in other instances, a low point leak sensor installation may Figure D-27. Connection iw h
t drain a
v lve, Duo-Pro/
Fluid-Lok syset ms
LEAK DETECTION DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
Using the Dogbone fitting, sections of the annular space can

be made into individual compartments. In the case of a leak,
the fluid will pass into the annular space, but will be locked into
Dogbone a compartment and not allowed to spread throughout the sys-
tem. This method has two advantages: one helps to identify
leak locations, the other reduces the need to dry out a large
section of the annular space once the leak is found and
repaired.
Figure D-30 demonstrates the use of solid Dogbones to create

compartments.
Primary
Dogbone Section with Leak Dogbone
Tank
D
Secondary
Containment
Low Point Sensor Tank Low Point Sensor
Figure D-30. Leak detection compartments

Figure D-28. End-of-line connection option,
Duo-Pro/ Fluid-Lok syse
t ms
Continuos
u Cable Leak Detection Syse
t ms
Location of ht e Sensors Continuous cable leak detection systems offer the best method
The location of sensors should be based on finding the leak for locating a leak in the annular space of a double containment
with relatively no confusion. By placing the sensors on the pipe system. A cable system can generally pinpoint the loca-
branch of tees or lateral (wye) type connections, the line caus- tion of the leak with an accuracy of ±0.5 feet. It can also
ing the leak is identified. In addition, placing the sensor every incorporate low point probes to offer maximum flexibility to
100 to 150 feet also reduces the area that would be in question the designer. Entire systems can be mapped out, installed, and
if a leak was to occur. fed back to an easy to understand operating panel. Most large
systems use leak detection cable as the preferred method for
Figure D-29 shows an example of a system and the ideal loca- monitoring the system.
tions for the low point sensors.
All pressure double wall pipe systems are required to have
automated leak detection in below grade applications. In these
cases, cable is the recommended method.
The discussion of leak detection cable is broken down into two

topics: the pipe layout requirements and the electrical cable
Sensor 1 Sensor 2 layout requirements.
Pipe Layotu Requirements ( Annular Space)

Leak detection cable can be used in the following
Sensor 3 Sensor 4 Asahi /America systems:
• Duo-Pro
Figure D-29. Sample locations for low point sensors • Fluid-Lok
Compartmentalizing h
t e Syse
t m Unfortunately due to the narrow annular space in a Poly-Flo
system, the cable cannot be pulled through the system, elimi-
The practice of compartmentalizing the outer containment pipe nating its use. Continuous cable systems require a minimum of
is in conjunction with strategic placement of sensors. If a major 0.75" of annular space to pull cable through easily. In Duo-Pro
leak were to occur, it is possible that more than one sensor and Fluid-Lok systems, certain pipe configurations can have
could be tripped in a short time frame. If you have no way of small annular space making the cable pull difficult or impossi-
knowing which sensor tripped first, then the value of multiple ble. For instance, 1 x 3 Pro 150 x 150 Duo-Pro systems have a
sensors is lost. 0.813 space all around. After accounting for the weld bead, the
D-19
space will be lower than 0.75". For this application, 1 x 4 Pro

150 x 150 or 1 x 4 Pro 150 x 45 should be considered to ease Height can be variable
depending on burial depth
the installation. Consult Appendix A for the available annular
space on Duo-Pro systems. For Fluid-Lok systems, consult
Asahi /America’s Engineering Department.
To clarify once again, for ease of installation the annular space

needs to be a minimum of 3/4" to accommodate easy cable
pulls. Figure D-32. Access e
t e iw h
t h
t readed cover
Pipe
There are no special requirements for pipe. Both the Duo-Pro
and Fluid-Lok systems are designed to accommodate cable
D leak detection. Support discs on the ends of pipe and fittings
provide a wide opening on the bottom of the pipe, as well as
either cut outs or vent holes in other sections, depending on
the pipe size. On pipe runs, the carrier pipe is supported by use
of spider clips, which support the carrier pipe without blocking
the bottom of the annular space.
Figure D-33. Access e
t e iw h
t flanged cover
Fabricated Access tees are supplied in two pieces, allowing the installer
to weld the proper pipe height to the tee base to come up to
grade.
Once the selection of the access tee style is determined, then

the strategic location of the pull ports is required. In general,
Molded pull ports should be located at no more than 500-foot intervals
Figure D-31. Two p
yt ical end of pipe support discs o
t on straight runs. Each 90° change in direction is approximately
accommodate leak detection equal to 150 feet of straight run. Pull ports should be installed
to avoid binding the pull rope. Access tees should also be
There are only two important items to keep in mind. When placed at the beginning and the end of branch locations requir-
ordering pipe, ensure that pull rope is ordered to be installed on ing cables. For tie-ins to the main cable, it is best to place the
the pipe. The second is during installation. It is critical o
t align access tee on the main run in front of the branch location.
pipe and fitit ngs properly o
t ensure h
t at support disc open-
ings are located on h t e boto
t m. Forgetting this can lead to Figure D-34 shows a small schematic on a drainage system
significant difficulty when trying to pull cable into the system. and the proper location of the access port.
Access Points
Asahi /America offers a standard fitting for accessing the annu-
Pull Port
lar space known as the Access Tee or Pull Port Tee. While it Pull Port
can be common practice in HDPE systems to cut windows into
the pipe to access the rope or cable, and then weld a saddle
on afterwards, this is not an acceptable design. While it is
Pull Port
possible to cut windows, this should only be used when the
rope or cable is caught in the line and no other alternative is
available.
Access tees are supplied with a low pressure thread on cap, or

for full pressure rating on the outer wall pipe, a flange and blind Pull Port Pull Port
flange configuration is available.
Figure D-34. Pull port locations for leak detection cable
LEAK DETECTION DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
Dogbones in a Cable Syse

t m capable of monitoring several systems simultaneously. Care
In a double containment system, the Dogbone fitting is used must also be taken to specify a panel that is capable of moni-
to lock the inner pipe together for proper restraint or for the toring the required length of sensor cable. The control panel
control of thermal expansion. Unlike low point systems, creat- should have a visual readout of some sort, as well as a keypad
ing compartments in the system is not practical. If Dogbone for operation. It should also provide provisions to interface with
fittings are required in the system, the use of the annular style a computer to use diagnostic and programming tools that are
is required to allow cable to pass through. available.
Panel
Dogbone
20 Feet
(at end)
Annular Openning 50 Feet
Containment (at beginning)
Cable Pipe
D
Figure D-35. Annular Dogbone iw h
t cable
Sensor Cable Requirements Access Port

Sensor Cable Connector
Proper selection of the sensor cable is imperative to the suc- Leak Detection Cable
cessful operation of any leak detection system. Most systems Jumper Cable
use a specially designed coaxial cable for sensing leaks. Some
Inner Carrier Pipe Not Shown
cables are designed to sense only water, others are designed
to sense corrosive chemicals, and some are designed to sense Figure D-36. Layotu of h
t e cable iw h
t jumpers
the presence of hydrocarbons. There are also combinations
of these available that can sense corrosive water-based liq-
uids while ignoring hydrocarbons and vice versa; or there are Visual Inspection Monitoring
some cables that can sense water and hydrocarbons. These In drainage only applications, an alternative method to auto-
selections increase the flexibility of system applications. The mated leak detection is manual inspection. As long as moni-
chemistry of the media must be considered to ensure proper toring can be accomplished every 30 days and recorded,
selection of the sensing cable. manual inspection is allowed. For manual inspection, low point
drains are placed at collection points in line as required. By
Jumper Cable designing in wells, systems can be opened and the annular
Jumper cable is used to connect sensor cable segments and space inspected to sight a possible leak. Manual inspection
probes together to form the sensing string. Jumper cable is not can also be accomplished at the end of the line. Figures D-37
affected by contact with water. However, installation in conduit and D-38 show two possible designs for manual leak detection.
is recommended to prevent physical damage. If needed, Probes can also be placed in wells as a manner of automated
jumper cable can be direct buried. detection with a view point.
Probe Option
The Connectors Grade
The cable connection is perhaps the most critical component

to a hassle free commissioning of the system. Factory training
of all personnel installing connectors is strongly recommended
to save many hours troubleshooting a system with poor con-
nections. The connectors are typically standard UHF coaxial
cable connectors that are connected together with an adapter.
Since there is the possibility of the connection getting wet in
the event of a leak, each connection must be carefully sealed
with shrink tubing upon commissioning of the system.
The Control Panel

The control panel is the heart of the leak detection system. It is
typically mounted in a location that is convenient for an opera-
tor to monitor its status. The control panel can be ordered in
several configurations. Some are multi-channel devices that are Figure D-37. In-line inspection e
w ll
D-21
Removable Cover
Figure D-38. End-of-line inspection e

w ll
VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN FM approval will require the use of an internal sprinkler head
system. In case of a fire, the sprinkler system would eliminate
In the past 10 years thermoplastic materials have started to the possibility of the vent system spreading the fire.
be used for ventilation applications. A thermoplastic vent sys-
tem provides many features that standard sheet metal cannot There are sprinkler systems on the market that are specifically
in terms of functionality, ease of installation, and corrosion designed for this application and dramatically reduce the instal-
resistance. lation labor, as well as the required sprinkler head inspection
process after installation. Figure D-39 shows a detail of a typi-
In designing a thermoplastic water system, the following items cal flexible sprinkler head and the mounting component offered
need to be considered: by Asahi/America.
• Materials of Construction
• O perating Parameters Flexhead® Exhaust Duct
• Codes Sprinkler Attachment
Sprinkler
• Layout Recommendations
• Thermal Expansion
Connection
Fitting D
• U V Exposure
• Hanging 2" Dia Hole
Outside
• W elding Methods Diameter
u it on
18"
For the construction of ventilation systems, Asahi/America
provides the ProVent system. ProVent components are now
available in Polypropylene and PVDF. The system is designed Figure D-39. Detail of a flexible sprinkler head and
specifically for ventilation and transport of hazardous fumes mounit ng component
and potentially corrosive gases. Both polypropylene and PVDF
offer different resistance to chemical applications that should ProVent PVDF is a material that is considered self-extinguish-
be verified prior to purchase. ing. PVDF has significantly better smoke and flame ratings as
compared to most other thermoplastic materials. PVDF mate-
rial offered by Asahi/America is an FM approved material
Operating Parameters
according FM 4910 Standards.
The ProVent system is available in multiple wall thickness in
polypropylene. The selection of material pressure rating shall Contact Asahi/America for further information on installation
be based on the following criteria: requirements for PVDF systems. In addition, Asahi/America has
• Operating temperature on file the test results according to multiple smoke and flame
• M edia to be transported standards for both polypropylene and PVDF.
• Operating pressure, positive or negative
In short, there may be a need or requirement for internal
• Economics
closed-head sprinklers in a ProVent system if combustible
• Required fire codes materials can accumulate inside the pipe line.
• Size to be installed
Layotu Recommendations
By evaluating the above parameters, the proper system can Ventilation systems are often the most custom design of any
be chosen. In many applications polypropylene will more than pipe system in the factory. They are large in diameter and
exceed the application; however, if the media to be transported generally need to be connected to multiple equipment vents.
is at an elevated temperature PVDF may be required. Asahi/America offers a wide range of standard components
for assembling a system.
In general, PP systems are available in a larger selection of
sizes and pressure rating options. Refer to Asahi/America’s However, many systems cannot be accomplished using standard
ProVent Dimensional Guide for availability of components. components. A skilled installer can make special fabrications in
the field to accomplish the layout requirement of a system. In
Codes addition, Asahi/America can design and prefabricate pipe sys-
In designing a ventilation system, the most pertinent code tems and ship them ready for installation. Figure D-40 shows a
may be the fire code or the need for Factory Mutual approval. detail of a component that could not be made with standard fit-
ProVent systems made of polypropylene can be installed tings, but can easily be produced in Asahi /America’s fabrication
according to FM regulations and the final installed product shop and shipped to the job-site ready to be installed.
can meet FM requirements. The use of PP in systems requiring
Flexhead is a registered trademark of Flexhead Industries.
D-23
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
Finally, the use of hangers as guides and anchors becomes

important. As the design procedures in Section C indicate,
certain hangers should be used as guides to allow the pipe
to move back and forth in-line, while other hangers shall be
anchoring locations used to direct the expansion into the com-
pensating device. The anchors and hangers should be
designed to withstand the end load generated by the
thermal expansion.
Figure D-40. Asahi/America prefabricated assembly For calculation of allowed stresses and design of expansion
For more information on fabrication assistance, contact and Design Considerations.
Asahi/America’s Engineering Department.
UV Exposure
D Thermal Expansion
As a rule, PVDF material is UV resistant and can be installed in
Based on a system’s operating criteria, thermal expansion direct exposure to sunlight without protection. In certain appli-
must be considered. For systems maintained at consistent cations with Chlorine content this may not be true. Free radical
temperatures, compensation for thermal effects may not be Chlorine can cause a breakdown of PVDF when exposed to
required. It is, however, important to review all aspects fo the UV light. For these applications it is best to protect the pipe
the operating environment such as: by wrapping or insulating it. Contact Asahi /America for infor-
• Is it outdoors where it will be exposed to changing mation on chemicals that can cause this effect.
weather?
• Is the system spiked with a high temperature cleaning Polypropylene is not 100% UV stable. Over time, the outer sur-
solution? face of a standard gray Polypropylene pipe will change color
• W ill the system run at a significantly higher temperature and will become brittle. The surface becomes chalky to the
than the installation temperature? touch. Generally if the surface is left untouched, the effect of
the UV change will stop and not continue through the pipe.
The occurrence of any thermal change in a plastic system will A pipe with a heavy wall thickness may not require protection
cause the material to expand or contract. As an example of the as the change will only occur on the outer most surface. The
effect, Polypropylene will grow roughly one inch for every 100 effect to the mechanical strength of the pipe will be minimal.
linear feet at 10° F ∆T. However, most ventilation systems operate at low pressures
and use thin walled pipe for cost savings. Therefore, the
Ventilation systems will often reach an equilibrium with the tem- ProVent PP, in most cases, should be wrapped or protected
perature of the ambient environment. Therefore, if the pipe is from UV exposure.
to be hung in a ceiling where the temperature will vary in sum-
mer and winter, the change in temperature that most affects the Hanging
pipe may be due to the ambient temperature changing rather Since plastic reacts differently than metal, varying hanger styles
than media temperature changing. This is almost always the are required. The designer of a system should specify the exact
case in systems installed outdoors. hanger and location and not leave this portion up to the
installer.
ProVent systems can be used in hot applications and applica-
tions where the temperature is cyclical; it just requires analysis See Appendix A (Pro 45) for the hanging distance required on
of the thermal expansion effects. Section C in this guide walks ProVent systems.
through the steps of calculating thermal expansion, end loads,
and expansion compensating devices. In most cases, the use Welding Methods
of expansions, offsets, and proper hanging techniques are all
There are several options for installing a ProVent system. Most
that is required to ensure a proper design.
projects will incorporate two or three different joining tech-
niques. The methods are
Hot systems also reduce the rigidity of thermoplastic piping,
which, in turn, decreases the support spacing between pipe • Conventional butt fusion
hangers. In smaller dimensions it is recommended to use • Hot air welding
continuous support made of some type channel or split plas- • Extrusion welding
tic pipe. Review hanging requirements that are based on the
actual operating temperatures.
VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
ProVent is made to the same outer wall dimensions (DIN

Standards) as all other polypropylene and PVDF pipe systems
offered by Asahi /America. The same butt-fusion equipment
and methodology can be used to assemble these systems.
Butt fusion provides full pressure rated welds and offers a high
degree of reliability for ventilation welding. However, depending
on the size of pipe and location of the welds, butt fusion can be
cumbersome. To conduct a weld in a ceiling of 24" pipe will be
difficult and will consume a significant amount of time to lift the
pipe, the tool, and an operator into position.
In many cases, it is recommended to prefabricate a system on

the ground or in a workshop and then conduct final assembly
using flange connections. In addition to using flange connec-
tions for final hook-up, couplings and slip flanges can be used. D
These components can be hot air welded or extrusion welded
depending on the size of the pipe and the required system
operating pressure.
Hand welding, (hot air or extrusion welding) is a convenient

method for welding in place or in prefabrication. Below is a
detail of a slip coupling being hand welded. This method, while
convenient, is highly reliant on an operator’s skill. Hot air weld-
ing is simple and requires minimal practice to become profi-
cient; however, extrusion welding is more complicated and a
more extensive training course is required. Once these skills
are mastered, they will prove highly useful during installation.
It is recommended on all ProVent projects to buy at least one
hot air welding tool as there is always a need for it.
Slip Flange
Provent Pipe
Hot Gas Weld

Single Bead Extrusion
Bead
Figure D-41. Weld option
D-25
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM DESIGN By knowing the above parameters, thermal plastic pipe sys-
tems can be selected. Compare the actual conditions to the
A compressed air system made of thermoplastic piping is a allowable ratings of the material being selected for the job. It is
simplified installation. The Air-Pro system by Asahi /America important to predict elevated temperatures, as thermoplastics
provides fast, safe installation with all the long-term corrosion have reduced pressure ratings at higher temperatures. The Air-
resistance of plastics that are ideal for the air systems. Pro system is rated at 230 psi at 68° F. Table D-3 lists correc-
tion factors for higher temperatures.
This section reviews the necessary items to consider when
designing a compressed air system. The topics covered are:
Table D-3. Air-Pro Pressure Rating Correction Factor
• Materials of Construction Temperature (° F) Correction Factor
• Operating Parameters, Oils 68 1.00
• System Sizing 86 0.88
• Thermal Expansion 104 0.79
140 0.65
• Other Considerations D
• Hanging
• W elding Methods Multiply the standard rating of 230 psi by the correction factor
that correlates with a system’s expected operating temperature.
u it on
When designing a compressed air system, it is critical to use Valves should be verified separately in terms of temperature
materials that are manufacturer recommended for the applica- and pressure from a piping system, as certain styles and brands
tion. Only certain thermoplastics are approved for use in com- of valves have lower ratings than the pipe system.
pressed air applications due to safety precautions that must be
considered. Finally, in compressed air systems, oil is used in the compres-
sor as a lubricant. Depending on the filter and drying system,
Thermoplastics, such as PVC, are not recommended for use it is common for the oil to get into the pipe system. With certain
in compressed air applications due to its highly crystalline plastics, such as ABS, synthetic oils can break down the plas-
structure. Under pressure, air will compress, generating a high tic or the glue and cause failures over time. For most mineral
potential energy. In the event of a failure, the release of the and synthetic compressor oils, Air-Pro is resistant to the effects
compressed air turns the potential energy into kinetic energy, of the oil. For an exact recommendation, contact Asahi /America’s
which releases at high velocities as the air decompresses. Engineering Department to verify your oil and application.
Brittle materials can shatter and brake into fragments at the
point failure. The plastic pieces that break off are dangerous After verifying the standard operating conditions, it is neces-
to surrounding personnel, causing injury and possible death. sary to examine other operations that might affect the piping.
The following is a sample of items to investigate, prior to speci-
The use of Air-Pro for compressed air service is recommended fying a material.
by Asahi /America, Inc. The Air-Pro system was specifically • W ill there be spikes in temperature or pressure?
designed for compressed air. The material’s ductile nature • I s there a cleaning operation that the piping will be
makes it safe in the event of any possible failure. In a failure exposed to?
mode, the material will stretch and tear, without the fragmenta- • If yes, what is the cleaning agent? What temperature will
tion of any material. Air-Pro is similar to copper pipe when it the cleaning be conducted at?
breaks open due to failure in a frozen application. Air-Pro has
• W ill the system be exposed to sunlight or other sources
been tested for impact failure at full pressure and full pressure
of UV?
at cold temperatures, displaying safe ductile properties under
all conditions.
Each of the above questions should be answered and the
For compressed air systems, Air-Pro is recommended. desired material should be checked for suitability based on
the above factors, as well as any others that might be special
Operating Parameters, Oils to the system in question.
Because thermoplastic systems have varying ratings at differ-

Syse
t m Sizing
ent temperatures, it is important to design a system around all
the parameters that will be subjected to it. As a first pass, verify Designing pipe lines for compressed air or gas is considerably
the following operating parameters: different from designing a non-compressible liquid system.
Gases are compressible, so there are more variables to con-
• Continuous operating temperature
sider. Designs should take into account current and future
• Continuous operating pressure demands to avoid unnecessarily large pressure drops as a
• O il to be used in compressor system is expanded. Elevated pressure drops represent unre-
coverable energy and financial losses.
D-27
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS
One advantage in designing an Air-Pro system is its smooth To design the main line of a compressed gas system,
internal bore and resistance to corrosion in moist environments, Equation D-1 has been developed:
which means the material can be used for years with extraordi-
narily low maintenance and without increases in pressure drop d = (0.00067 L Q1.85 ∆P)0.2 (D-1)
common to metal systems. Condensate and moist environ-
ments cause most metal systems to scale, pit, and corrode, where: d = inside diameter (in)
resulting in increased pressure drop. For Air-Pro piping, the L = length of main line (ft)
roughness factor, C, of the pipe internals is approximately Q = standard volumetric flow rate
150 to 165. This factor is inversely proportional to friction (make-up air)
head losses. As C decreases, system friction increases.
P = output pressure from the compressor (psi)
Since Air-Pro pipe is resistant to corrosion, the roughness
factor will not decrease over time, thus the pressure drop ∆P = allowable pressure drop (psi)
will not increase. Conversely, a carbon steel system with an
initial roughness factor of 120 will scale over time, causing Equation D-1 relates the pipe’s inside diameter (d) to the pres-
D an increase in friction, increased pressure drops, and greater sure drop. In order to use the equation, certain information
demand on the air compressor unit. must be known. First, the required air consumption must be
predetermined. Based on required air consumption, a com-
pressor can be chosen with an output pressure rating (P).
Main Lines
The length of the main pipe line to be installed, and the
Normal compressed air systems incorporate two types of pipe number of fittings in the main line must also be known. For
lines when designed correctly: the main (or the trunk) line and fittings, use Appendix A to determine the equivalent length of
the branch lines. Main lines are used to carry the bulk of the pipe per fitting style. The allowable pressure in the system has
compressed gas. Undersizing the main line can create large to be specified. Typically, a value of 4 psi or less is used as a
pressure drops and high velocities throughout the system. general rule of thumb for compressed air systems.
In general, systems should be oversized to allow for future
expansion, as well as reduce demand on the compressor. To summarize, the following data should be specified:
L = length of main line (ft)
Oversizing the main line will be more of an initial capital
Q = standard volumetric flow rate (make-up air)
expense, but can prove to be an advantage over time. In
addition to reducing pressure drop, the extra volume in the P = output pressure from the compressor (psi)
trunk line acts as an added receiver, reducing compressor ∆P = allowable pressure drop (psi)
demand and allowing for future expansion. Small mains with
high velocities can also cause problems with condensed water. Branch Lines
High air velocities pick up the condensed water and spray it
Lines of 100 feet or less coming off the main line are referred to
through the line. With a larger diameter, velocities are lowered,
as branch lines. Since these lines are relatively short in length,
allowing water to collect on the bottom of the pipe while air
and the water from condensation is separated in the main lines,
flows over the top. A generally accepted value for velocity in
branches are generally sized smaller and allow for higher veloc-
the main line is 20 feet per second. It may also be preferable
ities and pressure drops.
to arrange the mains in a loop to have the entire pipe act as a
reservoir.
To prevent water from entering the branch line, gooseneck fit-
tings are used to draw air from the top of the main line, leaving
Goosenecks
condensed water on the bottom of the main line.
Thermal Expansion
It is, however, important to review all aspects of the operating
environment, such as:
• Is it outdoors where the pipe will be exposed to chang-
ing weather?
• Is the system spiked with a high temperature cleaning
solution?
Figure D-42. Main compressed air loop iw h
t branches • W ill the system run at a significantly higher temperature
than the installation temperature?
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
The occurrence of any thermal change in a plastic system will Direct Connection o
t a Compressor
cause the material to expand or contract. As with any material, Air-Pro has upper temperature and
pressure rating limitations. For the majority of compressed
Thermoplastic systems can be used in hot applications and air systems, Air-Pro is ideal and meets the requirements. One
applications where the temperature is cyclical. It just requires common concern with compressed air systems is the tempera-
analysis of the thermal expansion effects. Section C discusses ture of the air directly leaving the compressor. In many cases,
the steps of calculating thermal expansion, end loads, and this temperature is extremely high and can exceed the rating
expansion compensating devices. In most cases the use of of Air-Pro. In these locations, it is not recommended to directly
expansions, offsets, and proper hanging techniques is all that attach the Air-Pro system to the compressor. Instead, start the
is required to ensure a proper design. Air-Pro system after a cooler or dryer, where temperatures are
lower. In between the compressor and the dryer/cooler, use
Hot systems also reduce the rigidity of thermoplastic piping metal piping to handle the higher temperatures. The length of
pipe, which, in turn, decreases the support spacing between metal pipe in these locations is generally very little and should
pipe hangers. In smaller dimensions, using continuous sup-
ports made of some type of channel or split plastic pipe is
have minimal effect on the air quality.
D
recommended. Hanging
Finally, the use of hangers as guides and anchors becomes Since plastic reacts differently than metal, varying hanger styles
important. As the design procedures in Section C indicate, are required. The designer of a system should specify the exact
certain hangers should be used as guides to allow the pipe hanger and location and not leave this portion up to the installer.
to move back and forth in-line, while other hangers should Use Table D-4 for determining the hanging distance required on
be anchoring locations used to direct the expansion into the Air-Pro systems.
compensating device. The anchors and hangers should be
designed to withstand the thermal end load. In smaller dimensions, it may be advantageous to use a contin-
uous support for horizontal piping.
compensation devices, refer to Section C, Engineering Theory Table D-4. Maximum Hanging Distances for Air-Pro Systems
and Design Considerations. Pipe Size Support Spacing ( ° F)
(inches) 68° F 104° F
Other Considerations 1/2 2.8 2.6
3/4 3.2 2.9
UV Exposure 1 3.6 3.3
The Air-Pro system is not rated for direct UV exposure. In cer- 11/4 4.1 3.6
tain outdoor applications, wrapping the pipe for protection is 11/2 4.5 4.1
2 5.1 4.6
recommended. There are a variety of methods to accomplish
3 8.4 8.1
this wrapping. Consult with Asahi /America’s Engineering
Department for recommendations on Air-Pro in UV exposed
applications. Welding Methods
The system designer should specify the equipment method
Insulation to be used in any given project. The choice of particular equip-
Insulation is a nice method of protecting a pipe system from ment should be based on the following concerns:
UV exposure, as well as providing required insulation for the • Installation location
system or media being transported. A serious difference • Size range
between plastic and metal is plastic’s thermal properties. • System complexity
A metal pipe system will quickly take the temperature of the
media being transported. A system carrying a media at 150° F Socket fusion is ideal for small, simple, low cost systems.
will have an outer wall temperature close to or at 150° F. In con- Socket fusion can be done quite easily with a hand-held
trast, thermoplastics have an inherent insulating property that welding plate and a few inserts. With just a limited amount
maintains heat inside the pipe better than a metal system. The of practice, an installer can make safe and reliable joints. For
advantage is that a plastic pipe has better thermal properties, larger dimensions, up to a maximum of 4", bench style socket
which translates into improved operating efficiencies and fusion equipment is available for keeping joints aligned.
reduced insulation thickness.
D-29
APPLICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS
For systems that have larger dimensions above 4", butt fusion
is a logical choice. Welding can take place in a variety of cli-
mates and conditions. In addition, butt fusion offers the widest
variety of welding equipment options. Tools are available for
bench welding, trench welding, and welding in the rack, making
it completely versatile for almost all applications. Refer to
Section F, Installation Practices, for a tool selection guide.
Since Air-Pro is available as a socket system from 1/2" to 4",

the only selection of equipment is between the hand-held tool
or the larger bench style tool. However, if a system is mostly
pipe with long straight runs, then the use of butt fusion can be
considered. Using butt fusion on the pipe-to-pipe welds will
reduce the amount of welds, as well as decrease the need for
D coupling fittings to connect the pipe. However, in these installa-
tions, two welding methods on the job site are required: butt
fusion for the pipe and socket fusion for the fitting connections.

Section E
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Contents
Overview of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-2
General Natru e of Corrosion and Plastics . . . .E-3
Criteria for Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-3
Chemical Attack Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-4
Testing for Environmental Stress Cracking . . .E-5
Creep Rupture Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-5
Cantilever Beam Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-5
Stress-Relaxation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-6
Chemical Resistance Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-7
Chemical Resistance Check Request Form . .E-21
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com E-1
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OVERVIEW OF MATERIALS
OVERVIEW OF MATERIALS up to operating temperatures of 280° F. It shows excellent

resistance to the halogens, strong oxidants, and ultra pure
Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), PVDF, and Halar are ™
water solutions. It is affected by strong baseous solutions,
superior materials in terms of resistance to environmental cor-
members of the amine family, and is not recommended for
rosive agents. All materials are resistant to a wide variety of
highly polar solvents such as ketones or esters.
organic and inorganic chemicals up to high concentrations and
temperatures. PP and PE are members of the polyolefin family
Halar™ (E-CTFE) is resistant to the widest selection of chemical
of plastics, with excellent chemical inertness, resistance to
media. Halar™ is perfectly suitable for strong acid and bases,
moisture flow, and complete resistance to attack by ambient
halogens, and ultra pure water. It does have a reduction in
moisture. They are not affected by most inorganic chemicals,
resistance to certain ketones. Halar™ has the highest tempera-
or organic solvents below 180° F and 140° F respectfully, and
ture rating of 300° F for continuous operation.
detergents. Both PP and PE are affected, however, by the halo-
gens, fuming nitric and sulfuric acids, and other highly oxidizing
Asahi /America has a very detailed corrosion resistance database
environments. Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons tend to
available for these specific products, which include over 600
cause swelling and softening at elevated temperatures as well.
corrosive solutions at a variety of concentrations and operating
temperatures. At all times refer to the specific chemical resis-
Polypropylene has a high temperature resistance, making it
tance guide appropriate for each product.
more suitable for a wider range of chemical process applica-
tions. PP is generally suitable up to a maximum temperature
Asahi /America, Inc. databases all of its chemical projects.
E of 180° F. High density polyethylene is rated to a maximum
Chemical verifications conducted by resin manufacturers are
operating temperature of 140° F. HDPE (class and resin
also kept on file for reference. When using aggressive chemi-
dependent) is a ductile material making it preferable for
cals or mixtures of multiple chemicals, consult Asahi /America
lower temperature application.
for a written recommendation on the specific application. To
receive a documented recommendation, submit the chemical
PVDF and Halar™ are members of the inert fluoropolymer family.
concentration, temperature, and operating pressure to the
PVDF is made from polyvinylidene fluoride, with even greater
Asahi /America Engineering Department. A formal response
chemical inertness and resistance to moisture flow as com-
can be generated normally in one week or less. A Chemical
pared to PP and PE. PVDF resists many corrosives, including
Resistance Check Request Form is included at the end of this
inorganic substances such as mineral acids with very low pHs
section.
PVDF PROLINE Polyvinyl ULTRA PROLINE Polyester

(Polypropylene) Chloride (PVC) (Halar™, E-CTFE) (Glass Fiber Reinforced)
Excelent Inert
Good Slight Attack
Fair Mild Attack
Attacked
Poor Softened/
Swollen
Unacceptable Severe Attack/
Deterioated
Strong Halogens Strong Aromatic Strong Chlorinated Esters & Aliphtic Weak Bases
Acids Oxidants Solvents Bases Solvents Ketones Solvents & Salts
Figure E-1. General comparison of chemical performance of a

v rious plastic piping materials
E-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
CORROSION AND PLASTICS CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
GENERAL NATURE OF CORROSION ture result in a lowering of the activation energy required for
a reaction to proceed, but it also causes a polymer to expand.
AND PLASTICS This results in an increase in permeability, penetrability, and
Chemical resistance varies greatly between any two particular solubility characteristics of the polymer, which aid in a combi-
families of plastics. Within a given family of plastics, there are nation of the different mechanisms.
also differences between any two particular plastics. To com-
pound the matter further, chemical resistance will vary slightly One important point should be noted regarding temperature.
between different grades of a particular plastic or between As a plastic increases through its temperature profile, there
resins made by different manufacturers. A specific plastic may be a certain transition temperature where the basic stress
will vary slightly with respect to molecular weight, distribution, crack mechanism may be altered appreciably. The significance
degree of crystallinity, amount of internal plasticization that may of this fact is that by trying to extrapolate from known perfor-
be present (co-polymerization), and other properties. Therefore, mance at a low temperature to a high temperature may lead
it is not suggested that general chemical resistance tables be to erroneous results. A particular danger exists if a data point
used for determining the chemical resistance of a given manu- is presented at ambient temperature only, and an attempt is
facturer’s resin. In addition, it is strongly recommended that made to make a prediction near the design temperature limit
the practice of extrapolating on the basis of chemical simil- of the polymer.
arity of a substance with respect to different plastics of a given
family be avoided. What is recommended is that a specific The Effect of Concentration
manufacturer’s chemical resistance table be consulted for
the particular product, such as the Asahi /America tables for There are many different families and types of reagents, each
with different properties concerning solubility, reaction between
E
Asahi /America products.
other chemical groups, etc. Each will present a slightly different
The manner in which a type of chemical might affect a plastic concern due to the different attack mechanisms they might
also varies, due to the fact that differing chemicals produce potentially trigger with respect to a given polymer type. The
differing reaction mechanisms when interacting with a plastic concentration of a reagent will also pose a concern, and can
material. Depending on the reaction mechanism, an affected result in differing reaction rates at differing concentration levels.
plastic may become embrittled, softened, charred, crazed, This is true for a variety of complex reasons. Of particular
delaminated, discolored, dissolved, blistered, or swelled. The concern, but certainly not alone in importance, is the mineral
reaction mechanisms that produce these types of effects can acids. This group can show substantially different effects at
be grouped into major categories such as: chemical reaction; various levels along the concentration profile.
solvation; absorption; plasticization; and environmental stress-
cracking. Combinations of these reaction mechanisms do Again, importance must be given to the concentration effect of
occur and when it does, the detection is thus more complex. a given chemical for the same reason that temperature causes
great concern. A level of concentration may be obtained where
Chemical reaction is a very general heading, and can be broken suddenly a transition is achieved and the stress cracking
down into many distinct categories. Some of these include: oxi- mechanism can show substantial alteration. Extrapolating
dation, where chemical bonds are attacked; hydrolysis (not pos- results on the basis of known concentrations is a very danger-
sible for PP, PE, PVDF, and E-CTFE); dehydration (mostly caused ous situation, and is strongly advised against. The larger the
by heat); alkylation; halogenation; radiation; and others. Certain number of data points available, the better will be the predic-
reactions are predictable due to chemical structure of the resin. tion. However, testing is always recommended if performance
However, attack usually occurs in a complex manner with is not known.
respect to polymers, suggesting that testing be performed under
actual conditions in order to make a decision on performance. Manufactru ing Effect
The manner in which a product is manufactured can induce
Criteria for Material Selection molded-in stresses that can produce changes in chemical
There are several conditions that bear particular importance resistance, particularly with regard to environmental stress
on the individual chemical attack mechanisms, and thus have cracking. Manufacturing can also produce surface irregularities
a great effect on the selection process. The conditions of direct that vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. In general, a
importance include: temperature, type of corrosive reagent to smoother surface will show better results in terms of all of
be handled, the concentration of the particular reagent, and the the attack mechanisms. Built in stress due to poor extrusion
operating pressure of the system. methods will decrease a system’s overall resistance to a
chemical. Temperature, pressure, and chemical attack all add
The Effect of Temperatru e to a system’s stress level. If the amount of stress exceeds the
allowable hoop stress, environmental stress cracking will occur.
Temperature has a large effect on all of the attack mechanisms. It is, therefore, necessary to carefully review all the parameters
The attack will almost always be directly related to tempera- of an application.
ture, with increasing temperature resulting in increasing attack
on the plastic material. Not only does an increase in tempera-
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CORROSION AND PLASTICS
Chemical Ata
t ck Mechanisms Plasticizait on
Chemical Reaction Mechanism Plasticization typically arises as an imperfect solvent is selec-
tively absorbed into the surface of the product and incorpo-
Chemical attack by virtue of chemical reaction can proceed rates itself into the molecular structure of the molecule through
along the paths of any of the types of reactions described secondary bonding. The typical result is the significant lowering
earlier, depending on the given chemical and plastic. If the of mechanical properties, and the lowering of glass-transition
active sites to be attacked along the polymer chain are at the temperature. The plastic might also tend to gain in weight or
ends, a chain reaction may be initiated leading to a complete dimension, but this is likely to be used only as an indication
u
“ nzipping” of the polymer structure. If the sites are distributed, of the effect. The significance of the effect is better described
then at these distributed sites, the polymer will become scis- through measuring the mechanical properties, as described
sioned or separated. This will lead to a consequent chemical earlier, and measuring the glass-transition temperature.
breakdown of the polymer.
The ease of detecting a chemical reaction occurrence through Environmental Stress Cracking Mechanism
testing depends a great deal on the rates at which these reac- When a plastic is subjected to stresses, it may be subject to
tions can occur. The typical properties to be measured include catastrophic failure due to the initiation and propagation of
molecular weight, dimensions, overall appearance, and short- cracks and crazes. This is the process known as environmental
term properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, flexural stress cracking and is inherently difficult to predict. A basic
properties, and the like. A rapid reaction can easily be detected mechanism is assumed in which a source of localized weaken-
E through molecular weight change, color, appearance, etc. A ing on the surface of the plastic due to the chemical action of
slower reaction is better detected by the changes in the afore- a chemical reagent is commonly accepted as what takes place.
mentioned short-term mechanical properties. A challenge to the As this localized weakening takes place, a crack appears,
designer in analyzing chemical effect is to try to quantify these creating greater surface area, while also acting as a stress
results. The point at which a given plastic’s change in proper- concentrator. The effect is thus multiplied, and further failure
ties makes it no longer acceptable for a given time of applica- occurs until the inevitable catastrophic failure results.
tion is arbitrary according to design needs. The most likely
property to pay close attention to for piping systems is the A crack may appear through selective absorption of the
tensile creep rupture tests, since this data is the most impor- reagent into the polymer chain, selective solvation by the
tant property in analyzing design strength of a plastic piping reagent of polymer from localized areas, or complexing along
system. the polymer chain at localized sites. No matter what the selec-
tive mechanism for the localized attack is, the result is always
Solvait on Mechanism a weakening of the localized area resulting in an initial failure,
followed by crack propagation. The result of the crack propa-
Solvation effect of a given solvent on a thermoplastic usually gation is as described above, greater surface area and stress
manifests itself in terms of swelling of the plastic, and weight concentration with subsequent catastrophic failure.
and dimensional changes. Simple tests similar to those
described for chemical attack can readily detect these changes To test for environmental stress cracking, both exposure and
in the plastic. Asahi/America materials are very stable due to stress must occur in unison in order to reveal the mechanism.
their high molecular weights and stable molecular structures, Since this is the most important mechanism with respect to
and thus are not subject to solvation by many known common piping performance, three tests are described to assist in
solvents. detecting this phenomenon.
• Cr eep Rupture Test
• Cantilever Beam Test
• Stress-Relaxation Test
TESTING FOR STRESS CRACKING CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
TESTING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL The advantages of these test procedures include the fact that
stress-crack resistance is measured as a direct variable in terms
STRESS CRACKING of the reduction in design strength (stress) of the plastic. In
Creep Ruprut e Test addition, the expected service life could be extrapolated in a
realistic fashion from these results.
To test for environmental stress cracking under this procedure,
the basic test for tensile creep (ASTM D-2990) is modified to
Cantilever Beam Test
produce the desired results. To conduct tests under ambient
temperatures, a set-up similar to Figure E-2 might be used. To The cantilever test is a fairly simple test in comparison to the
conduct measurements of creep strain and rupture at a variety Creep Rupture Test previously described. It is valid primarily
of temperatures, a test set-up similar to Figure E-3 might be when short exposure times are required and when the material
adapted. In this set-up, the encasing stainless steel outer pipe does not show significant creep. It is an excellent test for large
could be immersed into a constant temperature bath in which numbers of test specimens. A suggested test set-up is shown
the temperature could be varied. in Figure E-4.
Vise
Top View
Specimen Blotting Paper
Specimen Clip
E
Stress Cracking Agent Weight
Blotting Paper
Front View
0.5"
.5" .5" 3.5" 0.25"

5"
Specimen
Figure E-4. Detail of cantilever beam e
t st for
environmental stress cracking
(room e t mperatru e)
Weight In the test, the test reagent is applied to the blotted paper, and
Figure E-2. Detail of creep ruprut e e
t st the beam is bent by the clip attached to the end. Initially, trial and
(ambient e t mperatru es) error is used to determine a weight that will produce cracking
near the mid-point of the bar. Stress and strain will vary in a
cantilevered beam from zero at the free end to the maximum
at the clamped end. Cracks will, therefore, appear from the free
Indicator end, all the way to the distance at which the combination of
stress cracking reagent and stress reach the critical stress and
Threaded Shaft strain point. The following formula can be used to determine
critical stress and strain:
Adjustment Nut
Spirit Level Lever Arm Sc = 6FL
bt2 (E-1)
Stainless Steel Base Plate

Where: Sc = critical stress (psi)
F = weight (lb)
Stainless Steel Pipe Weight L = critical distance (measured from free end) (in)
b = width of the bar (in)
Specimen
t = thickness of the bar (in)
ε = Sc
Liquid Environment
(E-2)
E
Threaded Tap
Where: εc = critical strain (in / in)
Figure E-3. Detail of creep ruprut e e
t st E = short-term flexural modulus (psi)
(elevae
t det mperatru es)
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TESTING FOR STRESS CRACKING
Stress-Relaxait on Test
A third alternative is to test a specimen under stress by sub-
jecting it to a fixed deflection. This test eliminates the need
for weights, and takes up little space. A suggested set-up is
shown in Figure E-5. The test is limited to the more flexible
plastics, and to situations where stress-cracking is of short
duration, due to the effect of stress relaxation. To calculate
critical strain at which stress-cracking first appears, use the
following equation:
εc =
[ ( )(
bt
2a 2
1-x2
1
a2
-
b
a4 )] (E-3)
Where: εc = critical strain (in / in)

a = semi-major axis of ellipse (in)
b = semi-minor axis of ellipse (in)
x = distance along major axis (in)
E t = thickness (in)
X Blotting Paper Strip

Wet with Test Reagent
Specimen Clamp
Specimen
Test Block
X
A
B
Ellipse
Figure E-5. Detail of stress-relaxait on e

t st
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE The following abbreviations are used for concentrations in
some cases where a specific numeric value is not given.
The following table gives qualitative information as to the resis-
VL — aqueous solution, percentage of mass less
tance of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PP (polypropylene), and
than 10%
HDPE (high density polypropylene) to specific chemicals under
various conditions. The values given correspond to the most L — aqueous solution, percentage of mass higher
accurate information available from raw materials suppliers of than 10%
the specific resins, based upon testing results and other rele- GL — aqueous solution, saturated at 68° F (20° C)
vant literature. TR — minimum technically pure concentration
It should be emphasized that this data has been compiled H — commercially available concentration
for initial consultation purposes. The information is in no way
intended to replace testing based on actual conditions. Also, The following footnotes are used in the body of the table:
the user should contact a competent corrosion expert (certified 1. Penetration of HCI possible
by NACE or with sufficient experience in these materials) to 2. Oxidizing
verify any recommendation or to interpret the tables. Further- 3. Penetration of HF possible
more, any special or unusual factors, including the length of
time or level of stress in the system, should be taken into con- 4. Medium might cause stress cracking
sideration. In all circumstances, the Engineering Department 5. Penetration of HBr possible
of Asahi /America, Inc. should be consulted to review and verify E
final recommendations.
The following symbols are used in the table:
––––––––––– RESISTANT SYMBOL

On the basis of the data, little or no effect on the
material has been evident within the given range
of pressure and temperature limits.
• • • • • • • CONDITIONALLY RESISTANT SYMBOL

Suitability has to be checked in each individual
case. Further testing may have to be performed
to offer a specific recommendation. Please
consult with the Engineering Department of
Asahi /America for a specific recommendation.
0 NON-RESISTANT SYMBOL
The material is generally regarded to be
unsuitable. Therefore, the application is
not recommended.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE
Concen- Temperatru e ° F Concen- Temperatru e ° F

Medium rt ation Material 68 104 140 176 212 248 Medium rt ation Material 68 104 140 176 212 248
Acetaldehyde PVDF 0 Ammonia gas PVDF ---------------------- • • • • • • • • • •

40 PP -------------------------- TR PP --------------------------
HDPE --------- HDPE --------------------------
PVDF 0 Ammonia liquid PVDF 0
100 PP •••• TR PP --------------------------
HDPE •••• HDPE ---------
Acetaldehyde and PVDF 0 Ammonia solution PVDF 0
Acetic acid 90/10 PP •••• aqueous (ammonia 33 PP --------------------------
HDPE •••• water) HDPE --------------------------
Acetic acid PVDF ----------------------------------- Ammonia aluminium PVDF --------------------------------------------
aqueous 10 PP -------------------------- sulphate (ammonia L PP -----------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- alum) HDPE --------------------------
Acetic acid aqueous PVDF --------- • • • • • • Ammonia carbonate PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
(glacial acetic acid) min 96 PP --------- • • • • • • • • and ammonium GL PP -----------------------------------
HDPE --------- • • • • • • • • hydrogen carbonate HDPE --------------------------
Acetic acid - ethyl PVDF •••••••• Ammonium chloride PVDF --------------------------------------------
ester (ethyl acetate) TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • GL PP -----------------------------------
E Acetic acid - methyl

HDPE
PVDF
--------- • • • • • • • •
Ammonium iron (III)
HDPE
PVDF
--------------------------
ester (methyl TR PP -------------------------- sulphate (iron alum) L PP -----------------------------------

acetate) HDPE --------- HDPE --------------------------
Acetic anhyhrid PVDF 0 Ammonium fluoride PVDF ---------
TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • L PP -----------------------------------
HDPE ------------------• • • • HDPE --------------------------
Acetone PVDF 0 Ammonium nitrate PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP -------------------------- GL PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
PVDF 0 Ammonium PVDF --------------------------------------------
100 PP -------------------------- phosphate GL PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Acetophenone
PVDF --------- Ammonium PVDF -----------------------------------
TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • sulphide L PP --------------------------
HDPE --------- HDPE
Acrylic acid PVDF •••• Ammonium PVDF --------------------------------------------
ethylic ester 100 PP sulphate GL PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE HDPE --------------------------
Acrylonitrile PVDF •••• Amyl acetate PVDF ---------------------------
TR PP --------- • • • • TR PP ••••
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE ----------------- • • • •
Adipic acid PVDF Aniline PVDF ---------
aqueous GL PP --------------------------- hydrochloride GL PP --------------------------
HDPE --------------------------- aqueous HDPE --------------------------
Air * PVDF ----------------------------------------------------------- Aniline pure PVDF ---------
TR PP --------------------------------------------------- TR PP ••••••••••••
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE
Allyl alcohol PVDF Anone PVDF
(2-propen -1- ol) 96 PP --------------------------- TR PP ••••••••••••
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE ----------------- • • • •
Aluminium chloride PVDF -------------------------------------------- Anthraquinone PVDF
GL PP ----------------------------------- sulphone acid GL PP ---------
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE --------- • • • • • • • •
Aluminium fluoride PVDF -------------------------------------------- Anti-freezers PVDF ------------------------------------
GL PP ----------------------------------- (motor vehicles) H PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Aluminium sulphate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Antimony chloride PVDF
GL PP ----------------------------------- aqueous 90 PP --------------------------
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Alums (metal(l)-and PVDF -------------------------------------------- Aqua regia PVDF ••••
metal (III)-sulphates) GL PP ----------------------------------- (HCI/HNO2) 75/25 PP 0
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE 0
* Compressed air is not recommended for any system except Air-Pro.


Arsenic acid PVDF Borax, aqueous PVDF -----------------------------------------------------
aqueous 80 PP -------------------------- • • • • • • • • (sodium GL PP --------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- tetraborate) HDPE -----------------
Barium carbonate PVDF Bromine liquid PVDF -----------------------------------------------------
GL PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP 0
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE 0
Barium chloride PVDF -------------------------------------------- Bromine fumes PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP 0
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE 0
Barium hydroxide PVDF 0 Bromine5 PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP -------------------------- (bromine water) GL PP ••••
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE --------
Barium salts PVDF Butadiene gas PVDF
GL PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP ••••
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE ••••
Barium sulphate PVDF Butane gas PVDF
GL PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP --------------------------
HDPE --------------------------
Beater glue PVDF Butanediol
HDPE
PVDF
--------
E
H PP -------------------------- aqueous L PP --------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Beer PVDF -------------------------------------------- Butanediol PVDF
H PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP --------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE --------
Beer dye PVDF Butanol PVDF -------------------------------------------- • • • •
(sugar dye) VL PP -------------------------- (butyl alcohol) TR PP -----------------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Bees-wax PVDF 1,2,4-Butanetriol PVDF
H PP --------- • • • • • • • • TR PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------ • • • • HDPE --------
Benzaldehyde PVDF --------- • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-Butene-1,4-diol PVDF
GL PP -------------------------- TR PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------ • • • • HDPE --------
Benzene PVDF --------- • • • • • • • • Butindiol PVDF
TR PP •••• TR PP --------
HDPE •••• HDPE --------
Benzine PVDF --------------------------––––––– Butyric acid (and PVDF •••••••••••••••••
H PP •••• isobutyric acid) TR PP --------
HDPE --------- • • • • • • • • HDPE ----------------- • • • •
Benzine - benzole PVDF Butylacetate PVDF
mixture . 80/20 PP •••• TR PP ••••
HDPE --------- • • • • • • • • HDPE ••••
Benzoic acid PVDF --------------------------–––––––––––––– Butylene liquid PVDF
GL PP -------------------------- TR PP ••••
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE
Benzoyl chloride PVDF ---------• • • • • • • • • Butylene glycol PVDF
TR PP •••• (1,4-butanediol) TR PP --------• • • • • • • • •
HDPE ••••••••••••• aqueous HDPE --------------------------
Benzyl alcohol PVDF ------------–––-• • • • • • • • • Butylene glycol PVDF
TR PP ---------• • • • • • • • • (ethylene glycol TR PP --------
HDPE --------------–-- • • • • • monobutyl ether) HDPE --------
Bisulphite lye PVDF Butylphenol PVDF
containing SO2 GL PP ------------------ GL PP --------
HDPE ------------------ HDPE --------------------------
Bleaching solution PVDF ••••••••••••••••• Butylphenone PVDF
(sodium 20 PP ••••••••••••• GL PP --------
hypochloride) HDPE •••• HDPE 0
Boric acid PVDF ----------------------------------------------------- Butylphthalate PVDF
aqueous GL PP --------------------------------------------- (dibutyphthalate) TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------ HDPE --------- • • • • • • • •

Calcium PVDF ------------------------------------------ Chloracetic acid PVDF

carbonate GL PP ---------------------------------- (mono), aqueous L PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Calcium chlorate PVDF Chloracetic acid PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- (mono), aqueous 85 PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Calcium chloride PVDF -------------------------------------------------- Chloral (trichlor PVDF ••••••••••
aqueous GL PP ----------------------------------------- acetaldehyde) TR PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Calcium hydroxide PVDF ••••••••••••••••••• Chloral hydrate PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- TR PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Calcium hypochlorite PVDF Chloramine PVDF
(chloride of lime), L PP ------------------------- aqueous L PP --------
aqueous HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------
Calcium nitrate PVDF ------------------------------------------ Chlordiphenyl PVDF
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- H PP --------
E Calcium sulphate
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
------------------------------------------ Chloroethane
HDPE
PVDF
--------
GL PP ------------------------- (ethyl chloride) TR PP 0

HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Calcium sulphide PVDF 2-Chlorethanol PVDF
VL PP •••••••••••• (ethylenechloro- TR PP --------------------------
HDPE •••••••••••• hydrin) HDPE --------------------------
Camphoric oil PVDF PVDF ----------------------------------------––
(Camphor oil) TR PP 0 1 PP --------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE 0 HDPE --------------------------
Carbolineum PVDF Chloric acid PVDF ----------------------------------------––
H PP -------- aqueous 10 PP --------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE -------- HDPE --------------------------
Carbon monoxide PVDF PVDF
gas TR PP ------------------------- 20 PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE
Carbonic PVDF Chloride or lime PVDF
disulphide TR PP 0 (slurry in water) any PP --------------------------
HDPE •••• HDPE --------------------------
Carbon dioxide PVDF -------------------------------------------------- Chlorine liquid PVDF ---------------------
gas TR PP ------------------------- TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE 0
Carbonic acid PVDF Chlorine gas, wet PVDF •••••••••••••••••
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- 0.5 PP ••••
HDPE -------- HDPE ••••
Carbonic acid dry PVDF PVDF •••••••••••••••••
H PP ------------------------- 1 PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE 0
Carbonic acid wet PVDF Chlorine gas, dry PVDF -----------------------------------
H PP ------------------------- TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Castor oil PVDF Chlorine water PVDF ---------------------
TR PP ------------------------- (chlorine) GL PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE
Caustic Lye aqueous PVDF Chlormethyl PVDF
50 PP ------------------------------------------ 100 PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE
Caustic lye PVDF Chlorobenzene PVDF --------------------• • • • • • • • • • •
aqueous L PP ------------------------- . TR PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Caustic soda PVDF Chloroform PVDF ---------------------
(sodium hydroxide) 60 PP ------------------------------------------ (trichloromethane) TR PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••

Chloromethane PVDF -------- Cresol aqueous PVDF

(methylchloride TR PP ≥90 PP --------
gas) HDPE •••• HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Chlorosulphonic PVDF Crotonaldehyde PVDF
acid TR PP 0 TR PP --------
HDPE 0 HDPE --------
Chrome alum PVDF Cyanide of potassium PVDF
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- (potassium cyanide) L PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Chrome acid4) PVDF Cyanide of potassium PVDF
(chrome (VI)-- 20 PP --------- • • • • • • • • aqueous GL PP --------------------–––––––-----
oxide4)-) HDPE ----------------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
aqueous PVDF Cyclohexanol PVDF --------------------–––––––-–––––––----
40 PP --------- • • • • • • • • TR PP --------
HDPE •••• HDPE --------------------------
Chromosulphuric PVDF Cyclohexanone PVDF -------- • • • • • • • •
acid Chromic acid/ 15/35/50 PP 0 TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
sulphuric acid
Citric acid
HDPE
PVDF
0
---------------------------------------------------- Cyclohexane
HDPE
PVDF
-------- • • • • • • • •
--------–––––––––––––––––––
E
GL PP ------------------------- TR PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Citric acid aqueous PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Decalin® PVDF
VL PP ------------------------- (decahydro- TR PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- naphthaline) HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Coconut butter PVDF Detergents PVDF
alcohol TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • H PP -------------------------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE --------- • • • • • • • • HDPE --------------------------
Common salt PVDF Dextrine aqueous PVDF
aqueous VL PP ------------------------------------------- L PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Common salt PVDF Dextrose (starch PVDF
(natrium chloride) GL PP ------------------------- sugar glucose) 20 PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Copper (II)-chloride PVDF ------------------------------------------- 1,2-Diaminoethane PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- (ethylene diamine) TR PP --------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------------------------
Copper (II)-cyanide PVDF . Dibutyl phthalate PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Copper fluoride PVDF Dichloroethane PVDF
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- (vinylidene dichloride TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- and vinylene dichloride) HDPE 0
Copper (II)-nitrate PVDF ------------------------------------------- Dichloroethylene PVDF
aqueous 30 PP ------------------------------------------- (11 and 12) TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE
Copper (II)-nitrate PVDF ------------------------------------------- Dichloroacetic PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- acid aqueous 50 PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Copper (II)-sulphate PVDF ------------------------------------------- Dichloroacetic PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- acid aqueous TR PP •••••••••••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Copper sulphate PVDF ------------------------------------------- Dichloroacetic acid PVDF
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- methyl ester TR PP --------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Cotton seed oil PVDF Dichlorobenzene PVDF
TR PP ------------------------- TR PP ••••
HDPE -------- HDPE ••••
Cresol aqueous PVDF Diesel fuel PVDF -----------------------------------
<90 PP ------------------------- H PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •

Diethanolamine PVDF Ethyl alcohol PVDF

TR PP -------- methylated with 96 PP --------
HDPE -------- Toluol 2% HDPE --------
Diethyl ether PVDF Ethyl benzene PVDF ••••••• ••••••••••••••
(ethyl ether) TR PP •••••••• TR PP ••••
HDPE •••••••• HDPE ••••
Diglycolic acid PVDF Ethyl chloride gas PVDF
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- (chloroethane) TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE 0
Dibexylphthalate PVDF Ethylenechlorohydrin PVDF ---------------------
TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • (chloroethanol) TR PP -------------------------
HDPE HDPE -------------------------
Diisobutyl ketone PVDF ---------------------• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ethylenediamine PVDF •••••••••••
(2,6-dimethyl-4- TR PP -------- (1,2-diaminoethane) TR PP -------------------------
heptanone) HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Diisooctyl phthalate PVDF Ethylene glycol PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
TR PP --------- • • • • • • • • (1,2-ethanediol) TR PP ------------------------------------------
E Diisopropyl ether
HDPE
PVDF
--------- • • • • • • • •
Ethylene oxide
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
TR PP •••• gas (oxiran) TR PP 0

HDPE --------- • • • • • • • • HDPE --------
Dimethylamine PVDF Ethyl ether . PVDF --------
gas 100 PP -------- . 100 PP ••••
HDPE --------- • • • • • • • • HDPE ••••
Di-n-Butylether PVDF Exhaust gases PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
TR PP •••• containing SO2 VL PP -------------------------
HDPE •••• HDPE ------------------------–
Dinonylphthalate PVDF Exhaust gases PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
( DNP) TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • containing carbon any PP ------------------------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • dioxide HDPE -------------------------
Dioctylphthalate PVDF Exhaust gases PVDF ------------------------------------------
(DOP) TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • containing any PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • hydrochloric acid1) HDPE -------------------------
1,4-Dioxan PVDF •••• Exhaust gases PVDF
(diethylene dioxide) TR PP ••••••••••••• containing hydrogen VL PP ----------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- fluoride HDPE -------------------------
Emulsions PVDF Exhaust gases PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
photographic H PP ------------------------- containing nitrogen VL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ------------------------
Enzyme mash PVDF Exhaust gases PVDF 0
H PP ------------------------- containing oleum VL PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE 0
Ester PVDF Exhaust gases PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
40 PP •••••••••••• sulphuric acid any PP -------------------------
HDPE •••••••••••• wet HDPE -------------------------
Ethanol PVDF -------- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Fatty acids PVDF
(ethyl alcohol) TR PP ------------------------------------------- 100 PP ••••••••••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Ethyl acetate PVDF Fertilizer salt PVDF
100 PP -------- • • • • • • • • H PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Ethyl alcohol aqueous PVDF Fixing solutions PVDF
96 PP ------------------------------------------- photographic H PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ----------------
Ethyl alcohol + acetic PVDF Fluor gas, dry PVDF
acid (enzyme H PP ------------------------- TR PP 0
compound) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE 0
Ethyl alcohol PVDF Fluorammonium PVDF
(enzyme mash) H PP ------------------------- aqueous 20 PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------

Fluosilicic acid PVDF -----------------------------------------–- Hexane PVDF ---------------------

aqueous 32 PP ----------------- TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ----------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
PVDF -----------------------------------------–- Hexanetriol (1,2,6) PVDF
40 PP -------- TR PP -------------------------–
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ------------------------–-
Formaldehyde PVDF --------------------------------------------------- Hydrazine hydrate PVDF ••••••
aqueous 40 PP ------------------------- TR PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Formic acid aqueous PVDF -----------------------------------------–- Hydrobromic acid PVDF ------------------------------------------
85 PP -------- • • • • • • • • (solution) aqueous4) 48 PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Fructose PVDF Hydrochloric acid PVDF ------------------------------------------–
L PP -----------------------------------------–- aqueous1)4) VL PP ------------------------–- • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------–
Fruit juices, pulp PVDF PVDF --------------------------------------–----
H PP -----------------------------------------–- >32 PP -------- • • • • • • • • • • • •
Fruit pulp
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
Hydrocyanic acid
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
--------------------------------------–----
E
H PP -------- L PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Fuel oil PVDF -----------------------––––––––– Hydrocyanic acid PVDF
H PP -------- • • • • • • • • aqueous TR PP
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Furturyl alcohol PVDF Hydrofluoric acid PVDF -----------------------------------------–-
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • aqueous3)4) 4 PP -------------------------
HDPE ---------------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Gaswater PVDF PVDF --------------------------------------–----
H PP ---------------- 40 PP -------------------------
HDPE ---------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Gelatine PVDF PVDF ---------------––––------
L PP ---------------------------------------–--- 60 PP ---------------- • • • •
HDPE ----------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Glacial acetic acid PVDF PVDF --------------------––––-
100 PP -------- • • • • • • • • 70 PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ---------------- • • • • HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Glucose aqueous PVDF --------------------------------------------------- Hydrofluosilicic acid PVDF
20 PP ------------------------- aqueous 32 PP -------------------------
HDPE ----------------------- HDPE -------------------------
PVDF --------------------------------------------------- PVDF
GL PP ------------------------------------------ 40 PP ----------------
HDPE -----------------------–– HDPE ----------------
Glycerine (glycerol), PVDF ----------------------------------------–-- Hydrogen bromide PVDF
aqueous any PP ----------------------------------------–-- gas5) TR PP
HDPE -----------------------–– HDPE -------------------------
Glycol aqueous PVDF ----------------------------------------–-- Hydrogen chloride PVDF ---------------------------------------------------
H PP -----------------––––––––––––– gas wet and dry2) TR PP -------------------------
HDPE ----------------------- HDPE
Glycocol aqueous PVDF ----------------------------------------–-- Hydrogen gas PVDF
10 PP ------------------------–- TR PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------–- HDPE -------------------------
Glycolic acid PVDF ------------------------------------------ Hydrogen peroxide PVDF
aqueous 30 PP -------- • • • • • • • • aqueous 30 PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ----------------------- HDPE ••••
PVDF ------------------------------------------ PVDF
70 PP --------––––––– 90 PP ••••
HDPE ----------------------- HDPE ••••
Heptane PVDF ------------------------------------------ Hydrogen sulphide PVDF
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • aqueous GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------

Hydrogen sulphide PVDF Light liquid paraffin PVDF

gas, dry TR PP ------------------------- TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Hydrogen- PVDF Lighting gas PVDF
hyposulphite VL PP ------------------------- H PP --------
aqueous HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------
Hydroquinone PVDF Linseed oil PVDF ---------------------------------------–----
L PP -------- H PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Hydroquinone PVDF Liquid ammonia PVDF 0
GL PP -------- (ammonia water) GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Hydroxylamine PVDF Magnesium PVDF ---------------------------------------–----
sulphate aqueous ≥12 PP -------------------------- carbonate GL PP ---------------------------------------–----
HDPE ------------ HDPE -------------------------
Iodine, tincture PVDF ---------------------- Magnesium chloride PVDF ---------------------------------------–----–––––––
H PP ----------------- • • • • • • • • aqueous GL PP -------------------------
E Iron (II)-chloride
HDPE
PVDF
----------------- • • • •
--------------------------------------–----- Magnesium
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
---------------------------------------–----
GL PP -------------------------––––––– hydroxide GL PP -------------------------
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Iron (III)-chloride PVDF ---------------------------------------–---- Magnesium PVDF ------------------------------------
GL PP ---------------------------––––––– hydroxide carbonate GL PP ------------------------------------
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Iron (III)-nitrate PVDF ---------------------------------------–---- Magnesium nitrate PVDF -------------------------------------------
L PP ---------------------------––––––– GL PP -----------------------------------
HDPE --------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Iron (II)-sulphate PVDF ---------------------------------------–---- Magnesium salts PVDF ---------------------------------------–----
GL PP --------------------------–––––– GL PP -----------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Iron (III)-sulphate PVDF ------------------------------------------- Magnesium sulphate PVDF -------------------------------------------–
GL PP -------------------------- aqueous GL PP -----------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------–––––––- HDPE -------------------------
Isobutanol PVDF ----------------------------------- Maize seed oil PVDF
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------
Isobutyric acid PVDF ••••••••••••• Malic acid aqueous PVDF -------------------------------------------– ––––––
TR PP -------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Isooctane PVDF --------––––––––––––––––––––––––– Menthol PVDF
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE ----------------- • • • •
Isopropyl alcohol PVDF ------------------------- Mercury PVDF ------------------------------------------- • • • •
TR PP ------------------------------------------- TR PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Lactic acid PVDF ------------------------------------------- Mercury (II)-chloride PVDF -------------------------------------------–
TR PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Lactic acid PVDF ------------------------------------------- Mercury (II)-cyanide PVDF -------------------------------------------–
aqueous 90 PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Lanolin (wool oil) PVDF Mercury (II)-nitrate PVDF -----------------------------------------–--
H PP -------- • • • • • • • • L PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Lead acetate PVDF ------------------------------------------- Mercury salts PVDF
: aqueous GL PP -------------------------- • • • • • • • • GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Lead tetraethyl PVDF Methane bromide PVDF -----------------------------------------–--
(tetraethyl lead) TR PP -------- (methyl bromide) TR PP 0
HDPE -------- HDPE 0

Methanol PVDF -------- • • • • • • Nickel (II)-nitrate PVDF -------------------------------------------

(methyl alcohol) TR PP ----------------------–--- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -----------------------–-- HDPE -------------------------
Methanesulphonic acid PVDF ----------------------–--- Nickel salts PVDF -------------------------------------------
(methylsulphuric acid), ≥50 PP •••••••••••••••• GL PP -------------------------
aqueous HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
PVDF ----------------------–--- Nickel (II)-sulphate PVDF -------------------------------------------
>50 PP •••• GL PP -------------------------
HDPE •••• HDPE -------------------------
Methyl alcohol PVDF -------–––––––- • • • • • • • • • • • • Nicotinic acid PVDF -------------------------------------------
(methanol) 5% PP ------------------------- VL PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE --------
Methylamine aqueous PVDF •••• Nitric acid PVDF -------------------------------------------
32 PP -------- aqueous VL PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Methoxybutanol PVDF PVDF -------------------------------------------
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • 10-50 PP ••••
Methoxybutyl alcohol
HDPE
PVDF
-------- • • • • • • • •
>50
HDPE
PVDF
••••
--------------------- • • • • • • • • • • E
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • PP 0
<85
HDPE HDPE ••••
Melhylbenzoin acids PVDF Nitrobenzene PVDF --------------------
(Toluene acids) GL PP -------- • • • • TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE •••• HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Methyl bromide PVDF Nitrous fumes2) PVDF
TR PP 0 GL PP ••••
HDPE 0 HDPE ••••
Methyl chloride PVDF -------- 2-Nitroluene PVDF --------------------------
TR PP 0 TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE •••• HDPE -------- • • • •
Methylene chloride PVDF -------- Octycresole PVDF
(dichloromethane) TR PP •••• TR PP ••••
HDPE •••• HDPE ••••
Methyl ethyl ketone PVDF 0 Oil of turpentine PVDF
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • TR PP 0
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE ••••
Milk PVDF ------------------------------------------- Oils essential PVDF
H PP ------------------------------------------- TR PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Mineral oil PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Oils, vegetable PVDF -------------------------------------------
H PP -------- • • • • • • • • and animal TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Mineral water PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Oleic acid PVDF --------------------------
H PP ------------------------------------------- TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Molasses PVDF Oleum PVDF 0
H PP ------------------------------------------- (H2SO4 + SO3) TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------–- HDPE 0
Naptha PVDF -------------–––––––––– Oleum fumes PVDF 0
H PP -------- VL PP 0
Natural gas PVDF PVDF 0
TR PP -------- L PP 0
N,N-Dimethalfor- PVDF 0 Oxalic acid aqueous PVDF -------------------------------------------
mamide TR PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ----------------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Nickel (II)-chloride PVDF ------------------------------------------- Oxygen PVDF -------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- TR PP -------–––––––-
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ----------------- • • • •

Ozone gas4) PVDF ---------------------– Phosphoric acid PVDF --------

0.5 ppm PP -------- aqueous 95 PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE •••• HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Paraffin emulsions PVDF PVDF --------–––––––––––––––––––––––––
TR PP ------------------------- 50 PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Paraffin oil PVDF --------------------------- Phosphoric acid PVDF -----------------------------------------------------
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • (ortho-) 85 PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE --------
Peanut oil PVDF Phosphorus (III) PVDF --------
TR PP ------------------------- chloride TR PP ••••
HDPE -------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
1-Pentanol PVDF -------------------------------------------- • • • • Phosphorus PVDF ----------------------
(n-amylalcohol) TR PP ------------------------- oxychloride TR PP ••••
HDPE ----------------- • • • • HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
2-Pentanol PVDF --------------------- Phosphorus PVDF -----------------------------------
(sec-n-amylalcohol) TR PP ------------------------- pentoxide TR PP --------
E Peppermint oil
HDPE
PVDF
----------------- • • • •
Phosphorus
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
------------------------------–––––––-----
TR PP -------- tricloride TR PP --------
HDPE -------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Perchloric acid PVDF Photographic PVDF
aqueous 20 PP ------------------------- developing agents H PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
PVDF Phthalic acid PVDF •••••••• ••••••••
50 PP -------- • • • • • • • • GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
PVDF Picric acid PVDF --------------------------------------------
70 PP •••• (2, 4, 6 trinitrophenole) GL PP --------
HDPE -------- HDPE --------
Perchloroethylene PVDF ----------------------------------- • • • • Pine needle oil PVDF
(tetrachloroethane) TR PP •••••••••••• H PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE •••• HDPE --------
Petroleum PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Potable water PVDF -----------------------------------------------------
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • (chlorous) TR PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Petroleum ether PVDF Potassium aluminium PVDF --------------------------------------------
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • sulphate L PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • (potassium alum) HDPE -------------------------
Phenol aqueous PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Potassium bicarbonate PVDF --------------------------------------------
5 PP -------------------------- GL PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
PVDF --------------------- Potassium bisulphate PVDF -------------------------–––––––
90 PP -------------------------- GL PP --------
HDPE -------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Phenylhydrazine PVDF Potassium hydrogen PVDF -------------------------–––––––
TR PP •••••••••••• sulphite L PP -------------------------
HDPE •••••••••••• (potassium bisulphite) HDPE -------------------------
Phenylhydrochloride PVDF Potassium borate PVDF --------------------------------------------
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • • aqueous 1 PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Phosgene gas PVDF Potassium bromate PVDF --------------------------------------------
TR PP •••••••••••• aqueous 10 PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE •••• HDPE -------------------------
Phosgene liquid PVDF Potassium bromate PVDF --------------------------------------------
TR PP 0 GL PP -------------------------
HDPE 0 HDPE -------------------------
Phosphates inorganic PVDF Potassium bromide PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- aqueous GL PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------

Potassium carbonate PVDF 0 Potassium sulphide PVDF •••••••••••••••••••••

(potash) GL PP ------------------------- L PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium chlorate PVDF ••••••••••••••••••••• Potatoe spirit oil PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- TR PP ----------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ----------------- • • • •
Potassium chloride PVDF -------------------------------------------- Propane gas PVDF ••••
aqueous GL PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -----------------
Potassium chromate PVDF •••• Propane liquid PVDF ••••
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- TR PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Potassium chrome (III) PVDF •••• Propionic acid PVDF
sulphate L PP ------------------------- aqueous 50 PP -------------------------
(chrome alum) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium cyanide PVDF Propionic acid PVDF --------------------------------–
(cyanide of L PP ------------------------- TR PP --------
potassium) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Potassium dichromate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Propanol-(1) PVDF --------------------- E
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- (propyl alcohol) TR PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium ferricyanide PVDF -------------------------------------------- Propargyl alcohol PVDF
and potassium GL PP ------------------------- aqueous 7 PP -------------------------
ferrocyanide, aqueous HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium fluoride PVDF -------------------------------------------- Propylene glycol PVDF ----------------------------------
L PP ------------------------- TR PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium hexacyano PVDF Pyridine PVDF --------
ferrate (II) and (III) yellow TR PP ••••••••••••
and red prussiate GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Potassium PVDF •••• Roaster dry PVDF
hypochlorite L PP •••• any PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Potassium iodide PVDF Salicylic acid PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium nitrate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Sea water PVDF --------------------------------------------
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- (lake water) H PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium PVDF Silicic acid aqueous PVDF
perchlorate 10 PP ------------------------- H PP -------------------------
aqueous HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
PVDF •••••••••••••••• Silicone emulsion PVDF
GL PP -------- H PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Potassium PVDF -------------------------------------------- Silicone oil PVDF
permanganate 6 PP ------------------------- TR PP --------------------------------------------
aqueous HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
PVDF -------------------------------------------- Silver acetate PVDF --------------------------------––––––––
20 PP ---–––––––----- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium peroxodi- PVDF Silver cyanide PVDF --------------------------------––––––––
sulphate (potassium GL PP -------- • • • • • • • • GL PP -------------------------
persulphate) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium phosphate PVDF -------------------------––––––– Silver nitrate PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- aqueous GL PP ------------------------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Potassium sulphate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Silver salts PVDF --------------------------------––––––––
GL PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------

Soaps aqueous PVDF Sodium hydrogen PVDF --------------------------------------------

GL PP ------------------------- sulphate GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Soda (sodium PVDF Sodium hydrogen PVDF --------------------------------------------
bicarbonate) 50 PP ----------------------------------- sulphite L PP -------------------------
HDPE -------------------------- (sodium bisulphite) HDPE -------------------------
Soda lye PVDF 0 Sodium hypochlorite PVDF •••••••••••••••••
(sodium hydroxide) 40 PP -------------------------------------------- aqueous 10 PP
aqueous HDPE ------------------------- HDPE
PVDF 0 PVDF •••••••••••••••••
60 PP -------------------------------------------- 20 PP
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE
Sodium acetate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Sodium hypochloride PVDF 0
GL PP -------------------------------------------- (bleaching lye) 15% L PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- act Cl2, aqueous HDPE ••••
Sodium benzoate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Sodium nitrate PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ----------------- GL PP -------------------------
E Sodium benzoate
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
-------------------------------------------- Sodium nitrite
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------
aqueous 35 PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium borate PVDF Sodium phosphate PVDF --------------------------------------------
hydrogene peroxide GL PP -------- (-tri-) GL PP --------------------------------------------
(sodium perborate) HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Sodium bromide PVDF -------------------------------------------- Sodium silicate PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- (water glass) L PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium carbonate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Sodium sulphate PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ------------------------–
Sodium carbonate PVDF -------------------------------------------- Sodium sulphide PVDF •••••••••••••••••••••
aqueous 50 PP -------------------------• • • • • • • • GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium chlorate PVDF ••••••••••••••••••••• Sodium sulphide PVDF --------------------------------------------
aqueous GL PP ------------------------- aqueous 40 PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium chlorite PVDF Sodium tetraborate PVDF --------------------------------------------
aqueous 2-20 PP -------- • • • • • • • • (borax) L PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium cyanide PVDF PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium dichromate PVDF Sodium thiosulphate PVDF --------------------------------------------
GL PP -------------------------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium fluoride PVDF -------------------------------------------- Soybean oil PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Sodium PVDF Spindle oil PVDF
hexacyanferrat (II) GL PP TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
(sodium ferrocyanide) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Sodium PVDF Spirits of all kinds PVDF
hexacyanferrat (III) GL PP ------------------------- H PP -------------------------
(sodiumferrocyanide) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium PVDF Starch syrup PVDF
hexametaphosphate L PP ------------------------- any PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Sodium hydrogen PVDF -------------------------------------------- Starch PVDF
carbonate GL PP -------------------------------------------- aqueous any PP -------------------------
(sodium bicarbonate) HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
E-18 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA

Starch sugar PVDF Tetrachloromethane PVDF -----------------------------------

(glucose), aqueous GL PP -------------------------------------------- TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE 0
Stearic acid PVDF Tetrahydrofuran PVDF •••••••••••
TR PP ••••••••••••• TR PP ••••
HDPE -------- • • • • • • • • HDPE ••••••••
Succinic acid PVDF Tetralin PVDF
GL PP ------------------------- (tetrahydronaphthaline) TR PP 0
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Sulphur dioxide PVDF 0 Tin (IV)-chloride PVDF ----------------------------------------------------
aqueous any PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sulphur dioxide wet PVDF 0 Tin (II)-chloride PVDF --------------------------------------------
and aqueous any PP ------------------------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Sulphur dioxide, gas PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Thionyl chloride PVDF •••••••••••
dry any PP ------------------------- TR PP 0
Sulphur trioxide
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
0 Thiophene
HDPE
PVDF
0
E
TR PP 0 TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE 0 HDPE ••••
Sulphurous acid PVDF 0 Toluene PVDF ---------------------• • • • • • • • • • •
aqueous any PP ------------------------- TR PP ••••
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
Sulphuryl chloride PVDF Transformer oil PVDF
(sulphonyl chloride) TR PP 0 (insulating oil) TR PP -------- • • • •
HDPE 0 HDPE -------- • • • • • • • •
Sulphuric acid PVDF --------------------- • • • • • • Trichloroacetic acid PVDF --------------------- • • • • • •
TR PP •••• aqueous 50 PP -------------------------
HDPE •••• ••• HDPE -------------------------
Sulphuric acid PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Trichloroethylene PVDF -----------------------------------
aqueous VL PP -------------------------------------------- (trichloroethene) TR PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ••••
PVDF ---------------------------------------------------- Tricresyl phosphate PVDF
10-50 PP ------------------------- TR PP -------- • • • • • • • •
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Tallow PVDF Trietanolamine PVDF ------------------------------
TR PP -------- L PP --------
HDPE -------- HDPE ---------------- • • • •
Tannic acid PVDF -------------------------------------------- Trioctyl phosphate PVDF
(tannin) aqueous 10 PP -------- PP --------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE ---------------- • • • •
Tanning extracts of PVDF Urea aqueous PVDF -----------------------------------
cellulose H PP -------- L PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- HDPE --------------------------
Tanning extracts PVDF PVDF
vegetable H PP -------- GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- HDPE -------------------------
Tartaric acids PVDF -------------------------------------------- Urine PVDF --------
aqueous H PP -------------------------------------------- PP -------------------------
HDPE ------------------------- HDPE -------------------------
Test benzene PVDF Vinegar PVDF
TR PP -------- • • • • • • • (wine vinegar) H PP -------------------------
HDPE -------- • • • • HDPE -------------------------
Tetrachloroethane PVDF ••••••• •••••••••••••• Vinyl acetate PVDF
TR PP •••• TR PP --------• • • • • • • • •
HDPE •••• HDPE ------------------• • • •
Tetrachloroethene PVDF ---------------------------------- • • • • • Vinylidene chloride PVDF
(perchloroethylene) TR PP •••••••••••• (1, 1-dichloroethylene) TR PP 0
HDPE •••••••• HDPE 0
Concen- Temperatru e ° F
Medium rt ation Material 68 104 140 176 212 248
Water pure PVDF -----------------------------------------––––––---

H PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------
Wines and spirits PVDF
(sodium benzoate) H PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------
Wine vinegar PVDF
(edible vinegar) H PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------
Xylene (all isomers) PVDF -------------------------–––––––
TR PP 0
HDPE •••• ••••
Yeast PVDF
GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------------------------
Yeast bitter PVDF
H PP -------------------------
E Zinc carbonate
HDPE
PVDF
-------------------------
--------------------------------------------
GL PP -------------------------–––––––
HDPE -------------------------
Zinc chloride PVDF -------------------------–––––––––––––
aqueous GL PP -------------------------–––––––
HDPE ---------------------–––
Zinc oxide PVDF
GL PP -------------------------
HDPE -------------------------
Zinc salts PVDF -------------------------–––––––––––––
GL PP --------------------------------------------
HDPE -------------------------
Zinc sulphate PVDF --------------------------------------------
aqueous GL PP -------------------------–––––––
HDPE -------------------------
Symbols:
1. Penetration of HCI possible
2. Oxidizing
3. Penetration of HF possible
4. Medium might cause stress cracking
5. Penetration of HBr possible
6. PVDF requires UV protection
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHECK FORM CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHECK REQUEST FORM

PIPING SYSTEMS
Ate
t ntion: Engineered Producs
t Division
Requester’s Information
Company Name
Address
Phone
Fax
Contact Name
Project Information
End User Name
Project Name
Contact
Address
Phone
Chemical Information
Chemical (s) and
Concentration
Operating Temperature
Operating Pressure
Flow Rates
UV Exposure
Comments (Note any other information that may assist in material selection)
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
E This page intentionally left blank.
Section F
INSTALLATION PRACTICES
Contents
Good Installation Practices . . . . . . . . . . . .F-2 Double Wall Syse
t ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-45
Flanging and AV Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-2 Step 1. Welding Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-45
Butterfly Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-2 Step 2. Tool Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-45
Threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-2 Step 3. Material Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-47
Weatherability/UV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-3 Step 4. Training and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-47
Chlorine/Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Installations . . . . .F-3 Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks . . . . . . .F-48
Welding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-4 Step 6. Pipe Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-48
Socket Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-4 Step 7. Weld Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-48
Butt Fusion – Single Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-5 Step 8. Weld Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-49
Butt Fusion – Double Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-6 Step 9. Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-50
Butt Fusion – Double Wall w/o Leak Detection Cable F-7 Step 10. Trenching and Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-51
Butt Fusion – Double Wall w/Leak Detection Cable . .F-9 Step 11. System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-51
IR Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-12 Step 12. Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-54
HPF Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-13 Poly-Flo Syse
t ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-57
Side-Wall Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-14 Step 1. Welding Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-57
Hand-Held Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-14 Step 2. Tool Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-57
Extrusion Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-16 Step 3. Material Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-58
Electro-Fusion Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-18 Step 4. Training and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-59
High-Purity Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-20 Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks . . . . . . .F-59
Step 1. Welding Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-20 Step 6. Pipe Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-60
Step 2. Tool Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-21 Step 7. Weld Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-60
Step 3. Material Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-24 Step 8. Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-61
Step 4. Training and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-25 Step 9. Trenching and Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-62
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks . . . . . . .F-25 Step 10. System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-63
Step 6. Weld Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-26 Step 11. Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-64
Step 7. Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-29 Compressed Air Piping Syse
t ms . . . . . .F-67
Step 8. System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-30 Step 1. Welding Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-67
Step 9. Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-31 Step 2. Tool Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-67
Chemical Single Wall Syse
t ms . . . . . . . .F-33 Step 3. Material Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-69
Step 1. Welding Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-33 Step 4. Training and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-70
Step 2. Tool Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-34 Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks . . . . . . .F-70
Step 3. Material Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-36 Step 6. Pipe Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-70
Step 4. Training and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-36 Step 7. Weld Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-71
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks . . . . . . .F-37 Step 8. Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-72
Step 6. Pipe Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-37 Step 9. Trenching and Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-73
Step 7. Weld Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-37 Step 10: System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-73
Step 8. Hanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-40 Step 11: Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-74
Step 9. Trenching and Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-41 High-Purity Weld Inspection Table . . . . .F-75
Step 10. System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-41 Weld Inspection Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-76
Step 11. Repair Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-42
F-1
INSTALLATION PRACTICES GOOD INSTALLATION PRACTICES
GOOD INSTALLATION PRACTICES Bue

t rfly Valves
Flanging and AV Gaskets Most Asahi /America piping systems are produced to metric
dimensions according to ISO standards. However, Asahi /
When bolting a flange connection, it is required to tighten the America butterfly valves are produced according to iron pipe
bolts in a specified pattern as well as tighten them to a required size dimensions. The outcome is that in certain sizes, the disk
specification. Asahi /America offers a line of low torque AV gas- of the butterfly valve can meet interference with inside pipe wall
kets in sizes 1/2"–12" for single wall pipe connections. These when opening. The interference is typical in SDR 11 polypropy-
gaskets offer a unique double-convex ring design that gives lene systems in 6" and larger and SDR 32.5 polypropylene in 8"
optimum sealing with one third the torque of a common flat and larger. In PVDF systems, the effect is 8"–12" in SDR 33 and
gasket seal. The gaskets are available in the following materials: 6" and larger in SDR 21 systems.
• EPDM
• PVDF bonded over EPDM Polypropylene stubs in the interfering dimensions are always
• T eflonTM over EPDM beveled at the factory to avoid this issue. PVDF stub ends
mounted for butterfly valve installation must be ordered special
They are available in both standard and high-purity grade. from Asahi /America. PVDF stubs are not automatically supplied
PTFE and PVDF bonded gaskets are produced in a proprietary with a beveled end for other reasons. Contact Asahi /America
laminating process for bonding to EPDM. The use of the rubber for special part numbers on PVDF beveled stub ends.
backing provides greater elasticity for lower bonding torques.
Threading
Detail of Gasket In general, threaded connections are not recommended for
high pressure thermoplastic piping systems. If thermoplastic
When tightening a flange, the torque rating is dependent on
pipe is threaded, the pressure rating is derated significantly.
the gasket used. For the AV gasket, see Table F-1 for the rec-
In certain instances an installer may choose to thread the sys-
F ommended tightness. In addition, when tightening follow the
star pattern shown below. Conduct two or three passes, tight-
tem. Recommendations for threading plastic piping have been
developed by the Plastic Piping Institute. It should be noted
ening the flange uniformly. Finish by doing a circular pass to
that certain Asahi /America systems with thinner walls simply
check the torque values. Always use a torque wrench when
cannot be threaded. In addition, metric pipe systems, even
tightening a flange. A common mistake when tightening a
with thick pipe walls, cannot be threaded since the outside
flange is to squeeze it as tightly as possible. This action will
diameters are not the same as IPS pipe, making the threads
damage the gasket and eventually lead to reduced elasticity
too short in height.
and leakage. Do not tighten beyond the rating.
Only pipe having a wall thickness greater than Sch 80 should
Table F-1. Recommended Bolt Torque for AV Gaskets (lbs)
be threaded. Only pipe dies that are clean and sharp and
Size (inches) Teflon-PVDF EPDM specifically designed for plastic piping should be used. If
1/2 174 157 a vise is used to restrain the pipe during the cutting, exercise
3/4 174 157 caution not to scratch or deform the pipe. Wooden plugs
1 174 157
inserted in the pipe ends can reduce this risk.
11/4 191 165
11/2 217 174
2 217 174
Before cutting threads, the pipe must be deburred of all sharp
21/2 304 217 edges. A die stock with a proper guide that will start and go on
3 304 217 square to the pipe axis should be used. The use of cutting oil
4 304 217 should be kept to a minimum. Once the threads are cut, they
6 348 260 should be seated with PTFE tape.
8 435 304
10 435 304 In most cases, the use of threading pipe can be avoided
12 522 435 altogether by use of molded male and female adapters.
These fittings have been designed and produced to provide
1 a full 150 psi pressure rating at 70° F. The male and female
8 5 adapters address the need to connect to existing pipe sys-
tems or equipment without derating the system. The use
of these fittings welded to the pipe is recommended instead
4 3 of attempting to thread pipe.
Asahi /America does not recommend threading or threaded

6 7
fittings made of HDPE.
2
Figure F-1. Torque pate

t rn
F-2 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
GOOD INSTALLATION PRACTICES INSTALLATION PRACTICES
Weatherabilit/y UV Chlorine and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

Special Considerations Installations
When PVDF is used to transport chlorine or chlorinated hydro-
Weather Effects
carbons, special precautions should be taken if the possibility
Polypropylene, HDPE, and PVDF are resistant to almost all the
of a reaction is suggested by the application. In certain post
effects of weather. They differ, however, on one important char-
chlorination pipe lines, downstream in a bleached paper pro-
acteristic: resistance to ultraviolet light degradation. PVDF is
cess (chlorine dioxide reactor, for instance), there exists a small
almost completely unaffected by UV light. HDPE, with its black
amount of spent reactants that ordinarily will not proceed to
additive, is resistant to UV light, as is Poly-Flo black polypro-
completion. However, it has been shown that ultraviolet light
pylene. Standard polypropylene from Asahi /America is a
from sunlight or fluorescent light fixtures may offer enough
European gray polypropylene that is affected as the energy
energy to initiate this reaction to completion.
from ultraviolet radiation initiates a chemical reaction in the
polymer. Natural polypropylene is not UV resistant.
In the process, free-radical chlorine is released instantaneously,
and there is a tendency for some substitution of chlorine mole-
The reaction between polypropylene (gray) and UV radiation
cules for hydrogen in the polymer chain. As this happens, stress
only takes place at the surface to shallow depths measured in
cracks may appear in the pipe wall through a mechanism not
minute fractions of an inch. The molecules at the surface of the
yet completely understood, and the system may fail. Therefore,
plastic are permanently altered to form a complex formation of
it is required to protect any PVDF system from the possibility
various chemicals, such as polypropylene-type formations. A
of ultraviolet light propagation from reactions involving the gen-
noticeable chalky-yellow appearance ensues, with a resulting
eration of free-radical chlorine. One method of providing this
slight reduction in impact strength. This effect will only become
protection is through the same method of taping described in
noticeable upon prolonged exposure, and will not continue to
the previous section for protecting polypropylene piping from
progress if the ultraviolet source is removed. The effect can be
ultraviolet attack.
measured after a prolonged period of time as a slight increase
in tensile strength, a slight increase in elastic modulus, and F
a minor decrease in impact strength. The degradation only
occurs to a shallow depth, although in time there may be some
slight flaking off of the chemically altered surface molecules.
Thin wall polypropylene pipe fittings should be protected

against ultraviolet light penetration if placed in an outdoor
environment. Some of the various methods include painting,
providing a s“ hield,” or taping/wrapping the pipe. In order to
paint the piping, polypropylene must first receive a coating of
a suitable primer to allow the acrylic lacquer to be applied. The
primer can be applied by brush to small diameter pipes and
sprayed onto larger diameter pipes. Then a suitable paint can
be selected and applied in a similar fashion. It is advisable to
strictly adhere to the manufacturers’ instructions concerning
safe operating practices when applying the selected paint.
A thin-walled insulation type shield or rigid vapor jacket barrier

can eliminate the effects of ultraviolet light. A thin aluminum
shield should provide all the protection that is necessary.
A third method includes covering the piping with tape. A rec-

ommended type of tape is called T “ apeCoat” and is made by
TapeCoat, Inc. of Evanston, IL. This tape should be applied
with 50% overlap, and when properly applied, will completely
protect the piping against ultraviolet attack.
F-3
INSTALLATION PRACTICES WELDING METHODS
Coupling
WELDING METHODS Heater Inserts Pipe
Socket Fusion
In socket welding, the pipe end and socket fittings are heated
to welding temperature by means of a socket and spigot heater
inserts. Socket welding may be manually performed on pipe
diameters up to 2.0" (63 mm). Sizes above that require a Bench
Socket Tool due to the required joining forces. In sizes greater
than 1", a bench style machine may be preferred for ease of
Heater
operation.
Preparation of the Weld
Welding Process
Hand-Held Socket Fusion
Once the heating element is warmed to the proper temperature,
welding proceeds as follows:
1. Follow the welding parameters provided with
Asahi /America’s socket welding equipment (see Tables F-2,
F-3, and F-5 for sample welding data).
Alignment and Preheat

2. a. Cut the pipe faces at right angles and remove burrs
using a deburring tool.
b. Clean the pipe and fittings with lint free paper and
cleansing agents (isopropyl alcohol or similar).
F c. Mark the socket depth with a scraper knife or marker
on the pipe to ensure proper insertion depth of the pipe
during welding.
d. Thoroughly clean heater inserts before each weld.
Joining and Cooling
3. Quickly push pipe and fittings in an axial direction into
heater inserts until the pipe bottoms (or meets the marking). Figure F-2. Socket fusion e
w lding process
Avoid twisting while heating. Hold in place for the heat
soak time (column A).
No Gap Gap
No Gap
4. After the heat soak time, remove the fitting and pipe from
the heating element and immediately push them together
within the change over time (column B) without twisting
them until both welding beads meet. The change over time
is the maximum period of time between the removal from
the heating element and final settings of the components.
5. Components shall be held together and allowed to cool per Good Socket Weld Bad Socket Weld
the specified cool down time prior to stressing the joint.
Figure F-3. Socket fusion e
w lding samples
Visual Inspection
During the final joining step, it is important that the bead
formed on the pipe meets the bead on the fitting. If the beads
do not meet, a small gap will be present. Welds that have a
gap between the fusion beads should be cut and rewelded Table F-2. Sample Welding Data (time-sec)
(see Figure F-2). The bead on the pipe should be uniform Pipe Size A B C
around 360° of the pipe. Beads that vary in size or disappear (inches) Heat Soak Time Change Over Time Cooling Time
altogether are a sign of improper heating and/or joining. 1" Pro 150 8 6 240
F-4 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
WELDING METHODS INSTALLATION PRACTICES
But Fusion (for single a

w ll piping syse
t ms) (Column D). Change over time is the maximum period of
time when either the pipes or fittings can be separated from
The butt fusion of PP, HDPE, PVDF, and E-CTFE is accom- the heating element, yet still retain sufficient heat for fusion.
plished with Asahi /America’s recommended butt-fusion Bring the melted end together to its welding pressure.
welding equipment. Asahi /America provides welding equip-
ment to handle all diameter sizes offered, and has an extensive 6. The heat soak time may need to be increased in cold or
line of equipment available to buy or rent for every application. windy environments. Several practice welds should be
conducted at the installation site to ensure welding can be
performed as a test of conditions. Consult Asahi /America
The principle of butt fusion is to heat two surfaces at the melt
for any modification of weld parameters.
temperature, then make contact between the two surfaces and
allow the two surfaces to fuse together by application of force. 7. A visual inspection must be performed as well. After joining,
The force causes flow of the melted materials to join. Upon a bead surrounding the whole circumference will have been
cooling, the two parts are united. Nothing is added or changed created. A good weld will have two symmetrical beads on
chemically between the two components being joined. Butt both the pipe or fittings almost equally sized and having a
fusion does not require solvents or glue to join material. smooth surface.
8. Allow components to cool to the touch or until a fingernail
Butt fusion is recognized as the industry standard, providing cannot penetrate the bead. This is recommended in ASTM
high integrity and reliability. It does not require couplings or D-2857, Section 9. The pipes or fittings may be removed
added material. The procedure, recommended by Asahi /America, from the welding equipment at the completion of the speci-
conforms to ASTM D-2857 for Joining Practices of Polyolefin fied cooling time.
Materials, and the recommended practices of the ASME B 31.3 9. Do not put components under stress or conduct a pressure
Code (Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping). test until complete cooling time (Column F) has been
achieved.
Welding Process
Once the pipes or fittings have been secured in the proper Heater
F
Pipe Pipe
welding equipment, aligned and planed with the facing tool
(planer), and the heating element warmed to the proper tem-
perature, welding proceeds as follows:
1. Follow the welding parameters (temperature, time, and
force) provided with Asahi /America’s butt-fusion equipment
(see sample welding data in Table F-3).
Start of Heating
2. Insert heating element between secured pipes or fittings,
making sure full contact is made around surfaces.
3. Apply full welding pressure, as shown in (Column A), until
a maximum 1/64" ridge of melted material is present around
the outside circumference of both pipes or fittings. This indi-
cates proper melt flow has been accomplished and further
guarantees two parallel surfaces.
Heat Soak Time
4. Reduce the pressure to the recommended melt pressure
(Column B) and begin timing for recommended heat soak
time (Column C).
5. At the end of the heat soak time, in a quick smooth motion,
separate the pipe fitting from the heating element, then
apply weld pressure (Column E). It is important to gradually
increase pressure to achieve welding pressure. The weld Joining and Cooling
must be performed within the allowable change over time
Figure F-4. Bu-t fusion e
w lding process
Table F-3. Sample Welding Data (time-sec, pressure-psi)
Pipe Size A B C
(inches) Initial Melt Pressure Melt Pressure Heat Soak Time
2" Pro 150 23 2 60
Pipe Size D E F
(inches) Change Over Time Welding Pressure Cooling Time
2" Pro 150 5 23 420 Figure F-5. Bu-t fusion e
w lding example
F-5
But Fusion (for double a

w ll piping syse
t ms) ing required in the field and, in turn, reduce labor time. If an
Installation of Duo-Pro, Fluid-Lok, and Poly-Flo piping systems installation is pipe intensive, labor costs may be reduced by
involves the use of thermal butt fusion for both the carrier and ordering prefabricated pipe spools in longer dimensions.
containment piping. Depending on system design, the size,
material, and layout will determine the required equipment. Welding Procedure
Asahi /America offers all the necessary sizes and styles of Welding theory for double containment is the same as for the
equipment for any installation type. single wall pipe. Asahi /America has developed welding tables
for the appropriate heating times and forces for simultaneous
Systems that are fully restrained and consist of the same fusion. The following procedure outlines the necessary steps
carrier and containment materials can take advantage of the for simultaneous fusion.
simultaneous butt-fusion method. Simultaneous fusion allows
for the quickest and easiest installation by conducting the inner
Double Wall Pipe Assembly
and outer weld all at once. For Duo-Pro designs that consist
of dissimilar materials, or require the inner (carrier) piping to be Pipe and fittings in a simultaneous double wall system from
loose for thermal expansion, use the staggered welding proce- Asahi /America are always prefabricated at the factory and
dure. Staggered welding consists of welding the inner carrier supplied to a job site ready for butt fusion. However, when
pipe first and the containment piping second. Finally, if a leak varying lengths are required, in-the-field assembly is necessary.
detection cable system is required, special heating elements In staggered welded systems, pipe and fitting assembly is
or procedures are provided to accommodate for pull ropes. common. The basic procedure for properly assembling
Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok components is outlined below.
The basic installation techniques for double containment piping
systems follow the principles that apply to ordinary plastic In double containment piping assembly, proficiency in hand
piping applications. and extrusion welding procedures is necessary.
F 1. A good weld requires proper preparation of the material.
Simula
t neous Bu-t Fusion Method The pipe should be free of any impurities such as dirt, oil,
The object of simultaneous fusion is to prepare both the carrier etc. Additionally, some thermoplastics develop a thin layer
and containment pipe so that both pipes are fixed to each other of oxidized molecules on the surface that require scraping
and thus can be welded at the same time. In some systems, or grounding of the material. Another effect, especially with
such as Asahi /America’s Fluid-Lok and Poly-Flo, simultaneous HDPE, is the migration of unchained lower density molecules
fusion can only be performed due to their design. The net result to the surface caused by internal pressure of the material.
of the simultaneous method is a substantial reduction of labor This gives the usually w
“ axy” surface appearance of HDPE.
and equipment requirements. Grinding or scraping is required. Wipe off any dust with a
clean cloth. Do not use solvents or cleaners; they introduce
As previously discussed, simultaneous fusion is only applicable chemicals with unknown and likely negative effects.
for welding installations having the same carrier and contain-
2. Using Table F-4, place the molded or fabricated support
ment material. In addition, simultaneous fusion is used for
spider clips, with tops aligned, on the carrier pipe, and then
systems that are completely restrained. Prior to using the
hot gas (PP) or extrusion weld (HDPE) the clips into place as
simultaneous method, an analysis based on operating con-
shown in Figure F-6. Use the required amount of clips on the
ditions is required in order to determine the suitability of a
full lengths of the carrier pipe.
restrained design. Refer to Section C, Engineering Theory and
Design Considerations, or contact the Asahi /America, Inc.
Engineering Department for assistance. Table F-4. Double Containment Internal Support Spacing (inches)
Carrier Pro 150 Pro 45 PVDF Halar HDPE 11 HDPE 17 HDPE 32

Equipment 1" 42 NA 42 44 30 NA NA
2" 54 NA 54 59 42 36 NA
For simultaneous welding, standard butt-fusion equipment 3" 66 NA 66 69 48 42 36
used for single wall systems is used. No special heating ele- 4" 72 42 72 72 54 48 42
ments are required. For Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok systems, hot 6" 84 48 84 NA 66 60 54
air or extrusion welding equipment is necessary to weld the 8" 90 48 90 NA 78 72 60
support discs and spider clips to the pipes. Hot air welding 10" 102 54 102 NA 84 78 66
is not used for any pressure rated components. 12" 114 60 114 NA 96 84 72
14" 120 66 NA NA 102 90 78
Fitit ngs 16" 126 72 NA NA 108 96 84
18" 138 78 NA NA 114 102 90
Fittings used for simultaneous fusion are either molded or 20" NA 78 NA NA 120 108 96
prefabricated at the factory with the necessary support discs.
Prefabricated fittings greatly reduce the amount of hot air weld- NOTE: At 68° F (See Appendix A for temperature deratings.)
Tack and Weld Tack and Weld

5. The pipe and fitting with support discs are now ready
Spider Clip Hot Gas PP, Hot Gas PP, for simultaneous butt fusion using the recommended
Extrusion HDPE Extrusion HDPE
ASTM D-2857 joining practices.
Bu-t Fusion Procedure for Double Wall Pipe iw h

t out
Leak Detection Cable Syse t ms
Simultaneous fusion as outlined below is ideal for:
• Duo-Pro systems made of similar carrier and
containment material
Figure F-6. Spider clip ata
t ched o
t carrier pipe • Fluid-Lok HDPE systems
• Restrained double wall systems only
3. Insert carrier pipe into containment pipe. Be sure the two • All Poly-Flo systems
pipes have been stored in the same environment for equal
expansion or contraction to occur before welding end cen- Fusing Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok is accomplished with Asahi /
tralizers into place. America’s recommended butt-fusion welding equipment.
Containment Pipe
Asahi /America provides welding equipment to handle all
Spider Clip
diameters and system configurations. Equipment is available
for rental or purchase.
The principle of butt fusion is to heat two surfaces at a fusion

temperature, then make contact between the two surfaces and
allow the two surfaces to fuse together by application of force.
After cooling, the original interfaces are gone and the two parts
are united. Nothing is added or changed chemically between
F
the two pieces being joined.
Butt fusion is recognized in the industry as a cost effective join-

Figure F-7. Carrier pipe and spider clips inserted into ing method of very high integrity and reliability. The procedure
containment pipe recommended by Asahi /America conforms to ASTM D-2857
for Joining Practices of Polyolefin Materials, and the recom-
4. For simultaneous welding, end centralizers, known as sup- mended practices of the ASME B 31.3 Code (Chemical Plant
port discs, are hot air or extrusion welded to the carrier and and Petroleum Refinery Piping).
containment pipes. This prevents any movement of the
carrier pipe during the butt-fusion process. The alignment The procedure is oult ined as follows: Once the pipes or fit-
must match that of the spider supports for the installation tings have been secured in the proper welding equipment with
of leak detection cables, as well as for leak flow. In fitting the tops and annular space aligned and the heating element
assemblies, install end centralizers only. All centralizers are warmed to the proper temperature, welding should proceed
installed approximately 1" from the ends using 4 mm weld- as follows:
ing rod.
1. Follow the welding parameters provided with Asahi /America
butt-fusion equipment (see sample welding data in Table F-5).
Install Cutout and Center Leg Support Disc Centralizer
of Spider Clip at Top
Table F-5. Sample Welding Data (time-sec, pressure-psi)
Pipe Size A B C
(inches) Initial Melt Pressure Melt Pressure Heat Soak Time
2" x 4" 49 5 60
Pipe Size D E F
(inches) Change Over Time Welding Pressure Cooling Time
2" x 4" 4 49 420
Annular Space 2. To ensure the carrier pipe is planed and flush with the con-
for Leak Detection Tack and Weld Hot Gas PP, Extrusion HDPE tainment pipe, put 4 marks on the end of the carrier pipe at
3, 6, 9 and 12 o’clock prior to planing. If the outer pipe is
Figure F-8. Support disc ata
t ched o
t carrier and completely planed and the marks on the carrier have been
containment pipes removed, planing is complete. With experience, visual
F-7
inspection can determine the planing process is complete. 5. Reduce the pressure to the recommended melt pressure
Remove all shavings and recheck alignment. For Poly-Flo, (Column B) and begin timing for recommended heat soak
the pipes should be installed in the machines so that the time (Column C).
ribs do not align, thereby allowing any fluid to flow to the 6. At the end of the heat soak time, in a quick smooth motion,
low point of the annular space in the event of a leak. separate either the pipes or fittings, remove the heating ele-
ment, then apply weld pressure (Column E). It is important
Planing Unit
to gradually increase pressure to achieve welding pressure
in Column E. The weld must be performed within the allow-
able change over time (Column D). Change over time is the
maximum period of time when either the pipes or fittings can
be separated from the heating element, yet still retain suffi-
cient heat for fusion. Bring the melted end together to its
welding pressure.
Weld Pressure Weld Pressure
Figure F-9. Plane carrier pipe flush iw h

t containment pipe
3. Insert heating element between secured pipes or fittings,

making sure full contact is made around surfaces.
F Heater Plate
Figure F-12. Bring pipe ends o
t gether and apply e
w lding
pressure
7. The heat soak time should be increased if the environment

is cold or windy or if either the pipes or fittings are cold. As
a test of environmental conditions, several practice welds
should be done at the installation site to ensure welding can
be performed. Consult with Asahi /America for recommen-
dations on cold weather welding.
8. A visual inspection must be performed as well. After joining,
a bead surrounding the whole circumference must have been
Figure F-10. Insert heating element bete
w en pipe ends
created. A good weld will have a symmetrical bead on both
pipes or fittings and will have a smooth surface.
4. Apply full welding pressure (as shown in Table F-5, Column E)
until a maximum 1/64" ridge of melted material is noticed
around the outside circumference of the components. This
indicates proper melt flow has been accomplished and
further guarantees two parallel surfaces.
Constant Pressure Heat Soak Constant Pressure Heat Soak
Figure F-13. Visual inspection of e

w lds
9. Allow components to cool to the touch or until a fingern

ail cannot penetrate the bead. This is recommended in
ASTM D-2857, Section 9. The pipes or fittings may be
removed from the welding equipment at this time.
10. Do not put pipe or fittings under any type of stress or con-
Figure F-11. Apply e
w lding pressure o
t h
t e heating element
duct a pressure test until complete cooling time (Column F)
has been achieved.
Heater Plate
Bu-t Fusion Procedure for Double Wall Pipe
iw h
t Leak Detection Cable Syse t ms
This method is available for the following systems:
• Duo-Pro made of similar material on the carrier
and containment
• Fluid-Lok HDPE system
• Restrained systems only
Asahi /America split-leak detection heating elements allow Pull Rope Connected by Wire Split Heating Mirror
both the carrier and containment pipes to be welded simul-
taneously, with a pull cable in place. The mirror design, as shown
in Figure F-14, is capable of splitting apart and wrapping around Figure F-16. Pull rope connected by iw re h
t rough heating
a wire. The small hole centered at the bottom of the heater allows element
a pull wire to be in place during the fusion process. Once the
pipe is heated, the heating element is split apart and removed,
leaving the wire in place for the final pipe joining.
Constant Pressure Heat Soak Constant Pressure Heat Soak
F
Pull Rope Connected by Wire Symmetrical Bead on
Closed Open
Outer and Inner Walls
Split Heating Mirror
Figure F-14. Split heating elements for leak

detection syse
t ms Figure F-17. Pipe ends heated iw h
t pull rope installed
A short piece of wire is attached to the pull rope on both ends

after planing. The wire runs through the heater during welding
in order to prevent damaging or melting the pull rope (see
Weld Pressure Weld Pressure
Figures F-15 to F-18). After each section is complete, the wire
is pulled down to the next joint to be welded. The installation
of pull rope is at the six o’clock position. A continuous pull
rope, free from knots and splices, should be pulled through
as the system is assembled.
Planing Unit
Symmetrical Bead
Figure F-18. Welding complete iw h

Follow standard butt-fusion procedure for welding. Other

methods for welding with a solid heating element are available
that will accommodate a leak detection cable system.
Leak Detection Pull Rope
Figure F-15. Planing ends iw h

F-9
Staggered Bu-t Fusion Method

Using the staggered fusion procedure to assemble a Duo-Pro
system is more complicated and labor intensive than simulta-
neous fusion. However, it offers the ability to install a double
containment system with a flexible inner pipe or with different
carrier and containment materials. Asahi /America provides all
L
the necessary equipment for this welding method.
In staggered welding, the carrier pipe is welded first, followed A. Cut carrier and containment pipes o
t length L
by the containment pipe. In a staggered system there are no
end support discs. This allows for movement of the carrier
components. It is important to plan which welds will be made
and in what order. Enough flexibility is required to move the
inner pipe out from the outer pipe to perform a carrier weld.
In long straight runs the procedure is simple, due to significant

carrier pipe movement. In systems that are fitting intense, the
procedure becomes more difficult, because the pipe movement B. Pull carrier elbow out of containment elbow and
is limited to the amount of annular space between the carrier e
w ld o
t carrier pipe
and containment fittings (see Figure F-19).
Welding Procedure
1. Begin by attaching spider clips to the carrier pipe (follow
F steps in double wall pipe assemblies).
2. Insert carrier pipe or fittings into the appropriate contain-
ment line. At the start of a system, it may be easier to weld
the carrier first and then slide the containment pipe over the C. Weld containment elbow o
t containment pipe
carrier pipe. However, as the installation moves along, this
will not be possible. Note: If containment piping has been
roughly cut, make sure to plane it prior to welding the carrier
pipe. Once the carrier is welded, the containment pipe can-
not be planed.
3. In the machine, use the two innermost clamps to hold the
carrier pipe for welding. Use the outer clamps to hold con-
tainment pipe in place. In cases where movement is limited,
fitting clamps will be necessary to hold the carrier pipe. D. Flex carrier elbow and pipe o
t a
w rd e
t e and
e
w ld o
t carrier e
t e pipe
4. Once all pieces are locked in place, weld the carrier pipe
using standard butt-fusion techniques (see Figures F-19 A
and F-19 B).
5. Once the carrier weld is complete, remove the inner clamps
and pull the containment pipe together for welding (see
Figures F-19 C and F-19 D). At this point, switch all clamps
to containment sizing. It may be preferable to use two
machines to eliminate the constant changing of clamps.
E. Weld containment pipe o
t containment e
t e
Also, in some designs, two machines may be required to
weld the two different diameter pipes.
6. To weld the containment pipe, a split annular mirror is
required (see Figure F-19 F). The mirror is hinged to let it
wrap around the carrier pipe while welding the containment
pipe.
7. It is important to ensure the mirror is properly centered so
it does not rest on and melt the carrier pipe. Closed Open
8. Once the mirror is in place, the welding procedure is the
F. Annular heating element
same as standard single wall butt fusion.
Figure F-19. Staggered but fusion
Helpful Hints
• W hen welding PVDF and Halar, move swiftly when
removing the mirror and joining the pipes. Delayed
reaction will cause material to cool and a c
“ old weld”
to form. PVDF and Halar cool off more quickly than
polypropylene.
• Always plan welding so the longest and heaviest section
of pipe is positioned on the stationary side of the
welding machine.
• S tart at one end and work to the other end of the pipe
system. Do not start on two different ends and meet
in the middle. Moving the pipe for welding will be
extremely difficult or impossible.
• When planing, long strips indicate you are flush all the
way around.
• Consult the factory for a proper equipment recommen-
dation for the system being installed.
• Machines are extremely adaptable and can be posi-
tioned in many ways to accommodate difficult welds.
F-11
IR Fusion Ramping up and monitoring the force is critical for repeatable

and successful IR welding. This ensures the molten material
Improving upon conventional butt fusion, IR welding uses a has joined at the right force and prevents against cold welds,
non-contact method. IR welding uses the critical welding para- which are caused by the molten material being overly pushed
meters of heat soak time, change over time, and joining force to the inside and outside of the weld zone.
as found with butt fusion. However, by avoiding direct contact
with the heating element, IR fusion produces a cleaner weld
with more repeatable and smaller bead sizes. The end result Heater
is a superior weld for high-purity applications. Pipe Pipe
The graph in Figure F-21 outlines the forces applied during the
non-contact joining process. Notice that the ramp up force to
full joining pressure is a smooth curve where force is gradually
ascending over time. Even force build-up is critical to join
material without creating a cold joint.
Start of Heating
Welding Process Molten End Molten End

Material is prepared for IR fusion by preparing smooth arid level
surfaces among the ends to be joined. Butting the material
against an internal planer acts as a centering and leveling
device. The planer is then used to cut a clean and smooth
surface. The material should then be checked for vertical and
horizontal alignment. Welding machines should allow for minor
F adjustments to the vertical and horizontal orientation of the
material.
Heat Soak Time
Once alignment has been verified, the material is heated by

close proximity to the heating source. Through radiant heat
and proper heat soak time, the material becomes molten to
allow physical bonding between the two pieces.
Joining and Cooling
After the heating source has been removed, the material

should be joined together in a steady manner, slowly ramping Figure F-20. IR fusion e
w lding process
up the force until the desired joining force has been achieved.
Pressure/Temperature
Welding Time
Total Joining Time
Welding Temperature
Pressure
Alignment Jointing
Pressure
Temperature
Heat Soak Time
Adjusting Time
Joining Time
Cooling Time
Pressure
Time
Figure F-21. IR fusion it ming diagram
HPF Fusion
The HPF welding technology is an electric socket fusion sys-
tem that joins Purad PVDF piping components, providing a
smooth internal surface.
Welding Process HPF Heating Process without Balloon

Pipes and/or fittings are to be planed except standard 90s,
which are planed at the factory. The HPF coupling is placed Figure F-23. HPF fusion heating process iw h
t out balloon
in the wide mounting clamp. Using the mechanical stop on the
clamp, the pipe is centered in the coupling. The pipe or fitting
ends should be tight against each other without a gap.
Once the components are fixed in the clamp, the leads are con-
nected and the proper welding times and voltage are scanned
through a bar code reader. The entire welding process from this
point is automatic and controlled by the HPF unit.
HPF provides a weld without any internal obstruction or any HPF Heating Process with Balloon
outside contamination. Since the coupling is the heating ele-
ment and is closed to the external environment, contamination Figure F-24. HPF fusion heating process iw h
t balloon
is avoided during the fusion process.
HPF uses most butt-fusion fittings. Extended leg fittings are not
required. F
HPF welding is capable of being conducted with or without
an internal balloon. With the balloon, the joint is completely
smooth without any bead or seam. Without the balloon, the
joint is still beadless. The advantage of HPF is that all joints
within its size range can be conducted without the need of
a union, flange, or alternative welding method. Use the HPF
Operation Manual for further details on weld procedures.
Planer
Planing
Coupling in Clamp
Figure F-22. HPF fusion e

w lding preparation
F-13
Side-Wall Fusion Hand-Held Welding

Side-wall fusion is a process that allows branch outlets of Welding Instrc
u it ons
smaller diameter pipes to be fused to the side-wall of a larger
The Process in General
main pipe line. The side-wall procedure for polypropylene and
Hot air (gas) welding is the process of fusing a bead of material
polyethylene can be accomplished by using the manufacturer’s
against a like material. This welding is common with sheet fab-
suggested equipment. Size, availability, and pricing can be
rication and applications not requiring pressure resistance.
obtained through Asahi /America representatives.
Asahi/America uses hot air (gas) welding to locate support
discs for pipe centering in its Duo-Pro system.
The following steps, along with machine instructions, should be
carried out to complete the fusion process:
In hot air (gas) welding, the heat transfer medium is a heated
1. Install fusion machine on the pipe (main). gas, either nitrogen or clean air. Originally the use of nitrogen
2. Clean the pipe with a clean cotton cloth. Prepare surface of proved most successful, preventing material contamination and
pipe (main) by roughing with emery cloth or equal abrasive. oxidation. With today’s material quality and equipment technol-
3. Prepare the base of the main and tighten clamp. ogy, nitrogen is becoming less common, except with critical
materials. The combination of clean, oil, and moisture free air
4. Align branch on main and tighten clamp.
with the controlled temperature proves equally successful,
5. Check branch for square alignment on main. eliminating the continuous expense of the inert gas. The tem-
6. Retract moveable clamp, roll, and center heater plate with perature of the hot air ranges between 300° C – 350° C for
adapter between base of branch and main. HDPE and 280° C – 330° C for PP, when outside welding con-
7. For all sizes, apply a strong, firm, continuous pressure until ditions are about 20° C. The temperature range will vary with
complete melt bead can be seen on the main. Release pres- changing ambient conditions.
sure to light pressure. Continue heat soak cycle until allotted
To accomplish high-quality welds, it is important the fillers
F time occurs.
(welding rod) are of the same material and type. The most com-
8. Retract moveable clamp and cleanly remove heater plate. mon welding fillers are 3 mm and 4 mm round. There are also
9. Bring melted surfaces together within allotted time. Gradu- special profiles, such as oval and triangular rods. The welding
ally apply continuous pressure until the proper pressure is tip used must also match the cross section of the welding rod.
reached. Maintain pressure until joint cools and hardens.
Processing Guidelines
Install welding tent or equivalent if weather conditions suggest.
Hand Wheel
Sidewinder
A good weld requires proper preparation of the material. The
Pressure Gauge
part should be free of any impurities such as dirt, oil, etc.
Additionally, some thermoplastics develop a thin layer of
Branch Outlet oxidized molecules on the surface that require scraping or
grounding of the material. Another effect, especially with HDPE,
Heater is the migration of unchained lower density molecules to the
Main Pipe surface caused by internal pressure of the material. This gives
the usually w
“ axy” surface appearance of HDPE. Grinding or
scraping of the surface is required. Wipe off any dust with a
clean cloth. Do not use solvents or cleaners; they introduce
chemicals with unknown and likely negative effects.
Figure F-25. Fixrut e for side a

w ll fusion The forms of the welding seams on plastic components gen-
erally correspond with the welding seams on metal parts. In
particular, pay attention to the general principles for the forma-
tion of the welding seams. The most important welding seam
forms are: V-weld, Double V-weld, T-weld, and Double T-weld.
60°-70° Tack Welding

The initial step in the welding process is the t“ ack weld.” The
objective is to put the parts into place, align them, and prevent
any slippage of the material during the structural welding pro-
cess. Welder should use own discretion when applying an
V-Weld
intermittent or continuous tack. Larger structures and thick
gauged materials may require addition clamping.
60°-70° High-Speed Welding

In this process a filler material, the welding rod, is introduced
into the seam to give supportive strength. Standard rod profiles
are round or triangular. Triangular rod is a single supportive
weld and does not allow for the kind of surface penetration
achieved with round welding rod.
Round welding rod is used where heavy-duty welds are required.

It allows the fabricator to lay several beads of welding rod on
top of each other. This way, a relatively thin welding rod can be
Double V-Weld
used to produce a strong weld.
By performing a few practice welds, the welder will develop

speed and force necessary to complete a successful weld.
Heat the welding rod within the rod-drawing nozzle and push
into the welding groove. The force applied on the rod controls
the speed of the welding. The operator should look for a small F
bead of melted rod on both sides. Apply additional welds to fill
45° the groove.
Hot Air
Welding Rod
T-Weld
Guide and Preheat of Welding Rod
Pressure Shoe Forced Down

on Rod and Base Material
Preheat Slot for Base Material
Base Material
45°
Figure F-27. High-speed e

w lding process
Double T-Weld Free Hand

The oldest method of welding filler rod. This process is much
slower than high-speed welding, but it must be used where
Figure F-26. Typical e
w lding seam forms
very small parts are being welded, or where the available space
prohibits the use of high-speed welding tips. The only nozzle
used in this process is a small jet pipe with an opening of 1/8"
or 5/32" to concentrate the heat. The welder performs a waving
action of the nozzle at the base material and the welding rod
with an u“ p and down” and s“ ide to side” motion to bring the
rod and material to melting form. Hand apply pressure vertically
at 90° to begin. After reaching the correct amount of pressure
and heat to the rod and base material, a small wave of molten
material forms in front of the welding rod. If bent backward, the
F-15
welding rod will stretch and thin out; if bent forward, no wave
will occur in front, resulting in insufficient pressure. Free-hand
welding requires a highly skilled operator and should be avoided
if a simpler method can be used.
Air Heater
Round Nozzle
Welding Rod
Welding Seam Forms for Extrusion Welding

Pressure
3 mm
Hot Air
V-Weld without Sealing Run
Figure F-28. Free-hand e

w lding
F 3 mm
Exrt s
u ion Welding
Extrusion welding is an alternative to multiple pass hand weld-
ing and can be used whenever physically possible to operate Double V-Butt Welding
the extruder. Extrusion welding is used for joining low pressure
piping systems, construction of tanks and containers, for join-
ing liners (for buildings, linings for ground work sites), as well
as special tasks.
This welding technique is characterized as follows:

1. Welding process is performed with welding filler being
pressed out of a compound unit. 45°- 60°
2. The welding filler is homogenous with the material being

joined.
3. The joining surfaces have been heated to welding
temperature. 3 mm
4. Perform joining under pressure. T-Joint with Single Bevel Groove with Fillet Weld
Welding Seams
Prepare adequately before welding (e.g., scraping or grinding).
Do not use solvents or cleaners; they introduce chemicals with
unknown and likely negative effects.
45°- 60°
When choosing welding seam forms, consider the general

technical principles for welding seam formations shown in
Figure F-29.
3 mm
Qualification of Welder and Requirement on Welding Devices
The plastic welder must have the knowledge and level of skill T-Joint with Double Bevel Groove
required for the performance of the welding process. The oper-

ator performing the welding must be a trained, certified welder. Figure F-29. Typical e
w lding seam forms
Equipment and Procedure

For extrusion welding, a portable welding device consisting of A = 0.7 x S
a small extruder and a device for generating hot air is the most N = 1.4 x S
common.
A
An extruder uses either pellets or welding rods as a filler mate-
N
rial. Do not use pellets or rods of unknown origin, uncontrolled
composition, or regenerated material for welding. Make sure
the filler is dry and clean before beginning the welding process.
The extrusion welder includes a melting chamber with an extru- S
sion screw, driven by an electric motor.
With the pellet extruder, the pellets are gravity fed from a hop- NOTE: If material thickness does not match, use the “s” value from the thicker
material to calculate bead size.
per into the melting chamber. A rod extruder has a feed mecha-
nism attached to the rear of the extrusion screw that pulls the
Figure F-31. Guideline for calculation of exrt s
u ion bead size
welding rod into the melting chamber. The adjusting surfaces
of the parts to be welded are heated up to the welding temper-
ature by means of hot air passing out of the PTFE nozzle on the Visual Inspection
welding device. The welding filler, continuously flowing out of The primary function of the operator is to ensure sufficient
the extruder device, is pressed into the welding groove. The pressure be applied along with maintaining proper speed. Too
welding pressure is applied onto the PTFE nozzle, directly fas- little pressure will result in the molten mass not being formed
tened at the extruder end, which corresponds to the welding into the final bead, and too much speed will cause the bead
seam. The discharged material pushes the welder ahead deter- to thin. Both of these mistakes are easy to spot on the finished
mining the welding speed. product.
F
Lap Joint Testing
In order to accomplish sufficient heating and thorough welding, The means for non-destructive testing are limited. Therefore,
it is necessary to provide an air gap depending on wall thick- visual checking of the weld appearance becomes important.
ness (width of air gap should be 1 mm minimum). A good weld on thermoplastic material will show a slight distor-
tion along the edge of the welding rod, indicating proper heat
and pressure. Changes of the surface appearance of the base
material right next to the weld indicated proper preheat temper-
ature. A uniform appearance of this area indicates constant
welding speed.
If bead shows no distortion, the bead lacked proper pressure.

Combine no distortion with a shinny appearance, the bead
Lap Joint with Filet Weld lacks proper pressure and too much speed. On the other end
of the scale, a too high welding temperature or too slow a
welding speed will overheat the base material, and/or welding
rod. Overheating PP or PE will result in the bead looking
extremely shinny and small splashes of material seem to spray
away from the bead.
Lap Joint with Lap Weld (for liners with a thickness up to 3.5 mm)
In pipe seams, the best method for testing is to conduct a hydro-
static pressure test according to Asahi /America procedures.
>12 >12
Lap Joint with Extrusion Weld (for liners with a thickness up to 3.5 mm)
Figure F-30. Lap joints
F-17
Electro-Fusion Welding Welding Procedure

Electro fusion is a simplified and safe method of joining pipe Observe the operating instructions for the welding device, as
and/or fittings based on melting the outer surface of the pipe individual tools may vary. Plug-type socket connections should
and the inner surface of the electro-fusion coupling using an be turned upward and then connected with the cable.
integral electric wire. Electro fusion is a cost effective method
for joining polypropylene and HDPE pipe. As an alternative to After the welding equipment has been properly connected, the
butt fusion, electro fusion can be used for repairs, double con- welding parameters are input by means of the bar code reader.
tainment assembly and difficult connections in tight quarters. An audio signal will acknowledge the data input.
Heated Area
Welding Equipment
The Polymatic Electro-Fusion equipment performs the welding
of all Asahi/America’s electro fittings. The control box has a
computerized command system for fully automatic control and
energy supply monitoring. Each fitting has a bar code label,
which contains the information needed for correct fusion. The
welding time is preprogrammed at the factory and set by use
of the bar code. Simply scan the bar code to set up the machine
for material to be joined.
Preparation before Welding

Cut pipe at right angles and mark the insert length (insert The molten area increases and heat is
length = socket length /2). To obtain successful welding, it transfered to the surface of the pipe,
F is essential to clean and scrape the surface of the parts to

be joined. In addition, cuts must be straight to ensure proper
which in turn begins to melt.
Figure F-33. Initial heating occurs in coupling

insertion into the coupling. Scraping must be done using a
proper hand-operated or mechanical scraper. Do not use tools
such as rasp, emery paper, or sand paper. Pressing the start key initiates the welding process. The time
on the display also is programmed into the machine and allows
Slide the socket on the prepared end of pipe right to its center the correct heating time for various pipe sizes.
stop until it reaches the marking. Insert the second pipe end
(or fitting) into the socket and clamp both pipes into the holding Molten Material
device. The clamping device protects against the components
from being pushed out during fusion.
Plug Type Socket Connection
Socket Coupling
Surrounded Material
Figure F-34. Molton material from both coupling and pipes

form e
w ld
Pipe
Clamp
The electric wire heats and melts
the surrounding material.
Figure F-32. Electro-fusion e

w lding setp
u
Figure F-35. Completed electro-fusion e

w ld
During the welding process (including the cooling time), the

clamping device shall remain in place. The end of the welding
process is indicated by an audio signal.
The welding indicator on the socket performs visual control.
Before pressure testing, all welded joints must have completely

cooled down based on welding parameters provided with the
equipment. The pressure test must be performed according to
recommended procedures.
F-19
INSTALLATION PRACTICES HIGH-PURITY INSTALLATIONS
HEPA Filters
HIGH-PURITY INSTALLATIONS
Installing a high-purity system properly requires preplanning.
The installation is more than the welding of components. It
requires the proper environment, material inventory, welding
equipment, tools, and thorough training.
This guide will concentrate mainly on materials such as PVDF,

E-CTFE, and PP, as supplied by Asahi /America, Inc. However, Flexible
certain sections in regard to fusing PFA are also inserted to Door
Flexible
assist in the assembly of a Purebond® PFA piping system. Clear Walls
Asahi /America and Agru are fully licensed by Entegris to pro-
Wheels for Portability
vide IR welding for PFA Purebond® piping components. The
SP110 welding tool is the only tool available on the market Figure F-36. Portable cleanroom
designed and outfitted to weld PVDF, PP, E-CTFE, and PFA.
This means one tool to conduct welding of all materials on an Within the clean zone it is recommended to build spool pieces.
HP installation. The size and configuration is dependent on the ability to safely
transport it to its final destination. The ends of the spool pieces
Asahi /America’s recommendations for project management should be prepared for final connection once in the pipe rack.
follow. In smaller dimensions, 1/2 "– 2", the ends should be fitted with
Step 1. Welding Environment unions or sanitary fittings to reduce welds in the pipe rack, as
Step 2. Tool Selection they are more difficult.
Step 3. Material Handling
One advantage of the Purad PVDF system is the availability of
F Step 4. Training and Preparation
the HPF welding method in 1/2 "– 2". HPF is a portable welding
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks
method designed specifically for Purad. HPF provides a bead
Step 6. Weld Inspection free joint, while allowing for welds in extremely tight locations.
Step 7. Hanging HPF welds through use of an electric socket, which melts the
Step 8. Syse
t m Testing components together evenly without producing a bead inter-
Step 9. Repair Procedures nally. When building spool pieces, plane the ends to be welded
prior to placing in the pipe rack. This avoids the need to bring
Step 1. Welding Environment planing equipment into the pipe rack. If components are prop-
erly supported once in place, HPF welds can be conducted
Asahi /America does not set requirements for proper welding
with one clamp that is no longer than 11/2 inches. See
environments. As the installer, it is necessary to choose the
Figure F-37 for a sample of a portable fusion.
environment based on the installation type, timing, or quality
Leads
goal. In all cases, the environment for welding should be moni-
PVDF Pipe
tored to ensure the temperature is in the range of 41° F to 105° F.
The humidity should not exceed 70%. If using IR fusion, wind
must be avoided.
All PuradTM PVDF components are manufactured and packaged

in a cleanroom environment. Great care is taken to ensure that
they arrive on the project site in protective packaging to main- Proper Support
tain their purity. To be consistent, it is ideal to conduct welds
in a clean or cleanroom environment. Particles, dust, or dirt HPF Clamp
in the air will adhere to the pipe during the welding process.
Figure F-37. Portable HPF fusion makes e
w lding
To reduce contamination in the system, as many welds as
in h
t e rack reliable
possible should be conducted in a clean type environment.
A class 100 or 1000 room is perfectly suitable. Portable style In sizes larger than 2", it is recommended to build spool pieces
cleanrooms make for an efficient set up when conducting all with flange connections. This avoids having to conduct difficult
the welds on site. butt-fusion welds in tight locations. Flanged spool pieces also
offer the benefit of being able to make changes later. In some
instances, field welds can or must be conducted in a pipe rack.
For these occasions, the use of contact butt-fusion equipment
to ensure proper heating for larger diameter pipe is recom-
Purebond is a registered trademark of Entegris Corporation. mended. Consult with Asahi /America’s Engineering Department
for specific tool selection and weld procedure recommendations.
HIGH-PURITY INSTALLATIONS INSTALLATION PRACTICES
Many installations do not require the same level of purity and Socket Fusion
care as others. Polypropylene is often chosen as a cost effec- Socket fusion is the oldest and simplest method for assembling
tive alternative to PVDF for these installations. In these cases, thermoplastic materials. Socket fusion is available for welding
a cleanroom environment may not be necessary. It is still rec- PVDF (SDR 21) and PP in sizes 1/2 "– 4". In socket fusion, mate-
ommended to have a dedicated welding zone. The welding rial is in direct contact with the heat source. The pipe is inserted
area should be clean and measures should be taken to reduce into a heated mandrel and the pipe’s exterior becomes molten.
foot traffic through the area. Keeping the tools in one location Fittings are inserted over a mandrel and the interior becomes
reduces wear and tear, as well as the possibility of physical molten. After proper heat soak time has been accomplished,
damage during a transport. the two components are forced together until they bottom-out.
In all HP installations it is necessary to have a set of dedicated

tools, such as levels, pipe cutters, tape measures, etc. Keep
these tools dedicated to the high-purity installation to avoid
cross contamination with other non-purity installations.
Air Movement
Finally, in all cases, it is preferable to weld in ambient temper-
ature environments of 20 to 25 °C. The avoidance of windy
areas and fans is also recommended. When using welding
methods such as IR fusion, it is absolutely required to avoid
air movement in the weld zone. For other methods such as
butt or socket, wind is not as troublesome, but should be
avoided if possible as it raises the chances of contamination,
as well as improper heating of the pipe components. F
Step 2. Tool Selection
The selection of the type of welding method conducted on a
high-purity project should be based on the following criteria:
Figure F-38. Hand-held socket fusion for 1/2"– 2"
• M aterial
• Sizes to be installed Socket fusion is fairly tolerant to temperature conditions and
• W elding location is simple to do. Untrained personnel can be trained in a short
period of time to make consistent and reliable joints. The
• T ype of installation
disadvantage of socket fusion is that it provides the most
• A vailable expertise uneven weld of all the methods. Beads are formed on the
• Required documentation pipe and fitting and final stop position is random, depending
on the operator. Mechanically the weld is reliable, but smooth,
Materials available for high-purity water and chemical systems clean welds are more difficult to achieve consistently. Addition-
are PVDF, polypropylene (natural and pigmented), and HalarTM ally, weld inspection is limited as the weld area is not visible
(E-CTFE). PVDF is the most common choice due to its low ion from the outside.
extractable and surface smoothness. In addition, the Purad
PVDF system is available in a wide selection of sizes and pres- Socket fusion is ideal for smaller systems and is quite simple
sure ratings, as well as having a full complement of specialty and practical for welding 1/2 " through 1". Systems consisting
valves and fittings that are specifically designed for ultra pure primarily of 3” (90 mm) and 4” (110 mm) may be better suited
systems. for IR or butt fusion.
Table F-6 identifies by material type welding methods available

But Fusion
from Asahi /America. Discussions on each method and the
advantages of each method for installing HP systems follows. The butt-fusion welding method was pioneered by Asahi /America
for use in high-purity systems. Butt fusion offers smaller, cleaner,
Table F-6. Available Welding (by material)
and stronger welds as compared to socket fusion. Butt fusion
Material Socket But IR HPF allows visual inspection of the weld quality through an exami-
Fusion Fusion Fusion nation of the bead formation. It is available in all sizes and all
Purad PVDF- HP * * * * materials offered by Asahi /America. Multiple styles of equipment
Proline PP * * * are available and vary from small, light manual tools to large
PolyPure PP * * diameter, hydraulic driven equipment. Butt fusion is ideal for all
Halar E-CTFE * *
PFA (Purebond)
dimensions, and proves quite practical in sizes 1" through 12".
*
See Figures F- 39, F-40 and F-41 for examples of tool types.
F-21
During the butt-fusion process, components are forced against

a flat heating element or plate to melt the ends for the fusion.
At the completion of heating, the materials are joined together
at a force proportionate to the welding surface area. The result
is a clean, double bead formation. Since the material is in con-
tact with the heating element, there is the slight possibility of
contamination if the heat plate is not properly cleaned and
maintained throughout the project. In addition, molten plastic
can also adhere to the heating plate if not properly released
from the plate at the conclusion of the heat soak period.
The advantage of butt fusion is its weld strength. When pro-

perly conducted it is a strong, reliable joint. Butt fusion can
be done in any size range, reducing the training time at the job
start-up. In addition, butt fusion is fairly weather tolerant. This
does not mean it can be conducted in any environment, but it
will work in conditions other methods will not. An advantage
of working with Asahi /America’s system is the availability of
multiple equipment and methods. For a given project, IR fusion
Figure F- 39. Shop 4 ( 1/2" – 4") may be the primary welding method; however, if field welds are
required, butt fusion is the method of choice in many sizes. It
reduces risks when welding outside or in areas with significant
air movement.
F
IR Fusion
IR fusion has become the welding method of choice in ultra
pure semiconductor water and chemical systems. It should
also be considered for pure water systems in pharmaceutical
and biotech applications. IR fusion has many of the advantages
of butt fusion, but eliminates the concerns of contacting the
heating element. IR fusion is available in sizes 1/2 "–10" and
multiple styles of equipment. PVDF, polypropylene, and Halar™
can be welded with IR equipment.
IR fusion equipment is highly sophisticated. Asahi /America

offers two styles of equipment: the UF2000 series and the new
acclaimed SP series. Both tools are computer driven and offer
a high level of quality control. Figures F- 42 and F-43 depict both
styles of tools in terms of traceability and weld documentation.
Figure F- 40. Shop 12 (1 1/2" – 12")
Figure F- 41. Field machine (3" – 12") Figure F- 42. SP 110 ( 1/2" – 4")
Figure F- 45. Cross-sectional iv ew of IR joint
IR fusion is recommended for controlled environments where

temperature is consistent and air flow levels can be mini-
mized. IR fusion equipment is designed for bench/shop style
work and should not be hoisted into pipe racks.
F
Figure F-43. UF 2000/1 ( 1/2" – 2") HPF Fusion
HPF is portable, bead free fusion method for welding sizes 1/2 "
Built-in printers provide data labels at the end of each weld, through 2". HPF is ideally suited for pure water systems in the
identifying the process was properly conducted, the material Pharmaceutical Industry. In addition, HPF is extremely practical
programmed, and the dimensions welded. Weld labels also for welding in tight locations, whether in the pipe rack or under
provide the date and time of the fusion, as well as the joint a sub floor. HPF is only available currently for PVDF material.
number for physical tracking. See Figure F- 44.
For conducting beadless fusion, HPF is provided with two
options: with balloon and without. For beadless and seam free
1/1
AGRU SP-110
00263179.W01 welds, balloons are available. This ensures a smooth weld and
no crevice. Joints welded with balloon will have a small wave
03.05.2001 15:53
SerNo:W11199-179 in the joint due to the weight of the coupling and the outward
PP-n/50/4.6/IR force of the inflated balloon. Sometimes it is not possible to
place a balloon in the weld area and then be able to remove
WELD .OK it after, such as in the case of a repair or addition. For this rea-
son, HPF can also be conducted without a balloon. These
Figure F- 44. Weld label from a SP o
t ol joints will also be beadless, but will have a small seam around
the joint. In comparison to alternatives, such as a union or
On-board computers also provide control of the welding process flange, it provides a smaller seam without a gasket.
and data logging of each weld. Data can be downloaded on
each weld at any time to verify the quality of the system.
IR fusion for Asahi /America systems enhances the weld quality.

The bead formation is consistent, making weld inspection more
reliable. The bead formation is greatly reduced when compared
to socket or contact butt fusion. The welds are smoother, more
rounded, due to a reduction of excess molten material and
weld force required. The net result is a cleaner and more reli-
able weld. Figure F-45 is a cross-sectional view of a pipe wall
welded with IR fusion.
F-23
the end. The pipe is then sleeved in a large single PE bag and
heat sealed on both ends. Finally, the entire pipe is placed in a
hard HDPE tube and capped. Tubes are labeled appropriately,
identifying the product and size inside. See Figure F-47 for a
typical pipe package.
Figure F- 46. HPF equipment

Figure F-47. High-purity PVDF packaging
HPF uses an electric socket for each weld, and is energized
F by a computer controlled transformer. Weld parameters are In sizes 11/4" (40 mm) and larger, there is a single pipe per tube.
preprogrammed into the control unit and selected via a bar In sizes 1/2 "–1", there are multiple pipes per tube. Purad uses
code reader. The HPF is available in a bench type configura- hard PE tubes that provide superior protection from contamina-
tion, as well as having accessories for working in tight quarters. tion in the environment. Hard HDPE tubes provide protection
from moisture, dragging, and outside dust and dirt. The use of
HPF is recommended for welding in or outside of a cleanroom cardboard tubes has been forbidden due to its nature of parti-
environment. During the weld process, HPF is closed to the cle generation. Cardboard protective tubes will create particles
external environment, so issues of wind, temperature, and that can contaminate a cleanroom environment.
contamination are greatly reduced. HPF is the tool of choice
for repairs or additions to an existing system. HPF is available Preferably, pipe should be stored inside or in a trailer. Care
for PVDF in sizes 1/2 "– 2". should be taken to properly support pipe during storage. Use
the hanging criteria for the proper support distance. Pipe can
Step 3. Material Handling be stacked during storage. Heavier pipes of larger dimensions
should be stored at the bottom; however, it may prove more
Purad TM
PVDF and HP Specifications practical to segregate by size for easier access during the pro-
High-purity Purad components are received from the factory ject. Pipe should not be stacked above the maximum height of
in special packaging to ensure its purity. Fittings and valves are 4 feet. Storage should be in the HDPE tube.
double packaged in a class 100 cleanroom immediately after
production and cleaning. Double bagged fittings are shipped When ready to transport pipe into the clean zone, open the
in protective boxes. Valves are shipped in individual boxes. outer cap on the HDPE tube. Place the tube next to the clean
zone entry and slide the pipe directly from the tube into the
Once on site, fittings should be inspected for damage from the cleanroom. This will eliminate any need of wiping down the
transport. Damaged fittings and /or packaging should be set bag prior to entry. In the cleanroom, remove the single bag
aside. If welding in a cleanroom or clean environment, remove if ready for immediate usage. If stored in the clean environment,
the outer bag in a staging area and store the fitting inside the it is preferred to leave the pipe in its original packaging.
cleanroom in the single bag until ready for use. It is recommend-
ed to store the fittings in plastic bins within the cleanroom and When ready for welding, remove all packaging and caps.
not to use a cardboard box within a clean environment. Label Remember to save the caps for sealing the ends of prefabri-
bins on size and fitting style. cated spool pieces.
Pipe is also packaged in a class 100 cleanroom environment at

the factory. At the final stage of extrusion, pipe is sealed on the
end with a piece of PE sheet and a hard PE cap is placed over
PolyPru e and Pure Polypropylene Syse

t ms the seminar. On simple installations, it may be faster; and on
PolyPure is a natural polypropylene system made available more complex installations, it may be longer. It is important that
specifically for pure water and chemical systems. PolyPure fit- only personnel who will be conducting the weld operation dur-
tings and valves are single bagged (unless specified otherwise). ing the project participate in the training to reduce the distrac-
Fittings are shipped in protective boxes and valves are packed tion within the class. A third party QC should attend the full
in individual boxes. Pipe is capped and bagged after produc- training course to fully understand the welding process and
tion. It is shipped wrapped and protected, depending on the QC parameters.
quantity of pipes required for the project.
Preparation
PolyPure fittings should be left in their bag and brought into the To best use training time, preparation should be made prior to
clean zone as is. If for some reason the outside of the bag is the trainers’ arrival on site. A recommended list of preparations
contaminated, it should be wiped down with IPA prior to entering follows.
the clean zone. Valves should be handled in the same manner. • Ensure that project material is on site. It is not critical to
have all material, but enough to start the project. Once
Pipes can remain in their shipping packaging until ready for use training is complete, it is practical for the trainer to over-
or transported into the fabrication cleanroom. see the beginning portion of the installation. Many times
new questions and challenges arise once the actual
Step 4. Training and Preparation installation starts. In addition, if there is a significant
An ultra pure water or chemical system is a critical utility within period of time between the training and actual installa-
a plant’s operation. An unplanned shutdown can prove to be tion, operators may forget portions of the training or
more costly than the water piping construction itself. One bad different operators may now be slated for the welding
weld can cause hours of repair and frustration, as well as sig- operation. Both scenarios require additional training.
nificant lost revenue. For these reasons it is critical to receive • Ensure required tools are on site. Do not open the tools
training at the time of job start-up and use certified personnel until a certified trainer is present. If more tools are F
throughout the course of a project. Tool operation is only one ordered during a project, this is no longer required
of several factors in a thorough training course. Operators, as proper unpacking and set up of the equipment is
inspectors, and managers need to understand the physical covered in the training process.
nature of the material: how to properly handle it, how to inspect
• Ensure that the correct power is available. Many pieces
welds, how to identify potential problems, how to properly
of equipment require 220 Volt single or three phase
maintain equipment, and finally, how best to tie into a line
power supply. Consult with the factory or distributor
and test it.
at the time of tool ordering.
All of the above topics are discussed during Asahi /America’s • If possible, have a conference room with an overhead
certified training sessions. For the installation of a high-purity projector available for the classroom portion of the
system, the following training sessions are available: training. If this is not available, select an area where all
personnel will be able to see and hear the trainer for this
• T ool Operator Training
portion of the discussion.
• Quality Control Inspection
• Ensure that pipe samples are available for the training
• Level 3 Operator/Controller (SP equipment only) session. Asahi /America does not normally provide
samples for the training.
In addition to the above on-site training, Asahi /America also
offers courses that are held at the corporate office for the fol- Formal training can be the key factor in starting a project off in
lowing topics: the right direction. Take advantage of this service while on site.
• Certified Maintenance and Repair Asahi /America also offers field technicians for hire to oversee
(SP and UF equipment only) project welding and training for any specified amount of time.
• Certified Trainer (prerequisites apply) Contact Asahi /America for more information.
Consult with Asahi /America’s Engineering Department for Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks
dates and availability of corporate programs. Checking equipment and welding technique daily is recom-
mended. This is particularly important on larger projects where
During the on-site training process, Asahi /America certified there are many welders on site. This daily check will allow QA
trainers will set recommendations for the class size based on to ensure all welders are up to speed on tool operation, welding
the tool type. In general, groups of four are recommended for technique, and inspection. Most problems in the field occur
the welding operation portion of the training. Typically, two due to improper usage of equipment, rather than equipment
groups can be certified in one day on the welding portion of failure.
F-25
During the initial training of the project, many welds are pro- When inspecting weld labels, items to look for include the
duced in the presence of a qualified trainer. These welds following:
should be kept and used for the daily checks. Each welder • Correct material setup
should conduct one coupon test weld and submit it to QA. • Correct OD and wall thickness setup
The coupons should be compared to initial samples. Inspection
• W eld parameters indicated as OK
should include bead formation, sizing, and weld label.
Conventional butt and socket fusion equipment do not provide
It is required to conduct preventive maintenance to the equip-
labels or data recording on each weld. However, using the log
ment at the beginning of each day. The maintenance recom-
in conjunction with an inspection process will decrease the
mended varies on each weld tool type. Consult the Operation
chances of a failure occurring.
Manual for items to be checked daily. In all cases, tools need
to be kept clean and free of debris. Weld shavings should be
HPF equipment also does not generate a label after each weld.
removed at all times.
The equipment does, however, store the data of each weld.
This information can be printed any time on 81/2" by 11" paper.
By keeping equipment in good operating condition and ensur-
Consult the HPF Operation Manual for details on printing weld
ing all operators are up to speed, tool problems or welding
data.
errors are less lightly to occur.
Step 6. Weld Inspection Bead Formations

Depending on the type of fusion machine being used and the
To ensure a safe and on-time system start-up, initiating a stan-
material being joined, the bead formations will vary slightly.
dard inspection process on each project is recommended. This
However, the basic concept of inspection applies to each weld
quality assurance measure can be conducted by third party QC
and material, with only slight differences.
or can be done by each individual operator after each weld. A
F recommended inspection report for recording quality assurance
on each weld is attached at the end of Section F. Use the Bead Formations: PVDF IR Non-Contact But Fusion
recommendation of this weld inspection guide in conjunction The Purad PVDF system has a unique and characteristic
with the equipment manual to achieve the best project results. weld that makes inspection simplified. Details are shown in
Figures F-49 and F-50 of normal welds from both a UF2000
Inspection Labels and the SP series. In general, the weld formations are similar.
The SP equipment has tighter controls, thus allowing for the
IR equipment is designed to help guard against the possibilities
smallest weld formation on the market.
of cold welds or incomplete fusion. The label feature should be
used in a manner to track all welds. Information can either be
handwritten into the log book, or the entire label can be placed
into the log. It is important to tag the pipe joint physically with
the weld number for traceability. In the case of the SP series,
up to three labels can be printed at the time of the weld; one
for the book, one for the pipe, and one for other use. An exam-
ple of a weld label follows:
1/1
AGRU SP-110
00258179.W01
25.04.2001 14:39
SerNo:W11199-179
PVDF/110/3.4/IR
WELD, OK
Figure F-48. SP series label
Using the weld label helps the inspector to ensure the operators
are running the equipment in the correct fashion to produce
continuous and reliable fusion welds. If the tool was operated
incorrectly, the error numbers on the welding label will easily
identify it. Any joint with a printed error code is required to be
cut and done again.
Figure F-49. UF2000 IR e
w ld-PVDF
Figure F-52. IR e
w ld
On both IR and conventional butt fusion, there will be a varia-

tion in the welds when welding pipe-to-pipe, pipe-to-fitting,
and fitting-to-fitting. Since PVDF fittings have a higher melt flow
index than PVDF pipe, they tend to flow more when melted.
This effect translates into the fitting bead being generally larger
than the pipe bead.
Bead Formations: PVDF Socket Fusion

Socket fusion joints can be inspected for bead formation as
well. The most important factor of inspecting a socket joint is
to ensure the pipe bead and the fitting bead are in contact with
each other. After melting the pipe and fitting in the heating
Figure F-50. SP series IR e
w ld-PVDF mandrels, it is necessary to ensure proper insertion of the pipe
into the melted socket fitting. Not meeting the full socket depth
When inspecting IR fusion, look for primarily consistent and uni- can leave a small gap between the pipe and fitting where the
form welding joints. Since both ends of the components being
joined are melted, there will be a seam down the middle of the
pipe has thinned wall thickness due to the melting. In the event F
of this occurrence, the weld should be rejected and redone.
joint with almost equal amounts of bead material on either side. Figure F-53 is a drawing of the proper bead formation in a
The more sophisticated the tool, such as the SP, the more diffi- socket weld.
cult it is to view the seam. The joints are generally smooth on the
outer surface and slightly larger on the outside as compared to No Gap
No Gap
the inner bead. Due to the effects of gravity during the melting
process, it will be common to see a slight variation on the top
and bottom of the pipe after the fusion is complete.
Refer to the individual tool guide for specifics on how and when
to reject a fusion weld. Each guide also has a table on the bead
size measurements and tolerances. Measuring each weld is not
practical, but for welds in question it may prove to be a useful Figure F-53. Proper socket e
w ld
tool.
Conducting a sample weld is recommended on a periodic
Bead Formations: PVDF Conventional But Fusion basis, as well as with each new operator. After the sample
Conventional butt-fusion welds have the same basic formation weld is complete, cut the weld into two pieces and inspect
as an IR weld; however, they are slightly larger and have a pro- the insertion depth. Since manual socket fusion equipment
nounced roll back. Contact butt welds have a seam in the is available, the results of quality will vary from operator to
middle and a bead on either side. Below is a cross-sectional operator. It is important to verify all welders are not under
view of a butt and IR weld to see the difference in bead forma- or over inserting the pipe into the socket fitting.
tion. In butt fusion, the inspection process consists of examin-
ing each weld for the double weld 360° around the pipe. The Bead Formations: PVDF Beadless Fusion
disappearance of the double bead formation and drastic reduc- HPF is a non-bead forming weld process. The inspection on
tion in bead size can indicate that a problem existed during the HPF is simplified since the socket coupling itself covers the
fusion process. weld. When welding with balloon, the indicator on the side of
each fitting can identify proper fusion. The plastic indicator will
push out from the HPF coupling due to the heat from the weld.
This device, much like a turkey timer, indicates that the fitting
has been properly heated. When welding without balloon, the
indicator will not necessarily push out.
Figure F-51. But e
w ld
F-27
Bead Formations: PFA

PFA material, in particular PurebondTM pipe from Entegris, can
also be fused using the SP110 IR fusion tool. Welding PFA
takes on a slightly different process and, therefore, the bead
size and shape is slightly different than that of any material
supplied by Asahi /America.
The method for weld tracking and data logging for PP, E-CTFE,
and PFA is the same as for welding PVDF in the SP110 welding
equipment.
Bubbles in h
t e Joint
In the fusion process, it is possible to find tiny bubbles trapped
in the welded region primarily on the outer bead. This may be
Figure F-54. HPF indicator most noticeable with PVDF, for its clear nature allows it to be
visible. These bubbles are a common occurrence in non-con-
The HPF equipment shows the weld count on the screen of tact butt fusion. The bubbles are from one of two sources;
each weld. This number should be logged on the supplied either air has been trapped in the weld during the joining
charts. In addition, the data from each weld can be printed process, or small vacuums appear due to material shrinkage
using a standard dot matrix printer. The tracking of the joint during the cooling down time. In either case, the bubbles are
on the pipe, the log, and the tool printout allows quality assur- not an area of concern and there is no specification for the size
ance to track each weld to ensure welds in the system were of a bubble that would cause a joint failure. The combination
conducted properly. In addition, the printout will indicate the of the welding parameters and the melt flow index of the Solef®
F method of welding on each joint, balloon or without balloon. PVDF resin help to ensure against tiny bubbles affecting the
quality of the joint.
Other techniques employed with HPF to ensure proper insertion
depth is the marking of the depth. When setting a component Limitait ons of Inspection
into the clamp and centering it, mark the side of the component As mentioned in Step 1 (Welding Environment), the IR equip-
up tight against the clamp. This mark will allow inspectors to ment is designed to assist in preventing against a cold weld.
verify the pipe was properly installed into the clamp after the A cold weld is a weld that has either not been heated properly
weld is completed. The distance of the mark to the side of the or has been joined together with improper force. In both cases,
coupling will be identical for each dimensional size. Marks that there is insufficient molten material that is joined together to
are too close or too far to the coupling should be rejected. Not create a proper fusion of the materials.
carefully inserting the fitting and centering it into the coupling
may cause problems. Since the process is controlled with bar The other type of welding error that can occur is incomplete
coding the parameters and computer control of the heating and fusion. This type of error occurs typically from the following
cooling, the welding process itself is extremely reliable. The types of errors:
proper set up is the main variable that is the responsibility of
1. Air movement.
the operator.
2. Incorrect capping of the joints.
Bead Formations: Polypropylene and E-CTFE 3. Chimney effect in 90° elbows turned upward.
Polypropylene weld inspection is similar to that of PVDF 4. Incorrect welding parameters such as OD and wall thickness.
inspection. In traditional methods, such as butt and socket 5. Poor planing or alignment.
welding, PP fusion is extremely reliable and simple. Many of
the challenges of PVDF, such as material sticking to the heating These errors can usually be identified and replaced prior
element, do not occur in polypropylene. The nature of PP to system test. To identify these types of welds, look for the
makes fusion easier and a more repeatable process. Use the following symptoms:
same methods of inspection as in PVDF. 1. Significantly decreased bead size in certain sections of
the joint.
IR fusion with PP is also quite reliable. The inspection process is
2. Significantly decreased bead size all around as compared
again the same as PVDF, except that weld beads will be larger in
to other joints of the same size.
PP due to the thickness of PP pipe. The IR infusion of polypro-
pylene is more difficult than PVDF due to higher joining forces. 3. No bead formation in one section of the weld.
Closer attention to bead formation and QC is recommended. 4. Misalignment of open pipe in joint area.
Halar® is fused using butt or IR fusion. The weld inspection is Welds that have the above problems should be cut out and
also identical to that of PVDF. replaced for safety insurance.
The cold weld is more difficult to identify, and virtually impos- of the pipe have been forced together in the pipe wall region. In
sible to detect with the naked eye. Two cross-sectional views the proper Weld 1, you can see there is material joined together
of a pipe wall that has been welded are shown in Figure F-55. in the pipe wall, as well as in the inner and outer beads.
Weld 1 is a good fusion joint, while Weld 2 is a cold weld.
Notice in the cold weld there is very little material joined The problem with inspecting a cold weld is the outer bead is the
together in the pipe wall area. The molten material has been same as a good joint. In Figure F-55, the top bead represents
forced to the outer and inner bead and the unheated sections the outer look of the weld. It can be seen very clearly that both
welds look the same according to the bead formation.
Since the occurrence of a cold weld is difficult to find and

inspect, the IR welding equipment from Asahi /America and
Agru has been designed to measure the joining force during
the fusion process. By measuring the weld force throughout
the entire welding process, the possibility of a cold weld is dras-
tically reduced. In the event of over forcing the weld, this will be
identified by the tool and marked as an error on the weld label.
Downloading Data /Data Transfer

All computerized IR and HPF welding equipment offered by
Asahi/America will store the welding data in its memory. This
data can be downloaded and printed for quality assurance
purposes. Each tool will have a memory of 1,000 welds. The
data on each weld can be transferred to a PC computer using
software that is provided by Asahi/America. The data on each
weld from a transfer provides an inspector with more informa-
F
Weld 1, standard IR joint Weld 2, cold weld
tion about the weld than what appears on the printout label.
Figure F-55. Cross-sectional iv ew of a
w ll iw h
t e
w ld Figures F-56 and F-57 show examples of data from the SP
series, and UF series welding machines.
DATAFILE/WELDING NUMBER SER. NO. [MACHINE] PRINT-DATE

W22597-005 08 . 03 . 2001
00526041.W00 SER. NO. [TOUCHPANEL]
TP198041
800
720
PRESSURE [ N ]
640
560
480
400
320
240
160
80
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
TIME [sec]
SOFTWARE MATERIAL TEMP-NOM oC OPERATOR WAY [mm]

2.11 PVDF 500 agru3-00010 2.0
o
DATE da [mm] TEMP-ACT C ADDRESS STATUS
28 . 09 . 2000 250 499 AGRU WELD . OK
TIME S [mm] TEMP-WET oC ROOM METHOD
08: 25 11 . 9 22 RAUM IR
Figure F-56. Weld chart from an SP o

t ol series
F-29
Table F-7. PVDF Support Spacing Recommendation (feet)

AGRU UF 2000/1 Nominal 68° F 86° F 104° F 122° F 140° F 158° F 176° F
Serial No. 1293005 Size (inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
*********************************************** 1/2 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
date: 02.09.01/10:58 3/4 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0
ident-key AA01 1 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5
proj. no: 1265 11/2 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
joint no. 405 2 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
dia: 63 mm 21/2 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0
wth: 3.0 mm 3 5.5 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5
mat: PVDF 4 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
nitro. Pres: 0.0bar 6 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5
method: IRamb 8 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 5.0
temp: 21 C 10 8.5 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5
des. temp: 480 C 12 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.0
act. temp: 481 C
t(AW) 60 sec Table F-8. Polypropylene SDR 11 Support Spacing Recommendation (feet)
t(U) 2.8 sec Nominal 68° F 86° F 104° F 122° F 140° F 158° F 176° F
pres ramp: 3.8 sec Size (inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
des. press: 73 N 1/2 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
act. press: 72 N 3/4 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0
t(F) 05:00 1 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5
error code: 64 11/2 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
2 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
21/2 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0
F Figure F-57. Weld chart from a UF o
t ol series 3
4
5.5
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
The data transfer feature allows the inspector or installer to 6 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5
have back-up documentation on the welds conducted on the 8 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 5.0
tool. Also, by reviewing the welds, it can also be identified if 10 8.5 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5
weld counts were reset during the installation, since the tool 12 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.0
will record all welds. 14 10.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.5
16 10.5 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5
The procedures for transferring the data is explained individu- 18 11.5 10.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0
ally in the tool’s operation manuals.

Table F-9. E-CTFE Support Spacing Recommendation (feet)
Step 7. Hanging Nominal 68° F 248° F

Size (inches) 20° C 140° C
Hanging any thermoplastic system is not that much different 1 3.60 2.50
than hanging a metal system. Typically, the spacing between 2 5.00 3.00
hangers is shorter due to the flexibility of plastic. In addition, 3 5.75 3.75
the type of hanger is important. 4 6.00 4.00
Notes:
Hangers should be placed based on the spacing requirements 1. Supports must be spaced according to the highest possible temperature
the pipes will encounter even if the extreme condition is only temporary.
provided in Tables F-7, F-8, and F-9. Since thermoplastic 2. Support spacing is based on a liquid with a specific gravity of 1.0. Spacing
materials vary in strength and rigidity, it is important to select should be reduced by 10% for liquids having 1.5 specific gravity, 15% for
hanging distances based on the material you are hanging. Also, 2.0 s.g., and 20% for 2.5 s.g.
operating conditions must be considered. If the pipe is operated

Pressure
at a higher temperature, the amount of hangers will generally Point
be increased. Finally, if the system is exposed to thermal
cycling, the placement of hangers, guides, and anchors is
critical. In these cases, the hanger locations should be identi-
fied by the system engineer and laid out to allow for expansion
and contraction of the pipe over its life of operation.
When selecting hangers for a system, it is important to avoid Pressure

using a hanger that will place a pinpoint load on the pipe when Point
tightened. For example, a U-bolt hanger is not acceptable for U-bolts not recommended Recommended for
high-purity thermoplastic piping systems. See Figure F-58. high-purity systems
Figure F-58. Selection of hangers for piping syse
t ms
INSTALLATIONS
HIGH-PURITY INSTALLATION INSTALLATION PRACTICES
Hangers that secure the pipe 360° around the pipe are pre- may have decreased. If drop is less than 10 psi, pump the
ferred. Thermoplastic clamps are also recommended over pressure back up. At this time, the system may be fully
metal clamps, as they are less likely to scratch the pipe in the pressurized to desired test pressure.
event of movement. If metal clamps are specified for the pro- 3. If after one hour the pressure has decreased more than 10%
ject, they should be inspected for rough edges that could and ambient conditions are steady, consider the test a fail-
damage the pipe. Ideally, if a metal clamp is being used, ure. Note the 10% value may need to be greater for larger
an elastomeric material should be used in between the pipe systems. Also note that Step 2 may need to be conducted
and the clamp. This is a must for PVDF and E-CTFE systems, several times if there are significant thermal changes.
which are less tolerant to scratching. Valves in a pipe system
4. If the pressure drops less than 10% after one hour, pump
can also add significant weight and stress to a pipe system.
the pressure back up to the test pressure. This is normal
Valves, especially metal butterfly valves and heavy diaphragm
due to creep. If after 2 or 3 hours, the pressure does not
valves, must be individually supported. For more details on
drop, consider the test a success.
hanging Asahi /America systems, consult Section C,
Engineering Theory and Design Considerations. 5. Test is to be witnessed by the quality control engineer, and
be certified by the contractor.
Step 8. Syse
t m Testing 6. Obvious leaks can be found by emptying the system and
Prior to pressure testing, the system should be examined for placing a 10 psi charge of clean, dry nitrogen on the system.
the following items: Each joint should then be individually checked using a
soapy water solution or an ultrasonic leak detection gun.
1. Pipe should be completed per drawing layout with all pipe Leak detection guns are available from Asahi /America.
and valve supports in place. Consult factory for usage of U.S. leak detection guns.
2. Pipe, valves, and equipment should be supported as Some limitations do apply.
specified, without any concentrated loads on system.
3. Pipe should be in good condition, void of any cracks, Step 9. Repair Procedures
scratches, or deformation. If a leak is found or an addition is required to an existing sys-
F
4. Pipe flanges should be properly aligned. All flange bolts tem, there are several options on how to make the repair. In
should be checked for correct torques. most systems, socket or butt fusion, there is a requirement for
5. All joints should be reviewed for appropriate welding pipe movement when making a weld. To conduct a butt or IR
technique. weld, one side of the tool moves in order to accommodate the
planer, the heating element, and the final joining force. In a
Bu:t To have two beads, 360° around the joint.
repair procedure, the need for movement of the existing pipe
Socket: To have two beads on the end of the fitting makes for the simplest repair. In all cases, weld areas and pipe
and on the outside of the pipe in contact, 360° around components must be cleaned as in the original installation.
the joint.
IR: Labels should identify weld certification by the Flexible Pipe Syse
t m
print w
“ elding OK.” Joints should have two beads 360°
around the joint. Also, refer to manufacturer’s separate If the pipe is in an area where it can be moved, standard butt
weld inspection criteria, supplied separately by fusion or socket fusion equipment can be used.
Asahi /America. 1. Cut out the section in need of repair. It is best to conduct
HPF: Conducted with balloon should be inspected for new tie-in welds on straight runs of pipe for easier alignment.
the fusion pin being popped out on all balloon joints. 2. If several welds are required, prefab a spool piece on a
bench and conduct only a few tie-in welds in the pipe rack.
If any deficiencies appear, the quality control engineer should 3. Attach the tool to the existing pipe and properly support the
provide directions/repair. machine to avoid sagging or stressing the pipe.
4. Conduct standard butt-fusion weld per operating proce-
Pressure Test dures. It may be necessary to flex one end of the existing
Test fluid should be deionized water, with quality level set by pipe out of the way.
the quality control engineer or system owner. In all cases, tests 5. Conduct final weld using the flexible side of the pipe system
must be done hydrostatically. Air is not acceptable. in the moving clamp.
1. Filling the system: Open the valves and vents to purge the
system of any air. Slowly inject the water into the system,
making sure that air does not become trapped in the system.
2. Begin pressurizing the system in increments of 10 psi. Bring
the system up to 100 psi and hold. Allow system to hold L
pressure for a minimum of two hours and up to a recom-
mended 12 hours. Check pressure gauge after one hour.
Figure F-59. Remove damaged section
Due to natural creep effects in plastic piping, the pressure
F-31
INSTALLATION PRACTICES HIGH-PURITY INSTALLATION
First Tie In 1. Remove the section to be repaired.

2. Weld flanges or unions on both ends of the existing piping.
3. Measure the distance from face to face and build a spool
to fit into place.
4. Connect spool into place.
Figure F-60. Install new spool
Second Tie In
L Figure F-62. Remove damaged section
Figure F-61. But e

w ld spool o
t existing pipe line
Non-Flexible Pipe Syse

t m
Depending on the size and material, repairs can also be made Slide into HPF Coupling
Postion
to systems without any movement. For Purad systems in sizes
1/2"– 2", HPF welds can be conducted in place with minimal
Figure F-63. Slide second coupling into place and
need for movement.
conduct first e
w ld at joint seam
1. Remove the damaged section of piping. For easier align-
F ment, it is best to conduct new tie-in welds on straight runs
of pipe.
2. If several welds are required, prefab a spool piece on a
bench setup and conduct only a few tie-in welds in the
L
pipe rack.
3. Using either the large or the small alignment rack, fix two
wide clamps to the existing pipe line and to the new spool Figure F-64. Conduct final e
w ld
piece. Make sure all components are level and properly
supported.
4. Plane the ends perfectly square. It is recommended to
pre-plane both ends of the spool and both ends of the
existing pipe line at this point. It is also necessary to slide
the second HPF coupling onto the spool at this point to Figure F-65. Remove damaged section
avoid difficulty of placing it on the pipe after one weld is
complete.
5. Slide the coupling into place using the third wide clamp and
center the existing pipe in the clamp using the mechanical
stop. Now bring the spool piece into the clamp until it is up
tight against the existing pipe line. L
6. Conduct the HPF weld per procedure for the equipment.

7. Measure the thickness of the coupling. Take half of the Figure F-66. Weld flanges or n
u ions into place
thickness and mark this distance from the end of the pipe.
This mark identifies the location of the end of the coupling
and helps to center the coupling on the two final compo-
nents to be joined. Lock in place using the wide clamp.
8. Conduct the final weld according to procedure.
For systems in PP or larger diameter PVDF, HPF is not avail- L

able. If there is no flex for movement of the existing pipe in
the region of the damaged pipe, the repair can be done using
flanges or unions. Figure F-67. Place spool into place
CHEMICAL SINGLE WALL SYSTEMS INSTALLATION PRACTICES
CHEMICAL SINGLE WALL SYSTEMS a shelter or tent should be constructed over equipment. In
addition to rain, high winds and cold temperatures, below 40° F,
Installing any piping system properly requires preplanning. The will negatively influence the welding process. If these conditions
installation is more than the welding of components. It requires are not avoidable, a heated tent structure is recommended.
the proper environment, material inventory, welding equipment, For specific recommendations by tool types, consult the
tools, and thorough training. This guide is to assist in the plan- Asahi /America Engineering Department.
ning and installation of a chemical pipe system either in a pipe
rack or trench. This guide is aimed at industrial applications
and not high-purity installations. Table F-10. Sample Welding Data (time-sec)
Pipe Size A B C
This guide will concentrate mainly on materials such as PVDF, (inches) Heat Soak Time Change Over Time Cooling Time
polypropylene, and E-CTFE, as supplied by Asahi /America, 1" Pro 150 8 6 240
Inc. The practices outlined in this guide are also applicable
to other materials such as PVC and C-PVC, with the exception When conducting field welds in a pipe rack or in a trench, it is
of joining techniques. Asahi /America’s recommended steps to important to have the location of the weld well planned. Vertical
plan and complete a successful installation follow. welds in any location will prove difficult to conduct and should
Step 1. Welding Environment be avoided. The field weld that connects up prefabricated
Step 2. Tool Selection spool pieces should be a pipe-to-pipe weld whenever possible.
Step 3. Material Handling Pipe-to-pipe welds are easier to align and level, making the
weld easier to conduct in possibly tight quarters. Table F-11
Step 4. Training and Preparation
provides information on the various welding systems available.
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng
Table F-11. Equipment Selection
Step 7. Weld Inspection
Step 8. Hanging Description Polypropylene PVDF E-CTFE/Halar
F
Step 9. Trenching and Burial Shop 4* 1/2"– 4" Pro 150 A 1/2"–1" B 1/2"– 4" X
Step 10. Syse
t m Testing 4" Pro 45 A 11/2"– 4" A
Shop 12 11/2"– 8" Pro 150 A 1 1/2"–12" A 1 1/2"– 6" A
Step 11. Repair Procedures
10" Pro 150 B
12" Pro 150 X
Step 1. Welding Environment 4"–12" Pro 45 A
Asahi/America does not set requirements for proper welding Field 6 11/4"– 6" Pro 150 A 1 1/4"– 6" A Does not apply
environments. It is necessary for the installer to choose the Field 12 3"–12" Pro 150 A 3"–12" A Does not apply
environment based on the installation type, timing, or quality 4"–12" Pro 45 A
goal. In most systems, pipe is either going into a pipe rack, Field 20 8"– 20" Pro 150 A Does not apply Does not apply
beneath a floor or wall, or buried underground. In all these 8"– 20" Pro 45 A
Socket 2 1/2"–1 1/4" Pro 150 A 1/2"–1 1/4" A Does not apply
cases, conducting welds in the actual final location may not
Hand Held 11/2"– 2" Pro 150 B 1 1/2"– 2" B
always be the most convenient location for welding. In fact, in
Socket 4 Bench 1/2"– 4" Pro 150 A 1/2"– 4" A Does not apply
most cases, it is preferable to prefabricate spool piece compo-
UF 2000/1 1/2"– 2" Pro 150 C 1/2"– 2" C 1/2"– 2" C
nents and conduct final welds or hook-up in the pipe rack.
UF 2000/2 21/2"–10" Pro 150 C 2 1/2"–10" C 2 1/2"–10" C
SP 110 1/2"– 4" Pro 150 C 1/2"– 4" C 1/2"– 4" C
If possible, set up a welding area to build the spool pieces.
SP 250 21/2"–10" Pro 150 C 2 1/2"–10" C 2 1/2"–10" C
The weld area should be situated in an area that has reduced
HPF Does not apply 1/2"– 2" A Does not apply
exposure to wind, possible rain, and extreme cold tempera-
Polymatic 1/2"– 9" Pro 150 A Does not apply Does not apply
tures. Building spool pieces inside a weld shop may prove
advantageous. A fairly controlled environment and organized A: Recommended
work space will improve efficiency and quality of the system B: Will work, but better solution is available
to be installed. C: Recommended, special requirements apply, consult factory
X: Not recommended
Not all welding can be conducted in a shop and eventually * Hand planer on this tool. For large amounts of welds 3" and 4",
a larger tool with electric planer is more suitable
field welds will need to be done. Some systems will be
installed completely outside, with all the welds perhaps
conducted in place.
When welding outside, several factors have to be considered.

It is always important not to weld in the rain. Rain will damage
equipment and improperly influence the weld. For rainy days,
F-33
INSTALLATION PRACTICES CHEMICAL SINGLE WALL SYSTEMS
In all field welds, in the rack or in a trench, it is important to

have ample room for welding equipment and to choose the
proper welding equipment. In some underground installations,
it may be necessary to increase the width of the trench in
weld locations. Many underground systems are welded above
ground and then lowered down into the trench to avoid placing
equipment in narrow trenches. The same is true in crowded
pipe racks. Many times it will prove more efficient to prefab
spools and use flanges or unions to connect them together
in the pipe rack.

The selection of the type of welding method conducted on
a single wall industrial piping project should be based on the
following criteria:
• M aterial
• Sizes to be installed
• W elding location Figure F-69. Shop 12 (1 1/2" – 12")
• A vailable expertise
For assembling industrial grade piping systems made from

F PVDF, PP, or E-CTFE, there are really three choices for assem-
bly: butt fusion, socket fusion, and electro fusion. Each method
has its advantages and disadvantages. A discussion on each
method for assistance in choosing the best method for each
project follows.
But Fusion
Figure F-70. Field (3" – 12")
During the butt-fusion process, components are forced against
a flat heating element or plate to melt the ends for the fusion.
Heater
Figures F-68, F-69 and F-70 show some of the systems avail- Pipe Pipe
able for this process.
Start of Heating
Heat Soak Time
Figure F-68. Shop 4 ( 1/2" – 4")

w lding process
The material is in contact with the heat source for a specified Socket fusion is fairly tolerant to weather conditions and is sim-
amount of time to allow the material time to soak in the heat ple to do. Untrained personnel can be trained in a short period
and melt the pipe ends. At the end of the heat soak time, the of time to make consistent and reliable joints. Mechanically the
heating plate is removed and the pipes are joined together at welds are reliable, and fairly easy to inspect.
a force. Figure F-71 shows a brief detail of the process.
Socket fusion is ideal for smaller systems and is quite simple
The advantage of butt fusion is its weld strength. When pro- and practical for welding 1/2"– 1". Systems consisting primarily
perly conducted, it is a strong, reliable joint. Butt fusion can of 3" and 4" are better suited for butt fusion, as the equipment
be done in any size range, reducing the training time at the job is smaller and easier to use in tight locations.
start-up. In addition, butt fusion is fairly weather tolerant. This
does not mean it can be conducted in any environment, but it Electro Fusion
will work in conditions other methods will not. HPF is a portable, electro-fusion process for welding PVDF in
sizes 1/2"– 2". HPF is the brand name for the PVDF equipment
Socket Fusion and provides the added benefit of a bead-free weld. In addition
Socket fusion is the oldest method for assembling thermo- to HPF, standard electro-fusion welding for polypropylene and
plastic materials. Socket fusion is available for welding PVDF polyethylene are available as well. Contact Asahi /America for
(SDR 21) and PP in sizes 1/2"– 4". Similar in nature to butt fusion, more information on equipment types.
the material is in direct contact with the heat source. However,
instead of melting the component ends, the pipe is forced The HPF system for PVDF is ideal for welding in tight locations
inside a mandrel and the fitting is forced over a mandrel. After such as in pipe racks, walls, or under floors. The process works
proper heat soak time has been accomplished, the two compo- by placing the components to be welded in an electric socket
nents are forced together until they bottom-out. Figure F-72 fitting. The socket is electrified and the resistance of the wire
illustrates a brief outline of the process. heats the material and fuses it all together to make one compo-
nent. Tools are supplied with computer control. Parameters are
selected via a bar code system on each weld, making the pro-
F
Coupling
Heater Inserts Pipe cess extremely reliable and exactly repeatable. Because the
entire welding process takes place inside the socket, the required
equipment to actually fuse the joint is small and compact.
Heater HPF Coupling PVDF Pipe
Figure F-73. HPF e

w ld
For conducting beadless fusion, HPF is provided with two

options: with balloon and without. For beadless and seam free,
weld balloons are available. This ensures a smooth weld and
no crevice. Joints welded with balloon will have a small wave
in the joint due to the weight of the coupling and the outward
force of the inflated balloon. Sometimes it is not possible to
Alignment and Preheat place a balloon in the weld area and then be able to remove
it after, such as in the case of a repair or addition. For this
reason, HPF can also be conducted without a balloon. These
joints will also be beadless, but will have a small seam around
the joint.
HPF is recommended for welding in or outside of a cleanroom

environment. During the weld process, HPF is closed to the
external environment, so issues of wind, temperature, and con-
tamination are greatly reduced. HPF is the tool of choice for
Joining and Cooling
repairs or additions to an existing system. HPF is only available
for PVDF in sizes 1/2"– 2".
w lding process
F-35
HPF systems for harsh chemical transport should be approved Step 4. Training and Preparation
by Asahi /America and called out as the welding method when A chemical system is a critical utility within a plant’s operation.
conducting a chemical resistance verification. An unplanned shutdown can prove to be more costly than the
piping construction itself. One bad weld can cause hours of
Asahi /America has also introduced electro fusion in polypro- repair and frustration, as well as significant lost revenue. For
pylene (HDPE on special request) in 1/2"– 9". This new system these reasons, it is critical to receive training at the time of job
works in a similar fashion to that of HPF, but does not provide start-up and use certified personnel throughout the course of
a bead free and seamless weld. However, electro fusion does a project.
prove extremely convenient in tight locations.
Tool operation is only one of several factors in a thorough
training course. Operators, inspectors, and managers need to
understand the physical nature of the material: how to properly
handle it, how to inspect welds, how to identify potential prob-
lems, how to properly maintain equipment, and finally, how
PP Coupling PP Pipe best to tie into a line and test it.
All of the above topics are discussed during Asahi /America’s

Figure F-74. PP e
w ld certified training sessions. For the installation of a single wall
pipe system, the following training sessions are available:
Polypropylene electro-fusion couplings are significantly larger • Tool Operator Training
than that of HPF and do require extended leg fittings. All sys- • Quality Control Inspection
tems to be assembled using electro fusion must be approved
by Asahi /America if they are to be used in a chemical applica- In addition to the above on-site training, Asahi /America also
F tion. The welding material should be called out at the time of offers courses that are held at the corporate office for the
a chemical resistance verification. following topics:
• Certified Maintenance and Repair
Step 3. Material Handling • Certified Trainer (prerequisites apply)
When pipe, fittings, and valves arrive on site, they should be
inspected to ensure the proper components have arrived and Consult with Asahi /America’s Engineering Department for
no damage has occurred during shipment. Asahi /America goes dates and availability of corporate programs.
to great lengths to ensure that pipe and fittings are properly
packaged for shipment. If damage occurs, the freight company During the on-site training process, Asahi /America certified
should be notified immediately. trainers will set recommendations for the class size based on
the tool type. In general, groups of four are recommended for
Preferable, pipe should be stored inside or in a trailer. Care the welding operation portion of the training. Typically, two
should be taken to properly support pipe during storage. Use groups can be certified in one day on the welding portion of the
the hanging criteria for the proper support distance. Pipe can seminar. On simple installations, it may be faster; and on more
be stacked during storage. Heavier pipes of larger dimensions complex installations, it may be longer. To reduce distraction
should be stored at the bottom. However, it may prove more within the class, it is important that only personnel who will be
practical to segregate by size for easier access during the conducting the weld operation during the project participate in
project. Pipe should not be stacked above the recommended the training. It is also recommended that if a third party QC is
height of 4 feet. used, they also attend the full training course to fully under-
stand the welding process and QC parameters.
If material is stored outside, it is preferable to cover with a tarp
in case of rain. PVDF is UV resistant, but polypropylene will Preparation
degrade over time when exposed directly to UV. Depending To best use training time, preparation should be made prior to
on the size of the pipe and the wall thickness, it could cause the trainers’ arrival on site. A recommended list of preparations
physical damage that could reduce the allowable pressure rat- follows.
ing. In all cases, the UV will cause a color change over time
that may not be acceptable for aesthetic reasons. In general, • Ensure that project material is on site. It is not critical to
it is recommended to cover polypropylene during storage. have all material, but enough to start the project. Once
training is complete, it is practical for the trainer to over-
Fittings are best kept in their boxes or bags, as they are shipped see the beginning portion of the installation. Many times
in separate containers by size, style, and material. This will new questions and challenges arise once the actual
allow for simplified picking and inventory control throughout installation starts. In addition, if there is a significant
the project. period of time between the training and actual installation,
operators may forget portions of the training or Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng

different operators may now be slated for the welding Cutting plastic pipe can be handled in a variety of methods. In
operation. Both scenarios require additional training. small dimensions, 1/2"– 4", roll wheel pipe cutters are common-
ly available and work well. These types of cutters are similar to
• Ensure required tools are on site. Do not open the tools a tube cutter, but only larger. If using a roll cutter on PP or PE,
until a certified trainer is present. If more tools are it is important to ensure the wheel has a larger radius than the
ordered during a project, this is no longer required wall thickness of the pipe so it will cut all the way through.
as proper unpacking and set up of the equipment is
covered in the training process.
• Ensure that the correct power is available. Many pieces

power supply. Consult with the factory or distributor
at the time of tool ordering.
• If possible, have a conference room with an overhead

projector available for the classroom portion of the
training. If this is not available, select an area where
all personnel will be able to see and hear the trainer
for this portion of the discussion. Figure F-75. Roll cue
t r
• Ensure that pipe samples are available for the training If you are not concerned about particle generation, then band
session. Asahi /America does not normally provide saws, vertical or horizontal, will work very well for plastic. Since
samples for the training. plastic pipes can have a very heavy wall thickness, it is impor-
tant to travel slowly through with the band saw to avoid the
F
Formal training can be the key factor in starting a project off in blade from bending and creating an angled cut. For smaller pipe
the right direction. Take advantage of this service while on site. sizes, a circular blade chop saw will also provide neat and
Asahi /America also offers field technicians for hire to oversee accurate cuts.
project welding and training for any specified amount of time.
Contact Asahi /America for more information. This is a service If only manual saws are available, a hack saw will certainly cut
many customers take advantage of to ensure a smooth, trou- through small dimensions, but avoid using a fine blade as it will
ble-free installation. take considerable time. In addition, reciprocating saws are gen-
erally not the best choice as the blades are only long enough to
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks cut one wall at a time. If too fine of a blade is used, the material
Checking equipment and welding technique daily is recom- will become hot and can fuse itself back together partially
mended. This is particularly important on larger projects where behind the blade travel.
there are many welders on site. This daily check will allow QA
to ensure all welders are up to speed on tool operation, welding Step 7. Weld Inspection
technique, and inspection. Most problems in the field occur To ensure a safe and on-time system start-up, initiating a stan-
due to improper usage of equipment, rather than equipment dard inspection process on each project is recommended. This
failure. quality assurance measure can be conducted by third party QC
During the initial training of the project, many welds are recommended inspection report for recording quality assurance
produced in the presence of a qualified trainer. These welds on each weld is attached at the end of Section F. Use the rec-
should be kept and used for the daily checks. Each welder ommendation of this weld inspection guide in conjunction with
should conduct one coupon test weld and submit it to QA. the equipment manual to achieve the best project results.
Conducting preventive maintenance to the equipment at the

beginning of each day is required. The maintenance recom-
Manual for items to be checked daily.

ing all operators are up to speed, it is less likely tool problems
and welding errors will occur.
F-37
But Fusion Socket Fusion

To inspect butt-fusion joints, the inspector should look for the With socket fusion, beads are also present on the outside that
following characteristics on each weld: should be used for inspection. With a socket weld, it is impor-
• W elds should have two beads that are 360° tant to ensure that the bead on the pipe and the bead on the
around the pipe fitting are in contact. If the two beads are not in contact, or
• Beads should be of consistent height and width the bead from the pipe is not up against the socket, the proper
insertion depth has not occurred. If beads do not meet, the weld
• Beads should have a rounded shape
will not be full strength and should be rejected. With socket
• B eads should be free of burrs or foreign material fusion weld inspection, look for the following items:
• A bead on either side should not reduce greatly • Bead formation on pipe in full contact with fitting
in width or disappear 360° around the joint.
• Components welded should be properly aligned • Consistent bead 360° around the joint.
and cannot be misaligned by more than 10% of
• Fr ee of any burrs or foreign material.
the wall thickness
• Pr oper alignment. Pipe needs to be inserted
Figure F-76 shows a detail of a standard butt-fusion bead straight into the fitting without angle.
formation.
Figure F- 77 is an example of acceptable and non-acceptable
socket fusion joints.
No Gap Gap
No Gap
F Figure F-76. Typical bu-t fusion e

w ld bead
Butt-fusion beads will vary in size and a little in shape with

different materials. In general, PP and HDPE will have larger Good Socket Weld Bad Socket Weld
bead formations in comparison to PVDF. With PP and HDPE,
there will be a pronounced double-bead formation that will be Figure F-77. Good and bad socket fusion e
w lds
simple to identify. With PVDF, there will also be a double-bead
formation, but not as pronounced. The material will appear to Electro Fusion
flow more together, making what appears to be one single weld. HPF welds can be inspected, as well as data on each weld and
However, upon examination you will always see the seam stored in the memory if desired. This information can be printed
where the components were joined. In addition, when butt any time on 81/2" by 11" paper. Consult the HPF Operation
welding PVDF pipe to fittings, the fitting bead will be larger Manual for details on printing weld data. It is important to spec-
than the pipe bead. This is normal as the resin used to produce ify the need for data retrieval at the time of job start-up, as all
PVDF fittings flows at a higher rate when melted compared to HPF equipment is shipped with the memory function turned off.
the resin used to extrude pipes. Mechanically there will be no
issues on strength of the joint, only the appearance of the weld. HPF is a non-bead forming weld process. The inspection on
HPF is simplified since the socket coupling itself covers the
Since outside temperatures and conditions will have some weld. When welding with balloon, the indicator on the side of
effect on bead sizes, there is no formal specification for the size each fitting can identify proper fusion. The plastic indicator will
of the bead. Also, measuring each bead would be time con- push out from the HPF coupling due to the heat from the weld.
suming. During the training process, welding one of each size This device, Figure F-78, much like a turkey timer, indicates
to use as a rough gauge for the project is recommended. These that the fitting has been properly heated. When welding without
sample coupons can be referred to on a regular basis to check balloon, the indicator will not necessarily push out.
welding throughout the project.
The HPF equipment shows the weld count on the screen of
If bead formations do not meet the inspection criteria, they each weld. This number should be logged on the supplied
should be rejected. Consult the operation manual on each tool charts. In addition, the data from each weld can be printed
on how to correct the problem. If problems persist, contact using a standard dot matrix printer. The tracking of the joint on
Asahi /America for assistance. Many times these issues can the pipe, the log, and the tool printout allows quality assurance
be cleared up quickly over the phone, avoiding wasted time to track each weld to ensure welds in the system were con-
and material. Never continue welding if proper fusion cannot ducted properly. In addition, the printout will indicate the
be accomplished. This will only add to problems at a later time. method of welding on each joint, balloon or without balloon.
Limitait ons of Inspection

Following proper weld procedures, in conjunction with
thorough inspection, will lead to a safe and reliable system.
However, a weld cannot be 100% judged by viewing it after
the fusion is complete. Bad welds with obvious problems can
be identified, such as missing beads, small beads, and mis-
alignment, but other problems may not be easily found.
The cold weld is more difficult to identify, and virtually impos-

sible to detect with the naked eye. Two cross-sectional views
of a pipe wall that has been welded are shown in Figure F-79.
Weld 1 is a good fusion joint, while Weld 2 is a cold weld.
Notice in the cold weld there is very little material joined together
in the pipe wall area. The molten material has been forced to
the outer and inner bead and the unheated sections of the pipe
have been forced together in the pipe wall region. In the proper
Weld 1, you can see there is material joined together in the pipe
wall, as well as in the inner and outer beads.
Figure F-78. HPF indicator
Other techniques employed with HPF to ensure proper insertion

depth is the marking of the depth. When setting a component F
into the clamp and centering it, mark the side of the compo-
nent up tight against the clamp. This mark will allow inspectors
to verify the pipe was properly installed into the clamp after the
weld is completed. The distance of the mark to the side of the
coupling will be identical for each dimensional size. Marks that
are too close or too far to the coupling should be rejected.
Most problems with HPF come from not carefully inserting the
fitting and centering it into the coupling. Since the process is
controlled with bar coding the parameters and computer con-
trol of the heating and cooling, the welding process itself is
extremely reliable. The proper set up is the main variable that
is the responsibility of the operator. Weld 1– Standard IR joint Weld 2 – Cold weld
Figure F-79. Cross-sectional iv ew of pipe a

w ll iw h
t e
w ld
Bubbles in h
t e Joint
In the fusion process, it is possible to find tiny bubbles trapped The problem with inspecting a cold weld is that the outer bead
in the welded region. This may be most noticeable with PVDF, is the same as a good joint. In Figure F-79, the top bead repre-
for its clear nature allows it to be visible. These bubbles are a sents the outer look of the weld. It can be seen very clearly that
common occurrence in non-contact butt fusion, but can also both welds look the same according to the bead formation.
be present in conventional butt-fusion systems. The bubbles
are from one of two sources: either air has been trapped in the Since the occurrence of a cold weld is difficult to find and
weld during the joining process, or small vacuums appear due inspect, it is important to use proper welding procedures when
to material shrinkage during the cooling down time. In either joining the material. The issue of inspecting and avoiding a cold
case, the bubbles are not an area of concern and there is no weld is no different than a PVC joint that has not been primed
specification for the size of a bubble that would cause a joint prior to cementing. You cannot always tell after the weld is
failure. The combination of the welding parameters and the made, but if you correctly follow procedures it will not occur.
melt flow index of the Solef PVDF resin help to ensure against Cold welds can be avoided with the following operating tech-
tiny bubbles affecting the quality of the joint. niques on all butt fusion and socket fusion equipment.
• Ensure proper heating element temperature throughout
the project.
• Use the correct welding parameters by pipe size, wall
thickness, and material.
F-39
• Do not delay between removal of heating element and Table F-12. PVDF Support Spacing Recommendation (feet)
joining of material. Nominal 68° F 86° F 104° F 122° F 140° F 158° F 176° F
• Do not slam material together after heating. Material Size (inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
1/2 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
should be joined quickly, but the pressure build up
3/4 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0
should be smooth and even.
1 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5
• Do not join components together above the joining force. 11/2 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
2 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
Step 8. Hanging 21/2 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0
3 5.5 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5
Hanging any thermoplastic system is not that much different
4 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
than hanging a metal system. Typically, the spacing between
6 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5
hangers is shorter due to the flexibility of plastic. In addition, 8 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 5.0
the type of hanger is important. 10 8.5 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5
12 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.0
provided in Tables F-12 thru F-14 . Since thermoplastics mate- Table F-13. Polypropylene SDR II Support Spacing Recommendation (ft)
rials vary in strength and rigidity, it is important to select hang-
Nominal 68° F 86° F 104° F 122° F 140° F 158° F 176° F
ing distances based on the material you are hanging. Also, Size (inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
operating conditions must be considered. If the pipe is oper- 1/2 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
ated at a higher temperature, the amount of hangers will 3/4 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0
generally be increased. 1 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5
11/2 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Finally, if the system is exposed to thermal cycling, the place- 2 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
ment of hangers, guides, and anchors is critical. In these cases, 21/2 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0
F the hanger locations should be identified by the system engi- 3
4
5.5
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
neer and laid out to allow for expansion and contraction of the
6 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5
pipe over its life of operation.
8 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 5.0
10 8.5 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5
When selecting hangers for a system, it is important to avoid 12 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.0
using a hanger that will place a pinpoint load on the pipe when 14 10.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.5
tightened. For example, a U-bolt hanger is not recommended 16 10.5 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5
for thermoplastic piping systems. See Figures F-80 and F-81. 18 11.5 10.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0
Pressure Table F-14. E-CTFE Support Spacing Recommendation (feet)

Point
Nominal 68° F 248° F
Size (inches) 20° C 140° C
1 3.60 2.50
2 5.00 3.00
3 5.75 3.75
4 6.00 4.00
Notes:
1. Supports must be spaced according to the highest possible
Pressure
temperature the pipes will encounter even if the extreme condition
Point
is only temporary.
2. Support spacing is based on a liquid with a specific gravity of 1.0.
Figure F-80. Effects of U-bolt on pipe – not recommended Spacing should be reduced by 10% for liquids having 1.5 specific
gravity, 15% for 2.0 s.g., and 20% for 2.5 s.g.
Figure F-81. Recommended hanger
Hangers that secure the pipe 360° around the pipe are pre-
ferred. Thermoplastic clamps are also recommended over
Pipe
metal clamps as they are less likely to scratch the pipe in Depth
the event of movement. If metal clamps are specified for the Backfill
85% Proctor 9"
project, they should be inspected for rough edges that could
damage the pipe. Ideally, if a metal clamp is being used, an Sand
9"
elastomeric material should be used in between the pipe and 95% Proctor
are less tolerant to scratching. For more details on hanging Pea Gravel 6"
Asahi /America systems, consult Section C, Engineering Theory 6"
6"
Step 9. Trenching and Burial Figure F-82. Trench detail

Proper trenching and burial of a pipe system requires engineer-
ing prior to an installation. Section C provides a comprehensive Welding in a trench should also be preplanned. It is common
guide to burial calculations load tolerance of thermoplastic that all welding is done above ground, and then, the welded
pipe. This information should be supplied and be specified components are all lowered into the trench. In many instances
prior to installation. Refer to Asahi /America’s manual for the it may be necessary to weld in the trench. For conducting
burial calculations. welds in a trench it is important to allocate space for the
machine as it will be wider than the pipe itself. Widening the
For installation purposes, it is important to look at several trench may be required to accommodate the machine.
factors as the installer of underground piping.
• Soil conditions should match that of the specifica-
Step 10. Syse
t m Testing
tion and/or drawings.
• Tr enches should be dug according to plan.
Prior to pressure testing, the system shall be examined for the
following items:
F
• Pipe should be surrounded by specified soil type 1. Pipe should be completed per drawing layout with all pipe
and compaction. and valve supports in place.
• Accommodations for welding in the trench should 2. Pipe, valves, and equipment should be supported as
be made. specified, without any concentrated loads on system.
• Safety issues of being in a trench should always 3. Pipe should be in good condition, void of any cracks,
be observed. scratches, or deformation.
4. Pipe flanges should be properly aligned. All flange bolts
For each underground installation, burial designs will specify should be checked for correct torques.
depth of trench and width of trench. The wider the trench, the
5. All joints should be reviewed for appropriate welding
more load the pipe will see upon compaction. Therefore, it is
technique. See Weld Inspection, Step 7.
important to follow trench design closely to avoid excess load
on the pipe. In addition to the trench details, the type of soil
If any deficiencies appear, the quality control engineer should
becomes important. Different types of soils have differing
provide directions/repair.
densities and will create differing loads on the buried pipe.
If the soil does not match that of the design, it needs to be
rechecked or different fill may be required.
The surrounding material of the pipe is also important. Items

such as large rocks may cause pinpoint loads on the pipe that
could eventually damage the pipe. Figure F-82 depicts a rec-
ommended cross section of a trench and proper fill material
and compaction.
F-41
Pressure Test Step 11. Repair Procedures

Test fluid should be water. In all cases, tests must be done If a leak is found or an addition is required to an existing sys-
hydrostatically. Air is not acceptable. tem, there are several options on how to make the repair. In
1. Filling the system: Open the valves and vents to purge the most systems, socket or butt fusion, there is a requirement for
system of any air. Slowly inject the water into the system, pipe movement when making a weld. To conduct a butt or IR
making sure that air does not become trapped in the system. weld, one side of the tool moves in order to accommodate the
planer, the heating element, and the final joining force. In a
2. Begin pressurizing the system in increments of 10 psi. Bring
repair procedure, the need for movement of the existing pipe
the system up to the test pressure and hold. Allow system
makes for the simplest repair.
to hold pressure for a minimum of two hours and up to a
recommended 12 hours. Check pressure gauge after one
hour. Due to natural creep effects in plastic piping, the pres- Flexible Pipe Syse
t m
sure may have decreased. If drop is less than 10 psi, pump If the pipe is in an area where it can be moved, standard butt
the pressure back up. At this time, the system may be fully fusion or socket fusion equipment can be used.
pressurized to desired test pressure. 1. Cut out the section in need of repair. It is best to conduct
3. If after one hour the pressure has decreased more than new tie-in welds on straight runs of pipe for easier alignment.
10%, consider the test a failure. Note the 10% value may 2. If several welds are required, prefab a spool piece on a
need to be greater for larger systems. Also, note that Step 2 bench and conduct only a few tie-in welds in the pipe rack.
may need to be conducted several times if there are signifi-
3. Attach the tool to the existing pipe and properly support the
cant thermal changes.
machine to avoid sagging or stressing the pipe.
4. If the pressure drops less than 10% after one hour, pump
4. Conduct standard butt-fusion weld per operating procedures.
the pressure back up to the test pressure. This is normal
It may be necessary to flex the existing pipe out of the way
due to creep. If after two hours the pressure does not drop,
of existing pipe.
F consider the test a success.
5. Conduct final weld using the flexible side of the pipe
5. Test is to be witnessed by the quality control engineer, and system in the moving clamp.
be certified by the contractor.
6. Obvious leaks can be found by emptying the system and
placing a 5 psi charge of clean, dry nitrogen on the system.
Each joint should then be individually checked using a
soapy water solution or an ultrasonic leak detection gun.
Leak detection guns are available from Asahi /America. L
Consult factor for usage of U.S. leak detection guns. Some
limitations do apply.
First Tie In
Second Tie In
Figure F-83. Ultrasonic leak detection gun

L
Figure F-86. But e

w ld spool o
Non-Flexible Pipe Syse

t m
Depending on the size and material, repairs can also be made
to systems without any movement. For Purad PVDF systems
L
in sizes 1/2"– 2", HPF welds can be conducted in place with
minimal need for movement. In polypropylene in sizes 1/2"– 9",
electro-fusion welds can be accomplished.
1. Remove the damaged section of piping. For easier align-
ment, conduct new tie-in welds on straight runs of pipe.
2. If several welds are required, prefab a spool piece on a bench
setup and conduct only a few tie-in welds in the pipe rack.
3. Using either the large or the small alignment rack, fix two
wide clamps to the existing pipe line and to the new spool Slide to HPF Coupling
Position
piece. Make sure all components are level and properly
supported.
Figure F-88. Slide second coupling into place and
4. Plane the ends perfectly square. It is recommended to pre-
conduct first e
w ld at joint seam
plane both ends of the spool and both ends of the existing
pipe line at this point. It is also necessary to slide the sec-
ond coupling onto the spool at this point to avoid difficulty
of placing it on the pipe after one weld is complete. For
polypropylene, planing is recommended but not required,
as long as cuts are straight and square. L
5. Slide the coupling into place using the third wide clamp and
center the existing pipe in the clamp using the mechanical Figure F-89. Conduct final e
w ld
F
stop. Now bring the spool piece into the clamp until it is up
tight against the existing pipe line. For polypropylene, only
one clamp is necessary.
6. Conduct the weld per procedure for the equipment.
7. Measure the thickness of the coupling. Take half of the
thickness and mark this distance from the end of the pipe.
This mark identifies the location of the end of the coupling
and helps to center the coupling on the two final compo-
nents to be joined. Lock in place using the wide clamp.8.
Conduct the final weld according to procedure.
F-43
For systems where electro fusion is not available, and there is

no flex for movement of the existing pipe in the region of the
damaged pipe, the repair can be done using flanges or unions.
1. Remove the section to be repaired.
2. Weld flanges or unions on both ends of the existing piping.
3. Measure the distance from face to face and build a spool
to fit into place.
L
F
Figure F-91. Weld flanges or n
u ions into place
Figure F-92. Place spool into place
DOUBLE WALL SYSTEMS INSTALLATION PRACTICES
DOUBLE WALL SYSTEMS When welding outside, several factors have to be considered.
It is always important not to weld in the rain. Rain will damage
Installing any piping system properly requires preplanning. The equipment and improperly influence the weld. For rainy days,
installation is more than the welding of components. It requires a shelter or tent should be constructed over equipment. In
the proper environment, material inventory, welding equipment, addition to rain, high winds and cold temperatures, below
tools, and thorough training. This guide is to assist in the plan- 40° F, will negatively influence the welding process. If these
ning and installation of a double wall pipe system either in a conditions are not avoidable, a heated tent structure is recom-
pipe rack or trench. mended. For specific recommendations by tool type, consult
the Asahi /America Engineering Department.
This guide will concentrate on Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok systems,
as produced and supplied by Asahi /America, Inc. Duo-Pro and When conducting field welds in a pipe rack or in a trench,
Fluid-Lok systems are similar with only a few minor exceptions. it is important to have the location of the weld well planned.
Both systems are highly engineered systems, fabricated from Vertical welds in any location will prove difficult to conduct
single wall components to provide the widest variety of selec- and should be avoided. The field weld that connects up prefab-
tion and performance for all circumstances. By the time a Duo- ricated spool pieces should be a pipe-to-pipe weld whenever
Pro system arrives on site, most of the engineering and design possible. Pipe-to-pipe welds are easier to align and level, mak-
layout work should have been completed. ing the weld easier to conduct in possibly tight quarters.
Covered in this guide are the steps to plan and complete a suc- In all field welds, in the rack or in a trench, it is important to
cessful installation. have ample room for welding equipment and to choose the
Step 1. Welding Environment proper welding equipment. In some underground installations,
Step 2. Tool Selection it may be necessary to increase the width of the trench in weld
Step 3. Material Handling locations. Many underground systems are welded above ground
and then lowered down into the trench to avoid placing equip-
ment in narrow trenches. The same is true in crowded pipe F
racks. Many times it will prove more efficient to prefab spools
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng and use flanges or unions to connect them together in the pipe
Step 7. Weld Preparation rack. Consult Asahi /America for the design and use of a double
Step 8. Weld Inspection contained flange.
Step 9. Hanging
Step 10. Trenching and Burial Step 2. Tool Selection
Step 11. Syse t m Testing The selection of the type of welding method conducted on a
double wall industrial piping project should be based on the
following criteria:
Step 1. Welding Environment • M aterial
• Sizes to be installed
Asahi /America does not set requirements for proper welding
environments. As the installer, it is necessary to choose the • W elding location
environment based on the installation type, timing or quality • T ype of installation
goal. In most systems, pipe is either going into a pipe rack, • Similar to dissimilar material
beneath a floor or wall, or buried underground. In all these • A vailable expertise
always be the most convenient location for welding. In fact, For assembling double containment piping systems made from
in most cases, it is preferable to prefabricate spool piece com- PVDF, PP, E-CTFE, and HDPE, there are many choices of equip-
ponents and conduct final welds or hook-up in the pipe rack. ment available, each having its advantages and disadvantages.
On all Asahi /America’s standard double wall containment sys-
If possible, set up a welding area to build the spool pieces. The tems, butt fusion is the only joining system offered due to its
weld area should be situated in an area that has reduced expo- ideal functionality in this application. Tables F-15 and F-16 con-
sure to wind, possible rain, and extreme cold temperatures. tain data on available welding equipment. There is no one right
Building spool pieces inside a weld shop may prove advanta- piece of equipment that can handle all sizes and materials. It is
geous. A fairly controlled environment and organized work absolutely critical to have the right equipment on site for proper
space will improve efficiency and quality of the system to be installation.
installed.
Not all welding can be conducted in a shop and eventually field

welds will need to be done. Some systems will be installed
completely outside, with all the welds perhaps conducted
in place.
F-45
INSTALLATION PRACTICES DOUBLE WALL SYSTEMS
Table F-15. Equipment Selection: Simultaneous Fusion

Description Pro 150 x 150 Pro 150 x 45 Pro 45 x 45 PVDF x PVDF HDPE SDR 11 x 11 HDPE SDR 11 x 17 HDPE SDR 17 x 17
Shop 4 1 x 3: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 1 x 3: A 1 x 3: A 1 x 3: A 1 x 3: A
Miniplast 2 x 4: A — — 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A
2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A
3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A
Shop 12
4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B
6 x 10: X 6 x 10: B 6 x 10: B 6 x 10: B 6 x 10: X 6 x 10: X 6 x 10: x
2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A 2 x 4: A
Field 6
3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A
3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A 3 x 6: A
4 x 8: A 4 x 8: A 4 x 8: A 4 x 8: A 4 x 8: A 4 x 8: A 4 x 8: A
Field 12
6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A
8 x 12: B 8 x 12: A 8 x 12: B — 8 x 12: B 8 x 12: B 8 x 12: B
4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B — 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B 4 x 8: B
6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A — 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A 6 x 10: A
8 x 12: A 8 x 12: A 8 x 12: A — 8 x 12: A 8 x 12: A 8 x 12: A
Field 20 10 x 14: A 10 x 14: A 10 x 14: A — 10 x 14: A 10 x 14 A 10 x 14: A
12 x 16: A 12 x 16: A 12 x 16: A — 12 x 16: A 12 x 16: A 12 x 16: A
— 14 x 18: A 14 x 18: A — — 14 x 18: A 14 x 18: A
— 16 x 20: A 16 x 20: A — — 16 x 20: A 16 x 20: A
X X X X 1x3 A 1x3 A —
X X X X 1x4 A 1x4 A —
MacElroy 1-4
X X X X 1.5 x 4 A 1.5 x 4 A —
F X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2x4
2x4
A
A
2x4
2x4
A
A
—
—
MacElroy 2-8 X X X X 3x6 A 3x6 A 3x6 A
X X X X 4x8 A 4x8 A 4x8 A
X X X X 4x8 A 4x8 A 4x8 A
MacElroy 4-12 X X X X 6 x 10 A 6 x 10 A 6 x 10 A
X X X X 8 x 12 A 8 x 12 A 8 x 12 A
X X X X 6 x 10 A 6 x 10 A 6 x 10 A
X X X X 8 x 12 A 8 x 12 A 8 x 12 A
MacElroy 6-18
X X X X 10 x 14 or 10 x 16 A 10 x 14 or 10 x 16 A 10 x 14 or 10 x 16 A
X X X X 8 x 12 B 8 x 12 B 8 x 12 B
X X X X 10 x 14 or 10 x 16 B 10 x 14 or 10 x 16 B 10 x 14 or 10 x 16 B
MacElroy 8-24
X X X X 18 x 24 A 18 x 24 A 18 x 24 A
A: Recommended. B: Will work, but a better choice is available. X: Not recommended.
Table F-16. Equipment Selection: Staggered Welding
Description Pro 150 x 150 Pro 150 x 45 Pro 45 x 45 PVDF x Pro 150 PVDF x Pro 45 PVDF x PVDF
1x4 Shop 4 Shop 4 DNA Shop 4 DNA Shop 4
Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10
2x4 Shop 4 Shop 4 DNA Shop 4 Shop 4 Shop 4
Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10
3x6 Shop 10 Shop 10 DNA Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10
4x8 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10 Shop 10
6 x 10 Shop 10 carrier Shop 10 carrier Shop 10 carrier Shop 10 carrier Shop 10 carrier Shop 10 carrier
Field 12 Field 12 Field 12 Field
Field12 12Field
Field1212 Field 12
containment containment containment containment containment containment
Field12 12Field
Field1212 Field 12
Field12 12Field
Field1212 Field 12
Step 3. Material Handling Both of these can be conducted on site during the time of the
When pipe, fittings, and fabrications arrive on site, they should start-up. The depth of training in a double containment piping
be inspected to ensure the proper components have arrived system is based on the system type to be installed. Systems
and no damage has occurred during shipment. Asahi /America that require staggered fusion are more involved to install and
goes to great lengths to ensure that pipe and fittings are prop- may require the operation of different equipment.
erly packaged for shipment. If damage occurs, the freight com-
pany should be notified immediately. In addition to the above on-site training, Asahi /America also
offers courses that are held at the corporate office for the fol-
Preferably, pipe should be stored inside or in a trailer. Care lowing topics:
should be taken to properly support pipe during storage. Use • Certified Maintenance and Repair
the hanging criteria for the proper support distance. Pipe can • Certified Trainer (prerequisites apply)
be stacked during storage. Heavier pipes of larger dimensions
should be stored at the bottom. However, it may prove more Consult with Asahi /America’s Engineering Department for
practical to segregate by size for easier access during the dates and availability of corporate programs.
project. Pipe should not be stored above the recommended
maximum height of 4 feet. During the on-site training process, Asahi /America certified
trainers will set recommendations for the class size based on
If material is stored outside, it is preferable to cover with a tarp the tool type. In general, groups of four are recommended for
in case of rain. PVDF is UV resistant, but polypropylene will the welding operation portion of the training. Typically, two
degrade over time when exposed directly to UV. Depending groups can be certified in one day on the welding portion of the
on the size of the pipe and the wall thickness, it could cause seminar. On simple installations, it may be faster; and on more
physical damage that could reduce the allowable pressure rat- complex installations, it may be longer. To reduce the distrac-
ing. In all cases, the UV will cause a color change over time tion within the class, it is important that only personnel who will
that may not be acceptable for aesthetic reasons. In general,
covering polypropylene during storage is recommended.
be conducting the weld operation during the project participate
in the training. It is also recommended that if a third party QC
F
is to be used that they also attend the full training course to
Fittings are best kept in their boxes or bags, as they are ship- fully understand the welding process and QC parameters.
ped in separate containers by size, style, and material. This will
allow for simplified picking and inventory control throughout the Preparation
project.
To best use training time, preparation should be made prior to
the trainers’ arrival on site. A recommended list of preparations
Step 4. Training and Preparation follows.
A double containment system is a critical utility within a plant.
• Ensure that project material is on site. It is not critical to
It is often under flooring or underground where it is not easily
have all material, but enough to start the project. Once
accessible. In addition, double containment systems also are
in overhead piping and provide additional needed safety for
see the beginning portion of the installation. Many times
plant personnel from a leak in a hazardous chemical system.
A repair to a system can prove difficult and costly. One bad
installation starts. In addition, if there is a significant
weld can cause hours of repair and frustration, as well as lost
period of time between the training and actual installa-
revenue. For these reasons, it is critical to receive training at
tion, operators may forget portions of the training or
the time of job start-up and use certified personnel throughout
different operators may now be slated for the welding
the course of a project.
operation. Both scenarios require additional training.
Tool operation is only one of several factors in a thorough • Ensure required tools are on site. Do not open the tools
training course. Operators, inspectors, and managers need to until a certified trainer is present. If more tools are
understand the physical nature of the material, how to properly ordered during a project, this is no longer required
handle it, how to inspect welds, how to identify potential prob- as proper unpacking and set up of the equipment
lems, how to properly maintain equipment and finally, how best is covered in the training process.
to tie into a line and test it. • Ensure that the correct power is available. Many pieces
During Asahi /America’s certified training sessions, all of the power supply. Consult with the factory or distributor
above topics are discussed. For the installation of a double con- at the time of tool ordering.
tainment system, the following training sessions are available: • If possible, have a conference room with an overhead
• T ool Operator Training projector available for the classroom portion of the
• Quality Control Inspection training. If this is not available, select an area where all
personnel will be able to see and hear the trainer for this
portion of the discussion.
F-47
• Ensure that pipe samples are available for the training In most sizes, band saws, vertical or horizontal, will work very
session. Asahi /America does not normally provide sam- well for plastic. Since plastic pipes can have a very heavy wall
ples for the training. thickness, it is important to travel slowly through the band saw
• Ensure extra components such as welding rod, support to avoid the blade from bending and creating an angled cut.
discs, and hot air welders are ordered and available at For smaller pipe sizes and Poly-Flo pipes up to 2 x 3, a circular
the time of training. Such components.will be required blade chop saw will also provide neat and accurate cuts. A
throughout the project. miter box chop saw is also very useful if angled welds are to
be done in the field.
Formal training can be the key factor in starting a project off in
the right direction. Take advantage of this service while on site. If only manual saws are available, a hack saw will certainly cut
Asahi /America also offers field technicians for hire to oversee through small dimensions, but avoid using a fine blade as it will
project welding and training for any specified amount of time. take considerable time. In addition, reciprocating saws are
Contact the Asahi /America Engineering Department for more generally not the best choice as the blades are only long
information. enough to cut one wall at a time. If too fine of a blade is used,
the material will become hot and can fuse itself back together
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks partially behind the blade travel.
Checking equipment and welding technique daily is recom-
Step 7. Weld Preparation
mended. This is particularly important on larger projects where
there are many welders on site. This daily check will allow QA The type of material and system will dictate welding method
to ensure all welders are up to speed on tool operation, welding and tool selection. One important factor in welding a Duo-Pro
technique, and inspection. Most problems in the field occur or Fluid-Lok system is the alignment of the support discs.
due to improper usage of equipment, rather than equipment To allow the pulling of cable, it is necessary to have the disc
failure. openings aligned at the pipe bottom.
F Welds
During the initial training of the project, many welds are pro-
duced in the presence of a qualified trainer. These welds
should be kept and used for the daily checks. Each welder
should conduct one coupon test weld and submit it to QA.
Conducting preventive maintenance to the equipment at

the beginning of each day is also required. The maintenance
Align cutouts at bottom of pipe
recommended varies on each weld tool type. Consult the
Operation Manual for items to be checked daily.
Figure F-93. Support disc alignment
ing all operators are up to speed, tool problems or welding In a Poly-Flo system, it is important to rotate the pipe ribs.
errors are less likely to occur. Since a Poly-Flo system cannot accommodate leak detection
cable, rotating the ribs is recommended to allow a possible
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng leak to make its path to the bottom annular space.
Cutting plastic pipe can be handled in a variety of methods. In The cold weld is more difficult to identify, and virtually impos-
small dimensions, 1/2" through 4", roll wheel pipe cutters are sible to detect with the naked eye. Two cross-sectional views
commonly available and work well. These types of cutters are of a pipe wall that has been welded are shown in Figure F-79.
similar to a tube cutter, but only larger. When using a roll cutter Weld 1 is a good fusion joint, while Weld 2 is a cold weld.
on PP or PE, it is important to ensure the wheel has a larger Notice in the cold weld there is very little material joined
radius than the wall thickness of the pipe so it will cut all the together in the pipe wall area. The molten material has been
way through. A roll cutter will only cut single wall pipe. It can forced to the outer and inner bead, and the unheated sections
be used to cut the inner and outer pipe separately, but if a pipe of the pipe have been forced together in the pipe wall region.
is already fabricated into a double contained configuration, a In the proper Weld 1, you can see there is material joined
roll cutter cannot be used. Poly-Flo systems cannot be cut together in the pipe wall, as well as in the inner and outer beads.
using a roll cutter.
Step 8. Weld Inspection Butt-fusion beads will vary in size and a little in shape with dif-
ferent materials. In general, PP and HDPE will have larger bead
formations in comparison to PVDF. With PP and HDPE, there
dard inspection process is recommended on each project. This
will be a pronounced double-bead formation that will be simple
quality assurance measure can be conducted by a third party
to identify. With PVDF, there will also be a double-bead forma-
QC or can be done by each individual operator after each weld.
tion, but not as pronounced. The material will appear to flow
A recommended inspection report for recording quality assur-
more together, making what appears to be one single weld.
ance on each weld is attached to the end of Section F. Use the
However, upon examination, you will always see the seam
recommendation of this weld inspection guide in conjunction
where the components were joined. In addition, when butt
with the equipment manual to achieve the best project results.
welding PVDF pipe to fittings, the fitting bead will be larger than
the pipe bead. This is normal as the resin used to produce
To inspect butt-fusion joints, the inspector should look for the
PVDF fittings flows at a higher rate when melted compared to
following characteristics on each weld.
the resin used to extrude pipes. Mechanically, there will be no
• W elds should have two beads that are 360° around issues on strength of the joint, only the appearance of the weld.
the pipe.
• Beads should be of consistent height and width. Since outside temperatures and conditions will have some
• Beads should have a rounded shape. effect on bead sizes, there is no formal specification for the
• Beads should be free of burrs or foreign material. size of the bead. Also, measuring each bead would be time
• A bead on either side should not reduce greatly consuming. During the training process, welding one of each
in width or disappear. size to use as a rough gauge for the project may prove useful.
These sample coupons can be referred to on a regular basis to
• Components welded should be properly aligned
check welding throughout the project.
and cannot be misaligned by more than 10% of
the wall thickness.
If bead formations do not meet the inspection criteria, they
should be rejected. Consult the operation manual for each tool F
When welding the inner and outer pipe and fitting simultane-
on how to correct the problem. If problems persist, contact
ously, the outer bead will provide an accurate depiction of the
Asahi /America for assistance. Many times these issues can
inner weld. If the outer pipe appears improperly aligned, the
be cleared up quickly over the phone, avoiding waste in time
inner pipe will also be out of alignment. For simultaneous
and material. Never continue welding if proper fusion cannot
fusion, it is necessary to ensure the carrier component is flush
be accomplished. This will only add to problems at a later time.
in length with the containment component. Check on each part
with a straight edge after the planing and prior to the heating
step of welding. Other methods include marking the ends of Limitait ons of Inspection
the carrier in four locations 90° apart prior to planing. If planing Following proper weld procedures in conjunction with a thor-
on the containment pipe is complete and all the original marks ough inspection process will lead to a safe and reliable system.
on the carrier have been removed by the planer, then both However, a weld cannot be 100% judged by viewing it after the
parts are flush. fusion is complete. Bad welds with obvious problems can be
identified, such as missing beads, small beads, and misalign-
Figure F-94 shows a detail of a standard butt-fusion bead ment, but other problems may not be easily found.
formation.
A cold weld occurs when an operator either maintains too high
Butt Fusion Weld Beads a force during the heat soak time or joins the material together
Support Disk
at too high a force. Molten material is then pushed to the outer
bead and cooler material is forced together inside the weld.
Figure F-94. Typical bu-t fusion e

w ld bead
F-49
The problem with inspecting a cold weld is the outer bead is When selecting hangers for a system, it is important to avoid
the same as a good joint. Since the occurrence of a cold weld using a hanger that will place a pinpoint load on the pipe when
is difficult to find and inspect, it is important to use proper tightened. For example, a U-bolt hanger is not acceptable for
welding procedures when joining the material. The issue of high-purity thermoplastic piping systems. See Figures F-95
inspecting and avoiding a cold weld is no different than a PVC and F-96.
joint that has not been primed prior to cementing. You cannot
Pressure
tell after the weld is made, but if you correctly follow proce- Point
dures, it will not occur. Cold welds can be avoided with the
following operating techniques on all butt fusion and socket
fusion equipment.
the project.
Pressure
• Do not delay between removal of heating element and Point
joining of material.
• Do not slam material together after heating. Material Figure F-95. Effects of U-bolt on pipe – not recommended
should be joined quickly, but the pressure build up
• Do not join components together above the joining force.
Step 9. Hanging
F Hanging any thermoplastic double wall system is not that much
different than hanging a metal system. Typically, the spacing
between hangers is shorter due to the flexibility of plastic. In
addition, the type of hanger is important.

Figure F-96. Recommended hanger
provided in Appendix A. Since thermoplastic materials vary in
strength and rigidity, it is important to select hanging distances
Hangers that secure the pipe 360° around the pipe are pre-
based on the material you are hanging. Also, operating condi-
tions must be considered. If the pipe is operated at a higher
metal clamps, as they are less likely to scratch the pipe in
temperature, the amount of hangers will generally be increased.
the event of movement. If metal clamps are specified for the
Finally, if the system is exposed to thermal cycling, the place-
project, they should be inspected for rough edges that could
ment of hangers, guides, and anchors is critical In these cases.
The hanger locations should be identified by the system engi-
elastomeric material should be used in between the pipe and
are less tolerant to scratching.
Step 10. Trenching and Burial Welding in a trench should also be preplanned. It is common
Proper trenching and burial of a pipe system requires engineer- that all welding is done above ground, and then, the welded
ing prior to an installation. Asahi /America’s Engineering Manual components are all lowered into the trench. In many instances
(Section C) provides a comprehensive guide to burial calcula- it may be necessary to weld in the trench. For conducting
tions load tolerance of thermoplastic pipe. This information welds in a trench, it is important to allocate space for the
should be supplied and be specified prior to installation. Refer machine as it will be wider than the pipe itself. Widening of
to Asahi /America’s manual for the burial calculations. the trench may be required to accommodate the machine.
For installation purposes, it is important to look at several fac- Step 11. Syse
t m Testing
tors as the installer of underground piping. Procedures for testing installed sections of Duo-Pro systems
• Soil conditions should match that of the specification must take into account factors affecting both carrier and con-
and/or drawings. tainment pipes. Basic recommendations may be given, but a
comprehensive testing program should be developed for each
• Tr enches should be dug according to plan.
and every system design. The program should be developed
• Pipe should be surrounded by specified soil type based on the needs and characteristics of the particular sys-
and compaction. tem at hand.
• Accommodations for welding in the trench
should be made. All pressure tests must be conducted prior to backfilling a
• Safety issues of being in a trench should always be buried system.
observed.
Carrier Pipe, Pressure Syse
t m
For each underground installation, burial designs will specify
If the carrier piping is intended for pressure service greater
than 10 feet of head, a hydrostatic pressure test must be
conducted. F
In any hydrostatic pressure test, provisions must be made to
becomes important. Different types of soils have differing
vent all air out of the inner pipe. If necessary, special high-
densities and will create differing loads on the buried pipe.
point vents should be installed to bleed any trapped air. Air
If the soil does not match that of the design, it needs to be
pockets can create a dangerous situation if a cold weld exists
rechecked or different top fill may be required.
and is found during a test. Compressed air pockets can con-
tribute to extensive propagation of fault lines when a failure
occurs. Compressed air or gas should not be used for pressure
such as large rocks may cause pinpoint loads on the pipe that
testing of any carrier pipe in excess of 10 psi.
could eventually damage the pipe. Figure F-97 depicts a rec-
ommended cross section of a trench and proper fill material
Pressure tests should be conducted at a maximum of 150 per-
and compaction.
cent of the operating pressure of the lowest rated component
of the system.
Pipe
Depth
Backfill
85% Proctor 9"
Sand
95% Proctor 9"
Pea Gravel 6"

6"
6"
Figure F-97. Trench detail
F-51
Filling h
t e Syse
t m Carrier Pipe, Drainage Syse t ms
The piping should be capped off at the end of the spool sec- Inner piping that is intended for drainage service (10 feet
tion to be tested and fitted with an adapter to allow tie-in for of head or less) should be tested by implementing a 10-foot
testing. All flanges in the vertical position should be left open standing water test. A 10-foot standing water test consists
at this point. Bleed off air through the relief valves. of welding or attaching in some manner a 10-foot riser to the
upstream (high end) of the system. It is not unusual that there
Introduce water very slowly into the system at the low point. are several high points (branch connections) in a system. It is
In no instance should the water velocity exceed two feet per important that every riser or branch connection be affixed with
second. When the water fills all vertical risers, the flanges can a 10-foot riser in order to ensure that every point in the system
be resealed. The relief valves should be left open until it is cer- will see 10 feet of head. In fact, at the low point, the system
tain that all air is out of the system. will see a pressure equal to 10 feet of head plus the value of
the elevation change. A maximum of 20 feet of head must not
The system can then be brought up to pressure through grad- be exceeded in a drainage system.
ual steps using a hand pump or other similar equipment.
To consider a standing water test acceptable, the water level
Do not use city water pressure to accomplish this step if the after 12 hours should be at a level equal to the level at the start
water pressure in the city mains is greater than the pressure of the test, minus normal evaporation and expansion due to
test to be conducted. temperature fluctuations. Compressed air or gas should not be
used for pressure testing of any carrier pipe in excess of 10 psi.
Conducit ng h
t e Test Containment Pipe, Pressure Syse
t ms
The test should be done in gradual steps of 10 psi for Pro 150/
If outer piping is designed and required to withstand the same
PE 150, 5 psi for Pro 45 / PE 45, or 10 psi for PVDF until the
pressure as the inside piping, then a hydrostatic pressure test
desired pressure is achieved. There will be some gradual drop
F in pressure due to natural creep effects and elongation of the
should be conducted for both inner and outer pipes. This is for
situations where the inner pipe pressure is greater than 10 psi.
pipe wall. Also, there could be some drop occurring due to
It is important to remember that when the annular space is
thermal expansion effects where there are sudden environ-
pressurized during this situation, two pipes are involved. A
mental temperature changes.
plastic pipe is always less capable of withstanding external
pressure than internal pressure. The inner pipe should be kept
After one hour, check the pressure gauge. If there is a
full of water at a pressure equal to the pressure test of the
decrease without an indication of leakage, pump the pressure
outer pipe.
back up to the test pressure. If the total pressure drops more
than 10% after the second pressurization, the test can be
Equal pressure on the carrier and containment is necessary for
considered a failed test. Check the system for leaks or other
the following reasons:
problems. Otherwise, continue the pressure test for a minimum
of two hours up to a recommended duration of 12 hours or as 1. To prevent possible collapse of the inner piping during the
required by local code requirements. test.
2. Both the inner and outer piping will elongate equally,
Cyclic Hydrostait c Testing thus minimizing any differential stress or stress buildup
In critical applications, the inner piping should be tested between the two pipes.
hydrostatically for more than one cycle. To test for more than 3. In the event of a carrier failure, the containment piping
one cycle, do not empty the system and start all over. Instead, must handle the same pressure as the carrier. The inner
drop the system pressure down to below 5 psi, and then raise pipe will continue to pressurize the outer pipe until the
it back in gradual steps of 10 to 20 psi to the desired test two reach an equilibrium.
pressure. Follow the same procedures as described above.
Repeat this procedure for as many cycles as required up to
a maximum recommendation of seven cycles.
Note: Do not su e fabricated drainage fitit ngs in pressurized

syse
t ms h
w ere a pressure over 10 feet of head is required.
Use molded pressure fitit ngs in h
t ese applications.
Filling ht e Syse
t m The standing water test should be conducted in the same
The outer piping can be filled after the inner test is conducted manner as the inside pipes. A riser should be attached to
or at the same time as the inner pipe. The system should be every vertical riser equal to 10 feet, and the system filled with
filled in the exact same way as described for pressurized car- water. The level should be checked after 12-18 hours, and if
rier pipe. no fluid has escaped (minus normal evaporative losses and
expansion due to temperature fluctuation), the test should be
Do not use city water pressure to accomplish this step if the considered successful. It should be noted that the total of the
water pressure in the city mains is greater than the pressure elevational change plus 10 feet should not exceed the sum of
test to be conducted. 20 feet.
In many cases, it is not an advantage to conduct a hydrostatic In order not to trap fluid in the annular space, a low-pressure
test on the annular space, as it is very difficult to dry the space compressed air or nitrogen test (≤10 psi) may be used. Note
after the test. An air test can be used as an alternative. The that if this type of test is used, the carrier inner pipe must be
pressure should be no higher than 10 psi, and extra safety filled with fluid and kept to at least the level of the pressure in
precautions must be made for surrounding personnel. In all the annular space to prevent collapse. If this type of test is used,
cases, the ambient temperature should be above 32° F. The it is required to s“ oap” each joint thoroughly to check for visual
carrier pipe should also be filled with water and pressurized leaks. In addition, the pressure gauge must also be checked
any time a test is conducted on the annular space. after 2-12 hours for indication. Again, any time compressed air
is used, extra safety precautions should be taken. Air tests
Conducit ng h
t e Test should be done at 32° F or higher ambient temperature.
Testing is conducted on the containment in the same manner
as the carrier. The test should be done in gradual steps of Annular Test, Drainage Syse
t ms
10 psi for Pro 150/ PE 150, or 5 psi for Pro 45 / PE 45 until the The purpose of the annular test is to test both the carrier and
desired test pressure is achieved. There will be some gradual containment simultaneously. For low-pressure drainage sys- F
drop in pressure due to natural creep effects and elongation tems, an annular test can be conducted to reduce test time.
of the pipe wall. Also, there could be some drop occurring due This type of test can only be used on drainage systems using
to thermal expansion effects where there are sudden ambient Pro 150 carrier.
changes.
Cap off the carrier and containment pipe, and provide a
After one hour, check the pressure gauge. If there is a decrease pressure gauge on each. Using low-pressure compressed
without an indication of leakage, pump the pressure back up air (≤10 psi), charge the annular space. In a tight system, the
to the test pressure. If the total pressure drops more than 10% containment gauge should read 10 psi (minus losses due to
after this second pressurization, the test can be considered creep), and the carrier gauge should be zero. If there is a leak
a failed test. Check the system for leaks or other problems. In in the containment piping, the containment gauge will begin to
larger systems and pipelines exposed to large changes in tem- drop. If, however, there is a leak in the carrier piping, the inner
perature, it may take several tries to get the pressure to remain piping will become pressurized. See Figure F-98 for typical
constant. Otherwise, continue the pressure test for a minimum test results. Pressure should be maintained on the system
of two hours up to a recommended duration of 12 hours. A for 2-12 hours to ensure against a possible slow leak.
cyclic hydrostatic test as described above for the inner pipes
may be used where appropriate.
10 10
Note: Do not su e fabricated drainage fitit ngs in pressurized 0 10 0 10
0 0
syse
t ms h
w ere a pressure exceeding 10 feet of head is
required. Use molded pressure fitit ngs in h t ese applications.
Containment Pipe, Drainage Syse t ms

Outer piping that is intended for drainage capability (10 feet of
head or less) or that is flowing open ended, should be tested
by implementing a 10-foot standing water test. It should be
noted that the carrier pipe pressure must be maintained equal
to the outer pipe pressure at all points in order that the inner
pipe does not collapse. Pro 45/ PE 45 inside carrier pipe is
(a) Leak Out of Containment Pipe (b) Leak In to Carrier Pipe
common in some large-diameter systems such as drainage
mains. In order to test these systems, special consideration
must be given to ensure that the inner pipe is kept under equal Figure F-98. Annular pressure e
t st leak indications
pressure with the outer pipe.
F-53
Drying ht e Annular Space Step 12. Repair Procedures

If the annular space is contaminated with water due to the test
A properly designed, installed, and maintained double-contain-
procedures or other unforeseen events, it is essential that all
ment piping system will provide years of reliable service. The
moisture be removed thoroughly to minimize condensation that
system, however, should offer the means to perform a repair in
may cause false alarms in leak detection cables and low-point
the event of a mishap, and this repair should be of such quality
sensors. As discussed in Section C, Engineering Theory and
that the operating parameters, pressure, temperature, and
Design Considerations, the installation of properly sized vents
safety factors are not reduced. The Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok
and drains will assist greatly with this process. It may be nec-
systems offer this capability for all pressure ratings with mini-
essary to use Vortek blowers and/or clean dry air to remove
mum disruption to site conditions.
all moisture completely. The greater the number of vents and
drains, the higher the volume of air can be pushed through the
The first step in a repair procedure is to isolate the leak source.
system, thereby decreasing the drying time. As it is extremely
The ease of finding a leak is determined by the leak detection
difficult to remove moisture from the annular space, it may be
method selected at the time of installation. The use of a leak
appropriate to use compressed air (≤10 psi) for testing carrier
detection cable will pinpoint the location of the leak to plus or
and containment pipe where pressure requirements are low.
minus three feet, and is possibly the most efficient system.
Use of compressed air will not contaminate the annular space
The low-point sensors will identify a zone that has been con-
with moisture.
taminated. Further testing methods will be required to locate
the actual leak source. Several methods are available for this,
Locating a Leak including the use of an ultrasonic test gun (Figure F-99), fiber
In the event of a leak in the carrier, the pressure should be optic cameras, and dye solutions. These methods, although
relieved and the water drained to prevent flooding of the annular more time consuming, are viable alternatives to leak detection
space. To determine the location of the leak, Asahi/America has cable.
available ultrasonic leak detection guns, as shown in Figure F-99.
F The gun is capable of hearing disturbances in air flow (vibra-
tion) through the containment wall. To locate the leak, put a
The second step in a repair procedure is to flush the carrier
and containment pipes to remove any hazardous chemicals
compressed air charge on the carrier piping (≤10 psi). Using the that will create safety concerns for the workers doing the
gun, walk the pipe line placing the gun extension against the repairs. The ability to flush the system is determined by the
containment wall. The compressed air escaping through a leak initial design. The installation of high-point vents and low-point
will be heard through the ear phones of the gun, thus locating drains in the containment pipe will provide a safe means to per-
the leak. In many situations, the time required to locate a leak on form the flushing. Attempts to install high-point vents and low-
the carrier pipe using this technology is less than one hour. point drains during repair are costly and potentially dangerous.
To completely weld a system repair, the pipe must be flexible

in movement in the axial direction. If movement is not present,
then a double-wall flange repair may prove convenient. Double-
wall flanges may have reduced pressure ratings. Consult fac-
tory prior to installation.
The third step is to expose the damaged pipe and perform the
repair procedure with one of the following methods.
Figure-99. Ultrasonic leak detection gun
Repairs o
t Syse
t ms iw h
t out Flexibility Repairs o
t Syse
t ms iw h
t Flexibility
Flanged Repairs (similar materials) Bu-t Fusion Repairs (similar materials)
Duo-Pro and Poly-Flo systems offer patented, double-wall The second method of repair is performed without the use of
flanges that permit the flow of fluids through the annular space, flanges but instead, only with thermal butt fusion. The use of
as shown in Figure F-100. (Consult factory for pressure rating.) butt fusion, as the repair procedure requires a larger excavation
due to the requirement that the pipe be able to move at least
Flat Face Flange "O" Ring Flange three inches to perform the weld.
To perform the repair:

1. The damaged section of pipe is removed and the area cleared
to allow the pipe to move in the radial direction. Note that
only one end of the pipe needs this flexibility (Figure F-104).
Figure F-100. Double-wall flange 3'- 6" Minimum
1. The damaged section of pipe is removed first (Figure F-101).
3'- 6" Minimum
Damaged Section Removed
Figure F-104. Remove damaged section of pipe

F
Figure F-101. Remove damaged section of pipe 2. The pipe in the ground is prepared for simultaneous fusion.
2. Plane ends and install supports discs. Next, weld two 3. A spool of pipe is assembled and butt welded to the
flanges onto the exposed pipe ends. stationary pipe.
Weld Weld
Support Disc Support Disc

1st Weld Performed
"O" Ring Flange "O" Ring Flange on Stationary Pipe

Figure F-102. Install double-wall flanges
3. A flanged spool piece is fabricated and installed.
2nd Weld Performed

on Flexible Pipe
Figure F-106. But e

w ld spool o
t remaining pipe
4. The second weld is then performed on the flexible side.
Figure F-103. Install flanged spool 5. The system is then tested and returned to working order.
4. The system is then tested and returned to working order.
For all repair methods, a minimum of 3'- 6" is required to facili-

tate use of welding equipment.
F-55
The repair procedures described above are appropriate for 4. The repair procedure is now the same as for similar
Duo-Pro and Poly-Flo systems when the same material is used materials, as described above.
for the carrier and containment piping. To perform a repair on a
system with a PVDF carrier and a polypropylene containment, There are other repair options available that require the use
the following steps should be followed. of slip couplings, electro-fusion couplings, and use of hot-gas
welding and extrusion welding. These repair options are
adequate for drainage systems only and require well-trained
Repairing PVDF Carrier/Polypropylene Containment technicians to perform the repair. Consult the Asahi /America
(Duo-Pro only) Engineering Department for assistance.
Flanged Repairs (dissimilar materials)

1. The damaged section of pipe is removed and prepared.
6"
F Figure F-107. Remove damaged section of pipe
2. Polypropylene flanges are welded to the containment pipe.
Polypropylene Flange
Welded to Containment Pipe
Figure F-108. Weld polypropylene flanges o

t pipe ends
3. PVDF flanges are bolted to the polypropylene flanges.

Now both the inner and outer piping are similar material.
PVDF Flange Bolted

to Polypropylene
Flange
Pipe Ends
Are Now
Prepared for
Simultaneous
Welding
Figure F-109. Bolt polypropylene flanges o

t PVDF flanges
POLY-FLO SYSTEMS INSTALLATION PRACTICES
POLY-FLO SYSTEMS (DOUBLE WALL) Not all welding can be conducted in a shop and eventually field
Single Exrt s
u ion Poly-Flo Syse
t m completely outside, with all the welds perhaps conducted
Installing any piping system properly requires preplanning. The in place.
installation is more than the welding of components. It requires
the proper environment, material inventory, welding equipment, When welding outside, several factors have to be considered.
tools, and thorough training. This guide is to assist in the plan- It is always important not to weld in the rain. Rain will damage
ning and installation of a Poly-Flo pipe system either in a pipe equipment and improperly influence the weld. For rainy days,
rack or trench. a shelter or tent should be constructed over equipment. In
addition to rain, high winds and cold temperatures, below
This guide will concentrate on the Poly-Flo system, as supplied 40° F, will negatively influence the welding process. If these
by Asahi /America, Inc. The Poly-Flo system is similar to the conditions are not avoidable, a heat tent structure is recom-
Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok systems, with only a few exceptions. mended. For specific recommendations by tool type, consult
The Poly-Flo system is a highly engineered system, manu- the Asahi /America Engineering Department.
factured from a single extrusion process, that will provide an
economical and dependable performance for any double wall When conducting field welds in a pipe rack or in a trench, it is
piping application. By the time a Poly-Flo system arrives on important to have the location of the welding planned. Vertical
site, most of the engineering and design layout work should welds in any location will prove more difficult to conduct and
have been completed. should be avoided. The field weld that connects up prefabricat-
ed spool pieces should be a pipe-to-pipe weld whenever pos-
Asahi /America’s recommendations for project management sible. Pipe-to-pipe welds are easier to align and level, making
follow. the weld easier to conduct in possibly tight quarters.
Step 1. Welding Environment
In all field welds, in the rack or in a trench, it is important to
Step 2. Tool Selection have ample room for welding equipment and to choose the F
Step 3. Material Handling proper welding equipment. In some underground installations,
Step 4. Training and Preparation it may be necessary to increase the width of the trench in
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks weld locations. Many underground systems are welded above
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng ground and then lowered down into the trench to avoid placing
equipment in narrow trenches. The same is true in crowded
pipe racks. Many times it will prove more efficient to prefab
Step 8. Hanging spools and use flanges or unions to connect them together
Step 9. Trenching and Burial in the pipe rack. Consult Asahi /America for the design and
Step 10. Syse
t m Testing use of a double contained flange.
Step 1. Welding Environment The selection of the type of welding method conducted on
Asahi /America does not set requirements for proper welding a single wall industrial piping project should be based on the
environments. As the installer, it is necessary to choose the following criteria:
environment based on the installation type, timing, or quality • M aterial
goal. In most systems, pipe is either going into a pipe rack, • Sizes to be installed
beneath a floor or wall, or buried underground. In all these • W elding location
always be the most convenient location for welding. In fact,
in most cases, it is preferable to prefabricate spool piece com- • A vailable expertise
ponents and conduct final welds or hook-up in the pipe rack.
For assembling Poly-Flo piping systems made from PVDF,
If possible, set up a welding area to build the spool pieces. The PP, and HDPE, there are a few choices of equipment available,
weld area should be situated in an area that has reduced expo- each having its advantages and disadvantages. On all of Asahi /
sure to wind, possible rain, and extremely cold temperatures. America’s Poly-Flo containment systems, butt fusion is the only
Building spool pieces inside a weld shop may prove advanta- joining system offered. Table F-17 gives data on available weld-
geous. A fairly controlled environment and organized work ing equipment. There is no one right piece of equipment that
space will improve efficiency and quality of the system to can handle all sizes and materials. It is absolutely critical to
be installed. have the right equipment on site for proper installation.
Rev. EDG-02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com F-57
INSTALLATION PRACTICES POLY-FLO SYSTEMS
Table F-17. Equipment Selection for Poly-Flo (inches) If the pipe is stacked during storage, the heavier pipes of larger
Description 1x3 2x3 4x6 dimensions should be stored at the bottom. It may, however,
Shop 4 Miniplast X X prove more practical to segregate the pipe by size for easier
Shop 10 and 12 access during the project. Pipe should not be stored above
X X
Manual the recommended maximum height of 4 feet.
Field 6 X X
Field 12 X Fittings are best kept in their boxes or bags, as they are
X = Recommended shipped in separate containers by size, style, and material.
This will allow for simplified picking and inventory control
throughout the project.
Step 3. Material Handling
Shipping Plastic piping should never be subjected to dragging over
The normal method for transportation of Poly-Flo systems is by rugged terrain, as it is able to withstand little mechanical
truck. The pipe is capped or polyethylene wrapped to protect abuse compared to steel. Scarring, cutting, or scratching of
the ends from damage. Unless sizes prohibit, fittings are boxed the surface may cause a stress point that will lower the impact
and palletized according to the order quantities. Prefabricated strength of the piping.
spools can often be shipped by flatbed for easier loading and
unloading. On large pipe orders, pipe may be palletized and Receiving and Inspection
polyethylene wrapped upon request.
Asahi /America piping systems are packaged carefully, inspected,
and loaded according to the methods previously described
Handling and Unloading prior to shipping. In addition, a detailed packing slip is included
Before unloading the truck, a smooth rounded protecting strip with each shipment, listing the quantities of each pipe and fit-
should be placed at the end of the truck bed to protect the ting and any Proweld equipment and valves. Back ordered
F piping from sharp edges on the truck. The use of any device items are also detailed on this packing slip, and are shipped
to remove the pipe that may cause scars, such as end hooks immediately upon availability. The carrier assumes responsi-
or cable slings, is not acceptable. The piping can be handled bility for delivering the product in the same condition in which
with fork lifts by placing the fork lift under the mid-point of the it was loaded on the truck.
piping. If the piping is stacked on racks, care should be taken
to stack the piping to reasonable heights. Stacking to exces- When pipe, fittings and fabrications arrive on site they should
sive heights may cause the piping to become ovalized, if left be inspected to ensure the proper components have arrived
in this condition for a long enough period of time. If the piping and that no damage has occurred during shipment. Asahi /
is placed on the ground, clear the area of any sharp rocks or America goes to great lengths to ensure that pipe and fittings
objects before doing so, and observe maximum stacking are properly packaged for shipment. If damage occurs, the
heights. freight company should be notified immediately.
To maintain the purity of the products prior to installation, Poly- Upon arrival at the job site, the following receiving procedure
Flo pipe should be stored indoors in a site free from excessive is recommended:
dirt and dust. If the products are stored outdoors, they should 1. Check the overall condition of the shipment, paying particu-
be covered with a tarpaulin or other protective covering to lar attention to whether the product is neatly stacked and
avoid any possible damage from the weather. Poly-Flo black material has not shifted, bounced, etc.
polypropylene, PVDF, and HDPE are resistant to almost all of 2. If there is visible evidence that the shipment is in disarray,
the effects of weather. PVDF is completely unaffected by UV check each and every item for damage.
light. HDPE, with its black additive, is resistant to UV light, as
3. If items are damaged, do not discard. These items must
is Poly-Flo black polypropylene.
be returned for replacement.
Care should be taken to properly support pipe during storage. 4. Count quantities of all items to see if they correspond with
When storing the piping in racks, close or continuous support the packing slip. Report any discrepancies immediately.
should be provided by these racks to prevent permanent
deflection of the piping. The piping should not be located near If piping sustains only minor damage, such as small cuts or
excessively warm areas such as boiler rooms or steam lines. gouges, this material may be used without any adverse effect
In addition, if the piping is in an area subjected to temperature on piping performance. Since Poly-Flo pipe are thermally butt
build-up due to the sun’s rays, adequate ventilation should be fused, sections containing the minor imperfections can be cut
provided or an alternate site should be selected. out and the piping re-fused together.
Step 4. Training and Preparation Preparation

Training To best use training time, preparation should be made prior to
the trainers’ arrival on site. A recommended list of preparations
A Poly-Flo system is a critical utility within a plant. It is often follows.
under flooring or underground where it is not easily accessible.
In addition, Poly-Flo systems often are in overhead piping and • Ensure that project material is on site. It is not critical
provide additional needed safety for plant personnel from a to have all material, but enough to start the project.
leak in a hazardous chemical system. A repair to a system can Once training is complete, it is practical for the trainer
prove difficult and costly. One bad weld can cause hours of to oversee the beginning portion of the installation.
repair and frustration, as well as significant lost revenue. For Many times new questions and challenges arise once
these reasons, it is critical to receive training at the time of job the actual installation starts. In addition, if there is a sig-
start-up and use certified personnel throughout the course of nificant period of time between the training and actual
a project. installation, operators may forget portions of the training
or different operators may now be slated for the welding
Tool operation is only one of several factors in a thorough operation. Both scenarios require additional training.
training course. Operators, inspectors, and managers need • Ensure the required tools are on site. Do not open the
to understand the physical nature of the material: how to pro- tools until a certified trainer is present. If more tools are
perly handle it, how to inspect welds, how to identify potential ordered during a project, this is no longer required as
problems, how to properly maintain equipment, and finally, how proper unpacking and set up of the equipment is cov-
best to tie into a line and test it. ered in the training process.
• Ensure that the correct power is available. Some pieces
All of the above topics are discussed during Asahi /America’s of equipment may require 220 Volt single or three phase
certified training sessions. For the installation of a Poly-Flo power supply. Consult with the factory or distributor at
system, the following training sessions are available:
• T ool Operator Training
the time of tool ordering.
• If possible, have a conference room with an overhead
F
• Quality Control Inspection projector available for the classroom portion of the
training. If this is not available, select an area where
Both of these can be conducted on site during the time of the all personnel will be able to see and hear the trainer
start-up. The depth of training in a Poly-Flo piping system is for this portion of the discussion.
based on the pipe size and location of the system to be • Ensure that pipe samples are available for the training
installed. session. Asahi /America does not normally provide
In addition to the above on-site training, Asahi /America also
offers courses that are held at the corporate office for the Formal training can be the key factor in starting a project off in
following topics: the right direction. Take advantage of this service while on site.
• Certified Maintenance and Repair Asahi /America also offers field technicians for hire to oversee
• Certified Trainer (prerequisites apply) project welding and training for any specified amount of time.
Contact Asahi /America for more information.
Consult with Asahi /America’s Engineering Department for
dates and availability of corporate programs.
During the on-site training process, Asahi /America certified Checking equipment and welding technique daily is recom-
trainers will set recommendations for the class size based on mended. This is particularly important on larger projects where
the tool type. In general, groups of four are recommended for there are many welders on site. This daily check will allow QA
the welding operation portion of the training. Typically, two to ensure all welders are up to speed on tool operation, welding
groups can be certified in one day on the welding portion of technique, and inspection. Most problems in the field occur
the seminar. On simple installations, it may be faster; and on due to improper usage of equipment, rather than equipment
more complex installations, it may be longer. To reduce the failure.
distraction within the class, it is important that only personnel
who will be conducting the weld operation during the project During the initial training of the project, many welds are
participate in the training. It is also recommended that if a third produced in the presence of a qualified trainer. These welds
party QC is used, they also attend the full training course to should be kept and used for the daily checks. Each welder
fully understand the welding process and QC parameters. should conduct one coupon test weld and submit it to QA.
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com F-59
Conducting preventive maintenance to the equipment at the • Components welded should be properly aligned and
beginning of each day is required. The maintenance recom- cannot be misaligned by more than 10% of the wall
mended varies on each weld tool type. Consult the Operation thickness.
Manual for items to be checked daily. • Pipe ribs should always be offset, not lined up in a
continuous way, so as to allow any leaking media to
By keeping equipment in good operating condition and ensur- flow to the bottom of the pipe so that it can be detected
ing all operators are up to speed, tool problems or welding by a leak detection system.
errors are less likely to occur.
When correctly welding the inner and outer pipe and fitting
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng simultaneously, the outer bead will provide an accurate
Poly-Flo systems cannot be cut using a roll cutter. In most depiction of the inner weld. If the outer pipe appears to be
sizes, band saws, vertical or horizontal, will work very well for improperly aligned, then the inner pipe will also be out of align-
plastic. Since plastic pipes can have very heavy wall thickness, ment. For simultaneous fusion, it is necessary to ensure that
it is important to travel slowly through the band saw, so as to the carrier component is flush in length with the containment
keep the blade from bending and creating an angled cut. For component. This can be checked on each part with a straight
Poly-Flo pipes up to 2" x 3", a circular blade chop saw will also edge after the planing and prior to the heating step of welding.
provide neat and accurate cuts. A miter box chop saw is also Other methods include marking the ends of the carrier in four
very useful if angled welds are to be done in the field. locations, 90 degrees apart, prior to planing. If planing on the
containment pipe is complete and all the original marks on the
If only manual saws are available, a hack saw will certainly cut carrier have been removed by the planer, it is then known that
through small dimensions, but avoid using a fine blade, as it both parts are flush.
will take considerable time. In addition, reciprocating saws are
generally not the best choice as the blades are generally only Butt-fusion beads will vary in size and a little in shape with dif-
F long enough to cut one wall at a time. If too fine a blade is
used, the material will become quite hot and can fuse itself
ferent materials. In general, PP and HDPE will have larger bead
formations in comparison to PVDF. With PP and HDPE, there
back together partially behind the blade travel. will be a pronounced double-bead formation that will be simple
to identify. With PVDF, there will also be a double bead forma-
When using power saws to cut Poly-Flo pipe, be sure to use tion, but not as pronounced, and the material will appear to flow
a deburring tool or small sharp knife to clean the ends of the more together, making what appears to be one single weld.
inside diameter and outside diameter of both the inner and However, upon examination, you will always see the seam
outer pipe walls. Also, be sure to deburr the ribs of the Poly-Flo where the components were joined. In addition, when welding
pipe. This is done to ensure good pipe wall welds, as well as to PVDF pipe to fittings, the fitting bead will be larger than the
ensure that there is no blockage of the annular space. pipe bead. This is normal, as the resin used to produce PVDF
fittings flows at a higher rate when melted, as compared to the
Step 7. Weld Inspection resin used to extrude pipes. Mechanically, there will not be any
issues on strength of the joint, only the appearance of the weld.
dard inspection process on each project is recommended. This
Since outside temperature and conditions will have some effect
quality assurance measure can be conducted by third party QC
on bead sizes, there is no formal specification for the size of
the bead. Also, measuring each bead would be time consum-
recommended inspection report for recording quality assurance
ing. During the training process, welding one of each size to
on each weld is attached at the end of Section F. Use the rec-
use as a rough gauge for the project is recommended. These
ommendation of this weld inspection guide in conjunction with
sample coupons can be referred to on a regular basis to check
the equipment manual to achieve the best project results.
welding throughout the project.
But Fusion If bead formations do not meet the inspection criteria, they
To inspect butt-fusion joints, the inspector should look for the should be rejected. Consult the operation manual on how to
following characteristics on each weld. correct the problem for each tool. If problems keep occurring,
• W elds should have two beads that are 360° contact Asahi /America for assistance. Many times these issues
around the pipe. can be cleared up quickly over the phone, avoiding waste in
• Beads should be of consistent height and width. time and material.
• Beads should have a rounded shape.
• B eads should be free of burrs or foreign material.
• A bead on either side should not reduce greatly
in width or disappear.
Limitait ons of Inspection In designing above ground Poly-Flo systems, it is important

Following proper weld procedures, in conjunction with a thor- to use adequate support spacings and reliable hangers. In a
ough inspection process, will lead to a safe and reliable system. Poly-Flo system, support spacings are based on containment
However, a weld cannot be 100% judged by viewing it after the piping. The only difference between a double-containment and
fusion is complete. Bad welds with obvious problems can be a single-wall system is the weight per foot will be less than that
identified, such as missing beads, small beads, and misalign- of the single-wall system when filled with fluid. Based on the
ment, but other problems may not be easily found. carrier piping being filled with water and a maximum deflection
of 0.1 inch between supports, Tables F-18 through F-21 will
Cold welds occur when an operator either maintains too high a provide proper support spacings for Poly-Flo systems, by size
force during the heat soak time, or joins the material at too high and material, in inches.
a force. The resulting effect is that molten material is pushed to
the outer bead, and cooler material is forced together. Table F-18. Poly-Flo Support Spacing Recommendations* (feet)
Nominal Size (in) BPP PVDF HDPE

The problem with inspecting a cold weld is the outer bead is
1x2 5.4 5.5 6.75
the same as a good joint. Since the occurrence of a cold weld
2x3 6.5 6.7 8.30
is difficult to find and inspect, it is important to use proper 4x6 9.3 NA 10.00
welding procedures when joining the material. The issue of
inspecting and avoiding a cold weld is no different than a PVC * Support spacing is based on a liquid with a specific gravity of 1.0.
joint that has not been primed prior to cementing. You cannot Correction factors must be used for denser fluids as follows:
tell after the weld is made, but if you correctly follow proce- 0.50 for S.G.=1.25
dures, it will not occur. Cold welds can be avoided with the 0.85 for S.G.=1.50
following operating techniques on all butt-fusion equipment: 0.75 for S.G.=1.75
0.70 for S.G.=2.00.
• Ensure proper heating element temperature throughout Support spacing based on water at 68° F.
the project. Correction factors must be used for elevated temperatures. See Table F-19.
F
• Do not delay between removal of heating element and Table F-19. Poly-Flo Support Spacing Recommendations* (in feet)
joining of material. for BPP with Temperature Correction Factors Included
• Do not slam material together after heating. Material Nominal Size (in) 100° F 140° F 180° F 200° F 240° F 280° F
should be joined quickly, but the pressure build up 1x2 5.10 4.66 4.12 NA NA NA
should be smooth and even. Do not join components 2x3 6.11 5.59 4.94 NA NA NA
4x6 8.77 8.03 7.09 NA NA NA
together above the joining force.
.• If joining force is exceeded during the weld, it is a bad
weld. Do not try to back off of the pressure after the Table F-20. Poly-Flo Support Spacing Recommendations* (in feet)
weld is made, as the exceeding force will have pushed for PVDF with Temperature Correction Factors Included
the weld material out of the joint being made. This can
Nominal Size (in) 100° F 140° F 180° F 200° F 240° F 280° F
cause a cold weld, resulting in a weakened joint.
1x2 4.68 3.91 3.52 2.75 1.65 NA
2x3 5.67 4.73 4.27 3.33 2.00 NA
Step 8. Hanging 4x6 8.08 6.75 6.08 4.75 2.85 NA
Hanging any Poly-Flo system is not that much different than
hanging a metal system. Typically, the spacing between hang-
ers is shorter due to the flexibility of plastic. In addition, the Table F-21. Poly-Flo Support Spacing Recommendations* (in feet)
type of hanger is important. for HDPE with Temperature Correction Factors Included
Nominal Size (in) 100° F 140° F 180° F 200° F 240° F 280° F
Hangers should be placed based on the spacing requirements 1x2 6.41 5.81 NA NA NA NA
provided in Tables F-18 thru F-21. Since thermoplastic materi- 2x3 7.92 7.17 NA NA NA NA
als vary in strength and rigidity, it is important to select hanging 4x6 NA NA NA NA NA NA
distances based on the material you are hanging. Also, operat-
ing conditions must be considered. If the pipe is operated at
a higher temperature, the amount of hangers will generally be
increased. Finally, if the system is exposed to thermal cycling,
the placement of hangers, guides, and anchors is critical. In
these cases, the hanger locations should be identified by the
system engineer and laid out to allow for expansion and con-
traction of the pipe over its life of operation.
When hanging a plastic system, it is important to use hangers

that will not provide pinpoint loads or other unnecessary
Pipe
stresses on the pipe itself. In general, an adequate hanger or Depth
support will have a minimum surface area of one-inch wide Backfill
85% Proctor 9"
supporting the pipe and shall be free of sharp edges and burrs
that will abrade and/or cut the pipe. The support shall also pro- Sand
vide for axial movement with no lateral movement allowed. 95% Proctor 9"
Hangers that wrap around the pipe’s circumference uniformly

or allow the pipe to rest without restraint are recommended. Pea Gravel 6"
U-bolt style hangers are not allowed unless proper shields are 6"
6"
used to prevent point loading.
Hangers that secure the pipe 360° around the pipe are pre- Figure F-110. Trench detail
metal clamps, as they are less likely to scratch the pipe in Welding in a trench should also be preplanned. It is common
the event of movement. If metal clamps are specified for the that all welding is done above ground, and then, the welded
project, they should be inspected for rough edges that could components are all lowered into the trench. In many instances,
damage the pipe. Ideally, if a metal clamp is being used, an it may be necessary to weld in the trench. For conducting
elastomeric material should be used in between the pipe and welds in a trench, it is important to allocate space for the
the clamp. machine, as it will be wider than the pipe itself. Widening
the trench to accommodate the machine may be required.
Step 9. Trenching and Burial
Proper trenching and burial of a pipe system requires engineer- Trench Preparation and Considerations
F ing prior to an installation. Asahi /America’s Engineering Manual The recommended trench width can be found by adding one
(Section C) provides a comprehensive guide to the burial calcu- foot to the width of the pipe to be buried. Larger trench widths
lations load tolerance of thermoplastic pipe. This information can be tolerated, but trench widths greater than the diameter
should be supplied and be specified prior to installation. Refer plus two feet typically produce large loads on the pipe. For
to Asahi /America’s manual for the burial calculations. small diameter pipes (4" and less), smaller trench widths are
suggested. The important point to remember is that the trench
For installation purposes, it is important to look at several fac- width at the top of the conduit is the dimension that determines
tors as the installer of underground piping. the load on the pipe. Therefore, the sides of the trench can be
• Soil conditions should match that of the specification sloped on an angle starting above this point to assist in mini-
and/or drawings. mizing soil loads in loose soil conditions (prior to compaction).
• Tr enches should be dug according to plan. If the trench widths described are to be exceeded, or if the pipe
is installed in a compacted embankment, the embedment
• Pipe should be surrounded by specified soil type
should be compacted to 2.5 pipe diameters from the pipe
and compaction.
on both sides. If this distance is less than the distance to the
• Accommodations for welding in the trench should trench walls, the embedment materials should be compacted
be made. all the way to the trench wall.
• Safety issues of being in a trench should always
be observed. When installing long lengths of piping underground, it may not
be necessary to use elbows, as long as the minimum radius
For each underground installation, burial designs will specify of bending for specific diameters and wall thickness are
depth of trench and width of trench. The wider the trench, the observed. If the soil is well compacted, thrust blocks are not
more load the pipe will see upon compaction. Therefore, it is required. However, if changes of directions are provided with
important to follow trench design closely to avoid excess load tees or elbows, or if the soil is not very well compacted, thrust
on the pipe. In addition to the trench details, the type of soil blocks should be provided. The size and type of thrust block is
becomes important. Different types of soils have different den- related to maximum system pressure, size of pipe, direction of
sities and will create varying loads on the buried pipe. If the soil change (vertical or horizontal), soil type, and type of fitting or
does not match that of the design, it needs to be rechecked or bend. To determine thrust block area, a geotechnical engineer
a different top fill may be required. should be consulted, and soil bearing tests conducted if
deemed necessary.
such as large rocks may cause pinpoint loads on the pipe that If the bottom of the trench is below the water table, actions
could eventually damage the pipe. Figure F-110 depicts a rec- must be taken to adequately correct the situation. The use
ommended cross section of a trench and proper fill material of well points or under-drains is suggested in this instance,
and compaction. at least until the pipe has been installed, and backfilling has
proceeded to the point at which floatation can no longer occur. than 10 psi. Monitor the pressure gauge. There may be some
The water in the trench should be pumped out, and the bottom initial decrease in pressure due to the creep properties of the
of the trench stabilized with the use of suitable foundation plastic. Allow at least 30 minutes for the system to stabilize,
material, compacted to the density of the bedding material. then re-charge back up to 10 psi. This is considered the begin-
ning of the test. Monitor the pressure for a minimum of 2 hours
For unstable trench bottoms, as in muddy or sandy soils, exca- up to a maximum of 12 hours. If there is a pressure drop in
vate to a depth 4" to 6" below trench bottom grade, backfill excess of 10% of the beginning pressure, the test should be
with a suitable foundation material, and compact to the density considered failed. If this occurs, continue to monitor the carrier
of the bedding material. Be sure to remove all rocks, boulders, gauge to determine if the leak is to atmosphere or into the car-
or ledge at least 6" in any direction from the pipe. At anchors, rier space.
valves, flanges, etc., independent support should be provided
by the use of a reinforcing concrete pad poured underneath the Carrier Test
pipe equivalent to five times the length of the flange, valve, or If the carrier pipe is intended for pressure service, a hydrostatic
anchor. In addition, reinforcing rods should be provided to keep pressure test must be used.
the appurtenance from shifting, thereby preventing shearing
and bending stresses on the piping. It is strongly suggested In any hydrostatic pressure test, provisions must be made to
that an elastomeric material be used to prevent stress concen- vent all air out of the inner pipe. If necessary, special high-point
tration loading on the piping caused by the reinforcing rod. vents should be used to bleed any trapped air. Air pockets can
create a dangerous condition if a cold weld exists and fails dur-
Step 10. Syse
t m Testing ing the test. Air pockets can cause rapid and extensive propa-
Procedures for testing installed sections of Poly-Flo systems gation of fault lines should a failure occur.
must take into account factors affecting both carrier and con-
tainment pipes. Basic recommendations may be given, but a Filling h
t e syse
t m – Again, the piping must be properly
comprehensive testing program should be developed for each
and every system design. The program should be developed
capped and the test fixture installed. Water can then be intro-
duced very slowly at the low point of the system. Under no cir-
F
based on the requirements and characteristics of the particular cumstances should the velocity of the water exceed two feet
system at hand. per second, as water hammer can create extremely high surge
pressures. The system can then be brought up to test pressure
Where possible, a test fixture can be used. These testing using a hand pump or similar equipment.
fixtures allow the testing of both the carrier and the annular
spaces from one location with a minimum number of welds. Conducit ng h
t ee
t st – The system should be brought up to
test pressure in gradual steps of no more than 10 psi. There
Water should not be introduced into the annular space. There- may be some initial degradation of the pressure due to the
fore, a low-pressure air test should be used to test the contain- creep properties of the plastic. Allow at least 30 minutes for
ment area. Under no circumstances should an air e t st the system to stabilize, then re-charge back up to test pres-
exceed 10 psi. Any air test in excess of 10 psi is extremely sure. This is considered the beginning of the test. Monitor
dangerous, due to the compressibility of air and the large the pressure for a minimum of 2 hours up to a maximum of
amount of potential energy that can be released in the event 12 hours. If there is a pressure drop in excess of 10% of the
of a catastrophic failure. The carrier should be tested hydro- beginning pressure, the test should be considered failed.
statically to no more than 1.5 times the maximum operating
pressure of the lowest rated component in the system (never Locating a Leak
to exceed 150 psi). In the event of a leak in the containment area, it may be pos-
sible to diagnose if the leak path is into the carrier or out to
For all testing, the system must be thoroughly tied down to atmosphere by monitoring the gauge on the carrier for pressure
prevent shock-induced reactions or whipping. All personnel build up. If the leak is out to atmosphere, the simplest way to
in the area must be kept clear and advised of the inherent dan- locate the leak is by s“ oaping” the joints. If the leak is into the
gers of pressure testing. All testing must be conducted prior to carrier, then an ultrasonic leak detection gun must be used as
a buried system being backfilled. described below.
Annular Test In the event of a leak in the carrier, the pressure should be
relieved and the water drained to prevent flooding of the annu-
The system must be properly capped and the test fixture
lar space. If the annular space does become flooded, it may
installed. The carrier pipe must, in all cases, be filled prior to
be necessary to dry it by purging with dry air or nitrogen (this
any test on the annular space. This is done to ensure that the
depends on the type of leak detection used and the require-
carrier pipe will not collapse during the test. Pressure gauges
ments of the system owner).
should have a small enough scale to be able to detect small
changes in air pressure. Charge the annular space to no more
To determine the location of the leak, Asahi /America, Inc. has Repairs o
t Syse
t ms iw h
t out Flexibility
ultrasonic leak detection guns available. The gun is capable of Flanged Repairs (similar materials)
hearing airflow through the containment pipe wall. To locate the Poly-Flo systems offer patented, fully pressurized, double-wall
leak, apply a compressed air charge of no more that 10 psi on flanges that permit the flow of fluids through the annular space,
the pipe. Using the gun, walk the pipe line placing the gun as shown in Figure F-111. (Consult factory for pressure rating.)
extension against the containment wall. The compressed air
escaping through the leak path will be heard through the ear-
phones of the gun, thus locating the leak. In many cases, the
time required to locate a leak is less than one hour.
The customer should supply necessary reducer bushings and

fittings. Provisions must be made to accommodate a pressure
gauge, bleed valve, shutoff valve, and air/water connection on
each end of the tee. The left side of the tee tests the carrier; the
right side tests the containment. Figure F-111. Poly-Flo double-wall flange assembly
Step 11. Repair Procedures 1. The damaged section of pipe is removed first (Figure F-112).
A properly designed, installed, and maintained double-contain-
ment piping system will provide years of reliable service. The
3'- 6" (minimum)
system, however, should offer the means to perform a repair in
the event of a mishap, and this repair should be of such quality
that the operating parameters (pressure, temperature) and
safety factors are not reduced. The Poly-Flo system offers this
F capability for all pressure ratings with minimum disruption to
site conditions. Figure F-112. Remove damaged section of pipe
The first step in a repair procedure is to isolate the leak source.

The ease of finding a leak is determined by the leak detection 2. Plane ends. Next, weld two flanges onto the exposed
method selected at the time of installation. The use of a leak pipe ends.
detection cable will pinpoint the location of the leak to plus
Weld Weld
or minus three feet, and is possibly the most efficient system.
The low-point sensors will identify a zone that has been conta-
minated. Further testing methods will be required to determine
the location of the actual leak source. Several methods are
available for this, including the use of an ultrasonic test gun,
fiber optic cameras, and dye solutions. These methods,
although more time consuming, are viable alternatives to leak "O" Ring Flange "O" Ring Flange
detection cable.
Figure F-113. Install double-wall flanges
The second step in a repair procedure is to flush the carrier and
containment pipes to remove any hazardous chemicals that will
create safety concerns for the workers doing the repairs. The 3. A flanged spool piece is fabricated and installed.
ability to flush the system is determined by the initial design.
The installation of high-point vents and low-point drains in the
containment pipe will provide a safe means to perform the
flushing. Attempts to install high-point vents and low-point
drains during repair are costly and potentially dangerous.
The third step is to expose the damaged pipe and perform

the repair procedure with one of the following methods. The
Flat Face Flange Flat Face Flange
amount of pipe that needs to be exposed will depend on which
repair method is chosen. A mechanical, flanged repair will take Figure F-114. Install flanged spool
considerably less exposure of the damaged pipe than a thermal
butt-fusion repair method.
Repairs o
t Syse
t ms iw h
t Flexibility
Bu-t Fusion Repairs (similar materials)
The second method of repair is performed without the use of
flanges, but instead, only with thermal butt fusion. The use of
butt fusion as the repair procedure requires a larger excavation
due to the requirement that the pipe be able to move about
one inch to perform the weld.

1. The damaged section of pipe is removed and the area
cleared to allow the pipe to move in the radial direction.
Note that only one end of the pipe needs this flexibility
(Figure F-115).
3'6" Minimum
Figure F-115. Remove damaged section of pipe

F
2. The pipe in the ground is prepared for simultaneous fusion.
3. A spool of pipe is assembled and butt welded to the

stationary pipe.
1st Weld Performed

on Stationary Pipe
4. The second weld is then performed on the flexible side.
2nd Weld Performed

on Flexible Pipe
Figure F-117. But e

w ld spool o
t remaining pipe
INSTALLATION PRACTICES
COMPRESSED AIR PIPING SYSTEMS INSTALLATION PRACTICES
COMPRESSED AIR PIPING SYSTEMS Not all welding can be conducted in a shop and eventually field
Installing any piping system properly requires preplanning. The completely outside, with all the welds perhaps conducted in
installation is more than the welding of components. It requires place.
the proper environment, material inventory, welding equipment,
tools, and thorough training. This guide is to assist in the plan- When welding outside, several factors have to be considered.
ning and installation of a compressed air/gas pipe system, It is always important not to weld in the rain. Rain will damage
either in a pipe rack or trench. This guide is aimed at industrial equipment and improperly influence the weld. For rainy days,
applications and not high-purity installations. a shelter or tent should be constructed over equipment. In
addition to rain, high winds, and cold temperatures below
For compressed air piping, Asahi /America recommends only 40° F, will negatively influence the welding process. If these
the use of manufacturer approved materials for this application. conditions are not avoidable, a heated tent structure is advised.
In particular, the Air-Pro system from Asahi is the only system For specific recommendations by tool type, consult the
recommended for use in this application due to safety concerns. Asahi /America Engineering Department.
Air-Pro has been specifically designed and tested for the appli-
cation of compressed air and gases. All other materials such as When conducting field welds in a pipe rack or in a trench, it is
PVC, C-PVC, PVDF, and polypropylene are not recommended important to have the location of the welding planned. Vertical
for compressed air and are not warranted by Asahi /America welds in any location will prove more difficult to conduct and
for that service. should be avoided. The field weld that connects up prefabri-
cated spool pieces should be a pipe-to-pipe weld whenever
Asahi /America’s recommendations for project management possible. Pipe-to-pipe welds are easier to align and level,
follow. making the weld easier to conduct in possibly tight quarters.
Step 2. Tool Selection In all field welds, in the rack or in a trench, it is important to
Step 3. Material Handling have ample room for welding equipment and to choose the F
proper welding equipment. In some underground installations,
it may be necessary to increase the width of the trench in weld
Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks locations. Many underground systems are welded above
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng ground and then lowered down into the trench to avoid placing
Step 7. Weld Inspection equipment in narrow trenches. The same is true in crowded
Step 8. Hanging pipe racks. Many times, it will prove more efficient to prefab
Step 9. Trenching and Burial spools and use flanges or unions to connect them together
in the pipe rack. Consult Asahi /America for the use of double
Step 10. Syse
t m Testing
containment flanges.
The selection of the type of welding method conducted on an
Asahi /America does not set requirements for proper welding Air-Pro piping project should be based on the following criteria:
environments. As the installer, it is necessary to choose the
• M aterial
environment based on the installation type, timing, or quality
goal. In most systems, pipe is either going into a pipe rack, • Sizes to be installed
beneath a floor or wall, or buried underground. In all these • W elding location
cases, conducting welds in the actual final location may not • T ype of installation
always be the most convenient location for welding. In fact, in • N umber of welds
most cases, it is preferable to prefabricate spool piece compo- • A vailable expertise
nents and conduct final welds or hook-up in the pipe rack.
If possible, set up a welding area to build the spool pieces.

The weld area should be situated in an area that has reduced
exposure to wind, possible rain, and extremely cold tempera-
tures. Building spool pieces inside a weld shop may prove
advantageous. A fairly controlled environment and organized
work space will improve efficiency and quality of the system
to be installed.
INSTALLATION PRACTICES COMPRESSED AIR PIPING SYSTEMS
Socket Fusion
The majority of Air-Pro systems are 1/2" to 4". In these sizes,
the weld method available is socket fusion. Asahi /America
offers two styles of socket fusion equipment: a small hand-held
tool capable of welding up to 2" and a larger bench style tool
capable of welding up to 4". Figure F-118. shows a brief pictor-
ial of the socket fusion method. For further explanation of the
socket fusion method, see Socket Fusion Welding Methods
in the beginning of Section F.
Coupling
Heater Inserts Pipe
Figure F-119. 2" hand-held socket fusion heater
The hand-held tool also has the practical use of working in tight
locations. Due to its compact size, it is recommended for use in
pipe racks, trenches, etc. where larger bench style equipment
may prove too bulky and cumbersome. The hand-held tool is
Heater also ideal for repairs and additions to existing systems.
Bench Socket Fusion
The bench socket fusion machine is just that; it sits on a bench
F in order to be operated. The tool, depicted in Figure F-120, is
provided with a heating element for the socket inserts to be
attached. It also has a set of clamps and moving beds to force
the pipe and fittings in and out of the heater inserts.
Alignment and Preheat
Joining and Cooling

w lding process
Two Inch Hand-Held Socket Fusion Heater

This tool, depicted in Figure F-119, is a hand-held heating plate Figure F-120. Bench socket fusion heater
that accepts two sizes of socket fusion heater inserts. The tool
is ideal for welding smaller dimensions and works very well in The advantage of the bench tool is the ease of operation.
sizes 1/2"–1". While the tool can hold inserts in 1 1/2"and 2", it Fixing pipe and fittings into the clamps provides good align-
does prove to be more difficult due to the heavy wall of Air-Pro, ment. The gear operation greatly assists in providing the
requiring more force from the operator to push the pipe and fit- required force to heat and join the components. If a system
tings into the heating inserts. For projects that are primarily 1" is made up primarily of 11/2" and larger, the bench tool is
and below, the hand-held tool is recommended. If only a few recommended. In smaller systems that are prefabricated,
welds in the larger dimensions are necessary, the project can the bench tool may also provide a higher quality system in
be accomplished completely with the hand-held tool. terms of weld aesthetics and alignment.
The bench tool is ideal for welding on a bench top, where the Table F-22. But-Fusion Equipment for Air-Pro Material
tool remains stationary. However, the tool can be placed on Size Shop 10/12 Field 6 Field 12
rollers and easily moved around if required. In trench applica- 6" A A A
tions, where a lot of welding may be required of straight runs 8" B X A
of pipe, the bench tool can still be used. Each site condition 10" X X A
is different, so experimentation with keeping the tool on the 12" X X A
bench, rollers, or placement close to the ground will help find A = Recommended
the fastest installation for a project. B = Recommended, but better choices are available
X = Not recommended
But Fusion Butt fusion offers many advantages in an Air-Pro installation.

In the Air-Pro Compressed Air Piping system, the majority of When joining pipe to pipe, a coupling is not required. The two
systems are joined using socket fusion. However, larger sys- pipes are welded directly to each other. This reduces the
tems in 6"–12" are available upon request. For these systems, amount of required fittings, as well as the amount of welds
butt fusion is the recommended welding method. Figure F-121. to be conducted. In the instance of Air-Pro being buried, the
displays a brief pictorial of the butt-fusion welding method. trench equipment proves ideal. It is designed to be pulled and
dragged in a trench bottom. It is hydraulically operated, elimi-
nating the need for bulk pull arms and gearing on equipment.
Heater
Pipe Pipe In many systems below 6" that are primarily made of pipe, butt
fusion is used. For these installations, it proves cost effective
to reduce fittings and welds. This is highly recommended if the
system is mostly straight runs of pipe. In 4" and below, Air-Pro
is not available with butt-fusion fittings. Therefore, two types of
welding equipment will be required on the job site to attach F
pipe and fittings.
Start of Heating
Molten End Molten End Step 3. Material Handling

When pipe, fittings, and valves arrive on site, they should be
inspected to ensure the proper components have arrived and
that no damage has occurred during shipment. Asahi /America
goes to great lengths to ensure that pipe and fittings are pro-
perly packaged for shipment. If damage occurs, the freight
company should be notified immediately.
Heat Soak Time
Preferably, pipe should be stored inside or in a trailer. Care

should be taken to properly support pipe during storage. Use
the hanging criteria for the proper support distance. Pipe can
be stacked during storage. Heavier pipes of larger dimensions
should be stored at the bottom. However, it may prove more
practical to segregate by size for easier access during the
Joining and Cooling project. Pipe should not be stored above the recommended
maximum height of 4 feet. If material is stored outside, it is
preferable to cover with a tarp in case of rain.
w lding process
Fittings are best kept in their boxes or bags, as they are
Depending on the size to be joined, the style of butt-fusion shipped in separate containers by size, style, and material.
equipment will vary from manual operation to hydraulic style This will allow for simplified picking and inventory control
equipment. For an Air-Pro System being joined using butt throughout the project.
fusion, Table F-22 provides the recommended tool for the
application.
Step 4. Training and Preparation Step 5. Tool Commission and Daily Checks
An Air-Pro system is a straightforward installation and training Checking equipment and welding technique daily is recom-
requirements are minimal. Hand-held fusion can be learned in mended. This is particularly important on larger projects where
a period of one hour by most installers. Installations requiring there are many welders on site. This daily check will allow QA
bench style or butt-fusion equipment may require more train- to ensure all welders are up to speed on tool operation, welding
ing. In all cases, contact your distributor for proper training technique, and inspection. Most problems in the field occur due
support prior to the job start, or even prior to ordering material. to improper usage of equipment rather than equipment failure.
Training can then be planned and provided when the project is
ready to begin. During the initial training of the project, many welds are pro-
duced in the presence of a qualified trainer. These welds
Proper welding is critical in any piping system. An unplanned should be kept and used for the daily checks. Each welder
shutdown can prove to be more costly than the piping con- should conduct a one coupon test weld and submit it to QA.
struction itself. One bad weld can cause hours of repair and The coupons should be compared to initial samples. Inspection
frustration, as well as significant lost revenue. For these should include bead formation, sizing, and weld label.
reasons, it is critical to ensure all installers are trained and
approved to use the equipment. Untrained personnel will Conducting preventive maintenance to the equipment at the
not speed up a project’s completion. beginning of each day is required. The maintenance recom-
Tool operation is only one of several factors in a thorough Manual for items to be checked daily.
training course. Operators, inspectors, and managers need to
understand the physical nature of the material: how to properly By keeping equipment in good operating condition and ensur-
handle it, how to inspect welds, how to identify potential prob- ing all operators are up to speed, it is less likely tool problems
lems, how to properly maintain equipment, and finally, how or welding errors will occur.
F best to tie into a line and test it.
Step 6. Pipe Cuit ng
Preparation Cutting plastic pipe can be handled in a variety of methods.
To best use training time, preparation should be made prior to In small dimensions, 1/2" through 4", roll wheel pipe cutters
the trainers’ arrival on site. A recommended list of preparations are commonly available and work well. These types of cutters
follows. are similar to a tube cutter, but only larger. For an Air-Pro sys-
tem using a roll cutter, it is important to ensure the wheel has a
• Ensure that project material is on site. It is not critical to larger radius than the wall thickness of the pipe so it will cut all
have all material, but enough to start the project. Once the way through.
see the beginning portion of the installation. Many times
installation starts. In addition, if there is a significant
period of time between the training and actual installa-
tion, operators may forget portions of the training or
different operators may now be slated for the welding
operation. Both scenarios require additional training.
• Ensure required tools are on site. Do not open the tools
until a certified trainer is present. If more tools are
ordered during a project, this is no longer required,
as proper unpacking and set up of the equipment
is covered in the training process.
• Ensure that the correct power is available. Consult with
the factory or distributor at the time of tool ordering.
• Ensure that pipe samples are available for the training
Figure F-122. Roll cue
t r
session. Asahi /America does not normally provide
If you are not concerned about particle generation, then band
saws, vertical or horizontal, will work very well for plastic. Since
Formal training can be the key factor in starting a project off in
plastic pipes can have a very heavy wall thickness, it is impor-
the right direction. Take advantage of this service while on site.
tant to travel slowly through the band saw to avoid having the
Asahi /America also offers field technicians for hire to oversee
blade bend and create an angled cut. For smaller pipe sizes,
project welding and training for any specified amount of time.
a circular blade chop saw will provide neat and accurate cuts.
Contact Asahi /America for more information.
If only manual saws are available, a hack saw will certainly cut If bead formations do not meet the inspection criteria, they
through small dimensions, but avoid using a fine blade as it should be rejected. Consult the operation manual for each tool
will take considerable time. Reciprocating saws are generally on how to correct the problem. If problems persist, contact
acceptable as long as the blades are long enough to cross Asahi /America or your local distributor for assistance. Many
the entire diameter of the pipe. If too fine a blade is used, the times these issues can be cleared up quickly over the phone,
material will become quite hot and can fuse itself back together avoiding waste in time and material. Never continue welding
partially behind the blade travel. if proper fusion cannot be accomplished. This will only add
to problems at a later time.
To ensure a safe and on time system start-up, initiating a stan- Socket Fusion
dard inspection process on each project is recommended. This With socket fusion, beads are also present on the outside that
quality assurance measure can be conducted by third party QC should be used for inspection. With a socket weld, it is impor-
or can be done by each individual operator after each weld. A tant to ensure that the bead of the pipe and the bead on the
recommended inspection report for recording quality assurance fitting are in contact. If the two beads are not in contact, or the
on each weld is attached at the end of this Section F. Use the bead from the pipe is not up against the socket, the proper
recommendation of this weld inspection guide in conjunction insertion depth has not occurred. If beads do not meet, the
with the equipment manual to achieve the best project results. weld will not be full strength and should be rejected. With
socket fusion weld inspection, look for the following items:
But Fusion • Bead formation on pipe in full contact with fitting
To inspect butt-fusion joints, the inspector should look for the 360° around the joint.
following characteristics on each weld. • Consistent bead 360° around the joint.
• W elds should have two beads that are 360° • Fr ee of any burrs or foreign material.
around the pipe.
• Beads should be of consistent height and width.
• Pr oper alignment. Pipe needs to be inserted straight
into the fitting without angle.
F
• Beads should have a rounded shape.
• Beads should be free of burrs or foreign material. Figure F-124 shows an example of acceptable and non-
acceptable socket fusion joints.
• A bead on either side should not reduce greatly
in width or disappear.
• Components welded should be properly aligned and No Gap Gap
cannot be misaligned by more than 10% of the wall

thickness.
Figure 123 shows a detail of a standard butt-fusion bead

formation.
Figure F-124 Good e

w ld Bad e
w ld
Limitait ons of Inspection

Following proper weld procedures, in conjunction with thorough
inspection, will lead to a safe and reliable system. However, a
Figure F-123. Typical bu-t fusion e
w ld bead weld cannot be 100% judged by viewing it after the fusion is
complete. Bad welds with obvious problems can be identified,
Butt-fusion beads will vary in size depending on the outside such as missing beads, small beads, and misalignment, but
temperature, the diameter welded, and the operator. With other problems may not be easily found.
Air-Pro, there will be a pronounced double-bead formation
that will be simple to identify. Since outside temperatures and The cold weld is more difficult to identify, and virtually impossi-
conditions will have some effect on bead sizes, there is no for- ble with the naked eye. In a cold weld there is very little material
mal specification for the size of the bead. Also, measuring each joined together in the pipe wall area. The molten material has
bead would be time consuming. During the training process, been forced to the outer and inner bead, and the unheated
welding one of each size to use as a rough gauge for the pro- sections of the pipe have been forced together in the pipe wall
ject is recommended. These sample coupons can be referred region. In a proper weld, there is material joined together in the
to on a regular basis to check welding throughout the project. pipe wall, as well as in the inner and outer beads.
The problem with inspecting a cold weld is that the outer bead When selecting hangers for a system, it is important to avoid
may be the same as a good joint. using a hanger that will place a pinpoint load on the pipe when
tightened. For example, a U-Bolt hanger is not ideal for hang-
Since the occurrence of a cold weld is difficult to find and ing thermoplastic piping systems. While Air-Pro is most likely
inspect, it is important to use proper welding procedures when the most tolerant system to mishandling, improper hanging,
joining the material. The issue of inspecting and avoiding a cold scratching, and impacts, it is still best to avoid poor metal
weld is no different than a PVC joint that has not been primed hangers when possible. Figure F-125 depicts the negative
prior to cementing. You cannot tell after the weld is made, but effect of a U-bolt hanger on a system.
if you correctly follow procedures, it will not occur. Cold welds
can be avoided with the following operating techniques on all Pressure
butt fusion and socket fusion equipment. Point

the project.
• Do not delay between removal of heating element and
joining of material.
• Do not slam material together after heating. Material Pressure
should be joined quickly, but the pressure build up Point
• Do not join components together above the joining force. Figure F-125. Effects of U-bolt on pipe
Step 8. Hanging Hangers that secure the pipe 360° around the pipe are pre-
F Hanging any thermoplastic system is not that much different ferred. Thermoplastic clamps are also recommended over
than hanging a metal system. Typically, the spacing between metal clamps as they are less likely to scratch the pipe in the
hangers is shorter due to the flexibility of plastic. In addition, event of movement. If metal clamps are specified for the pro-
the type of hanger is important. ject, they should be inspected for rough edges that could
Hangers should be placed based on the spacing requirements elastomeric material should be used in between the pipe and
provided in Appendix A. Since thermoplastic materials vary in the clamp.
strength and rigidity, it is important to select hanging distances
based on the material you are hanging. Also, operating condi-
tions must be considered. If the pipe is operated at a higher
temperature, the amount of hangers will generally be increased.
Finally, if the system is exposed to thermal cycling, the place-
ment of hangers, guides, and anchors is critical In these cases.
The hanger locations should be identified by the system engi-
Step 9. Trenching and Burial Step 10. Syse

t m Testing
Proper trenching and burial of a pipe system requires engineer- Prior to pressure testing, the system should be examined for
ing prior to an installation. Asahi /America’s Engineering Manual the following items:
(Section C) provides a comprehensive guide to the burial calcu- 1. Pipe should be completed per drawing layout with all pipe
lations load tolerance of thermoplastic pipe. This information and valve supports in place.
should be supplied and be specified prior to installation. Refer
to Asahi /America’s manual for the burial calculations. 2. Pipe, valves, and equipment should be supported as
specified, without any concentrated loads on system.
For installation purposes, it is important to look at several fac- 3. Pipe should be in good condition, void of any cracks,
tors as the installer of underground piping. scratches, or deformation.
• Soil conditions should match that of the specification 4. Pipe flanges should be properly aligned. All flange bolts
and/or drawings. should be checked for correct torques.
• Tr enches should be dug according to plan. 5. All joints should be reviewed for appropriate welding
• Pipe should be surrounded by specified soil type technique. See weld inspection procedure above.
and compaction.
• Accommodations for welding in the trench should If any deficiencies appear, the quality control engineer should
be made. provide directions/repair.
• Safety issues of being in a trench should be checked.
Pressure Test
For each underground installation, burial designs will specify The Air-Pro system can be tested using compressed air.
1. Begin pressurizing the system in increments of 10 psi.
Bring the system up to 100 psi and hold. Allow system
to hold pressure for a minimum of two hours and up to a F
recommended 12 hours. Check pressure gauge after one
becomes important. Different types of soils have different den-
hour. Due to natural creep effects in plastic piping, the pres-
sities and will create varying loads on the buried pipe. If the soil
sure may have decreased. If drop is less than 10 psi, pump
does not match that of the design, it needs to be rechecked or
the pressure back up. At this time, the system may be fully
different top fill may be required.
pressurized to desired test pressure.
The surrounding material of the pipe is also important. Items 2. If after one hour the pressure has decreased more than
such as large rocks may cause pinpoint loads on the pipe that 10%, consider the test a failure. Note the 10% value may
could eventually damage the pipe. Figure F-126 depicts a rec- need to be greater for larger systems. Also, note that Step 2
ommended cross section of a trench and proper fill material may need to be conducted several times if there are signifi-
and compaction. cant thermal changes in the environment.
3. Test is to be witnessed by quality control engineer, and certi-
fied by the contractor.
Pipe
4. Obvious leaks can be found by checking each joint indi-
Depth vidually using a soapy water solution or an ultrasonic leak
Backfill
85% Proctor 9" detection gun. Leak detection guns are available from
Asahi /America. Consult factory for usage of U.S. leak
Sand
95% Proctor 9" detection guns. Some limitations do apply.
Pea Gravel 6"

6"
6"
Figure F-126. Trench detail
Welding in a trench should also be preplanned. It is common

that all welding is done above ground, and then, the welded
components are all lowered into the trench. In many instances,
it may be necessary to weld in the trench. For conducting
welds in a trench, it is important to allocate space for the
machine as it will be wider than the pipe itself. Widening
the trench to accommodate the machine may be required.
Figure F-129. Ultrasonic leak detection gun
Step 11. Repair Procedures Non-Flexible Pipe Syse

t m
If a leak is found or an addition is required to an existing sys- Depending on the size and material, repairs can also be made
tem, there are several options on how to make the repair. In to systems without any movement. If there is no flex for move-
most systems, socket or butt fusion, there is a requirement for ment of the existing pipe in the region of the damaged pipe,
pipe movement when making a weld. To conduct a butt weld, the repair can be done using flanges or true union ball valves.
one side of the tool moves in order to accommodate the planer, 1. Remove the section to be repaired.
the heating element, and the final joining force. In a repair pro-
2. Weld flanges or unions on both ends of the existing
cedure, the need for movement of the existing pipe makes for
piping.
the simplest repair.
3. Measure the distance from face to face and build a
spool to fit into place.
Flexible Pipe Syse
t m
If the pipe is in an area where it can be moved, standard butt
fusion or socket fusion equipment can be used.
1. Cut out the section in need of repair. It is best to conduct
new tie-in welds on straight runs of pipe for easier alignment.
2. If several welds are required, prefab a spool piece on a
bench and conduct only a few tie-in welds in the pipe rack.
3. Attach the tool to the existing pipe and properly support the
machine to avoid sagging on stressing the pipe.
4. Conduct standard butt-fusion weld per operating procedures. Figure F-131. Remove damaged section
It may be necessary to flex one end of the pipe out of the
F way of existing pipe.
5. Conduct final weld using the flexible side of the pipe system
in the moving clamp.
Figure F-132. Weld flanges or n

u ions into place
First Tie In
Figure F-129. Install new spool Figure F-133. Place spool into place
Second Tie In
Figure F-130. But e

w ld spool o
HIGH-PURITY WELD INSPECTION TABLE
Project Name
Date: Company: Page:
Affix Weld Label or fill in Welder:

Joint Number:
Material: OD: Wall Thk: QC:
Serial Number: Drawing Number:

Joint Number:

Joint Number:

Joint Number:
WELD INSPECTION TABLE
Project Name
Date: Company: Page:
Joint Number: Welder:
Section G
VALVES
Contents
Introducit on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-2
Ball Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-3
Bue
t rfly Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-3
Diaphragm Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-4
Gate Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-4
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com G-1
VALVES INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION A valve with linear trim can be used for accurate flow control
applications. Small movements in a valve's travel will corre-
An important part of any piping system is the selection of spond in small movements in rate of flow or pressure drop.
valves. Valve components determine a system's ability to con-
trol flow, pressure, and the distribution of media. The type and Equal Percent
size of valves selected greatly impact a system’s functionality. Valves with equal percentage flow characteristics exhibit equal
Selection criteria should include, as a minimum, valve size, increments of valve travel and produce equal percentage
quality, material of construction, Cv, control characteristic, and changes in the existing flow. When the valve is near a closed
performance requirement. Other selection criteria may include position and the flow is low, the change in flow is minimal. With
production methods, design, actuators, accessories, and a high flow, the change in flow will be high. Equal percentage
options. is generally used for pressure control, and also where minimal
pressure drop is available at the valve or when the system has
As with metal valves, thermoplastic valves come in a variety a varying pressure drop.
of sizes and configurations. Asahi /America is proud to offer the
widest combination available. From 1/4" PVC ball valves to Quick Opening
24" PP butterfly valves, we are able to offer the right valve for Valves with quick opening characteristics near maximum Cv
the right application. The following section is designed to assist have relatively little travel. Quick opening valves are generally
you in selecting the proper valve among our many choices. used for On/Off applications only. They inherently display poor
In order to determine which valve is best for your application, flow control characteristics because initial small movements
an understanding of each individual's features and benefits is in valve travel equal large movements in Cv. Shortly after the
required. Additional assistance, should it be required, is avail- initial open position, large movements in travel result in small
able from our knowledgeable and experienced staff of valve movements in a valve’s Cv.
technicians and engineers.
Table G-1. Flow Control Characteristics
Flow Capacity
A valve's flow capacity is often expressed in terms of Cv. Cv 100
is defined as the amount of gallons per minute that can flow Quick Opening
through a valve with a 1 psi pressure drop. A valve with a Cv 80
Cv (percent)
G of 100, for example, would experience 1 psi of pressure drop

60 Linear
at 100 gpm. Thus in systems with limited amounts of beginning
pressure, such as thermoplastic systems, Cv is a useful tool in
40
determining proper valve capacity. Valves with low Cv would Equal Percentage
result in high pressure drops to the point of restricting a sys-
20
tem's ability to distribute its flow media.
0
Control Characteristics 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
A valve’s control characteristic is another important selection Valve Opening (percent)
criteria. A valve’s control characteristic can usually be sorted
into the following three categories:
Linear
A valve with linear control will have its percent of full Cv corre-
sponding to its percent of full open. In other words, valves that
are physically opened 25%, are operating close to or at 25% of
rated Cv. A valve with a Cv of 100 at 25% open is expected to
be operating at a Cv of 25.
G-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
VALVE TYPES VALVES
BALL VALVES BUTTERFLY VALVES

Ball valves are one of the most common thermoplastic valves Butterfly valves are another common type of thermoplastic
and are characterized as quick opening with positive, quick valve. Butterfly valves generally use discs, which rotate on a
shutoff capabilities. Ball valves use an internal ball with flow center axis 90° from full open to full close. The thermoplastic
through port. The valve is shut as the internal ball is rotated so disc uses interference fit against the valve body, usually with
the flow port faces against the valve body. Used primarily for elastomer seal or gasket, to achieve bubble tight shut off.
on-off applications, ball valves are generally limited in plastics Butterfly valves have application flexibility. They are available
to line sizes 4" and below with some availability in full port 6" in sizes from 11/2" to 36", with a variety of options for actua-
sizes. Excellent shut off is achieved with ball valves, but flow tion, stem extensions, and bolting configuration.
control should not be expected. Media with high concentra-
tions of suspended particles should be avoided. The particles Butterfly valves also have better flow control than ball valves
have a tendency to become lodged in between the ball and with equal percent characteristics, but should be limited to
valve body, greatly reducing the life expectancy and functionality applications not requiring high precision control. These valves
of the valve. are also more tolerant to suspended particles with the excep-
tion of long, hair-like strands, which can hang up around the
center axis.
G
Figure G-1. Ball a
v lve
Valve Rating
Pressure Drop: Very Low
Controllability: Poor
On-Off: Excellent
Characteristic: Quick Opening
Movement: 90 Degree
Figure G-2. Bue
t rfly a
v lve
Valve Rating
Pressure Drop: Low
Controllability: Fair
On-Off: Excellent
Characteristic: Equal Percent
Movement: 90 Degree
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com G-3
VALVES VALVE TYPES
DIAPHRAGM VALVES GATE VALVES

Diaphragm valves have a flexible diaphragm, which is com- Gate valves use a vertical plug, which is inserted into the flow
pressed against a sealing surface. A compressor, generally path and seals the valve shut. Unlike diaphragm valves, the
actuated by circular motion, compresses the diaphragm. Flow plug is generally of solid construction and completely lifts out
is directed up against the diaphragm and back down the seal- of the flow path when opened. Gate valves are ideal for appli-
ing surface. Characterized by linear control, diaphragm valves cations where lines may need s“ nakes” to remove debris. Gate
are excellent for throttling and semi-precise flow control appli- valves have excellent shut-off capabilities with high tolerances
cations; especially in smaller sizes. for suspended particles. Gate valves have poor control abilities
and are generally used for on-off applications.
Figure G-3. Diaphragm a

v lve
Valve Rating Figure G-4. Gate a

v lve
Pressure Drop: Medium
G Controllability: Good
Valv e Rating
On-Off: Good
Pressure Drop: Low
Characteristic: Linear
Controllability: Poor
Movement: Linear
On-Off: Good
Characteristic: Quick Opening
Movement: Linear
G-4 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
Appendix A
SYSTEM TABLES
Contents
Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-2 Pro 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-8
Pressure Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-2 Pro 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-9
PVDF 150 (SDR 33), PVDF 230 (SDR 21) App. A-2 PVDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-10
PP 45 (SDR 32.5), PP 150 (SDR 11), . . .App. A-2 Poly-Flo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-11
and (SDR 32.5), PE 80 (SDR 11) . . . . . . .App. A-2 Eq. Length of Fittings: Single & Double Wall . .App. A-12
Air-Pro/PE 100 (SDR 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-2 Proline and Duo-Pro, Poly-Flo, Air-Pro .App. A-12
Halar/E-CTFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-2 Dimensional Pipe Data . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-13
External Support Spacing: Single Wall Pipe . .App. A-3 Pro 150, Pro 90, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-13
Pro 150, Pro 45, Purad PVDF, . . . . . . . . .App. A-3 Pro 45, PVDF, Poly-Flo . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-14
Air-Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-4 HDPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-15
External Support Spacing: Double Wall Pipe .App. A-4 Air-Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-16
Duo-Pro, Fluid-Lok, Poly-Flo, . . . . . . . . .App. A-4 Annular Spacing: Duo-Pro . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-16/17
Internal Support Spacing: Double Wall Pipe .App. A-5 Vacum
u Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-17
Duo-Pro, Fluid-Lok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-5 Heat Loss per Linear Foot . . . . . . . .App. A-18
Long-Term Modulus of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . .App. A-5 Purad PVDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-18
PP, PVDF, E-CTFE, HDPE . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-5 Proline Pro 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-19
Bending Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-6 Proline Pro 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-20
Single Wall, Double Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-6 Spiral Factor/Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-20
Burial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . App. A-7 Valve Heat Loss Factor . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-20
Max. Allowable Soil Load: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-7
Heat Gain per Linear Foot . . . . . . . . .App. A-21
Pro 150, Pro 45, PVDF, Duo-Pro . . . . . . .App. A-7
Pro 150 in Still Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-21/25
Max. Allowable Soil Load: Double Wall Pipe .App. A-7
Pro 150 in Moving Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-26/30
Fluid-Lok, Poly-Flo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-7
Pro 45 in Still Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-31/34
Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-8 Pro 45 in Moving Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. A-35/37
Pressure Drop Versus Flow: Single Wall Pipe .App. A-8
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com App. A-1
APPENDIX A PRESSURE RATINGS
Table App. A-1 Permissible Operating Pressures for Purad PVDF Pipe and Fittings (bar)
1 Year 5 Years 10 Years 20 Years 50 Years

PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF PVDF
Temperature 150 230 150 230 150 230 150 230 150 230
(° C) SDR 33 SDR 21 SDR 33 SDR 21 SDR 33 SDR 21 SDR 33 SDR 21 SDR 33 SDR 21
20 13 20 12 18 11 18 11 17 10 16
30 10 16 10 15 9 15 9 14 8 13
40 9 14 9 14 9 14 9 14 9 14
50 7 12 7 11 6 10 6 10 6 9
60 6 10 6 9 5 9 5 8 5 8
70 5 9 5 8 4.5 7 4 7 4 7
80 4.5 7 4.5 7 4 6 3.5 6 3.5 6
90 4 6.5 4 6 3.5 5.5 3 5 3 5
100 3.5 6 3 5 3 5 2.5 4.5 2.5 4
110 3 5 3 4.5 2.5 4.5 2.3 4 1.8 3.5
120 2.8 4.5 2.5 4 2 4 2 3.5 1.7 3
130 2.5 4 2 3.5 1.5 3.5 1.5 3 1.5 2.5
140 2 3.5 1.5 3 1.3 3 1.3 2.5 1 2
Table App. A-2 Permissible Operating Pressures for Polypropylene Proline Pro 150 and Proline Pro 45 (psi)
1 Year 5 Years 10 Years 25 Years 50 Years
Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro Pro
Temperature 45 150 45 150 45 150 45 150 45 150
(° C) SDR 32.5 SDR 11 SDR 32.5 SDR 11 SDR 32.5 SDR 11 SDR 32.5 SDR 11 SDR 32.5 SDR 11
20 58 180 52 168 53 165 51 156 45 150
30 49 154 46 145 46 141 45 136 44 133
40 45 133 41 125 41 122 36 113 35 104
50 36 113 34 104 32 99 29 90 26 70
60 30 96 26 81 24 75 21 64 18 55
70 26 78 20 61 18 55 15 46 15 46
80 20 61 15 46 13 41 12 38 — —
95 13 41 10 32 8 26 — — — —
Table App. A-3 Permissible Operating Pressures for HDPE Pipe (psi)
Temperature Hydrostatic Design Basis Pipe Standard Dimension Radio (SDR)

(° F) (psi) SDR 32.5 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 19 SDR 17 SDR 15.5 SDR 13.5 SDR 11 SDR 9.3 SDR 7.0
50 1820 58 73 90 100 113 125 145 180 215 303
60 1730 55 69 86 96 108 119 138 170 207 288
A 73.4
80
1600
1520
51
48
64
60
80
76
90
85
100
95
110
105
128
122
160
150
190
182
267
253
90 1390 44 56 70 77 87 96 111 140 167 232
100 1260 40 50 63 70 79 87 101 125 150 210
110 1130 36 45 57 63 71 78 90 113 135 188
120 1000 32 40 50 56 63 69 80 100 120 167
130 900 28 36 45 50 56 62 72 90 108 150
140 800 25 32 40 45 50 55 64 80 96 133
Table App. A-4. Air-Pro Pressure Table App. A-5. Halar/E-CTFE Pressure Rating Correction
Rating Correction (PE 100 SDR 7) Temperature Correction Temperature Correction
Temperature °F °C Factor °F °C Factor
Correction
°F °C Factor 68 20 1.00 176 80 0.39
68 20 1.00 83 30 0.90 194 90 0.27
86 30 0.88 104 40 0.82 212 100 0.20
104 40 0.79 121 50 0.73 256 125 0.10
140 60 0.65 140 60 0.65 292 150 *
158 70 0.54 340 170 *
For a given operating temperature, multiply the norminal
pressure rating by the correction factor to determine the * Drainage pressure only.
maximum rated operating pressure.
App. A-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
SUPPORT SPACINGS APPENDIX A
Table App. A-6. Proline Pro 150 Support Spacing (feet)*

Nominal
Diameter 68 ° F/ 86° F/ 104° F/ 122° F/ 140° F/ 158° F/ 176° F/
(inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
1/2 3 2.5 2.5 2 2 2 2
3/4 3 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2
1 3.5 3 3 3 3 2.5 2.5
11/2 4 3.5 3 3 3 3 3
2 4.5 4 4 3.5 3 3 3
21/2 5 4.5 4 4 3.5 3 3
3 5.5 5 4 4 4 3.5 3.5
4 6 5 5 4 4 4 4
6 7 6 6 5 5 4.5 4.5
8 7.5 7 6 6 5.5 5 5
10 8.5 7.5 7 6.5 6 6 5.5
12 9.5 8.5 8 7 7 6.5 6
14 10 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6.5
16 10.5 9.5 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5
18 11.5 10 9 8.5 8 7.5 7
Table App. A-7. Proline Pro 45 Support Spacing (feet)*

Nominal
(inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
2 2.5 2.25 2.25 2 1.5 1.5 1.5
21/2 2.75 2.5 2.25 2.25 2 1.5 1.5
4 3.5 2.75 2.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25
6 4 3.5 3.5 2.75 2.75 2.5 2.5
8 4 4 3.5 3.5 3 2.75 2.75
10 4.5 4 4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3
12 5 4.5 4.5 4 4 3.5 3.5
14 5.5 4.5 4.5 4 4 3.5 3.5
16 6 5 4.5 4 4 4 3.5
18 6.5 5.5 5 4.5 4.5 4 4
20 6.5 6 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4
24 7.5 6.5 5.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4
Table App. A-8. Purad PVDF Support Spacing (feet)*

Nominal
A
(inches) 20° C 30° C 40° C 50° C 60° C 70° C 80° C
1/2 3 2.5 2.5 2 2 2 2
3/4 3 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2
1 3.5 3 3 3 3 2.5 2.5
11/2 4 3.5 3 3 3 3 3
2 4.5 4 4 3.5 3 3 3
21/2 5 4.5 4 4 3.5 3 3
3 5.5 5 4 4 4 3.5 3.5
4 6 5 5 4 4 4 4
6 7 6 6 5 5 4.5 4.5
8 7.5 7 6 6 5.5 5 5
10 8.5 7.5 7 6.5 6 6 5.5
12 9.5 8.5 8 7 7 6.5 6
* Above values are based on water with specific gravity = 1.0. Correction factors must be used for denser fluids
as follows: 0.90 for S.G. = 1.5, 0.85 for S.G. = 2.0, 0.80 and for S.G. = 2.5.
App. A-3
APPENDIX A SUPPORT SPACINGS
Table App. A-9. Air-Pro Support

Spacing (feet)
Nominal
Diameter 68 ° F/ 104° F/
(inches) 20° C 40° C
1/2 2.8 2.6
3/4 3.2 2.9
1 3.6 3.3
11/4 4.1 3.6
11/2 4.5 4.1
2 5.1 4.6
3 8.4 8.15
Table App. A-10. Double Containment External Support Spacing (inches)*
Containment Size Duo-Pro HDPE / Fluid-Lok

(nom inches) PRO 150 PR0 45 PVDF SDR 11 SDR 17 SDR 32
3 72 NA 124 55 48 10
4 96 70 130 60 55 20
6 108 80 144 70 68 35
8 112 86 157 80 79 48
10 118 98 165 90 87 58
12 125 110 165 100 94 65
14 137 125 NA 107 100 70
16 150 140 NA 115 106 77
18 NA 148 NA 122 112 80
20 NA 148 NA 130 117 85
24 NA 170 NA NA 125 93
* Support spacing is based on S.G. of 1.0. Corrections factors must be used for denser fluids as follows:
0.90 for S.G.=1.5, 0.85 for S.G.=2.0 and 0.80 for S.G.=2.5.
Support spacing based on water at 68° F. Corrections factors must be used for elevated temperatures.
Refer to Table A-13.
Table App. A-11 Poly-Flo External Support Spacing (inches)*
Size BPP PVDF HDPE

1x2 65 66 81
2x3 78 80 100
4x6 112 114 NA
6x8 121 124 NA
* Support spacing is based on S.G. of 1.0.

Correction factors must be used for denser fluids
as follows: 0.90 for S.G. =1.25, 0.85 for S.G. =1.50,
0.75 for S.G. =1.75, 0.70 for S.G. =2.00.
Support spacing based on water at 68° F.
Corrections factors must be used for
elevated temperatures. Refer to Table App. A-13.
App. A-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES APPENDIX A
Table App. A-12. Double Containment Internal Support Spider

Clip Spacing (inches)*
Carrier Size Duo-Pro HDPE / Fluid-Lok
(nom in) Pro 150 Pro 45 PVDF Halar® SDR11 SDR17 SDR32
1 42 NA 42 44 30 NA NA
2 54 NA 54 59 42 36 NA
3 66 NA 66 69 48 42 36
4 72 42 72 72 54 48 42
6 84 48 84 NA 66 60 54
8 90 48 90 NA 78 72 60
10 102 54 102 NA 84 78 66
12 114 60 114 NA 96 84 72
14 120 66 NA NA 102 90 78
16 126 72 NA NA 108 96 84
18 138 78 NA NA 114 102 90
20 NA 78 NA NA 120 108 96
* Support spacing based on water at 68° F. Correction factors must be used for elevated temperatures.
Refer to Table App. A-13.
Table App. A-13. Double Containment Support Spacing

Temperature Correction Factors for Duo-Pro and Fluid-Lok
Temperature (° F) PP PVDF Halar® HDPE
73 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
100 0.94 0.85 0.85 0.95
140 0.86 0.71 0.71 0.86
180 0.76 0.64 0.64 NA
200 NA 0.50 0.50 NA
240 NA 0.30 0.30 NA
280 NA NA 0.20 NA
Table App. A-14. Long-Term Modulus of Elasticity (psi)

Temperature
PP PVDF Halar® HDPE
(° F)
73 26,100 98,000 88,000 30,000
100 21,025 87,000 78,300 —
*
140 16,025 54,000 48,600 — *
180 10,000 40,000 36,000 NA
200 NA 31,000 28,000 NA
240 NA 25,000 22,500 NA
280 NA 17,000 15,000 NA
* For conservative estimate use value @ 73° F.
App. A-5
APPENDIX A BENDING RADIUS
Table App. A-15. Allowable Bending Radius-Proline

Polypropylene (inches)
Proline 20° C (68° F) 0° C (32° F)
Pro 150 (SDR 11) 30 x Outside Diameter 75 x Outside Diameter
Table App. A-16. Allowable Bending Radius-Double Wall (inches)

Size PRO 150 x 45 PRO 150 x 150 PRO 45 x 45 PVDF x PVDF PVDF x PRO 150 PVDF X PRO 45
1x3 NA 608 NA 669 608 NA
2x4 744 744 NA 818 744 744
3x6 1081 1081 1081 1198 1081 1081
4x8 1352 1352 1352 1186 1352 1352
6 x 10 1691 1691 1691 1858 1691 1691
8 x 12 2131 2131 2131 2342 2131 2131
10 x 14 2402 2402 2402 NA NA NA
12 x 16 2707 2707 2707 NA NA NA
14 x 18 3045 NA 3045 NA NA NA
16 x 20 3384 NA 3384 NA NA NA
18 x 24 4262 NA 4262 NA NA NA
20 x 24 4262 NA 4262 NA NA NA
BURIAL DATA APPENDIX A
Table App. A-17. Max Allowable Soil Load for PP, PVDF,
and Duo-Pro* (lbs per linear ft)
Soil Modulus (E')
Size Material
200 psi 400 psi 700 psi 1000 psi
Pro 150 749 847 995 1144
2 Pro 45 138 251 422 592
PVDF 386 495 659 824
Pro 150 897 1015 1191 1367
2.5 Pro 45 165 300 502 704
PVDF 245 379 581 782
Pro 150 1047 1189 1400 1612
3 Pro 45 196 358 601 844
PVDF 270 432 675 918
Pro 150 1272 1445 1704 1963
4 Pro 45 243 440 737 1034
PVDF 341 538 835 1132
Pro 150 1870 2121 2497 2874
6 Pro 45 349 637 1069 1500
PVDF 484 772 1204 1635
Pro 150 2319 2633 3104 3576
8 Pro 45 435 795 1336 1876
PVDF 599 959 1499 2040
Pro 150 2913 3305 3894 4483
10 Pro 45 546 996 1671 2346
PVDF 754 1204 1880 2555
Pro 150 3657 4151 4894 4636
12 Pro 45 687 1254 2105 2957
PVDF 948 1515 2367 3218
Pro 150 4106 4664 5501 6338
14
Pro 45 776 1415 2375 3334
Pro 150 4625 5254 6197 7140
16
Pro 45 870 1591 2673 3754
Pro 150 5219 4926 6987 8047
18
Pro 45 981 1792 3008 4225
20 Pro 45 1088 1989 3341 4693
24 Pro 45 1376 2511 4213 5914
Table App. A-18. Maximum Allowable Soil Load for

Fluid-Lok Double Containment HDPE Pipe
Max Burial Depth, ft Max Deflection, %
in dry soil of 100 lbs/cu ft Max External Pressure, psi after installation
SDR
Soil Modulus, psi* Soil Modulus, psi* Soil Modulus, psi* A
1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000
32.5 25 32 37 17 22 26 1.7 0.9 0.6
26.0 33 45 52 23 31 36 2.3 1.2 0.8
21.0 46 61 71 32 42 49 3.2 1.6 1.1
19.0 52 69 81 36 48 56 3.6 1.8 1.2
17.0 61 121 181 42 84 126 4.2 2.1 1.4
15.5 56 112 168 39 78 117 3.9 2.0 1.3
13.5 49 98 147 34 68 102 3.4 1.7 1.1
11.0 39 78 117 27 54 81 2.7 1.4 0.9
9.3 33 68 101 23 47 70 2.3 1.2 0.8
8.3 30 61 89 21 42 62 2.1 1.1 0.7
7.3 26 52 79 18 36 55 1.8 0.9 0.6
Table App. A-19. Maximum Allowable Soil Load

for Poly-Flo Pipe (lbs per linear ft)
Soil Modulus (E')
Size 200 (psi) 400 (psi) 700 (psi) 1000 (psi)
1x2 399 449 524 599
2x3 749 847 995 1144
4x6 1047 1189 1400 1612
App. A-7
A
App. A-8
Table App. A-20. Proline Pro 150 Velocities and Pressure Drops
Flow 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Rate
(gpm) V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P
1 1.17 0.55 0.68 0.15 0.39 0.04 0.24 0.01
2 2.34 1.99 1.37 0.54 0.78 0.14 0.49 0.04 0.32 0.02
5 5.64 10.84 3.42 2.95 1.95 0.75 1.22 0.24 0.79 0.08 0.50 0.03 0.35 0.01 0.24 0.01
7 8.18 20.21 4.79 5.51 2.72 1.39 1.71 0.45 1.11 0.10 0.70 0.05 0.49 0.02 0.34 0.02
10 11.70 39.12 6.85 10.66 3.89 2.70 2.45 0.87 1.58 0.30 1.00 1.01 0.70 0.04 0.49 0.03
APPENDIX A
15 10.30 22.59 5.64 5.72 3.67 1.85 2.37 0.64 1.49 0.21 1.05 0.09 0.73 0.06 0.49 0.01
20 7.78 9.74 4.90 3.15 3.16 1.09 1.99 0.36 1.41 0.15 0.97 0.10 0.65 0.02
25 9.73 14.72 6.12 4.77 3.95 1.64 2.49 0.54 1.76 0.23 1.22 0.13 0.81 0.03
30 11.70 20.63 7.34 6.68 4.74 2.30 2.99 0.75 2.11 0.32 1.46 0.17 0.98 0.05
35 8.57 8.89 5.53 3.07 3.49 0.10 2.48 0.43 1.70 0.23 1.14 0.06 0.54 0.01
40 9.78 11.38 6.32 3.92 3.98 1.27 2.81 0.55 1.94 0.28 1.30 0.08 0.62 0.02
45 11.00 14.16 7.11 4.88 4.48 1.59 3.18 0.68 2.19 0.34 1.48 0.10 0.69 0.02
50 7.90 5.93 4.98 1.93 3.52 0.83 2.43 0.47 1.63 0.13 0.77 0.03
60 9.48 8.31 5.98 2.71 4.22 1.16 2.92 0.63 1.95 0.18 0.92 0.03 0.59 0.01
70 11.10 11.10 6.97 3.60 4.92 1.54 3.40 0.81 2.28 0.24 1.08 0.04 0.69 0.02
80 7.97 4.61 5.62 1.97 3.89 1.00 2.60 0.30 1.23 0.05 0.79 0.02
90 8.96 5.73 6.33 2.46 4.38 1.22 2.93 0.38 1.39 0.06 0.89 0.03
100 9.96 6.97 7.03 2.99 4.86 1.84 3.25 0.46 1.54 0.07 0.98 0.03
125 12.50 10.50 8.79 4.52 8.08 2.58 4.08 0.89 1.92 0.11 1.23 0.04 0.79 0.01
150 10.60 6.33 7.29 3.43 4.88 0.07 2.31 0.18 1.48 0.05 0.95 0.02
175 8.51 4.39 5.69 1.29 2.69 0.21 1.72 0.07 1.10 0.02
200 9.72 6.64 6.50 1.65 3.08 0.27 1.97 0.09 1.26 0.03
250 12.20 9.31 8.13 2.49 3.85 0.40 2.46 0.13 1.58 0.05 0.99 0.01
300 9.75 3.50 4.62 0.57 2.95 0.19 1.89 0.08 1.19 0.02 0.94 0.01
350 11.40 4.64 5.39 0.75 3.44 0.26 2.21 0.09 1.39 0.03 1.09 0.02
400 6.16 0.97 3.94 0.32 2.52 0.11 1.59 0.03 1.25 0.02
450 6.93 1.20 4.43 0.40 2.84 0.14 1.78 0.04 1.40 0.03 1.11 0.01
500 7.69 1.46 4.92 0.49 3.15 0.16 1.98 0.05 1.56 0.03 1.23 0.02
600 9.23 2.04 5.90 0.69 3.78 0.23 2.38 0.07 1.87 0.04 1.48 0.02 1.17 0.01
P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409
700 10.80 2.75 6.89 0.92 4.41 0.31 2.78 0.10 2.19 0.06 1.72 0.03 1.36 0.02
Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com

800 7.87 1.17 5.04 0.40 3.17 0.13 2.50 0.07 1.97 0.04 1.55 0.02
900 8.85 1.45 5.67 0.49 3.57 0.16 2.81 0.09 2.21 0.05 1.75 0.03
1000 9.84 1.78 6.30 0.60 3.97 0.19 3.12 0.11 2.46 0.06 1.94 0.03
2000 12.60 2.17 7.93 0.70 6.24 0.39 4.82 0.22 3.89 0.13
2500 9.92 1.07 7.80 0.59 6.15 0.33 4.86 0.19
5000 12.30 1.20 9.72 0.68
7500 14.60 1.43
V = Velocity of water in ft/s; P = Pressure drop in psi/100 ft of pipe based upon the Hazen and Williams method, using C = 150 in Equation C-20.
Rev. EDG– 02/A

ASAHI /AMERICA
FLUID DYNAMICS
Table App. A-21. Proline Pro 45 Velocities and Pressure Drops
Rev. EDG– 02/A

Flow
2 21/2 3 4 6 7 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Rate
(gpm) V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P
5 0.38 0.01
FLUID DYNAMICS
ASAHI /AMERICA
7 0.53 0.03 0.37 0.01
10 0.76 0.05 0.53 0.02 0.37 0.01
15 1.13 0.10 0.80 0.05 0.55 0.02
20 1.51 0.18 1.07 0.08 0.74 0.03 0.50 0.01
25 1.89 0.27 1.34 0.12 0.92 0.05 0.62 0.02
30 2.27 0.38 1.60 0.16 1.11 0.08 0.74 0.03
35 2.64 0.51 1.87 0.22 1.29 0.09 0.87 0.03
40 3.02 0.65 2.14 0.28 1.48 0.11 0.99 0.04
45 3.40 0.81 2.40 0.35 1.66 0.14 1.12 0.05
50 3.78 0.99 2.67 0.42 1.84 0.17 1.24 0.06
60 4.53 1.38 3.20 0.59 2.22 0.24 1.49 0.09 0.70 0.01
70 5.29 1.84 3.74 0.79 2.59 0.32 1.74 0.12 0.82 0.02
80 6.04 2.35 4.27 1.03 2.96 0.41 1.99 0.16 0.94 0.03
90 6.80 2.93 4.80 1.26 3.33 0.52 2.23 0.19 1.05 0.03
100 7.55 3.56 5.34 1.53 3.69 0.62 2.48 0.24 1.17 0.04
125 9.44 5.38 6.68 2.34 4.62 0.94 3.10 0.36 1.46 0.08 0.93 0.01
150 8.01 3.24 5.54 1.33 3.72 0.50 1.76 0.08 1.12 0.03
175 9.35 4.31 6.47 1.76 4.34 0.67 2.05 0.11 1.31 0.03 0.84 0.01
200 10.68 5.53 7.39 2.26 4.96 0.86 2.34 0.14 1.50 0.03 0.96 0.02
250 9.24 3.41 6.20 1.29 2.93 0.21 1.87 0.05 1.20 0.02
300 11.08 4.78 7.44 1.81 3.51 0.29 2.24 0.07 1.44 0.03
350 8.68 2.42 4.10 0.39 2.62 0.10 1.68 0.04 1.06 0.01
400 9.93 3.09 4.68 0.50 2.99 0.13 1.92 0.06 1.21 0.02
450 11.17 3.84 5.27 0.62 3.37 0.16 2.16 0.07 1.36 0.02 1.07
500 5.85 0.75 3.74 0.19 2.40 0.09 1.51 0.03 1.19 0.02
600 7.02 1.05 4.49 0.26 2.87 0.12 1.81 0.04 1.43 0.02 1.12 0.01
700 8.19 1.40 5.24 0.36 3.35 0.15 2.11 0.05 1.66 0.03 1.31 0.02
800 9.36 1.79 5.98 0.45 3.83 0.20 2.41 0.08 1.90 0.04 1.50 0.02
900 10.53 2.23 6.73 0.56 4.31 0.26 2.71 0.08 2.14 0.05 1.68 0.03 1.30 0.01
1,000 11.70 2.71 7.48 0.68 4.79 0.31 3.02 0.10 2.38 0.06 1.87 0.03 1.48 0.02 1.20 0.01
2,000 14.96 2.47 9.58 1.11 6.03 0.36 4.75 0.20 3.74 0.11 2.96 0.06 2.39 0.04 1.51 0.01
2,500 11.96 1.68 7.54 0.55 5.94 0.31 4.67 0.17 3.69 0.10 2.99 0.06 1.89 0.02

5,000 11.88 1.10 9.35 0.61 7.39 0.35 5.98 0.21 3.77 0.07
7,500 14.00 0.30 11.00 0.74 8.97 0.44 5.66 0.14
10,000 14.80 1.26 12.00 0.75 7.55 0.24
APPENDIX A
App. A-9
A
A
App. A-10
Table App. A-22. Purad PVDF Velocities and Pressure Drops
Flow 1/2 3/4
Rate 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4 6 8 10 12
(gpm) V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P V P
1 1.01 0.38 0.58 0.1 0.36 0.03 0.21 0.01
2 2.02 1.36 1.17 0.37 0.71 0.11 0.42 0.03 0.27 0.01
5 5.06 7.42 2.92 2.01 1.78 0.60 1.06 0.17 0.67 0.06 0.41 0.02
7 7.09 13.80 4.09 3.74 2.49 1.11 1.49 0.32 0.94 0.10 0.57 0.03 0.38 0.01
APPENDIX A
10 10.13 26.80 5.84 7.24 3.55 2.16 2.12 0.62 1.35 0.20 0.81 0.06 0.54 0.02
15 8.76 15.30 5.33 4.57 3.19 1.31 2.02 0.43 1.22 0.13 0.81 0.05 0.4 0 0.01
20 11.70 26.10 7.10 7.79 4.25 2.24 2.69 0.74 1.62 0.21 1.07 0.08 0.6 0 0.02
25 8.88 11.80 5.31 3.37 3.37 1.11 2.03 0.32 1.34 0.12 0.79 0.04 0.50 0.01
30 10.70 16.50 6.37 4.73 4.04 1.46 2.43 0.45 1.61 0.17 0.99 0.06 0.62 0.02
35 7.43 6.30 4.71 2.08 2.84 0.60 1.88 0.22 1.19 0.08 0.74 0.03
40 8.50 8.06 5.38 2.66 3.24 0.78 2.15 0.29 1.39 0.11 0.87 0.03
45 9.56 10.00 6.06 3.31 3.65 0.96 2.42 0.36 1.59 0.14 0.99 0.04
50 10.62 12.20 6.73 4.02 4.05 1.17 2.69 0.43 1.79 0.17 1.12 0.05
60 8.08 5.63 4.86 1.64 3.22 0.60 1.99 0.21 1.24 0.06 0.70 0.02
70 9.42 7.49 5.67 2.18 3.76 0.80 2.38 0.29 1.49 0.09 0.82 0.02
80 10.80 9.60 6.48 2.79 4.30 1.03 2.78 0.39 1.74 0.12 0.94 0.03
90 7.29 3.47 4.83 1.28 3.18 0.49 1.99 0.16 1.05 0.03
100 8.10 4.22 5.37 1.55 3.57 0.61 2.23 0.19 1.17 0.04 0.75 0.01
125 10.13 6.38 6.71 2.35 4.96 0.74 2.48 0.24 1.46 0.06 0.93 0.02
150 8.06 3.29 5.96 1.13 3.10 0.36 1.76 0.08 1.12 0.03
175 9.40 4.37 6.95 1.58 3.72 0.50 2.05 0.10 1.31 0.03 0.96 0.01
200 10.70 5.60 7.94 2.10 4.34 0.85 2.34 0.14 1.50 0.04 1.20 0.02
250 11.90 9.06 6.20 1.81 2.93 0.21 1.87 0.07 1.44 0.03
300 7.44 2.41 3.51 0.29 2.24 0.10 1.68 0.04
350 9.93 3.09 4.10 0.39 2.62 0.13 1.92 0.06 1.06 0.01
400 11.20 3.84 4.68 0.49 2.99 0.16 2.16 0.07 1.21 0.02
450 5.27 0.61 3.37 0.20 2.40 0.08 1.36 0.02
500 5.85 0.75 3.74 0.25 2.87 0.12 1.51 0.03
600 7.02 1.05 4.49 0.35 3.35 0.16 1.81 0.03
700 8.19 1.40 5.24 0.47 3.83 0.20 2.11 0.05

800 9.36 1.79 5.98 0.60 4.31 0.26 2.41 0.06
900 10.50 2.23 6.73 0.75 4.79 0.31 2.71 0.08
1000 7.48 0.91 9.58 1.11 3.02 0.10
2000 15.00 3.29 12.00 1.68 6.03 0.36
2500 7.54 1.97
5000 15.10 1.97
Rev. EDG– 02/A

ASAHI /AMERICA
FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID DYNAMICS APPENDIX A
Table App. A-23. Poly-Flo Friction Losses and Pressure Drops (per 100 ft of pipe)*
1x2 2x3 4x6

Flow Friction Loss Pressure Drop Friction Loss Pressure Drop Friction Loss Pressure Drop
(gpm) (ft of water) (psi) (ft of water) (psi) (ft of water) (psi)
1 0.10 0.04
2 0.37 0.16
3 0.78 0.34
5 2.00 0.87
7 3.73 1.61 0.13 0.06
10 7.21 3.12 0.25 0.11
15 15.29 6.62 0.54 0.23
20 26.04 11.27 0.92 0.40
25 39.37 17.04 1.38 0.60 0.05 0.02
35 73.42 37.78 2.58 1.12 0.09 0.04
50 142.14 61.53 4.99 2.16 0.17 0.07
75 10.58 4.58 0.36 0.16
100 18.03 7.80 0.62 0.27
150 38.20 16.54 1.31 0.57
250 98.38 42.59 3.37 1.46
500 12.18 5.27
750 25.82 11.18
1000 43.98 19.04
1250 66.49 28.78
1500 93.20 40.34
*Note: Units shown are for specific gravities of working fluids less than or equal to 1.0. Correction factors for more dense
fluids are as follows: 0.90 for SG = 1.25, 0.85 for SG = 1.50, 0.75 for SG = 1.75, 0.70 for SG = 2.00.
Table App. A-24. Poly-Flo Pressure Drops (per 100 ft of pipe)
1 x 2 Inch Pipe 2 x 3 Inch Pipe 4 x 6 Inch Pipe

70 50 50
A
PRESSURE DROP (psi)
PRESSURE DROP (psi)
PRESSURE DROP (psi)
60
40 40
50
40 30 30
30 20 20
20
10 10
10
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 400 800 1200 1600
FLOW RATE (gal/min) FLOW RATE (gal/min) FLOW RATE (gal/min)
App. A-11
APPENDIX A FLUID DYNAMICS
Table App. A-25. Equivalent Lengths for Proline and Duo-Pro Fittings (for friction loss in ft)
Carrier Size 90 ° 45° Concentric Reduction = D 2 /D1* Concentric Reduction = D 1 /D2**

(nom in) Elbow Elbow Tee 1/4 1/2 3 /4 1/4 1/2 3/4
1/2 1.50 0.80 3.25 4.0 2.00 1.33

3/4 2.00 1.00 4.00 1.5 1.00
1 2.75 1.25 6.00 1.0 0.6 2.0 1.50 0.50
11/4 3.50 1.70 8.00 3.0 1.75
11/2 4.25 2.00 9.00 1.5 2.20
2 5.50 2.50 12.00 2.5 2.0 1.2 4.0 2.50 1.00
21/2 7.00 3.00 14.00 2.5 6.0 3.50
3 8.00 3.80 17.00 4.0 3.0 7.0
4 11.00 5.00 21.00 5.0 4.0 2.5 8.0 5.00 2.00
6 16.00 7.50 34.00 7.0 6.0 12.0 7.00
8 20.00 10.00 44.00 10.0 8.0 4.0 10.00 4.00
10 25.00 12.50 55.00 12.5 10.0 6.0 12.50
12 32.00 15.00 58.00 15.0 12.0 7.0
14 25.00 12.00 80.00 7.00
16 30.00 15.00 90.00 20.0 16.0 9.0
18 32.50 16.00 100.00
20 35.00 17.00 110.00
24 40.00 20.00 140.00
* D2 = larger diameter portion, which is shown in size column.

** D1= smaller diameter portion, which is shown in size column.
Table App. A-26. Equivalent Lengths for

Poly-Flo Fittings (for friction loss in ft)
Equivalent Length (feet)

Description 1x2 2x3 4x6
90° Elbow 5.0 10.0 N/A
90° Elbow, Long Sweep N/A 8.6 12.4
45° Elbow 1.7 4.3 6.2
Tee, Side Outlet 4.0 8.0 16.0
Tee, Straight Flow 1.5 3.0 6.0
Table App. A-27. Equivalent Lengths for Air-Pro Fittings (for friction loss in ft-in)
Nominal Diameter (in.)

Description 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 3
Socket 0'-8" 0'-8" 0'-11" 1'-4" 1'-8" 2'-0" 3'-7"
45° Elbow 0'-8" 0'-11" 1'-4" 2'-0" 3'-0" 4'-0" 7'-6"
90° Elbow 1'-4" 2'-4" 3'-4" 4'-3" 5'-11" 7'-6" 14'-9"
Tee 2'-7" 4'-7" 6'-3" 7'-10" 9'-2" 12'-5" 24'-7"
Reducer 0'-11" 1'-4" 1'-8" 2'-0" 2'-4" 3'-0" 6'-10"
DIMENSIONAL PIPE DATA APPENDIX A
Table App. A-28. Proline Pro 150 (SDR 11) Metric Pipe Dimensional
Wall Cross Moment Section Mid- Polypro
Size Outer Diameter Inner Diameter Thick Internal Area Section of Inertia Modulus Radius Weight Circum
(nom in) (mm) (in) (ft) (in) (ft) (in) (in2) (ft2) (in2) (in4) (in3) (in) (lbs/lin ft) (ft)
1/2 20 0.79 0.066 0.59 0.049 0.098 0.274 0.0019 0.213 0.0129 0.033 0.344 0.094 2.474
3/4 25 0.98 0.082 0.77 0.064 0.106 0.468 0.0032 0.293 0.0287 0.058 0.439 0.127 3.092
1 32 1.26 0.105 1.02 0.085 0.118 0.823 0.0057 0.424 0.0698 0.111 0.571 0.181 3.958
11/4 40 1.57 0.131 1.28 0.107 0.146 1.294 0.0090 0.654 0.1687 0.214 0.715 0.275 4.947
11/2 50 1.97 0.164 1.61 0.134 0.181 2.026 0.0141 1.017 0.4103 0.417 0.894 0.429 6.184
2 63 2.48 0.207 2.02 0.169 0.228 3.216 0.0223 1.615 1.0346 0.834 1.126 0.671 7.792
21/2 75 2.95 0.246 2.41 0.201 0.272 4.560 0.0317 2.288 2.0771 1.407 1.341 0.939 9.276
3 90 3.54 0.295 2.90 0.241 0.323 6.594 0.0458 3.266 4.2770 2.414 1.610 1.341 11.13
4 110 4.33 0.361 3.54 0.295 0.394 9.861 0.0685 4.869 9.5290 4.401 1.969 2.012 13.61
6 160 6.30 0.525 5.15 0.429 0.575 20.83 0.1446 10.34 42.769 13.58 2.862 4.293 19.79
8 200 7.87 0.656 6.44 0.537 0.717 32.58 0.2263 16.11 104.21 26.47 3.579 6.64 24.74
10 250 9.84 0.820 8.05 0.671 0.898 50.86 0.3532 25.22 254.82 51.78 4.472 10.40 30.92
12 315 12.40 1.033 10.14 0.845 1.130 80.78 0.5610 40.01 641.82 103.5 5.636 16.50 38.96
14 355 13.98 1.165 11.43 0.953 1.272 102.7 0.7129 50.76 1034.3 148.0 6.352 20.93 43.91
16 400 15.75 1.312 12.88 1.073 1.433 130.3 0.9051 64.45 1667.4 211.8 7.157 26.63 49.47
18 450 17.72 1.476 14.49 1.207 1.614 164.9 1.1449 81.66 2673.1 301.8 8.051 33.67 55.66
20 500 19.69 1.640 16.10 1.342 1.791 203.6 1.4142 100.7 4070.7 413.6 8.947 41.59 61.84
Table App. A-29. Proline Pro 90 (SDR 17) Metric Pipe Dimensional
11/2 50 1.97 0.164 1.74 0.145 0.114 2.378 0.017 0.665 0.287 0.292 0.927 0.282 6.184
2 63 2.48 0.207 2.20 0.183 0.142 3.790 0.026 1.041 0.714 0.576 1.169 O.443 7.792
21/2 75 2.95 0.246 2.61 0.218 0.169 5.367 0.037 1.480 1.439 0.975 1.392 0.630 9.276
3 90 3.54 0.295 3.14 0.262 0.201 7.752 0.054 2.108 2.955 1.668 1.671 0.872 11.13
4 110 4.33 0.361 3.83 0.320 0.248 11.55 0.080 3.181 6.653 3.072 2.041 1.341 13.61
6 160 6.30 0.525 5.58 0.465 0.358 24.48 0.170 6.687 29.61 9.401 2.970 2.817 19.79
8 200 7.87 0.656 6.98 0.581 0.449 38.23 0.265 10.47 72.42 18.39 3.713 4.360 24.74
10 250 9.84 0.820 8.72 0.727 0.559 59.78 0.415 16.30 176.3 35.82 4.642 6.774 30.92
12 315 12.40 1.033 10.99 0.916 0.705 94.9 0.659 25.90 444.5 71.68 5.848 10.73 38.96
14 355 13.98 1.165 12.39 1.033 0.791 120.6 0.838 32.78 714.9 102.3 6.593 13.62 43.91
16 400 15.75 1.312 13.96 1.163 0.894 153.1 1.063 41.71 1154.0 146.6 7.427 17.24 49.47
18
20
450
500
17.72
19.69
1.476
1.640
15.71
17.46
1.309
1.455
1.004
1.114
193.8
239.3
1.346
1.662
52.71
65.00
1847.0
2812.0
208.5
285.7
8.356
9.285
21.80
26.90
55.66
61.84
A
22 560 22.05 1.837 19.55 1.629 1.248 300.2 2.085 81.55 4426.0 401.5 10.400 33.74 69.26
24 630 24.80 2.067 21.99 1.833 1.406 379.9 2.638 103.3 7095.0 572.1 11.700 42.73 77.92
App. A-13
APPENDIX A DIMENSIONAL PIPE DATA
Table App. A-30. Proline Pro 45 (SDR 32.5) Metric Pipe Dimensional
2 63 2.48 0.207 2.32 0.194 0.079 4.238 0.029 0.594 0.429 0.346 1.201 0.262 7.792
21/2 75 2.95 0.246 2.76 0.230 0.094 5.999 0.042 0.848 0.867 0.588 1.429 0.369 9.276
3 90 3.54 0.295 3.32 0.277 0.110 8.672 0.060 1.189 1.753 0.990 1.717 0.510 11.130
4 110 4.33 0.361 4.06 0.338 0.138 12.92 0.090 1.815 3.993 1.844 2.096 0.805 13.610
6 160 6.30 0.525 5.91 0.492 0.197 27.39 0.190 3.774 17.58 5.583 3.051 1.610 19.790
8 200 7.87 0.656 7.39 0.615 0.244 42.84 0.298 5.851 42.62 10.83 3.815 2.482 24.740
10 250 9.84 0.820 9.23 0.769 0.307 66.89 0.464 9.199 104.70 21.27 4.768 3.823 30.920
12 315 12.40 1.033 11.63 0.969 0.386 106.2 0.738 14.560 263.10 42.43 6.008 6.104 38.960
14 355 13.98 1.165 13.10 1.092 0.437 134.8 0.936 18.590 426.40 61.01 6.770 7.780 43.910
16 400 15.75 1.312 14.77 1.231 0.488 171.4 1.190 23.400 681.90 86.61 7.630 9.793 49.470
18 450 17.72 1.476 16.61 1.385 0.551 216.8 1.506 29.720 1096.00 123.70 8.583 12.340 55.660
20 500 19.69 1.640 18.46 1.539 0.610 267.8 1.860 36.570 1665.00 169.20 9.537 15.230 61.840
22 560 22.05 1.837 20.68 1.723 0.685 335.8 2.332 45.970 2625.00 238.10 10.680 19.120 69.260
24 630 24.80 2.067 23.26 1.938 0.772 424.9 2.951 58.260 4210.00 339.50 12.020 24.210 77.920
Table App. A-31. Purad PVDF Metric Pipe Dimensional Data

Wall Cross Moment Section Mid- PVDF
Pressure
Size Rating Outer Diameter Inner Diameter Thick Internal Area Section of Inertia Modulus Radius Weight Circum
(nom in) (psi) (mm) (in) (ft) (in) (ft) (in) (in2) (ft2) (in2) (in4) (in3) (in) (lbs/lin ft) (ft)
1/2 230 20 0.79 0.066 0.64 0.053 .075 0.319 0.0022 0.167 0.0107 0.027 0.356 0.141 2.474
3/4 230 25 0.98 0.082 0.83 0.070 .075 0.547 0.0038 0.214 0.0222 0.045 0.455 0.181 3.092
1 230 32 1.26 0.105 1.07 0.089 .094 0.901 0.0063 0.346 0.0591 0.094 0.583 0.295 3.958
11/4 230 40 1.57 0.131 1.39 0.115 .094 1.508 0.0105 0.439 0.1209 0.153 0.740 0.369 4.947
11/2 230 50 1.97 0.164 1.73 0.144 .114 2.357 0.0164 0.687 0.2951 0.300 0.925 0.570 6.184
2 230 63 2.48 0.207 2.24 0.187 .118 3.955 0.0275 0.877 0.6129 0.494 1.181 0.731 7.792
21/2 230 75 2.95 0.246 2.67 0.222 .142 5.596 0.0389 1.252 1.2394 0.840 1.406 1.040 9.276
3 150 90 3.54 0.295 3.32 0.277 .110 8.672 0.0602 1.189 1.7534 0.990 1.717 0.993 11.130
4 150 110 4.33 0.361 4.06 0.339 .134 12.970 0.0900 1.765 3.8897 1.796 2.098 1.476 13.610
6 150 160 6.30 0.525 5.91 0.493 .193 27.460 0.1907 3.701 17.266 5.482 3.053 3.045 19.790
8 150 200 7.87 0.656 7.39 0.615 .244 42.840 0.2975 5.851 42.621 10.830 3.815 4.823 24.740
10 150 250 9.84 0.820 9.24 0.770 .303 67.000 0.4653 9.085 103.450 21.020 4.770 7.438 30.920
12 150 315 12.40 1.033 11.64 0.970 .382 106.370 0.7387 14.420 260.680 42.040 6.010 16.500 38.960
* For dimensions on other sizes, Asahi/America dimensional guides.
A
Table App. A-32. Poly-Flo Pipe Dimensional Data
Outer Pipe Inner Pipe Wall Internal Cross Moment Polypro PVDF HDPE
Size OD ID OD ID Thick Area Section of Inertia Weight Weight Weight Circum
(nom in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in2) (in2) (in4) (lbs/lin ft) (lbs/lin ft) (lbs/lin ft) (ft)
1x2 1.950 1.75 1.220 1.02 0.100 0.817 0.933 0.305 0.65 1.2 0.65 6.126
2x3 3.035 2.79 2.280 2.03 0.125 3.237 1.989 1.705 1.00 1.9 1.00 9.535
4x6 6.080 5.68 4.560 4.16 0.200 13.590 6.434 22.510 2.80 NA 2.80 19.100
6x8 8.000 7.44 6.000 5.44 0.280 23.240 11.820 71.280 7.00 NA 7.00 25.130
Rev. EDG– 02/A
Table App. A-33. IPS HDPE Pipe Dimensional Data
Pressure*** 267 psi 200 psi 160 psi 130 psi 110 psi 100 psi 89 psi 80 psi 65 psi 50 psi
Rating SDR 7 SDR 9 SDR 11 SDR 13.5 SDR 15.5 SDR 17 SDR 19 SDR 21 SDR 26 SDR 32.5
ASAHI /AMERICA
IPS** O.D. Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min
Pipe Size Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight Wall Weight
Size (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft) (in) (lb/ft)
3/4" 1.050 .150 .18 .117 .15 .095 .12*
1" 1.315 .188 .29 .146 .23 .120 .19*
DIMENSIONAL PIPE DATA
11/4" 1.660 .237 .46 .184 .37 .151 .31*

11/2" 1.900 .271 .60 .211 .48 .173 .41*
2" 2.375 .339 .94 .264 .76 .216 .64* .176 .53 .153 .47 .140 .43
3" 3.500 .500 2.05 .389 1.66 .318 1.39* .259 1.15 .226 1.02 .206 .93* .184 .84 .167 .77 .135 .62 .108 .50
4" 4.500 .643 3.39 .500 2.74 .409 2.29* .333 1.90 .290 1.68* .265 1.54* .237 1.39 .214 1.26 .173 1.03 .138 .83
5" 5.563 .795 5.17 .618 4.18 .506 3.51 .412 2.91 .359 2.57 .327 2.35 .293 2.12 .265 1.93 .214 1.57 .171 1.27
6" 6.625 .946 7.33 .736 5.93 .602 4.97* .491 4.13 .427 3.63 .390 3.34* .348 3.01 .315 2.73* .255 2.23* .204 1.80*
7" 7.125 1.018 8.49 .792 6.86 .648 5.75 .528 4.78 .460 4.21 .420 3.86 .375 3.48 .340 3.16 .274 2.58* .219 2.08
8" 8.625 1.232 12.43 .958 10.05 .784 8.42* .639 7.00 .556 6.16 .507 5.65* .454 5.10 .411 4.64* .332 3.79* .265 3.05*
10" 10.750 1.536 19.32 1.194 15.61 .977 13.09* .796 10.87 .694 9.58 .632 8.78* .566 7.92 .512 7.21* .413 5.87* .331 4.75*
12" 12.750 1.821 27.16 1.417 21.97 1.159 18.41* .944 15.29 .823 13.48* .750 12.36* .671 11.14 .607 10.13* .490 8.26* .392 6.67*
14" 14.000 2.000 32.76 1.556 26.50 1.273 22.20* 1.037 18.44 .903 16.24 .824 14.91* .737 13.43 .667 12.22 .538 9.96* .431 8.05
16" 16.000 1.778 34.60 1.455 29.00* 1.185 24.09 1.032 21.21 .941 19.46* .842 17.54 .762 15.96* .615 13.01* .492 10.50
18" 18.000 2.000 43.79 1.636 36.69* 1.333 30.48 1.161 26.84* 1.059 24.64* .947 22.19 .857 20.19 .692 16.47* .554 13.30
20" 20.000 2.222 54.05 1.818 45.30* 1.481 37.63 1.290 33.14 1.176 30.41* 1.053 27.42 .952 24.93 .769 20.34* .615 16.41*
211/2" 21.500 2.389 62.47 1.955 52.37 1.593 43.51 1.387 38.30 1.265 35.16 1.132 31.68 1.024 28.82 .827 23.51 .662 18.98
22" 22.000 2.444 65.40 2.000 54.82* 1.630 45.56 1.419 40.10 1.294 36.80 1.158 33.16 1.048 30.18 .846 24.61* .677 19.86*
24" 24.000 2.667 77.85 2.182 65.24* 1.778 54.21 1.548 47.72 1.412 43.81* 1.263 39.46 1.143 35.91* .923 29.30* .738 23.62*
26" 26.000 2.364 76.57 1.926 63.62 1.677 56.00 1.529 51.39 1.368 46.30 1.238 42.14 1.000 34.39 .800 27.74*
28" 28.000 2.545 88.78 2.074 73.78 1.806 64.95 1.647 59.62* 1.474 53.73 1.333 48.86 1.077 39.88 .862 32.19*
30" 30.000 2.727 101.92 2.222 84.69 1.935 74.56 1.765 68.45 1.579 61.67 1.429 56.12* 1.154 45.78 .923 36.93*
800 mm 31.496 2.333 93.35 2.032 82.20 1.853 75.45 1.658 67.98 1.500 61.85 1.211 50.44 .969 40.71
32" 32.000 2.370 96.35 2.065 84.87 1.882 77.86 1.684 70.15 1.524 63.84 1.231 52.10 .985 42.04*
34" 34.000 2.519 108.81 2.194 95.81 2.000 87.91 1.789 79.17 1.619 72.06 1.308 58.81 1.046 47.43
36" 36.000 2.667 121.98 2.323 107.41 2.118 98.57 1.895 88.81 1.714 80.78* 1.385 65.94* 1.108 53.20*
1000 mm 39.370 2.316 117.88 2.072 106.18 1.875 96.64 1.514 78.83 1.211 63.69
42" 42.000 2.211 120.89 2.000 109.97 1.615 89.71* 1.292 72.37*

1200 mm 47.244 2.487 152.94 2.250 139.16 1.817 113.53* 1.454 91.62*
54" 54.000 2.077 148.33* 1.662 119.70*
* Denotes standard sizes.

** Pipe sizes are identified by IPS (iron pipe size) diameters which designate the nominal diameter for 12" IPS and smaller pipe, and outside diameter for 14" IPS and larger pipe.
*** Pressure ratings are for water at 73.4° F and HDB hoop stress of 1,600 psi.
APPENDIX A
App. A-15
A
APPENDIX A DIMENSIONAL PIPE DATA
Table App. A-34. Air-Pro (PE 100, SDR 7) Pipe Dimensional Data
Wall
Size Outer Diameter Thickness Weight
(nom in) (mm) (in) (inches) (lbs/ft)
1/2 20 0.79 0.066 0.64
3/4 25 0.98 0.082 0.83
1 32 1.26 0.105 1.07
11/4 40 1.57 0.131 1.39
11/2 50 1.97 0.164 1.73
2 63 2.48 0.207 2.24
21/2 75 2.95 0.246 2.67
3 90 3.54 0.295 3.32
4 110 4.33 0.361 4.06
Table App. A-35. Annular Space for Duo-Pro

Polypropylene x Polypropylene Assemblies (inches)
Nominal Carrier Containment Annular

Size Presure Wall Space
Rating Thickness
(inches) (inches)
1x3 SDR-11 SDR-11 0.82
2x4 SDR-11 SDR-11 0.53
2x4 SDR-11 SDR-32 0.79
3x6 SDR-11 SDR-11 0.80
3x6 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.18
4x8 SDR-11 SDR-11 1.05
4x8 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.53
4x8 SDR-32 SDR-32 1.53
6 x 10 SDR-11 SDR-11 0.88
6 x 10 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.47
6 x 10 SDR-32 SDR-32 1.47
8 x 12 SDR-11 SDR-11 1.14
8 x 12 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.88
A 8 x 12
10 x 14
SDR-32
SDR-11
SDR-32
SDR-11
1.88
0.80
10 x 14 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.63
10 x 14 SDR-32 SDR-32 1.63
12 x 16 SDR-11 SDR-11 1.05
12 x 16 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.19
12 x 16 SDR-32 SDR-32 1.19
14 x 18 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.32
14 x 18 SDR-32 SDR-32 1.32
16 x 20 SDR-11 SDR-32 1.36
16 x 20 SDR-32 SDR-32 1.36
16 x 20 SDR-32 SDR-32 2.77
VACUUM RATING APPENDIX A
Table App. A-36. Annular Space for Duo-Pro

PVDF Carrier Pipe Assemblies (inches)
Nominal Carrier Containment Annular
Size Presure Rating Wall Space
Thickness*
(inches) (psi) (inches)
1x3 230 SDR-11 0.82
1x2 230 SDR-32 1.03
2x4 230 SDR-11 0.53
2x4 230 SDR-32 0.79
3x6 150 SDR-11 0.80
3x6 150 SDR-32 1.18
4x8 150 SDR-11 1.05
4x8 150 SDR-32 1.53
6 x 10 150 SDR-11 0.88
6 x 10 150 SDR-32 1.47
8 x 12 150 SDR-11 1.14
8 x 12 150 SDR-32 1.88
10 x 14 150 SDR-11 0.80
10 x 14 150 SDR-32 1.63
12 x 16 150 SDR-11 1.05
12 x 16 150 SDR-32 1.19
* For PVDF containment , sizes 3"-12" are SDR 32. For Poly-Pro containment,
sizes 3"-18" can be SDR 11 (Pro 150), and sizes 4"-16" can be SDR 32 (Pro 45)
Table App. A-37. Collapse Pressures

Pro 150 (SDR 11) Pro 45 (SDR 32.5) Pro 30 (SDR 41) HDPE 150 (SDR 11) PVDF
° F /° C (psi) ° F /° C (psi) ° F /° C (psi) ° F /° C (psi) ° F /° C (psi)
68/20 32.3 68/21 1.2 68/22 0.73 68/23 28.5 68/24 17.4
83/30 28.9 83/31 1.1 83/32 0.66 83/33 24.0 83/34 34.0
104/40 25.5 104/41 1.0 104/42 0.58 104/43 19.7 104/44 7.3
140/60 18.7 140/61 0.7 140/62 0.44 140t63 — 140/64 3.6
176/80 — 176/81 — 176/82 0.29 176/83 — 176/84 2.9
200/93.3
—
—
—
200/93.4
— —
— 200/93.5
248/120
0.21
—
200/93.6
248/121
—
—
200/93.7
248/122
2.6
2.5
A
Full vacuum = 14.7 psi, values greater are considered full vacuum.
App. A-17
APPENDIX A HEAT LOSS
Table App. A-38. PVDF Pipe Heat Loss in Watts per Linear Foot
Nominal Diameter of Pipe In Inches
n.l.t. ∆T 0.375 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12
0.5 50 1.98 2.26 2.64 3.13 3.75 4.41 5.33 6.29 7.31 8.58 11.62 13.92 16.57 19.78
75 2.96 3.39 3.97 4.70 5.62 6.61 8.00 9.43 10.97 12.87 17.43 20.80 24.85 29.67
100 3.95 4.52 5.29 6.27 7.49 8.82 10.67 12.58 14.62 17.16 23.24 27.85 33.14 39.57
125 4.94 5.66 6.61 7.83 9.36 11.02 13.33 15.72 18.28 21.46 29.05 34.80 41.43 49.46
150 5.93 6.79 7.93 9.40 11.24 13.23 16.00 18.86 21.94 25.75 34.86 41.78 49.72 59.36
175 6.92 7.92 9.25 10.97 13.11 15.43 18.67 22.01 25.60 30.04 40.68 48.70 58.01 69.25
200 7.90 9.05 10.58 12.54 14.98 17.64 21.34 25.15 29.26 34.33 46.49 55.71 66.30 79.15
1.0 50 1.37 1.54 1.75 2.03 2.37 2.74 3.25 3.75 4.32 5.04 6.78 8.14 9.75 11.76
75 2.05 2.3 2.63 3.05 3.55 4.12 4.88 5.63 6.48 7.56 10.17 12.21 14.62 17.64
100 2.73 3.07 3.5 4.06 4.74 5.49 6.50 7.51 8.64 10.08 13.56 16.27 19.50 23.53
125 3.42 3.84 4.38 5.08 5.92 6.86 8.13 9.39 10.80 12.60 16.96 20.30 24.37 29.41
150 4.10 4.61 5.25 6.09 7.11 8.23 9.76 11.26 12.96 15.11 20.35 24.41 29.25 35.29
175 4.79 5.37 6.13 7.11 8.29 9.6 11.38 13.14 15.12 17.63 23.74 28.40 34.13 41.17
200 5.47 6.14 7.00 8.12 9.48 10.98 13.01 15.02 17.28 20.15 27.13 32.55 39.00 47.06
1.5 50 1.13 1.26 1.41 1.61 1.85 2.12 2.48 2.82 3.22 3.72 4.95 5.90 7.07 8.53
75 1.70 1.88 2.12 2.42 2.78 3.18 3.72 4.24 4.83 5.59 7.43 8.87 10.61 12.80
100 2.26 2.51 2.82 3.23 3.71 4.24 4.96 5.65 6.44 7.45 9.91 11.83 14.15 17.07
125 2.83 3.14 3.53 4.04 4.64 5.30 6.20 7.06 8.05 9.31 12.38 14.79 17.68 21.34
150 3.39 3.77 4.23 4.84 5.56 6.37 7.44 8.47 9.66 11.17 14.86 17.75 21.22 25.60
175 3.96 4.39 4.94 5.65 6.49 7.43 8.68 9.89 11.27 13.04 17.34 20.70 24.76 29.87
200 4.52 5.02 5.65 6.46 7.42 8.49 9.92 11.3 12.88 14.90 19.82 23.60 28.29 34.14
2.0 50 1.00 1.10 1.23 1.39 1.58 1.79 2.07 2.34 2.64 3.03 3.99 4.74 5.64 6.79
75 1.50 1.65 1.84 2.08 2.37 2.69 3.10 3.50 3.96 4.55 5.98 7.10 8.46 10.18
100 2.00 2.20 2.45 2.78 3.16 3.58 4.14 4.67 5.28 6.07 7.98 9.47 11.28 13.58
125 2.50 2.75 3.07 3.47 3.95 4.48 5.17 5.84 6.6 7.59 9.97 11.84 14.10 16.97
150 3.00 3.30 3.68 4.17 4.74 5.37 6.21 7.01 7.92 9.10 11.96 14.21 16.92 20.36
175 3.50 3.86 4.29 4.86 5.53 6.27 7.24 8.17 9.25 10.62 13.96 16.58 19.74 23.76
200 4.00 4.41 4.91 5.56 6.32 7.16 8.28 9.34 10.57 12.14 15.95 18.94 22.56 27.15
2.5 50 0.92 1.00 1.11 1.25 1.40 1.58 1.81 2.03 2.28 2.61 3.39 4.00 4.75 5.69
75 1.37 1.50 1.66 1.87 2.11 2.37 2.72 3.05 3.42 3.91 5.08 6.00 7.12 8.54
100 1.83 2.00 2.22 2.49 2.81 3.16 3.62 4.06 4.57 5.21 6.78 8.00 9.49 11.38
125 2.29 2.50 2.77 3.11 3.51 3.95 4.53 5.08 5.71 6.51 8.47 10.00 11.87 14.23
150 2.75 3.01 3.33 3.74 4.21 4.74 5.44 6.09 6.85 7.82 10.17 12.01 14.24 17.08
175 3.20 3.51 3.88 4.36 4.92 5.53 6.34 7.11 7.99 9.12 11.86 14.01 16.61 19.92
200 3.66 4.01 4.43 4.98 5.62 6.32 7.25 8.12 9.13 10.42 13.55 16.01 18.98 22.77
3.0 50 0.85 0.93 1.02 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.63 1.82 2.04 2.31 2.98 3.50 4.13 4.94
75 1.28 1.40 1.54 1.72 1.92 2.15 2.45 2.73 3.06 3.47 4.47 5.25 6.20 7.41
100 1.71 1.86 2.05 2.29 2.57 2.87 3.27 3.64 4.07 4.62 5.96 7.00 8.27 9.88
A 125
150
2.14
2.56
2.33
2.79
2.56
3.07
2.86
3.43
3.21
3.85
3.59
4.31
4.09
4.9
4.55
5.46
5.09
6.11
5.78
6.94
7.45
8.94
8.75
10.50
10.33
12.40
12.35
14.82
175 2.99 3.26 3.59 4.01 4.49 5.03 5.72 6.38 7.13 8.09 10.43 12.25 14.47 17.29
200 3.42 3.72 4.10 4.58 5.13 5.74 6.54 7.29 8.15 9.25 11.91 14.00 16.53 19.76
4.0 50 0.77 0.84 0.91 1.01 1.12 1.24 1.40 1.55 1.72 1.93 2.45 2.86 3.35 3.97
75 1.16 1.25 1.37 1.52 1.68 1.87 2.10 2.32 2.58 2.90 3.68 4.28 5.02 5.95
100 1.54 1.67 1.82 2.02 2.24 2.49 2.81 3.10 3.44 3.87 4.90 5.71 6.69 7.94
125 1.93 2.09 2.28 2.53 2.81 3.11 3.51 3.87 4.30 4.83 6.13 7.14 8.36 9.92
150 2.31 2.51 2.74 3.03 3.37 3.73 4.21 4.65 5.15 5.80 7.35 8.57 10.04 11.91
175 2.70 2.92 3.19 3.54 3.93 4.36 4.91 5.42 6.01 6.77 8.58 9.99 11.71 13.89
200 3.08 3.34 3.65 4.04 4.49 4.98 5.61 6.20 6.87 7.74 9.81 11.42 13.38 15.88
n.i.t. = nominal insulation thickness of foamed elastomer in inches; ∆T = temperature difference between cold fluid and desired maintenance in °F; body of table is in
watts per linear foot of pipe. Heat loss values are calculated using Equation C-67). Values are for moving air at 20 mph velocity, assuming no outer cladding.
HEAT LOSS APPENDIX A
Table App. A-39. Proline Pro 150 Pipe Heat Loss in Watts per Linear Foot
n.l.t. ∆T 0.375 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0.5 50 1.99 2.28 2.65 3.17 3.73 4.37 5.17 5.88 6.75 7.84 10.26 12.01 13.94 16.14 17.36 18.61 19.85
75 2.98 3.42 3.97 4.76 5.60 6.55 7.76 8.82 10.12 11.76 15.39 18.02 20.91 24.22 26.05 27.91 29.78
100 3.97 4.56 5.30 6.34 7.47 8.74 10.35 11.77 13.50 15.68 20.52 24.02 27.88 32.29 34.73 37.22 39.71
125 4.97 5.70 6.62 7.93 9.33 10.92 12.94 14.71 16.87 19.59 25.66 30.03 34.85 40.37 43.42 46.52 49.64
150 5.96 6.84 7.94 9.52 11.20 13.11 15.53 17.65 20.25 23.51 30.79 36.04 41.82 48.44 52.10 55.93 59.57
1.0 50 1.37 1.54 1.75 2.05 2.36 2.73 3.19 3.61 4.12 4.77 6.30 7.44 8.77 10.37 11.29 12.26 13.28
75 2.06 2.32 2.63 3.07 3.55 4.09 4.79 5.41 6.17 7.16 9.44 11.17 13.16 15.56 16.94 18.40 19.92
100 2.74 3.09 3.50 4.09 4.73 5.46 6.39 7.21 8.23 9.54 12.59 14.89 17.55 20.75 22.59 24.53 26.56
125 3.43 3.86 4.38 5.12 5.91 6.82 7.98 9.01 10.29 11.93 15.74 18.61 21.94 25.93 28.24 30.66 33.20
150 4.12 4.63 5.26 6.14 7.09 8.19 9.58 10.82 12.35 14.32 18.89 22.33 26.33 31.12 33.88 36.8 39.84
1.5 50 1.13 1.26 1.41 1.62 1.85 2.11 2.44 2.74 3.10 3.58 4.69 5.54 6.55 7.78 8.50 9.28 10.10
75 1.70 1.89 2.12 2.44 2.78 3.17 3.67 4.11 4.66 5.37 7.03 8.31 9.82 11.67 12.75 13.91 15.15
100 2.27 2.52 2.83 3.25 3.70 4.23 4.89 5.48 6.21 7.15 9.38 11.08 13.09 15.56 17.00 18.55 20.20
125 2.84 3.15 3.53 4.06 4.63 5.28 6.11 6.85 7.76 8.94 11.72 13.85 16.36 19.45 21.25 23.19 25.25
150 3.40 3.78 4.24 4.87 5.56 6.34 7.33 8.22 9.31 10.73 14.07 16.62 19.64 23.34 25.51 27.83 30.30
2.0 50 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.40 1.58 1.78 2.04 2.28 2.56 2.94 3.81 4.49 5.30 6.3 6.89 7.54 8.22
75 1.50 1.66 1.84 2.10 2.37 2.68 3.07 3.42 3.85 4.40 5.72 6.74 7.95 9.45 10.34 11.30 12.33
100 2.01 2.21 2.46 2.79 3.15 3.57 4.09 4.55 5.13 5.87 7.63 8.98 10.60 12.6 13.79 15.07 16.44
125 2.51 2.76 3.07 3.49 3.94 4.46 5.11 5.69 6.41 7.34 9.54 11.23 13.25 15.75 17.24 18.84 20.55
150 3.01 3.32 3.68 4.19 4.73 5.35 6.13 6.83 7.69 8.81 11.44 13.48 15.90 18.9 20.68 22.61 24.67
2.5 50 0.92 1.01 1.11 1.25 1.40 1.58 1.79 1.99 2.22 2.53 3.26 3.83 4.50 5.35 5.85 6.39 6.98
75 1.38 1.51 1.66 1.88 2.10 2.36 2.69 2.98 3.34 3.80 4.89 5.74 6.75 8.02 8.77 9.59 10.47
100 1.83 2.01 2.22 2.50 2.81 3.15 3.59 3.97 4.45 5.07 6.53 7.65 9.01 10.69 11.70 12.79 13.96
125 2.29 2.51 2.77 3.13 3.51 3.94 4.48 4.97 5.56 6.33 8.16 9.57 11.26 13.36 14.62 15.99 17.46
150 2.75 3.02 3.33 3.76 4.21 4.73 5.38 5.96 6.67 7.60 9.79 11.48 13.51 16.04 17.54 19.18 20.95
3.0 50 0.86 0.93 1.03 1.15 1.28 1.43 1.62 1.79 1.99 2.25 2.88 3.37 3.95 4.68 5.11 5.59 6.10
75 1.28 1.40 1.54 1.72 1.92 2.15 2.43 2.68 2.99 3.38 4.32 5.05 5.92 7.01 7.67 8.38 9.15
100 1.71 1.87 2.05 2.30 2.56 2.86 3.24 3.57 3.98 4.51 5.76 6.73 7.89 9.35 10.22 11.18 12.20
125 2.14 2.33 2.56 2.88 3.20 3.58 4.05 4.47 4.98 5.64 7.20 8.41 9.87 11.69 12.78 13.97 15.20
150 2.57 2.80 3.08 3.45 3.85 4.29 4.86 5.36 5.97 6.76 8.64 10.10 11.84 14.03 15.34 16.76 18.31
4.0 50 0.77 0.84 0.91 1.01 1.12 1.24 1.39 1.52 1.69 1.89 2.38 2.76 3.22 3.8 4.14 4.52 4.93
75 1.16 1.26 1.37 1.52 1.68 1.86 2.09 2.29 2.53 2.84 3.58 4.15 4.83 5.7 6.21 6.78 7.40
100 1.55 1.67 1.83 2.03 2.24 2.48 2.78 3.05 3.37 3.79 4.77 5.53 6.45 7.6 8.29 9.04 9.87
125 1.93 2.09 2.28 2.54 2.80 3.10 3.48 3.81 4.21 4.73 5.96 6.91 8.06 9.49 10.36 11.30 12.33
150 2.32 2.51 2.74 3.04 3.36 3.72 4.17 4.57 5.06 5.68 7.15 8.29 9.67 11.39 12.43 13.57 14.80
App. A-19
APPENDIX A HEAT LOSS
Table App. A-40. Proline Pro 45 Pipe Heat Loss in Watts per Linear Foot
n.l.t. ∆T 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
0.5 50 5.61 6.45 7.50 8.85 12.11 14.63 17.59 21.25 23.38 25.72 28.16 30.55 36.15
75 8.42 9.68 11.25 13.28 18.17 21.95 26.38 31.87 35.07 38.59 42.25 45.83 54.23
100 11.22 12.90 15.01 17.71 24.23 29.26 35.18 42.50 46.76 51.45 56.34 61.12 72.31
125 14.03 16.13 18.76 22.14 30.29 36.58 43.98 53.13 58.45 64.32 70.43 76.40 90.39
150 16.83 19.36 22.51 26.56 36.35 43.90 52.78 63.76 70.15 77.19 84.52 91.69 108.48
1.0 50 3.35 3.81 4.38 5.13 6.95 8.37 10.09 12.27 13.56 15.00 16.54 18.06 21.78
75 5.03 5.72 6.58 7.70 10.42 12-56 15.14 18.40 20.34 22.50 24.81 27.10 32.68
100 6.71 7.62 8.77 10.26 13.90 16.75 20.19 24.53 27.13 30.00 33.09 36.13 43.57
125 8.38 9.53 10.96 12.83 17.37 20.94 25.24 30.67 33.91 37.51 41.36 45.16 54.47
150 10.06 11.44 13.16 15.39 20.85 25.12 30.28 36.80 40.69 45.01 49.63 54.20 65.36
1.5 50 2.54 2.86 3.26 3.77 5.04 6.04 7.25 8.80 9.73 10.76 11.88 12.99 15.75
75 3.81 4.29 4.88 5.66 7.56 9.06 10.88 13.19 14.59 16.14 17.82 19.49 23.63
100 5.07 5.71 6.51 7.55 10.08 12.08 14.51 17.59 19.45 21.52 23.76 25.98 31.51
125 6.34 7.14 8.14 9.44 12.60 15.10 18.13 21.99 24.32 26.90 29.70 32.48 39.38
150 7.61 8.57 9.77 11.33 15.13 18.12 21.76 26.39 29.18 32.28 35.65 38.98 47.26
2.0 50 2.11 2.36 2.67 3.07 4.04 4.81 5.75 6.95 7.68 8.49 9.37 10.24 12.43
75 3.16 3.54 4.00 4.60 6.07 7.22 8.63 10.43 11.52 12.73 14.05 15.36 18.65
100 4.22 4.72 5.33 6.14 8.09 9.63 11.51 13.91 15.36 16.97 18.73 20.48 24.86
125 5.27 5.89 6.67 7.67 10.11 12.04 14.39 17.38 19.20 21.22 23.42 25.60 31.08
150 6.33 7.07 8.00 9.20 12.13 14.44 17.26 20.86 23.04 25.46 28.10 30.72 37.30
2.5 50 1.84 2.05 2.30 2.63 3.43 4.06 4.83 5.80 16.40 7.07 7.79 8.51 10.33
75 2.76 3.07 3.45 3.95 5.14 6.09 7.24 8.71 9.60 10.60 11.69 12.77 15.49
100 3.69 4.10 4.60 5.26 6.86 8.12 9.65 11.61 12.81 14.13 15.58 17.02 20.66
125 4.61 5.12 5.75 6.58 8.57 10.15 12.07 14.52 16.01 17.67 19.48 21.28 25.82
150 5.53 6.14 6.90 7.89 10.29 12.17 14.48 17.42 19.21 21.20 23.37 25.53 30.99
3.0 50 1.66 1.84 2.05 2.33 3.01 3.54 4.19 5.03 5.53 6.09 6.71 7.32 8.88
75 2.49 2.75 3.08 3.50 4.52 5.31 6.29 7.54 8.30 9.14 10.07 10.99 13.31
100 3.32 3.67 4.10 4.66 6.02 7.09 8.39 10.05 11.06 12.19 13.42 14.65 17.75
125 4.15 4.59 5.13 5.83 7.53 8.86 10.48 12.56 13.83 15.24 16.78 18.31 22.19
150 4.98 5.51 6.15 7.00 9.03 10.63 12.58 15.08 16.59 18.28 20.13 21.97 26.63
4.0 50 1.42 1.56 1.73 1.95 2.47 2.88 3.38 4.02 4.41 4.85 5.32 5.80 7.00
75 2.13 2.34 2.59 2.92 3.71 4.33 5.08 6.04 6.62 7.27 7.99 8.70 10.50
100 2.84 3.12 3.46 3.89 4.95 5.77 6.77 8.05 8.83 9.70 10.65 11.59 14.00
125 3.55 3.90 4.32 4.87 6.18 7.21 8.46 10.06 11.04 12.12 13.31 14.49 17.50
150 4.26 4.68 5.19 5.84 7.42 8.65 10.16 12.08 13.24 14.54 15.97 17.39 21.00
A
Table App. A-41. Spiral Factor/Pitch Table App. A-42. Valve Heat Loss Factor
Spiral Factor (feet of auto-tractor per feet of pipe) Valve Type Std 90
Pipe Size
Gate 4.3
(ips) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Butterfly 2.3
1.0 NR NR NR NR NR
Ball 2.6
1.5 NR NR NR NR NR
Globe 3.9
2.0 17 NR NR NR NR
For Example: Heat loss for a 2" gate valve is 4.3 times the heat loss for one foot of
2.5 20 14 NR NR NR pipe of the same size and insulation.
3.0 24 17 13 NR NR
3.5 28 19 15 13 NR
4.0 31 21 17 14 NR
4.5 35 24 19 16 14
5.0 39 26 21 18 15
6.0 46 31 25 21 18
8.0 59 41 33 28 24
Note: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
HEAT GAIN APPENDIX A
Table App. A-43. Heat Gain Values for Pro150 in Still Air Conditions
Pipe Size = 0.5", O.D. = 0.79" Pipe Size = 0.75", O.D. = 0.98" Pipe Size = 1.0", O.D. = 1.26"
Nominal Fluid Ambient Temperature (F) Ambient Temperature (F) Ambient Temperature (F)
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
(inches) Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface
Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp
0 35 15.8 42.3 14.4 41.5 12.9 41 19.5 42.5 17.7 41.9 15.9 41.3 24.7 43.2 22.5 42.4 20.2 41.7
0.125 35 11.7 63.1 10.7 60.4 9.6 58 14 62.8 12.7 60.4 11.4 57.9 17.2 62.8 15.7 60.2 14.1 57.7
0.25 35 9.5 72.4 8.7 68.9 7.8 65.6 11.2 71.9 10.2 68.5 9.2 65.2 13.6 71.6 12.3 68.3 11.1 64.9
0.375 35 8.2 77.3 7.4 73.5 6.7 69.6 9.5 76.9 8.6 73.1 7.8 69.2 11.4 76.5 10.4 72.6 9.3 69
0.5 35 7.3 80.3 6.6 76.2 5.9 72.1 8.4 79.9 7.6 75.8 6.9 71.7 10 79.4 9.1 75.4 8.2 71.3
0.625 35 6.6 82.3 6 78 5.4 73.7 7.6 81.9 6.9 77.6 6.2 73.4 8.9 81.5 8.1 77.3 7.3 73.1
0.75 35 6.1 83.6 5.5 79.3 5 74.8 6.9 83.4 6.3 78.9 5.7 74.5 8.2 82.9 7.4 78.6 6.7 74.2
1 35 5.4 85.4 4.9 80.8 4.4 76.2 6.1 85.1 5.5 80.6 6 76 7.1 84.8 6.4 80.3 5.8 75.8
1.25 35 4.9 86.4 4.4 81.8 4 77.1 5.5 86.2 5.0 81.6 4.5 76.9 6.3 86 5.7 81.4 5.2 76.7
1.5 35 4.5 87.2 4.1 82.4 3.7 77.7 5 87 4.6 82.2 4.1 77.5 5.8 86.7 5.3 82 4.7 77.4
2 35 4.0 88 3.6 83.2 3.3 78.4 4.4 87.9 4.0 83.1 3.6 78.3 5 87.7 4.6 82.9 4.1 78.1
2.5 35 3.7 88.5 3.3 83.6 3 78.8 4 88.4 3.7 83.5 3.3 78.7 4.6 88.2 4.1 83.4 3.7 78.6
0 40 14.4 46.5 12.9 46 11.5 45.2 17.7 46.9 15.9 46.3 14.2 45.4 22.5 47.4 20.2 46.7 18 45.9
0.125 40 10.7 65.4 9.6 63 8.5 60.5 12.7 65.4 11.4 62.9 10.2 60.2 15.7 65.2 14.1 62.7 12.5 60.2
0.25 40 8.7 73.9 7.8 70.6 6.9 67.2 10.2 73.5 9.2 70.2 8.1 66.9 12.3 73.3 11.1 69.9 9.9 66.6
0.375 40 7.4 78.5 6.7 74.6 5.9 70.9 8.6 78.1 7.8 74.2 6.9 70.5 10.4 77.6 9.3 74 8.3 70.1
0.5 40 6.6 81.2 5.9 77.1 5.3 72.9 7.6 80.8 6.9 76.7 6.1 72.6 9.1 80.4 8.2 76.3 7.2 72.4
0.625 40 6.0 83 5.4 78.7 4.8 74.4 6.9 82.6 6.2 78.4 5.5 74.1 8.1 82.3 7.3 78.1 6.5 73.8
0.75 40 5.5 84.3 5 79.8 4.4 75.4 6.3 83.9 5.7 79.5 5.1 75.1 7.4 83.6 6.7 79.2 5.9 74.9
1 40 4.9 85.8 4.4 81.2 3.9 76.7 5.5 85.6 5.0 81 4.4 76.5 6.4 85.3 5.8 80.8 5.1 76.3
1.25 40 4.4 86.8 4 82.1 3.5 77.5 5 86.6 4.5 81.9 4 77.3 5.7 86.4 5.2 81.7 4.6 77.1
1.5 40 4.1 87.4 3.7 82.7 3.3 77.9 4.6 87.2 4.1 82.5 3.7 77.8 5.3 87 4.7 82.4 4.2 77.6
2 40 3.6 88.2 3.3 83.4 2.9 78.6 4 88.1 3.6 83.3 3.2 78.5 4.6 87.9 4.1 83.1 3.7 78.3
2.5 40 3.3 88.6 3 83.8 2.7 78.9 3.7 88.5 3.3 83.7 2.9 78.8 4.1 88.4 3.7 83.6 3.3 78.7
0 45 12.9 51 11.5 50.2 10.1 49.5 15.9 51.3 14.2 50.4 12.4 49.8 20.2 51.7 18 50.9 15.7 50.3
0.125 45 9.6 68 8.5 65.5 7.5 62.8 11.4 67.9 10.2 65.2 8.9 62.7 14.1 67.7 12.5 65.2 11 62.6
0.25 45 7.8 75.6 6.9 72.2 6.1 68.7 9.2 75.2 8.1 71.9 7.1 68.5 11.1 74.9 9.9 71.6 8.6 68.3
0.375 45 6.7 79.6 5.9 75.9 5.2 71.9 7.8 79.2 6.9 75.5 6 71.7 9.3 79 8.3 75.1 7.3 71.3
0.5 45 5.9 82.1 5.3 77.9 4.6 73.9 6.9 81.7 6.1 77.6 5.3 73.6 8.2 81.3 7.2 77.4 6.3 73.3
0.625 45 5.4 83.7 4.8 79.4 4.2 75.1 6.2 83.4 5.5 79.1 4.8 74.9 7.3 83.1 6.5 78.8 5.7 74.6
0.75 45 5.0 84.8 4.4 80.4 3.9 75.9 5.7 84.5 5.1 80.1 4.4 75.8 6.7 84.2 5.9 79.9 5.2 75.5
1 45 4.4 86.2 3.9 81.7 3.4 77.1 5 86 4.4 81.5 3.9 76.9 5.8 85.8 5.1 81.3 4.5 76.7
1.25 45 4.0 87.1 3.5 82.5 3.1 77.8 4.5 86.9 4 82.3 3.5 77.6 5.2 86.7 4.6 82.1 4 77.5
1.5 45 3.7 87.7 3.3 82.9 2.9 78.2 4.1 87.5 3.7 82.8 3.2 78.1 4.7 87.4 4.2 82.6 3.7 77.9
2 45 3.3 88.4 2.9 83.6 2.6 78.7 3.6 88.3 3.2 83.5 2.8 78.7 4.1 88.1 3.7 83.3 3.2 78.5
2.5 45 3.0 88.8 2.7 83.9 2.3 79.1 3.3 88.7 2.9 83.8 2.6 79 3.7 88.6 3.3 83.7 2.9 78.9
0 50 11.5 55.2 10.1 54.5 8.6 54 14.2 55.4 12.4 54.8 10.6 54.2 18 55.9 15.7 55.3 13.5 54.4
0.125 50 8.5 70.5 7.5 67.8 6.4 65.3 10.2 70.2 8.9 67.7 7.6 65.2 12.5 70.2 11 67.6 9.4 65.1
0.25 50 6.9 77.2 6.1 73.7 5.2 70.4 8.1 76.9 7.1 73.5 6.1 70.2 9.9 76.6 8.6 73.3 7.4 70
0.375 50 5.9 80.9 5.2 76.9 4.5 73 6.9 80.5 6 76.7 5.2 72.8 8.3 80.1 7.3 76.3 6.2 72.6
0.5 50 5.3 82.9 4.6 78.9 4 74.7 6.1 82.6 5.3 78.6 4.6 74.5 7.2 82.4 6.3 78.3 5.4 74.3
0.625 50 4.8
4.4
84.4
85.4
4.2
3.9
80.1
80.9
3.6
3.3
75.8
76.6
5.5
5.1
84.1
85.1
4.8 79.9 4.1 75.6 6.5 83.8 5.7 79.6 4.9 75.3 A
0.75 50 4.4 80.8 3.8 76.3 5.9 84.9 5.2 80.5 4.5 76.1
1 50 3.9 86.7 3.4 82.1 2.9 77.5 4.4 86.5 3.9 81.9 3.3 77.4 5.1 86.3 4.5 81.7 3.9 77.1
1.25 50 3.5 87.5 3.1 82.8 2.7 78 4 87.3 3.5 82.6 3 77.9 4.6 87.1 4 82.5 3.4 77.8
1.5 50 3.3 87.9 2.9 83.2 2.5 78.4 3.7 87.8 3.2 83.1 2.8 78.3 4.2 87.6 3.7 82.9 3.2 78.2
2 50 2.9 88.6 2.6 83.7 2.2 78.9 3.2 88.5 2.8 83.7 2.4 78.8 3.7 88.3 3.2 83.5 2.8 78.7
2.5 50 2.7 88.9 2.3 84.1 2 79.2 2.9 88.8 2.6 84 2.2 79.1 3.3 88.7 2.9 83.9 2.5 79
0 55 10.1 59.5 8.6 59 7.2 58.2 12.4 59.8 10.6 59.2 8.9 58.3 15.7 60.3 13.5 59.4 11.2 58.8
0.125 55 7.5 72.8 6.4 70.3 5.3 67.8 8.9 72.7 7.6 70.2 6.4 67.6 11 72.6 9.4 70.1 7.8 67.7
0.25 55 6.1 78.7 5.2 75.4 4.3 72 7.1 78.5 6.1 75.2 5.1 71.8 8.6 78.3 7.4 75 6.2 71.6
0.375 55 5.2 81.9 4.5 78 3.7 74.3 6 81.7 5.2 77.8 4.3 74.1 7.3 81.3 6.2 77.6 5.2 73.8
0.5 55 4.6 83.9 4 79.7 3.3 75.6 5.3 83.6 4.6 79.5 3.8 75.4 6.3 83.3 5.4 79.3 4.5 75.2
0.625 55 4.2 85.1 3.6 80.8 3 76.5 4.8 84.9 4.1 80.6 3.4 76.4 5.7 84.6 4.9 80.3 4.1 76.1
0.75 55 3.9 85.9 3.3 81.6 2.8 77.1 4.4 85.8 3.8 81.3 3.2 76.9 5.2 85.5 4.5 81.1 3.7 76.8
1 55 3.4 87.1 2.9 82.5 2.4 77.9 3.9 86.9 3.3 82.4 2.8 77.8 4.5 86.7 3.9 82.1 3.2 77.7
1.25 55 3.1 87.8 2.7 83 2.2 78.4 3.5 87.6 3.0 82.9 2.5 78.3 4 87.5 3.4 82.8 2.9 78.2
1.5 55 2.9 88.2 2.5 83.4 2.1 78.7 3.2 88.1 2.8 83.3 2.3 78.6 3.7 87.9 3.2 83.2 2.6 78.5
255 2.6 88.7 2.2 83.9 1.8 79.1 2.8 88.7 2.4 83.8 2 79 3.2 88.5 2.8 83.7 2.3 79
2.5 55 2.3 89.1 2 84.2 1.7 79.3 2.6 89 2.2 84.1 1.8 79.3 2.9 88.9 2.5 84 2.1 79.2
Fluid Temp = temperature of the chilled water (F).
Heat Gain (Btu per linear foot of pipe) calculated from Equation C-67.
App. A-21
APPENDIX A HEAT GAIN
Table App A-43. Heat Gain Values for Pro150 in Still Air Conditions (continued)
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 30.1 44.5 27.4 43.6 24.6 42.8 35.8 46.6 32.6 45.5 29.3 44.5 42.8 48.8 38.9 47.6 35 46.3
0.125 35 20.7 63 18.8 60.5 16.9 58 24.5 63.7 22.3 61 20.1 58.4 29.3 64.4 26.6 61.7 24 59
0.25 35 16.1 71.5 14.7 68.1 13.2 64.8 19 71.6 17.3 68.3 15.6 64.9 22.7 71.8 20.6 68.5 18.6 65.1
0.375 35 13.5 76.2 12.2 72.5 11 68.7 15.8 76.1 14.4 72.4 12.9 68.7 18.8 76.1 17.1 72.4 15.4 68.6
0.5 35 11.7 79.2 10.6 75.2 9.6 71.1 13.6 79.1 12.4 75 11.2 71 16.1 79 14.7 74.9 13.2 70.9
0.625 35 10.4 81.2 9.5 77 8.5 72.8 12.1 81 11 76.8 9.9 72.7 14.3 80.8 13 76.7 11.7 72.5
0.75 35 9.5 82.6 8.6 78.3 7.7 74 11 82.4 10 78.1 9 73.8 12.9 82.3 11.7 78 10.5 73.7
1 35 8.1 84.6 7.4 80.1 6.6 75.6 9.4 84.3 8.5 79.9 7.7 75.4 10.9 84.2 9.9 79.7 8.9 75.3
1.25 35 7.2 85.8 6.6 81.1 5.9 76.5 8.3 85.6 7.5 81 6.8 76.4 9.6 85.4 8.7 80.8 7.8 76.3
1.5 35 6.6 86.6 6 81.9 5.4 77.2 7.5 86.4 6.8 81.7 6.1 77.1 8.6 86.3 7.9 81.6 7.1 76.9
2 35 5.7 87.6 5.2 82.8 4.7 78 6.4 87.4 5.8 82.7 5.3 77.9 7.3 87.3 6.7 82.5 6 77.8
2.5 35 5.1 88.1 4.6 83.3 4.2 78.5 5.7 88 5.2 83.2 4.7 78.4 6.5 87.9 5.9 83.1 5.3 78.3
0 40 27.4 48.6 24.6 47.8 21.9 46.9 32.6 50.5 29.3 49.5 26.1 48.4 38.9 52.6 35 51.3 31.1 50.1
0.125 40 18.8 65.5 16.9 63 15 60.4 22.3 66 20.1 63.4 17.8 60.9 26.6 66.7 24 64 21.3 61.4
0.25 40 14.7 73.1 13.2 69.8 11.7 66.6 17.3 73.3 15.6 69.9 13.8 66.7 20.6 73.5 18.6 70.1 16.5 66.8
0.375 40 12.2 77.5 11 73.7 9.8 70 14.4 77.4 12.9 73.7 11.5 69.9 17.1 77.4 15.4 73.6 13.6 69.9
0.5 40 10.6 80.2 9.6 76.1 8.5 72.1 12.4 80 11.2 76 9.9 72 14.7 79.9 13.2 75.9 11.7 72
0.625 40 9.5 82 8.5 77.8 7.6 73.6 11 81.8 9.9 77.7 8.8 73.5 13 81.7 11.7 77.5 10.4 73.3
0.75 40 8.6 83.3 7.7 79 6.9 74.7 10 83.1 9 78.8 8 74.5 11.7 83 10.5 78.7 9.4 74.4
1 40 7.4 85.1 6.6 80.6 5.9 76.1 8.5 84.9 7.7 80.4 6.8 75.9 9.9 84.7 8.9 80.3 7.9 75.8
1.25 40 6.6 86.1 5.9 81.5 5.3 76.9 7.5 86 6.8 81.4 6 76.8 8.7 85.8 7.8 81.3 7 76.6
1.5 40 6 86.9 5.4 82.2 4.8 77.5 6.8 86.7 6.1 82.1 5.4 77.4 7.9 86.6 7.1 81.9 6.3 77.3
2 40 5.2 87.8 4.7 83 4.1 78.2 5.8 87.7 5.3 82.9 4.7 78.1 6.7 87.5 6 82.8 5.3 78
2.5 40 4.6 88.3 4.2 83.5 3.7 78.7 5.2 88.2 4.7 83.4 4.2 78.6 5.9 88.1 5.3 83.3 4.7 78.5
0 45 24.6 52.8 21.9 51.9 19.2 51 29.3 54.5 26.1 53.4 22.8 52.4 35 56.3 31.1 55.1 27.2 53.8
0.125 45 16.9 68 15 65.4 13.2 62.8 20.1 68.4 17.8 65.9 15.6 63.2 24 69 21.3 66.4 18.6 63.7
0.25 45 13.2 74.8 11.7 71.6 10.3 68.2 15.6 74.9 13.8 71.7 12.1 68.3 18.6 75.1 16.5 71.8 14.4 68.5
0.375 45 11 78.7 9.8 75 8.6 71.2 12.9 78.7 11.5 74.9 10 71.2 15.4 78.6 13.6 74.9 11.9 71.2
0.5 45 9.6 81.1 8.5 77.1 7.4 73.2 11.2 81 9.9 77 8.7 73 13.2 80.9 11.7 77 10.3 72.9
0.625 45 8.5 82.8 7.6 78.6 6.6 74.4 9.9 82.7 8.8 78.5 7.7 74.3 11.7 82.5 10.4 78.3 9.1 74.2
0.75 45 7.7 84 6.9 79.7 6 75.3 9 83.8 8 79.5 7 75.2 10.5 83.7 9.4 79.4 8.2 75.1
1 45 6.6 85.6 5.9 81.1 5.2 76.5 7.7 85.4 6.8 80.9 6 76.4 8.9 85.3 7.9 80.8 6.9 76.3
1.25 45 5.9 86.5 5.3 81.9 4.6 77.3 6.8 86.4 6 81.8 5.3 77.2 7.8 86.3 7 81.6 6.1 77.1
1.5 45 5.4 87.2 4.8 82.5 4.2 77.8 6.1 87.1 5.4 82.4 4.8 77.7 7.1 86.9 6.3 82.3 5.5 77.6
2 45 4.7 88 4.1 83.2 3.6 78.5 5.3 87.9 4.7 83.1 4.1 78.4 6 87.8 5.3 83 4.7 78.3
2.5 45 4.2 88.5 3.7 83.7 3.2 78.8 4.7 88.4 4.2 83.6 3.6 78.8 5.3 88.3 4.7 83.5 4.1 78.7
0 50 21.9 56.9 19.2 56 16.4 55.2 26.1 58.4 22.8 57.4 19.5 56.4 31.1 60.1 27.2 58.8 23.3 57.6
0.125 50 15 70.4 13.2 67.8 11.3 65.3 17.8 70.9 15.6 68.2 13.4 65.6 21.3 71.4 18.6 68.7 16 66
0.25 50 11.7 76.6 10.3 73.2 8.8 69.9 13.8 76.7 12.1 73.3 10.4 69.9 16.5 76.8 14.4 73.5 12.4 70.1
0.375 so 9.8 80 8.6 76.2 7.3 72.5 11.5 79.9 10 76.2 8.6 72.5 13.6 79.9 11.9 76.2 10.2 72.5
0.5 50 8.5 82.1 7.4 78.2 6.4 74.1 9.9 82 8.7 78 7.4 74.1 11.7 82 10.3 77.9 8.8 74
A 0.625
0.75
50
50
7.6
6.9
83.6
84.7
6.6
6
79.4
80.3
5.7
5.2
75.2
76
8.8
8
83.5
84.5
7.7
7
79.3
80.2
6.6
6
75.1
75.9
10.4
9.4
83.3
84.4
9.1
8.2
79.2
80.1
7.8
7
75
75.8
1 50 5.9 86.1 5.2 81.5 4.4 77.1 6.8 85.9 6 81.4 5.1 76.9 7.9 85.8 6.9 81.3 6 76.8
1.25 50 5.3 86.9 4.6 82.3 3.9 77.7 6 86.8 5.3 82.2 4.5 77.6 7 86.6 6.1 82.1 5.2 77.5
1.5 50 4.8 87.5 4.2 82.8 3.6 78.1 5.4 87.4 4.8 82.7 4.1 78 6.3 87.3 5.5 82.6 4.7 78
2 50 4.1 88.2 3.6 83.5 3.1 78.7 4.7 88.1 4.1 83.4 3.5 78.6 5.3 88 4.7 83.3 4 78.5
2.5 50 3.7 88.7 3.2 83.8 2.8 79 4.2 88.6 3.6 83.8 3.1 78.9 4.7 88.5 4.1 83.7 3.5 78.9
0 55 19.2 61 16.4 60.2 13.7 59.3 22.8 62.4 19.5 61.4 16.3 60.2 27.2 63.8 23.3 62.6 19.4 61.3
0.125 55 13.2 72.8 11.3 70.3 9.4 67.7 15.6 73.2 13.4 70.6 11.1 68.1 18.6 73.7 16 71 13.3 68.4
0.25 55 10.3 78.2 8.8 74.9 7.3 71.6 12.1 78.3 10.4 74.9 8.7 71.6 14.4 78.5 12.4 75.1 10.3 71.7
0.375 55 8.6 81.2 7.3 77.5 6.1 73.7 10 81.2 8.6 77.5 7.2 73.7 11.9 81.2 10.2 77.5 8.5 73.7
0.5 55 7.4 83.2 6.4 79.1 5.3 75.1 8.7 83 7.4 79.1 6.2 75 10.3 82.9 8.8 79 7.3 75
0.625 55 6.6 84.4 5.7 80.2 4.7 76 7.7 84.3 6.6 80.1 5.5 75.9 9.1 84.2 7.8 80 6.5 75.8
0.75 55 6 85.3 5.2 81 4.3 76.7 7 85.2 6 80.9 5 76.6 8.2 85.1 7 80.8 5.9 76.5
1 55 5.2 86.5 4.4 82.1 3.7 77.5 6 86.4 5.1 81.9 4.3 77.4 6.9 86.3 6 81.8 5 77.3
1.25 55 4.6 87.3 3.9 82.7 3. 78.1 5.3 87.2 4.5 82.6 3.8 78 6.1 87.1 5.2 82.5 4.4 77.9
1.5 55 4.2 87.8 3.6 83.1 3 78.4 4.8 87.7 4.1 83 3.4 78.4 5.5 87.6 4.7 83 3.9 78.3
2 55 3.6 88.5 3.1 83.7 2.6 78.9 4.1 88.4 3.5 83.6 2.9 78.8 4.7 88.3 4 83.5 3.3 78.8
2.5 55 3.2 88.8 2.8 84 2.3 79.2 3.6 88.8 3.1 83.9 2.6 79.1 4.1 88.7 3.5 83.9 3 79
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 55.3 52.7 50.2 51.1 45.2 49.5 63.1 55.2 57.4 53.4 51.7 51.5 78.5 60.2 71.3 57.9 64.2 55.6
0.125 35 38.4 65.8 34.9 63 31.4 60.2 44.4 66.9 40.4 63.9 36.3 61.1 57.2 69.1 52 66 46.8 62.9
0.25 35 29.8 72.4 27.1 69 24.4 65.6 34.7 72.8 31.5 69.4 28.4 66 45.3 74.1 41.2 70.5 37.1 67
0.375 35 24.6 76.3 22.4 72.5 20.1 68.8 28.7 76.5 26 72.8 23.4 69 37.7 77.2 34.3 73.4 30.9 69.5
0.5 35 21.1 78.9 19.2 74.9 17.3 70.9 24.6 79 22.3 75 20.1 71 32.5 79.4 29.5 75.3 26.6 71.3
0.625 35 18.6 80.7 16.9 76.6 15.2 72.4 21.6 80.8 19.7 76.6 17.7 72.4 28.6 80.9 26 76.8 23.4 72.6
0.75 35 16.7 82.1 15.2 77.8 13.7 73.5 19.4 82.1 17.6 77.8 15.9 73.5 25.7 82.1 23.4 77.8 21 73.6
1 35 14 84 12.8 79.5 11.5 75 16.3 83.9 14.8 79.4 13.3 75 21.5 83.8 19.5 79.4 17.6 74.9
1.25 35 12.2 65.2 11.1 80.6 10 76 14.1 85.1 12.8 80.5 11.6 75.9 18.6 84.9 16.9 80.4 15.2 75.9
1.5 35 10.9 86 9.9 81.4 9 76.7 12.6 85.9 11.4 81.3 10.3 76.6 16.5 85.8 15 81.1 13.5 76.5
2 35 9.2 67.1 8.4 82.3 7.5 77.6 10.5 87 9.6 82.2 8.6 77.5 13.6 86.8 12.4 82.1 11.2 77.4
2.5 35 8.1 87.7 7.3 83 6.6 78.2 9.2 87.6 8.3 82.9 7.5 78.1 11.8 87.5 10.7 82.7 9.6 78
0 40 50.2 56.1 45.2 54.5 40.2 52.9 57.4 58.4 51.7 56.5 45.9 54.7 71.3 62.9 64.2 60.6 57.1 58.3
0.125 40 34.9 68 31.4 65.2 27.9 62.4 40.4 68.9 36.3 66.1 32.3 63.2 52 71 46.8 67.9 41.6 64.8
0.25 40 27.1 74 24.4 70.6 21.7 67.2 31.5 74.4 28.4 71 25.2 67.5 41.2 75.5 37.1 72 32.9 68.4
0.375 40 22.4 77.5 20.1 73.8 17.9 70 26 77.8 23.4 74 20.8 70.2 34.3 78.4 30.9 74.5 27.4 70.7
0.5 40 19.2 79.9 17.3 75.9 15.3 72 22.3 80 20.1 76 17.9 72 29.5 80.3 26.6 76.3 23.6 72.3
0.625 40 16.9 81.6 15.2 77.4 13.5 73.3 19.7 81.6 17.7 77.4 15.7 73.3 26 81.8 23.4 77.6 20.8 73.4
0.75 40 15.2 82.8 13.7 78.5 12.1 74.3 17.6 82.8 15.9 78.5 14.1 74.2 23.4 82.8 21 78.6 18.7 74.3
1 40 12.8 84.5 11.5 80 10.2 75.6 14.8 84.4 13.3 80 11.8 75.5 19.5 84.4 17.6 79.9 15.6 75.5
1.25 40 11.1 85.6 10 81 8.9 76.5 12.8 85.5 11.6 80.9 10.3 76.4 16.9 85.4 15.2 80.9 13.5 76.3
1.5 40 9.9 86.4 9 81.7 8 77.1 11.4 86.3 10.3 81.6 9.2 77 15 86.1 13.5 81.5 12 76.9
2 40 8.4 87.3 7.5 82.6 6.7 77.9 9.6 87.2 8.6 82.5 7.6 77.8 12.4 87.1 11.2 82.4 9.9 77.7
2.5 40 7.3 88 6.6 83.2 5.9 78.4 8.3 87.9 7.5 83.1 6.7 78.3 10.7 87.7 9.6 83 8.6 78.2
0 45 45.2 59.5 40.2 57.9 35.2 56.3 51.7 61.5 45.9 59.7 40.2 57.8 64.2 65.6 57.1 63.3 49.9 61.1
0.125 45 31.4 70.2 27.9 67.4 24.4 64.6 36.3 71.1 32.3 68.2 28.3 65.2 46.8 72.9 41.6 69.8 36.4 66.7
0.25 45 24.4 75.6 21.7 72.2 19 68.8 28.4 76 25.2 72.5 22.1 69.1 37.1 77 32.9 73.4 28.8 69.9
0.375 45 20.1 78.8 17.9 75 15.7 71.3 23.4 79 20.8 75.2 18.2 71.4 30.9 79.5 27.4 75.7 24 71.9
0.5 45 17.3 80.9 15.3 77 13.4 73 20.1 81 17.9 77 15.6 73 26.6 81.3 23.6 77.3 20.7 73.2
0.625 45 15.2 82.4 13.5 78.3 11.8 74.1 17.7 82.4 15.7 78.3 13.8 74.1 23.4 82.6 20.8 78.4 18.2 74.2
0.75 45 13.7 83.5 12.1 79.3 10.6 75 15.9 83.5 14.1 79.2 12.4 74.9 21 83.6 18.7 79.3 16.3 75
1 45 11.5 85 10.2 80.6 8.9 76.2 13.3 85 11.8 80.5 10.3 76.1 17.6 84.9 15.6 80.5 13.7 76.1
1.25 45 10 86 8.9 81.5 7.8 76.9 11.6 85.9 10.3 81.4 9 76.9 15.2 85.9 13.5 81.3 11.8 76.8
1.5 45 9 86.7 8 82.1 7 77.4 10.3 86.6 9.2 82 8 77.4 13.5 86.5 12 81.9 10.5 77.3
2 45 7.5 87.6 6.7 82.9 5.8 78.2 8.6 87.5 7.6 82.8 6.7 78.1 11.2 87.4 9.9 82.7 8.7 78
2.5 45 6.6 88.2 5.9 83.4 5.1 78.6 7.5 88.1 6.7 83.3 5.8 78.5 9.6 88 8.6 83.2 7.5 78.4
0 50 40.2 62.9 35.2 61.3 30.1 59.7 45.9 64.7 40.2 62.8 34.4 61 57.1 68.3 49.9 66.1 42.8 63.8
0.125 50 27.9 72.4 24.4 69.6 20.9 66.8 32.3 73.2 28.3 70.2 24.2 67.4 41.6 74.8 36.4 71.7 31.2 68.6
0.25 50 21.7 77.2 19 73.8 16.3 70.4 25.2 77.5 22.1 74.1 18.9 70.7 32.9 78.4 28.8 74.9 24.7 71.3
0.375 so I7.9 80 15.7 76.3 13.4 72.5 20.8 80.2 18.2 76.4 15.6 72.7 27.4 80.7 24 76.9 20.6 73
15.3 82 13.4 78 11.5 74 17.9 82
0.5
0.625
50
50 13.5 83.3 11.8 79.1 10.1 75 15.7 83.3
15.6
13.8
78
79.1
13.4
11.8
74
75
23.6
20.8
82.3
83.4
20.7
18.2
78.2
79.2
17.7
15.6
74.2
75.1 A
0.75 50 12.1 84.3 10.6 80 9.1 75.7 14.1 84.2 12.4 79.9 10.6 75.7 18.7 84.3 16.3 80 14 75.7
1 50 10.2 85.6 8.9 81.2 7.7 76.7 11.8 85.5 10.3 81.1 8.9 76.6 15.6 85.5 13.7 81.1 11.7 76.6
1.25 50 8.9 86.5 7.8 81.9 6.7 77.4 10.3 86.4 981.9 7.7 77.3 13.5 86.3 11.8 81.8 10.1 77.3
1.5 50 8 87.1 7 82.4 6 77.8 9.2 87 882.4 6.9 77.8 12 86.9 10.5 82.3 9 77.7
2 50 6.7 87.9 5.8 83.2 5 78.4 7.6 87.8 6.7 83.1 5.7 78.4 9.9 87.7 8.7 83 7.4 78.3
2.5 50 5.9 88.4 5.1 83.6 4.4 78.8 6.7 88.3 5.8 83.5 5 78.7 8.6 88.2 7.5 83.4 6.4 78.6
0 55 35.2 66.3 30.1 64.7 25.1 63.1 40.2 67.8 34.4 66 28.7 64.2 49.9 71.1 42.8 68.8 35.7 66.5
0.125 55 24.4 74.6 20.9 71.8 17.4 69 28.3 75.2 24.2 72.4 20.2 69.5 36.4 76.7 31.2 73.6 26 70.5
0.25 55 19 78.8 16.3 75.4 13.5 72 22.1 79.1 18.9 75.7 15.8 72.2 28.8 79.9 24.7 76.3 20.6 72.8
0.375 55 15.7 81.3 13.4 77.5 11.2 73.8 18.2 81.4 15.6 77.7 13 73.9 24 81.9 20.6 78 17.2 74.2
0.5 55 13.4 83 11.5 79 9.6 75 15.6 83 13.4 79 11.2 75 20.7 83.2 17.7 79.2 14.8 75.2
0.625 55 11.8 84.1 10.1 80 8.5 75.8 13.8 84.1 11.8 80 9.8 75.8 18.2 84.2 15.6 80.1 13 75.9
0.75 55 10.6 85 9.1 80.7 7.6 76.4 12.4 84.9 10.6 80.7 8.8 76.4 16.3 85 14 80.7 11.7 76.4
1 55 8.9 86.2 7.7 81.7 6.4 77.2 10.3 86.1 8.9 81.6 7.4 77.2 13.7 86.1 11.7 81.6 9.8 77.2
1.25 55 7.8 86.9 6.7 82.4 5.6 77.8 9 86.9 7.7 82.3 6.4 77.8 11.8 86.8 10.1 82.3 8.4 77.7
1.5 55 7 87.4 6 82.8 5 78.2 8 87.4 6.9 82.8 5.7 78.1 10.5 87.3 9 82.7 7.5 78.1
2 55 5.8 88.2 5 83.4 4.2 78.7 6.7 88.1 5.7 83.4 4.8 78.6 8.7 88 7.4 83.3 6.2 78.6
2.5 55 5.1 88.6 1 4.4 83.8 3.7 79 1 5.8 88.5 5.1 83.7 1 4.2 78.9 1 7.5 1 88.4 1 6.4 1 83.6 1 5.4 1 78.9
App. A-23
Pipe Size = 8", O.D. = 7.87" Pipe Size = 10", O.D. = 9.84" Pipe Size = 12", O.D. = 12.4"
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F) Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface Heat Surface
(inches) Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp Gain Temp
0 35 88.2 63.2 80.2 60.7 72.2 58.1 97.6 66.3 88.8 63.5 79.9 60.6 107.3 69.3 97.5 66.2 87.8 63.1
0.125 35 65.8 70.7 59.9 67.4 53.9 64.2 74.8 72.3 68 68.9 61.2 65.5 84.6 74 76.9 70.5 69.2 66.9
0.25 35 52.8 74.9 48 71.3 43.2 67.7 61 75.9 55.4 72.2 49.9 68.5 70.1 77 63.7 73.2 57.3 69.4
0.375 35 44.3 77.7 40.3 73.8 36.3 69.9 51.6 78.4 46.9 74.4 42.2 70.5 60 79.1 54.5 75.1 49.1 71.1
0.5 35 38.3 79.7 34.8 75.6 31.4 71.5 44.9 80.1 40.8 76 36.7 71.9 52.5 80.6 47.8 76.5 43 72.3
0.625 35 33.9 81.1 30.8 76.9 27.7 72.7 39.8 81.4 36.2 77.2 32.6 73 46.8 81.8 42.6 77.5 38.3 73.3
0.75 35 30.4 82.3 27.6 78 24.9 73.7 35.8 82.5 32.6 78.1 29.3 73.8 42.3 82.7 38.5 78.4 34.6 74.1
1 35 25.4 83.9 23.1 79.4 20.8 75 30 84 27.3 79.5 24.6 75 35.6 84.1 32.4 79.6 29.1 75.2
1.25 35 22 84.9 20 80.4 18 75.9 26 85 23.6 80.4 21.3 75.9 30.9 85 28.1 80.5 25.3 75.9
1.5 35 19.5 85.7 17.7 81.1 15.9 76.5 23 85.7 20.9 81.1 18.8 76.5 27.4 85.8 24.9 81.1 22.4 76.5
2 35 16 86.8 14.6 82.1 13.1 77.4 18.9 86.7 17.2 82 15.5 77.3 22.5 86.7 20.5 82 18.4 77.3
2.5 35 13.8 87.4 12.5 82.7 11.3 77.9 16.2 87.4 14.8 82.6 13.3 77.9 19.3 87.4 17.5 82.6 15.8 77.8
0 40 80.2 65.7 72.2 63.1 64.2 60.5 88.8 68.5 79.9 65.6 71 62.8 97.5 71.2 87.8 68.1 78 65
0.125 40 59.9 72.4 53.9 69.2 47.9 65.9 68 73.9 61.2 70.5 54.4 67.1 76.9 75.5 69.2 71.9 61.5 68.4
0.25 40 48 76.3 43.2 72.7 38.4 69 55.4 77.2 49.9 73.5 44.3 69.8 63.7 78.2 57.3 74.4 51 70.6
0.375 40 40.3 78.8 36.3 74.9 32.2 71.1 46.9 79.4 42.2 75.5 37.5 71.5 54.5 80.1 49.1 76.1 43.6 72.1
0.5 40 34.8 80.6 31.4 76.5 27.9 72.5 40.8 81 36.7 76.9 32.6 72.8 47.8 81.5 43 77.3 38.2 73.2
0.625 40 30.8 81.9 27.7 77.7 24.6 73.6 36.2 82.2 32.6 78 28.9 73.8 42.6 82.5 38.3 78.3 34.1 74
0.75 40 27.6 83 24.9 78.7 22.1 74.4 32.6 83.1 29.3 78.8 26.1 74.5 38.5 83.4 34.6 79.1 30.8 74.7
1 40 23.1 84.4 20.8 80 18.5 75.5 27.3 84.5 24.6 80 21.8 75.6 32.4 84.6 29.1 80.2 25.9 75.7
1.25 40 20 85.4 18 80.9 16 76.3 23.6 85.4 21.3 80.9 18.9 76.3 28.1 85.5 25.3 80.9 22.5 76.4
1.5 40 17.7 86.1 15.9 81.5 14.2 76.9 20.9 86.1 18.8 81.5 16.7 76.9 24.9 86.1 22.4 81.5 19.9 76.9
2 40 14.6 87.1 13.1 82.4 11.7 77.6 17.2 87 15.5 82.3 13.8 77.6 20.5 87 18.4 82.3 16.4 77.6
2.5 40 12.5 87.7 11.3 82.9 10 78.1 14.8 87.6 13.3 82.9 11.8 78.1 17.5 87.6 15.8 82.8 14 78.1
0 45 72.2 68.1 64.2 65.5 56.1 63 79.9 70.6 71 67.8 62.1 64.9 87.8 73.1 78 70 68.3 66.9
0.125 45 53.9 74.2 47.9 70.9 41.9 67.7 61.2 75.5 54.4 72.1 47.6 68.7 69.2 76.9 61.5 73.4 53.8 69.8
0.25 45 43.2 77.7 38.4 74 33.6 70.4 49.9 78.5 44.3 74.8 38.8 71 57.3 79.4 51 75.6 44.6 71.7
0.375 45 36.3 79.9 32.2 76.1 28.2 72.2 42.2 80.5 37.5 76.5 32.8 72.6 49.1 81.1 43.6 77.1 38.2 73.1
0.5 45 31.4 81.5 27.9 77.5 24.4 73.4 36.7 81.9 32.6 77.8 28.6 73.7 43 82.3 38.2 78.2 33.4 74
0.625 45 27.7 82.7 24.6 78.6 21.5 74.4 32.6 83 28.9 78.8 25.3 74.6 38.3 83.3 34.1 79 29.8 74.8
0.75 45 24.9 83.7 22.1 79.4 19.3 75.1 29.3 83.8 26.1 79.5 22.8 75.2 34.6 84.1 30.8 79.7 26.9 75.4
1 45 20.8 85 18.5 80.5 16.2 76.1 24.6 85 21.8 80.6 19.1 76.1 29.1 85.2 25.9 80.7 22.7 76.2
1.25 45 18 85.9 16 81.3 14 76.8 21.3 85.9 18.9 81.3 16.5 76.8 25.3 85.9 22.5 81.4 19.7 76.8
1.5 45 15.9 86.5 14.2 81.9 12.4 77.3 18.8 86.5 16.7 81.9 14.7 77.3 22.4 86.5 19.9 81.9 17.4 77.3
2 45 13.1 87.4 11.7 82.6 10.2 77.9 15.5 87.3 13.8 82.6 12 77.9 18.4 87.3 16.4 82.6 14.3 77.9
2.5 45 11.3 87.9 10 83.1 8.8 78.4 13.3 87.9 11.8 83.1 10.3 78.3 15.8 87.8 14 83.1 12.3 78.3
0 50 64.2 70.5 56.1 68 48.1 65.4 71 72.8 62.1 69.9 53.3 67.1 78 75 68.3 71.9 58.5 68.7
0.125 50 47.9 75.9 41.9 72.7 35.9 69.4 54.4 77.1 47.6 73.7 40.8 70.3 61.5 78.4 53.8 74.8 46.1 71.3
0.25 50 38.4 79 33.6 75.4 28.8 71.8 44.3 79.8 38.8 76 33.3 72.3 51 80.6 44.6 76.7 38.2 72.9
0.375 50 32.2 81.1 28.2 77.2 24.2 73.3 37.5 81.5 32.8 77.6 28.1 73.7 43.6 82.1 38.2 78.1 32.7 74.1
0.5 50 27.9 82.5 24.4 78.4 20.9 74.4 32.6 82.8 28.6 78.7 24.5 74.6 38.2 83.2 33.4 79 28.7 74.9
A 0.625
0.75
50
50
24.6
22.1
83.6
84.4
21.5
19.3
79.4
80.1
18.5
16.6
75.2
75.8
28.9
26.1
83.8
84.5
25.3
22.8
79.6
80.2
21.7
19.5
75.3
75.9
34.1
30.8
84
84.7
29.8
26.9
79.8
80.4
25.5
23.1
75.5
76
1 50 18.5 85.5 16.2 81.1 13.9 76.6 21.8 85.6 19.1 81.1 16.4 76.7 25.9 85.7 22.7 81.2 19.4 76.8
1.25 50 16 86.3 14 81.8 12 77.2 18.9 86.3 16.5 81.8 14.2 77.3 22.5 86.4 19.7 81.8 16.9 77.3
1.5 50 14.2 86.9 12.4 82.3 10.6 77.7 16.7 86.9 14.7 82.3 12.6 77.7 19.9 86.9 17.4 82.3 14.9 77.7
2 50 11.7 87.6 10.2 82.9 8.8 78.2 13.8 87.6 12 82.9 10.3 78.2 16.4 87.6 14.3 82.9 12.3 78.2
2.5 50 10 88.1 8.8 83.4 7.5 78.6 11.8 88.1 10.3 83.3 8.9 78.6 14 88.1 12.3 83.3 10.5 78.6
0 55 56.1 73 48.1 70.4 40.1 67.8 62.1 74.9 53.3 72.1 44.4 69.2 68.3 76.9 58.5 73.7 48.8 70.6
0.125 55 41.9 77.7 35.9 74.4 29.9 71.2 47.6 78.7 40.8 75.3 34 72 53.8 79.8 46.1 76.3 38.5 72.7
0.25 55 33.6 80.4 28.8 76.8 24 73.2 38.8 81 33.3 77.3 27.7 73.6 44.6 81.7 38.2 77.9 31.9 74.1
0.375 55 28.2 82.2 24.2 78.3 20.1 74.4 32.8 82.6 28.1 78.7 23.5 74.7 38.2 83.1 32.7 79.1 27.3 75
0.5 55 24.4 83.4 20.9 79.4 17.4 75.3 28.6 83.7 24.5 79.6 20.4 75.5 33.4 84 28.7 79.9 23.9 75.7
0.625 55 21.5 84.4 18.5 80.2 15.4 76 25.3 84.6 21.7 80.3 18.1 76.1 29.8 84.8 25.5 80.5 21.3 76.3
0.75 55 19.3 85.1 16.6 80.8 13.8 76.5 22.8 85.2 19.5 80.9 16.3 76.6 26.9 85.4 23.1 81 19.2 76.7
1 55 16.2 86.1 13.9 81.6 11.6 77.2 19.1 86.1 16.4 81.7 13.7 77.2 22.7 86.2 19.4 81.8 16.2 77.3
1.25 55 14 86.8 12 82.2 10 77.7 16.5 86.8 14.2 82.3 11.8 77.7 19.7 86.8 16.9 82.3 14 77.8
1.5 55 12.4 87.3 10.6 82.7 8.9 78 14.7 87.3 12.6 82.7 10.5 78 17.4 87.3 14.9 82.7 12.5 78.1
2 55 10.2 87.9 8.8 83.2 7.3 78.5 12 87.9 10.3 83.2 8.6 78.5 14.3 87.9 12.3 83.2 10.2 78.5
2.5 155 8.8 88.4 7.5 83.6 6.3 78.8 10.3 88.3 18.9 83.6 7.4 78.81 12.3 88.31 10.5 83.6 8.8 78.8
Table App. A-43. Heat Gain Values for Pro 150 in Still Air Conditions (continued)
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 112.1 70.9 101.9 67.6 91.8 64.3 116.7 72.3 106.1 68.9 95.5 65.5 120.9 73.7 109.9 70.2 98.9 66.7
0.125 35 89.7 75.0 81.6 71.3 73.4 67.7 94.8 75.9 86.2 72.1 77.5 68.4 99.6 76.8 90.6 73.0 81.5 69.2
0.25 35 75.0 77.6 68.2 73.8 61.4 69.9 80.0 78.2 72.7 74.3 65.4 70.4 84.9 78.9 77.2 74.9 69.5 70.9
0.375 35 64.6 79.5 58.7 75.5 52.9 71.4 69.3 80.0 63.0 75.9 56.7 71.8 74.1 80.4 67.3 76.3 60.6 72.2
0.5 35 56.8 80.9 51.7 76.8 46.5 72.6 61.3 81.3 55.7 77.1 50.1 72.9 65.8 81.6 59.8 77.4 53.8 73.1
0.625 35 50.8 82.0 46.2 77.8 41.6 73.5 55.0 82.3 50.0 78.0 45.0 73.7 59.3 82.5 53.9 78.2 48.5 73.9
0.75 35 46.0 82.9 41.8 78.6 37.7 74.2 49.9 83.1 46.4 78.7 40.9 74.3 54.0 83.3 49.1 78.9 44.2 74.5
1 35 38.9 84.2 35.3 79.7 31.8 75.2 42.3 84.3 38.5 79.8 34.6 75.3 45.9 84.4 41.8 79.9 37.6 75.4
1.25 35 33.8 85.1 30.7 80.6 27.6 76.0 36.8 85.2 33.5 80.6 30.1 76.1 40.1 85.3 36.5 80.7 32.8 76.1
1.5 35 30.0 85.8 27.2 81.2 24.5 76.6 32.7 85.8 29.8 81.2 26.8 76.6 35.7 85.9 32.4 81.3 29.2 76.6
2 35 24.6 86.7 22.4 82.0 20.2 77.3 26.9 86.7 24.5 82.0 22.0 77.3 29.4 86.8 26.7 82.1 24.1 77.4
2.5 35 21.1 87.3 19.2 82.6 17.3 77.8 23.1 87.3 21.0 82.6 18.9 77.8 25.2 87.4 22.9 82.6 20.6 77.8
0 40 101.9 72.6 91.8 69.3 81.6 66.1 106.1 73.9 95.5 70.5 84.9 67.1 109.9 75.2 98.9 71.7 88.0 68.1
0.125 40 81.6 76.3 73.4 72.7 65.3 69.0 86.2 77.1 77.5 73.4 68.9 69.7 90.6 78.0 81.5 74.2 72.5 70.4
0.25 40 66.2 78.8 61.4 74.9 54.6 71.0 72.7 79.3 65.4 75.4 58.2 71.4 77.2 79.9 69.5 75.9 61.7 71.9
0.375 40 58.7 80.5 52.9 76.4 47.0 72.4 63.0 80.9 56.7 76.8 50.4 72.7 67.3 81.3 60.6 77.2 53.9 73.0
0.5 40 51.7 81.8 46.5 77.6 41.3 73.4 55.7 82.1 50.1 77.9 44.6 73.6 59.8 82.4 53.8 78.1 47.9 73.9
0.625 40 46.2 82.8 41.6 78.5 37.0 74.2 50.0 83.0 45.0 78.7 40.0 74.4 53.9 83.2 48.5 78.9 43.1 74.6
0.75 40 41.8 83.6 37.7 79.2 33.5 74.8 45.4 83.7 40.9 79.3 36.3 75.0 49.1 83.9 44.2 79.5 39.3 75.1
1 40 35.3 84.7 31.8 80.2 28.3 75.8 38.5 84.8 34.6 80.3 30.8 75.9 41.8 84.9 37.6 80.4 33.4 76.0
1.25 40 30.7 85.6 27.6 81.0 24.6 76.4 33.5 85.6 30.1 81.1 26.8 76.5 36.5 85.7 32.8 81.1 29.2 76.6
1.5 40 27.2 86.2 24.5 81.6 21.8 76.9 29.8 86.2 26.8 81.6 23.8 77.0 32.4 86.3 29.2 81.6 25.9 77.0
2 40 22.4 87.0 20.2 82.3 17.9 77.6 24.5 87.0 22 82.3 19.6 77.6 26.7 87.1 24.1 82.4 21.4 77.6
2.5 40 19.2 87.6 17.3 82.8 15.3 78.1 21.0 87.6 18.9 82.8 16.8 78.1 22.9 87.6 20.6 82.8 18.3 78.1
0 45 91.8 74.3 81.6 71.1 71.4 67.8 95.5 75.5 84.9 72.1 74.3 68.7 98.9 76.7 88.0 73.1 77.0 69.6
0.125 45 73.4 77.7 65.3 74.0 57.1 70.4 77.5 78.4 68.9 74.7 60.3 71.0 81.5 79.2 72.5 75.4 63.4 71.6
0.25 45 61.4 79.9 54.6 76.0 47.7 72.1 65.4 80.4 58.2 76.4 50.9 72.5 69.5 80.9 61.7 76.9 54.0 72.9
0.375 45 52.9 81.4 47.0 77.4 41.1 73.3 56.7 81.8 50.4 77.7 44.1 73.6 60.6 82.2 53.9 78.0 47.1 73.9
0.5 45 46.5 82.6 41.3 78.4 36.2 74.2 50.1 82.9 44.6 78.6 39.0 74.4 53.8 83.1 47.9 78.9 41.9 74.7
0.625 45 41.6 83.5 37.0 79.2 32.3 74.9 45.0 83.7 40.0 79.4 35.0 75.1 48.5 83.9 43.1 79.6 37.7 75.3
0.75 45 37.7 84.2 33.5 79.8 29.3 75.5 40.9 84.3 36.3 80.0 31.8 75.6 44.2 84.5 39.3 80.1 34.3 75.7
1 45 31.8 85.2 28.3 80.8 24.7 76.3 34.6 85.3 30.8 80.9 26.9 76.4 37.6 85.4 33.4 81.0 29.2 76.5
1.25 45 27.6 86.0 24.6 81.4 21.5 76.9 30.1 86.1 26.8 81.5 23.4 76.9 32.8 86.1 29.2 81.6 25.5 77.0
1.5 45 24.5 86.6 21.8 81.9 19.1 77.3 26.8 86.6 23.8 82 20.8 77.4 29.2 86.6 25.9 82.0 22.7 77.4
2 45 20.2 87.3 17.9 82.6 15.7 77.9 22.0 87.3 19.6 82.6 17.1 77.9 24.1 87.4 21.4 82.6 18.7 77.9
2.5 45 17.3 87.8 15.3 83.1 13.4 78.3 18.9 87.8 16.8 83.1 14.7 78.3 20.6 87.8 18.3 83.1 16.0 78.3
0 50 81.6 76.1 71.4 72.8 61.2 69.5 84.9 77.1 74.3 73.7 63.7 70.3 88.0 78.1 77.0 74.6 66.0 71.1
0.125 50 65.3 79.0 57.1 75.4 49.0 71.8 68.9 79.7 60.3 76.0 51.7 72.3 72.5 80.4 63.4 76.6 54.3 72.8
0.25 50 54.6 81.0 47.7 77.1 40.9 73.3 58.2 81.4 50.9 77.5 43.6 73.6 61.7 81.9 54.0 77.9 46.3 73.9
0.375 50 47.0 82.4 41.1 78.3 35.2 74.3 50.4 82.7 44.1 78.6 37.8 74.5 53.9 83.0 47.1 78.9 40.4 74.8
0.5 50 41.3 83.4 36.2 79.2 31.0 75.1 44.6 83.6 39.0 79.4 33.4 75.2 47.9 83.9 41.9 79.7 35.9 75.4
0.625
0.75
50
50
37.0
33.5
84.2
84.8
32.3
29.3
79.9
80.5
27.7
25.1
75.7
76.1
40.0
36.3
84.4
85.0
35.0
31.8
80.1
80.6
30.0
27.2
75.8
76.2
43.1
39.3
84.6
85.1
37.7
34.3
80.3
80.7
32.3
29.4
75.9
76.3
A
1 50 28.3 85.8 24.7 81.3 21.2 76.8 30.8 85.9 26.9 81.4 23.1 76.9 33.4 86.0 29.2 81.5 25.1 77.0
1.25 50 24.6 86.4 21.5 81.9 18.4 77.3 26.8 86.5 23.4 81.9 20.1 77.4 29.2 86.6 25.5 82.0 21.9 77.4
1.5 50 21.8 86.9 19.1 82.3 16.3 77.7 23.8 87.0 20.8 82.4 17.9 77.7 25.9 87.0 22.7 82.4 19.5 77.8
2 50 17.9 87.6 15.7 82.9 13.4 78.2 19.6 87.6 17.1 82.9 14.7 78.2 21.4 87.6 18.7 82.9 16.0 78.2
2.5 50 15.3 88.1 13.4 83.3 11.5 78.6 16.8 88.1 14.7 83.3 12.6 78.6 18.3 88.1 16.0 83.3 13.7 78.6
0 55 71.4 77.8 61.2 74.5 51.0 71.3 74.3 78.7 63.7 75.3 53.1 72.0 77.0 79.6 66.0 76.1 55.0 72.6
0.125 55 57.1 80.4 49.0 76.8 40.8 73.2 60.3 81 51.7 77.3 43.1 73.6 63.4 81.6 54.3 77.8 45.3 74.0
0.25 55 47.7 82.1 40.9 78.3 34.1 74.4 50.9 82.5 43.6 78.6 36.4 74.7 54.0 82.9 46.3 78.9 38.6 74.9
0.375 55 41.1 83.3 35.2 79.3 29.4 75.2 44.1 83.6 37.8 79.5 31.5 75.4 47.1 83.9 40.4 79.8 33.7 75.6
0.5 55 36.2 84.2 31.0 80.1 25.8 75.9 39.0 84.4 33.4 80.2 27.9 76.0 41.9 84.7 35.9 80.4 29.9 76.2
0.625 55 32.3 84.9 27.7 80.7 23.1 76.4 35.0 85.1 30.0 80.8 25.0 76.5 37.7 85.3 32.3 80.9 26.9 76.6
0.75 55 29.3 85.5 25.1 81.1 20.9 76.8 31.8 85.6 27.2 81.2 22.7 76.9 34.3 85.7 29.4 81.3 24.5 77.0
1 55 24.7 86.3 21.2 81.8 17.7 77.4 26.9 86.4 23.1 81.9 19.2 77.4 29.2 86.5 25.1 82.0 20.9 77.5
1.25 55 21.5 86.9 18.4 82.3 15.4 77.8 23.4 86.9 20.1 82.4 16.7 77.8 25.5 87.0 21.9 82.4 18.2 77.9
1.5 55 19.1 87.3 16.3 82.7 13.6 78.1 20.8 87.4 17.9 82.7 14.9 78.1 22.7 87.4 19.5 82.8 16.2 78.1
2 55 15.7 87.9 13.4 83.2 11.2 78.5 17.1 87.9 14.7 83.2 12.2 78.5 18.7 87.9 16.0 83.2 13.4 78.5
2.5 155 13.4 88.3 11.5 83.6 9.6 78.8 14.7 88.3 12.6 83.6 10.5 78.8 16.1 88.3 13.7 83.6 11.5 78.8
App. A-25
Table App. A-44. Heat Gain Values for Pro 150 in Moving Air Conditions
Pipe Size = 0.5", O.D. = 0.79" Pipe Size =0.75", O.D. = 0.98" Pipe Size = 1", O.D. = 1.26"
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 43.7 54.8 39.7 53 35.7 51.2 53.0 55.6 48.2 53.7 43.4 51.8 65.8 56.8 59.9 54.7 53.9 52.8
0.125 35 18.3 78.8 16.6 74.8 14.9 70.9 21.9 78.7 19.9 74.7 17.9 70.7 27.1 78.6 24.6 74.6 22.1 70.7
0.25 35 12.5 83.8 11.3 79.4 10.2 75.0 14.7 83.7 13.4 79.2 12.1 74.8 18.0 83.5 16.4 79.1 14.7 74.7
0.375 35 9.8 85.9 8.9 81.3 8.1 76.7 11.5 85.8 10.5 81.1 9.4 76.5 13.9 B5.6 12.7 81.0 11.4 76.4
0.5 35 8.3 87.0 7.6 82.3 6.8 77.6 9.7 86.9 8.8 82.2 7.9 77.5 11.6 86.7 10.5 82.0 9.5 77.3
0.625 35 7.4 87.7 6.7 82.9 6.0 78.1 8.5 87.6 7.7 82.8 6.9 78.0 10.1 87.4 9.2 82.7 8.2 77.9
0.75 35 6.7 88.1 6.1 83.3 5.4 78.5 7.6 88.0 6.9 83.2 6.2 78.4 9.0 87.9 8.2 83.1 7.4 78.3
1 35 5.7 88.7 5.2 83.8 4.7 78.9 6.5 88.6 5.9 83.7 5.3 78.9 7.6 88.5 6.9 83.7 6.2 78.8
1.25 35 5.1 89.0 4.7 84.1 4.2 79.2 5.8 88.9 5.2 84.0 4.7 79.1 6.7 88.9 6.1 84.0 5.5 79.1
1.5 35 4.7 89.2 4.3 84.3 3.8 79.4 5.3 89.2 4.8 84.2 4.3 79.3 6.0 89.1 5.5 84.2 4.9 79.3
2 35 4.1 89.5 3.7 84.5 3.4 79.5 4.6 89.4 4.2 84.5 3.7 79.5 5.2 89.4 4.7 84.4 4.3 79.5
2.5 35 3.8 89.6 3.4 84.6 3.1 79.7 4.1 89.6 3.8 84.6 3.4 79.6 4.7 89.5 4.2 84.6 3.8 79.6
0 40 39.7 58.0 35.7 56.2 31.8 54.4 48.2 58.7 43.4 56.8 38.6 54.9 59.9 59.7 53.9 57.8 47.9 55.8
0.125 40 16.6 79.8 14.9 75.9 13.3 71.9 19.9 79.7 17.9 75.7 15.9 71.8 24.6 79.6 22.1 75.7 19.7 71.7
0.25 40 11.3 84.4 10.2 80.0 9.1 75.5 13.4 84.2 12.1 79.8 10.7 75.4 16.4 84.1 14.7 79.7 13.1 75.3
0.375 40 8.9 86.3 8.1 81.7 7.2 77.0 10.5 86.1 9.4 81.5 8.4 76.9 12.7 86.0 11.4 81.4 10.1 76.8
0.5 40 7.6 87.3 6.8 82.6 6.1 77.8 8.8 87.2 7.9 82.5 7.0 77.7 10.5 87.0 9.5 82.3 8.4 77.6
0.625 40 6.7 87.9 6.0 83.1 5.4 78.3 7.7 87.8 6.9 83.0 6.2 78.2 9.2 87.7 8.2 82.9 7.3 78.1
0.75 40 6.1 88.3 5.4 83.5 4.8 78.7 6.9 88.2 6.2 83.4 5.5 78.6 8.2 88.1 7.4 83.3 6.5 78.5
1 40 5.2 88.8 4.7 83.9 4.2 79.0 5.9 88.7 5.3 83.9 4.7 79.0 6.9 88.7 6.2 83.8 5.5 78.9
1.25 40 4.7 89.1 4.2 84.2 3.7 79.3 5.2 89.0 4.7 84.1 4.2 79.2 6.1 89.0 5.5 84.1 4.9 79.2
1.5 40 4.3 89.3 3.8 84.4 3.4 79.4 4.8 89.2 4.3 84.3 3.8 79.4 5.5 89.2 4.9 84.3 4.4 79.3
2 40 3.7 89.5 3.4 84.5 3.0 79.6 4.2 89.5 3.7 84.5 3.3 79.6 4.7 89.4 4.3 84.5 3.8 79.5
2.5 40 3.4 89.6 3.1 84.7 2.7 79.7 3.8 89.6 3.4 84.6 3.0 79.7 4.2 89.6 3.8 84.6 3.4 79.7
0 45 35.7 61.2 31.8 59.4 27.8 57.6 43.4 61.8 38.6 59.9 33.7 58.1 53.9 62.8 47.9 60.8 41.9 58.8
0.125 45 14.9 80.9 13.3 76.9 11.6 72.9 17.9 80.7 15.9 76.8 13.9 72.8 22.1 80.7 19.7 76.7 17.2 72.7
0.25 45 10.2 85.0 9.1 80.5 7.9 76.1 12.1 84.8 10.7 80.4 9.4 76.0 14.7 84.7 13.1 80.3 11.5 75.8
0.375 45 8.1 86.7 7.2 82.0 6.3 77.4 9.4 86.5 8.4 81.9 7.3 77.3 11.4 86.4 10.1 81.8 8.9 77.2
0.5 45 6.8 87.6 6.1 82.8 5.3 78.1 7.9 87.5 7.0 82.7 6.2 78.0 9.5 87.3 8.4 82.6 7.4 77.9
0.625 45 6.0 88.1 5.4 83.3 4.7 78.5 6.9 88.0 6.2 83.2 5.4 78.5 8.2 87.9 7.3 83.1 6.4 78.4
0.75 45 5.4 88.5 4.8 83.7 4.2 78.8 6.2 88.4 5.5 83.6 4.9 78.7 7.4 88.3 6.5 83.5 5.7 78.7
1 45 4.7 88.9 4.2 84.0 3.6 79.2 5.3 88.9 4.7 84 4.1 79.1 6.2 88.8 5.5 83.9 4.8 79.1
1.25 45 4.2 89.2 3.7 84.3 3.3 79.4 4.7 89.1 4.2 84.2 3.7 79.3 5.5 89.1 4.9 84.2 4.3 79.3
1.5 45 3.8 89.4 3.4 84.4 3.0 79.5 4.3 89.3 3.8 84.4 3.3 79.5 4.9 89.3 4.4 84.3 3.8 79.4
2 45 3.4 89.5 3.0 84.6 2.6 79.7 3.7 89.5 3.3 84.6 2.9 79.6 4.3 89.5 3.8 84.5 3.3 79.6
2.5 45 3.1 89.7 2.7 84.7 2.4 79.7 3.4 89.6 3.0 84.7 2.6 79.7 3.8 89.6 3.4 84.7 3.0 79.7
0 50 31.8 64.4 27.8 62.6 23.8 60.8 38.6 64.9 33.7 63.1 28.9 61.2 47.9 65.8 41.9 63.8 35.9 61.9
0.125 50 13.3 81.9 11.6 77.9 10.0 73.9 15.9 81.8 13.9 77.8 11.9 73.8 19.7 81.7 17.2 77.7 14.8 73.8
0.25 50 9.1 85.5 7.9 81.1 6.8 76.6 10.7 85.4 9.4 81.0 8.0 76.6 13.1 85.3 11.5 80.8 9.8 76.5
0.375 50 7.2 87.0 6.3 82.4 5.4 77.8 8.4 86.9 7.3 82.3 6.3 77.7 10.1 86.8 8.9 82.2 7.6 77.6
0.5 50 6.1 87.8 5.3 83.1 4.5 78.4 7.0 87.7 6.2 83.0 5.3 78.3 8.4 87.6 7.4 82.9 6.3 78.2
A 0.625
0.75
50
50
5.4
4.8
88.3
88.7
4.7
4.2
83.5
83.8
4.0
3.6
78.8
79.0
6.2
5.5
88.2
88.6
5.4
4.9
83.5
83.7
4.6
4.2
78.7
78.9
7.3
6.5
88.1
88.5
6.4
5.7
83.4
83.7
5.5
4.9
78.6
78.9
1 50 4.2 89.0 3.6 84.2 3.1 79.3 4.7 89.0 4.1 84.1 3.5 79.3 5.5 88.9 4.8 84.1 4.1 79.2
1.25 50 3.7 89.3 3.3 84.4 2.8 79.5 4.2 89.2 3.7 84.3 3.1 79.4 4.9 89.2 4.3 84.3 3.6 79.4
1.5 50 3.4 89.4 3.0 84.5 2.6 79.6 3.8 89.4 3.3 84.5 2.9 79.5 4.4 89.3 3.8 84.4 3.3 79.5
2 50 3.0 89.6 2.6 84.7 2.2 79.7 3.3 89.6 2.9 84.6 2.5 79.7 3.8 89.5 3.3 84.6 2.8 79.7
2.5 50 2.7 89.7 2.4 84.7 2.0 79.8 3.0 89.7 2.6 84.7 2.3 79.8 3.4 89.7 3.0 84.7 2.5 79.7
0 55 27.8 67.6 23.8 65.8 19.8 64.0 33.7 68.1 28.9 66.2 24.1 64.3 41.9 66.8 35.9 66.9 29.9 64.9
0.125 55 11.6 82.9 10.0 78.9 8.3 74.9 13.9 82.8 11.9 78.8 9.9 74.9 17.2 82.7 14.8 78.8 12.3 74.8
0.25 55 7.9 86.1 6.8 81.6 5.7 77.2 9.4 86.0 8.0 81.6 6.7 77.1 11.5 85.8 9.8 81.5 8.2 77.0
0.375 55 6.3 87.4 5.4 82.8 4.5 78.1 7.3 87.3 6.3 82.7 5.2 78.1 8.9 87.2 7.6 82.6 6.3 78.0
0.5 55 5.3 88.1 4.5 83.4 3.8 78.6 6.2 88.0 5.3 83.3 4.4 78.6 7.4 87.9 6.3 83.2 5.3 78.5
0.625 55 4.7 88.5 4.0 83.8 3.3 79.0 5.4 88.5 4.6 83.7 3.9 78.9 6.4 88.4 5.5 83.6 4.6 78.8
0.75 55 4.2 88.8 3.6 84.0 3.0 79.2 4.9 88.7 4.2 83.9 3.5 79.1 5.7 88.7 4.9 83.9 4.1 79.1
1 55 3.6 89.2 3.1 84.3 2.6 79.4 4.1 89.1 3.5 84.3 3.0 79.4 4.8 89.1 4.1 84.2 3.4 79.3
1.25 55 3.3 89.4 2.8 84.5 2.3 79.6 3.7 89.3 3.1 84.4 2.6 79.5 4.3 89.3 3.6 84.4 3.0 79.5
1.5 55 3.0 89.5 2.6 84.6 2.1 79.6 3.3 89.5 2.9 84.5 2.4 79.6 3.8 89.4 3.3 84.5 2.7 79.6
2 55 2.6 89.7 2.2 84.7 1.9 79.7 2.9 89.6 2.5 84.7 2.1 79.7 3.3 89.6 2.8 84.7 2.4 79.7
2.5 55 2.4 89.7 2.0 84.8 1.7 79.8 2.6 89.7 2.3 84.8 1.9 79.8 3.0 89.7 2.5 84.7 2.1 79.8
Table App. A-44. Heat Gain Values for Pro 150 in Moving Air Conditions (continued)
Pipe Size = 1.25", O.D. = 1.58" Pipe Size = 1.5", O.D. = 1.97" Pipe Size = 2", O.D. = 2.48"
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 76.6 59.1 69.6 57.0 62.6 54.8 85.1 62.5 77.4 60.0 69.6 57.5 94.8 65.7 86.2 62.9 77.6 60.1
0.125 35 32.3 78.8 29.4 74.8 26.4 70.8 37.8 79.2 34.4 75.1 30.9 71.1 44.5 79.6 40.5 75.6 36.4 71.5
0.25 35 21.4 83.5 19.5 79.0 17.5 74.6 25.2 83.5 22.9 79.1 20.6 74.7 30.0 83.6 27.2 79.2 24.5 74.8
0.375 35 16.5 85.5 15.0 80.9 13.5 76.3 19.4 85.5 17.6 80.9 15.8 76.3 23.0 85.5 20.9 80.9 18.8 76.3
0.5 35 13.6 86.6 12.4 81.9 11.2 77.2 16.0 86.6 14.5 81.9 13.1 77.2 18.9 86.5 17.2 81.9 15.5 77.2
0.625 35 11.8 87.3 10.7 82.6 9.7 77.8 13.8 87.3 12.5 82.5 11.3 77.8 16.3 87.2 14.8 82.5 13.3 77.7
0.75 35 10.5 87.8 9.5 83.0 8.6 78.2 12.2 87.8 11.1 83.0 10.0 78.2 14.4 87.7 13.1 82.9 11.8 78.1
1 35 8.8 88.4 8.0 83.6 7.2 78.7 10.1 88.4 9.2 83.5 8.3 78.7 11.8 88.3 10.8 83.5 9.7 78.6
1.25 35 7.7 88.8 7.0 83.9 6.3 79.0 8.8 88.7 8.0 83.9 7.2 79.0 10.2 88.7 9.3 83.8 8.4 78.9
1.5 35 6.9 89.0 6.3 84.1 5.6 79.2 7.9 89.0 7.1 84.1 6.4 79.2 9.1 88.9 8.3 84.0 7.4 79.1
2 35 5.9 89.3 5.3 84.4 4.8 79.5 6.6 89.3 6.0 84.4 5.4 79.4 7.6 89.3 6.9 84.3 6.2 79.4
2.5 35 5.2 89.5 4.8 84.5 4.3 79.6 5.9 89.5 5.3 84.5 4.8 79.6 6.7 89.4 6.1 84.5 5.5 79.5
0 40 69.6 62.0 62.6 59.8 55.7 57.6 77.4 65.0 69.6 62.5 61.9 60.0 86.2 67.9 77.6 65.1 69.0 62.3
0.125 40 29.4 79.8 26.4 75.8 23.5 71.8 34.4 80.1 30.9 76.1 27.5 72.1 40.5 80.6 36.4 76.5 32.4 72.4
0.25 40 19.5 84.0 17.5 79.6 15.6 75.2 22.9 84.1 20.6 79.7 18.3 75.3 27.2 84.2 24.5 79.8 21.8 75.3
0.375 40 15 .0 85.9 13.5 81.3 12.0 76.7 17.6 85.9 15.8 81.3 14.1 76.7 20.9 85.9 18.8 81.3 16.7 76.7
0.5 40 12.4 86.9 11.2 82.2 9.9 77.6 14.5 86.9 13.1 82.2 11.6 77.5 17.2 86.9 15.5 82.2 13.8 77.5
0.625 40 10.7 87.6 9.7 82.8 8.6 78.1 12.5 87.5 11.3 82.8 10.0 78.0 14.8 87.5 13.3 82.7 11.8 78.0
0.75 40 9.5 88.0 8.6 83.2 7.6 78.4 11.1 88.0 10.0 83.2 8.9 78.4 13.1 87.9 11.8 83.1 10.4 78.3
1 40 8.0 88.6 7.2 83.7 6.4 78.9 9.2 88.5 8.3 83.7 7.4 78.8 10.8 88.5 9.7 83.6 8.6 78.8
1.25 40 7.0 88.9 6.3 84.0 5.6 79.1 8.0 88.9 7.2 84.0 6.4 79.1 9.3 88.8 8.4 83.9 7.4 79.1
1.5 40 6.3 89.1 5.6 84.2 5.0 79.3 7.1 89.1 6.4 84.2 5.7 79.3 8.3 89.0 7.4 84.1 6.6 79.2
2 40 5.3 89.4 4.8 84.5 4.3 79.5 6.0 89.4 5.4 84.4 4.8 79.5 6.9 89.3 6.2 84.4 5.5 79.5
2.5 40 4.8 89.5 4.3 84.6 3.8 79.6 5.3 89.5 4.8 84.6 4.3 79.6 6.1 89.5 5.5 84.5 4.9 79.6
0 45 62.6 64.8 55.7 62.6 48.7 60.4 69.6 67.5 61.9 65.0 54.2 62.5 77.6 70.1 69.0 67.3 60.3 64.5
0.125 45 26.4 80.8 23.5 76.8 20.6 72.8 30.9 81.1 27.5 77.1 24.1 73.1 36.4 81.5 32.4 77.4 28.3 73.4
0.25 45 17.5 84.6 15.6 80.2 13.6 75.8 20.6 84.7 18.3 80.3 16.0 75.9 24.5 84.8 21.8 80.3 19.1 75.9
0.375 45 13.5 86.3 12.0 81.7 10.5 77.1 15.8 86.3 14.1 81.7 12.3 77.1 18.8 86.3 16.7 81.7 14.6 77.1
0.5 45 11.2 87.2 9.9 82.6 8.7 77.9 13.1 87.2 11.6 82.5 10.2 77.8 15.5 87.2 13.8 82.5 12.1 77.8
0.625 45 9.7 87.8 8.6 83.1 7.5 78.3 11.3 87.8 10.0 83.0 8.8 78.3 13.3 87.7 11.8 83.0 10.4 78.2
0.75 45 8.6 88.2 7.6 83.4 6.7 78.6 10.0 88.2 8.9 83.4 7.8 78.6 11.8 88.1 10.4 83.3 9.1 78.5
1 45 7.2 88.7 6.4 83.9 5.6 79.0 8.3 88.7 7.4 83.8 6.4 79.0 9.7 88.6 8.6 83.8 7.5 78.9
1.25 45 6.3 89.0 5.6 84.1 4.9 79.2 7.2 89.0 6.4 84.1 5.6 79.2 8.4 88.9 7.4 84.1 6.5 79.2
1.5 45 5.6 89.2 5.0 84.3 4.4 79.4 6.4 89.2 5.7 84.3 5.0 79.4 7.4 89.1 6.6 84.2 5.8 79.3
2 45 4.8 89.5 4.3 84.5 3.7 79.6 5.4 89.4 4.8 84.5 4.2 79.6 6.2 89.4 5.5 84.5 4.9 79.5
2.5 45 4.3 89.6 3.8 84.6 3.3 79.7 4.8 89.6 4.3 84.6 3.7 79.7 5.5 89.5 4.9 84.6 4.3 79.6
0 50 55.7 67.6 48.7 65.4 41.8 63.2 61.9 70.0 54.2 67.5 46.4 65.0 69.0 72.3 60.3 69.5 51.7 66.7
0.125 50 23.5 81.8 20.6 77.8 17.6 73.9 27.5 82.1 24.1 78.1 20.6 74.1 32.4 82.4 28.3 78.4 24.3 74.3
0.25 50 15.6 85.2 13.6 80.8 11.7 76.4 18.3 85.3 16.0 80.9 13.8 76.4 21.8 85.3 19.1 80.9 16.3 76.5
0.375 50 12.0 86.7 10.5 82.1 9.0 77.5 14.1 86.7 12.3 82.1 10.6 77.5 16.7 86.7 14.6 82.1 12.6 77.5
9.9 87.6 8.7 82.9 7.4 78.2 11.6 87.5 10.2 82.8 8.7 78.1 13.8 87.5 12.1 82.8 10.3 78.1
0.5
0.625
50
50 8.6 88.1 7.5 83.3 6.4 78.6 10.0 88.0 8.8 83.3 7.5 78.5 11.8 88.0 10.4 83.2 8.9 78.5 A
0.75 50 7.6 88.4 6.7 83.6 5.7 78.8 8.9 88.4 7.8 83.6 6.7 78.8 10.4 88.3 9.1 83.5 7.8 78.8
1 50 6.4 88.9 5.6 84.0 4.8 79.1 7.4 88.8 6.4 84.0 5.5 79.1 8.6 88.8 7.5 83.9 6.5 79.1
1.25 50 5.6 89.1 4.9 84.2 4.2 79.3 6.4 89.1 5.6 84.2 4.8 79.3 7.4 89.1 6.5 84.2 5.6 79.3
1.5 50 5.0 89.3 4.4 84.4 3.8 79.5 5.7 89.3 5.0 84.4 4.3 79.4 6.6 89.2 5.8 84.3 5.0 79.4
2 50 4.3 89.5 3.7 84.6 3.2 79.6 4.8 89.5 4.2 84.6 3.6 79.6 5.5 89.5 4.9 84.5 4.2 79.6
2.5 50 3.8 89.6 3.3 84.7 2.9 79.7 4.3 89.6 3.7 84.7 3.2 79.7 4.9 89.6 4.3 84.6 3.7 79.7
0 55 48.7 70.4 41.8 68.2 34.8 66.0 54.2 72.5 46.4 70.0 38.7 67.5 60.3 74.5 51.7 71.7 43.1 68.9
0.125 55 20.6 82.8 17.6 78.9 14.7 74.9 24.1 83.1 20.6 79.1 17.2 75.1 28.3 83.4 24.3 79.3 20.2 75.3
0.25 55 13.6 85.8 11.7 81.4 9.7 77.0 16.0 85.9 13.8 81.4 11.5 77.0 19.1 85.9 16.3 81.5 13.6 77.1
0.375 55 10.5 87.1 9.0 82.5 7.5 78.0 12.3 87.1 10.6 82.5 8.8 77.9 14.6 87.1 12.6 82.5 10.5 77.9
0.5 55 8.7 87.9 7.4 83.2 6.2 78.5 10.2 87.8 8.7 83.1 7.3 78.4 12.1 87.8 10.3 83.1 8.6 78.4
0.625 55 7.5 88.3 6.4 83.6 5.4 78.8 8.8 88.3 7.5 83.5 6.3 78.8 10.4 88.2 8.9 83.5 7.4 78.7
0.75 55 6.7 88.6 5.7 83.8 4.8 79.0 7.8 88.6 6.7 83.8 5.5 79.0 9.1 88.5 7.8 83.8 6.5 79.0
1 55 5.6 89.0 4.8 84.1 4.0 79.3 6.4 89.0 5.5 84.1 4.6 79.3 7.5 88.9 6.5 84.1 5.4 79.2
1.25 55 4.9 89.2 4.2 84.3 3.5 79.5 5.6 89.2 4.8 84.3 4.0 79.4 6.5 89.2 5.6 84.3 4.6 79.4
1.5 55 4.4 89.4 3.8 84.5 3.1 79.6 5.0 89.4 4.3 84.4 3.6 79.5 5.8 89.3 5.0 84.4 4.1 79.5
2 55 3.7 89.6 3.2 84.6 2.7 79.7 4.2 89.6 3.6 84.6 3.0 79.7 4.9 89.5 4.2 84.6 3.5 79.7
2.5 55 3.3 89.7 2.9 84.7 2.4 79.8 3.7 89.71 3.2 84.7 2.7 79.8 4.3 89.6 3.7 84.7 3.0 79.7
App. A-27
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 109.9 70.2 99.9 67.0 89.9 63.8 117.8 72.7 107.1 69.3 96.4 65.8 130.2 76.8 118.3 73.0 106.5 69.2
0.125 35 56.6 80.5 51.5 76.3 46.3 72.2 64.3 81.1 58.4 76.9 52.6 72.7 79.2 82.3 72.0 78.0 64.8 73.7
0.25 35 38.9 83.9 35.4 79.4 31.9 75. 44.9 84.1 40.8 79.6 36.7 75.2 57.5 84.6 52.3 80.1 47.1 75.6
0.375 35 30.1 85.5 27.3 80.9 24.6 76.3 34.9 85.6 31.7 81.0 28.6 76.4 45.5 85.9 41.4 81.3 37.2 76.6
0.5 35 24.8 86.5 22.5 81.8 20.3 77.2 28.8 86.6 26.2 81.9 23.6 77.2 37.9 86.7 34.4 82.0 31.0 77.3
0.625 35 21.2 87.2 19.3 82.4 17.4 77.7 24.7 87.2 22.4 82.4 20.2 77.7 32.6 87.2 29.6 82.5 26.7 77.7
0.75 35 18.7 87.6 17.0 82.9 15.3 78.1 21.7 87.6 19.7 82.8 17.8 78.1 28.7 87.7 26.1 82.9 23.5 78.1
1 35 15.3 88.2 13.9 83.4 12.5 78.6 17.7 88.2 16.1 83.4 14.5 78.5 23.4 88.2 21.3 83.4 19.1 78.5
1.25 35 13.1 88.6 11.9 83.7 10.7 78.9 15.1 88.6 13.7 83.7 12.4 78.8 19.9 88.6 18.1 83.7 16.3 78.8
1.5 35 11.6 88.9 10.5 84.0 9.5 79.1 13.3 88.8 12.1 83.9 10.9 79.1 17.5 88.8 15.9 83.9 14.3 79.0
2 35 9.6 89.2 8.7 84.3 7.8 79.3 10.9 89.2 10.0 84.2 9.0 79.3 14.2 89.1 12.9 84.2 11.6 79.3
2.5 35 8.3 89.4 7.5 84.4 6.8 79.5 9.5 89.4 8.6 84.4 7.7 79.5 12.2 89.3 11.1 84.4 10.0 79.4
0 40 99.9 72.0 89.9 68.8 79.9 65.6 107.1 74.3 96.4 70.8 85.7 67.4 118.3 78.0 106.5 74.2 94.7 70.4
0.125 40 51.5 81.3 46.3 77.2 41.2 73.1 58.4 81.9 52.6 77.7 46.7 73.5 72.0 83.0 64.8 78.7 57.6 74.4
0.25 40 35.4 84.4 31.9 80.0 28.3 75.5 40.8 84.6 36.7 80.2 32.7 75.7 52.3 85.1 47.1 80.6 41.8 76.1
0.375 40 27.3 85.9 24.6 81.3 21.9 76.8 31.7 86.0 28.6 81.4 25.4 76.8 41.4 86.3 37.2 81.6 33.1 77.0
0.5 40 22.5 86.8 20.3 82.2 18.0 77.5 26.2 86.9 23.6 82.2 21.0 77.5 34.4 87.0 31.0 82.3 27.5 77.6
0.625 40 19.3 87.4 17.4 82.7 15.4 78.0 22.4 87.4 20.2 82.7 18.0 77.9 29.6 87.5 26.7 82.7 23.7 78.0
0.75 40 17.0 87.9 15.3 83.1 13.6 78.3 19.7 87.8 17.8 83.1 15.8 78.3 26.1 87.9 23.5 83.1 20.9 78.3
1 40 13.9 88.4 12.5 83.6 11.1 78.7 16.1 88.4 14.5 83.5 12.9 78.7 21.3 88.4 19.1 83.5 17.0 78.7
1.25 40 11.9 88.7 10.7 83.9 9.5 79.0 13.7 88.7 12.4 83.8 11.0 79.0 18.1 88.7 16.3 83.8 14.5 78.9
1.5 40 10.5 89.0 9.5 84.1 8.4 79.2 12.1 88.9 10.9 84.1 9.7 79.2 15.9 88.9 14.3 84.0 12.7 79.1
2 40 8.7 89.3 7.8 84.3 7.0 79.4 10.0 89.2 9.0 84.3 8.0 79.4 12.9 89.2 11.6 84.3 10.3 79.4
2.5 40 7.5 89.4 6.8 84.5 6.0 79.6 8.6 89.4 7.7 84.5 6.9 79.5 11.1 69.4 10.0 84.4 8.9 79.5
0 45 89.9 73.8 79.9 70.6 69.9 67.4 96.4 75.8 85.7 72.4 75.0 69.0 106.5 79.2 94.7 75.4 82.8 71.6
0.125 45 46.3 82.2 41.2 78.1 36.0 74.0 52.6 82.7 46.7 78.5 40.9 74.3 64.8 83.7 57.6 79.4 50.4 75.1
0.25 45 31.9 85.0 28.3 80.5 24.8 76.1 36.7 85.2 32.7 80.7 28.6 76.2 47.1 85.6 41.8 81.1 36.6 76.6
0.375 45 24.6 86.3 21.9 81.8 19.1 77.2 28.6 86.4 25.4 81.8 22.2 77.2 37.2 86.6 33.1 82.0 29.0 77.4
0.5 45 20.3 87.2 18.0 82.5 15.8 77.8 23.6 87.2 21.0 82.5 18.3 77.8 31.0 87.3 27.5 82.6 24.1 77.9
0.625 45 17.4 87.7 15.4 83.0 13.5 78.2 20.2 87.7 18.0 82.9 15.7 78.2 26.7 87.7 23.7 83.0 20.7 78.3
0.75 45 15.3 88.1 13.6 83.3 11.9 78.5 17.8 88.1 15.8 83.3 13.8 78.5 23.5 88.1 20.9 83.3 18.3 78.5
1 45 12.5 88.6 11.1 83.7 9.7 78.9 14.5 88.5 12.9 83.7 11.3 78.9 19.1 88.5 17.0 83.7 14.9 78.9
1.25 45 10.7 88.9 9.5 84.0 8.3 79.1 12.4 88.8 11.0 84.0 9.6 79.1 16.3 88.8 14.5 83.9 12.7 79.1
1.5 45 9.5 89.1 8.4 84.2 7.4 79.3 10.9 89.1 9.7 84.2 8.5 79.3 14.3 89.0 12.7 84.1 11.1 79.2
2 45 7.8 89.3 7.0 84.4 6.1 79.5 9.0 89.3 8.0 84.4 7.0 79.5 11.6 89.3 10.3 84.4 9.1 79.4
2.5 45 6.8 89.5 6.0 84.6 5.3 79.6 7.7 89.5 6.9 84.5 6.0 79.6 10.0 89.4 8.9 84.5 7.8 79.6
0 50 79.9 75.6 69.9 72.4 59.9 69.2 85.7 77.4 75.0 74.6 4.3 70.5 94.7 80.4 82.8 76.6 71.0 72.8
0.125 50 41.2 83.1 36.0 79.0 30.9 74.8 46.7 83.5 40.9 79.3 35.1 75.1 57.6 84.4 50.4 80.1 43.2 75.8
0.25 50 28.3 85.5 24.8 81.1 21.2 76.7 32.7 85.7 28.6 81.2 24.5 76.8 41.8 86.1 36.6 81.6 31.4 77.1
0.375 50 21.9 86.8 19.1 82.2 16.4 77.6 25.4 86.8 22.2 82.2 19.0 77.6 33.1 87.0 29.0 82.4 24.8 77.8
0.5 50 18.0 87.5 15.8 82.8 13.5 78.1 21.0 87.5 18.3 82.8 15.7 78.1 27.5 87.6 24.1 82.9 20.7 78.2
A 0.625 50 15.4
13.6
88.0
88.3
13.5
11.9
83.2
83.5
11.6
10.2
78.5
78.7
18.0
15.8
87.9
88.3
15.7
13.8
83.2
83.5
13.5
11.8
78.5
78.7
23.7
20.9
88.0
88.3
20.7
18.3
83.3
83.5
17.8
15.7
78.5
78.7
0.75 50
1 50 11.1 88.7 9.7 83.9 8.3 79.0 12.9 88.7 11.3 83.9 9.7 79.0 17.0 88.7 14.9 83.9 12.8 79.0
1.25 50 9.5 89.0 8.3 84.1 7.1 79.3 11.0 89.0 9.6 84.1 8.2 79.2 14.5 88.9 12.7 84.1 10.9 79.2
1.5 50 8.4 89.2 7.4 84.3 6.3 79.4 9.7 89.2 8.5 84.3 7.3 79.4 12.7 89.1 11.1 84.2 9.5 79.3
2 50 7.0 89.4 6.1 84.5 5.2 79.6 8.0 89.4 7.0 84.5 6.0 79.5 10.3 89.4 9.1 84.4 7.8 79.5
2.5 50 6.0 89.6 5.3 84.6 4.5 79.7 6.9 89.5 6.0 84.6 5.2 79.6 8.9 89.5 7.8 84.6 6.6 79.6
0 55 69.9 77.4 59.9 74.2 49.9 71.0 75.0 79.0 64.3 75.5 53.6 72.1 82.8 81.6 71.0 77.8 59.2 74.0
0.125 55 36.0 84.0 30.9 79.8 25.7 75.7 40.9 84.3 35.1 80.1 29.2 75.9 50.4 85.1 43.2 80.8 36.0 76.5
0.25 55 24.8 86.1 21.2 81.7 17.7 7.2 28.6 86.2 24.5 81.8 20.4 77.3 36.6 86.6 31.4 82.1 26.1 77.6
0.375 55 19.1 87.2 16.4 82.6 13.7 78.0 22.2 87.2 19.0 82.6 15.9 78.0 29.0 87.4 24.8 82.8 20.7 78.1
0.5 55 15.8 87.8 13.5 83.1 11.3 78.4 18.3 87.8 15.7 83.1 13.1 78.4 24.1 87.9 20.7 83.2 17.2 78.5
0.625 55 13.5 88.2 11.6 83.5 9.6 78.7 15.7 88.2 13.5 83.5 11.2 78.7 20.7 88.3 17.8 83.5 14.8 78.8
0.75 55 11.9 88.5 10.2 83.7 8.5 78.9 13.8 88.5 11.8 83.7 9.9 78.9 18.3 88.5 15.7 83.7 13.0 78.9
1 55 9.7 88.9 8.3 84.0 6.9 79.2 11.3 88.9 9.7 84 8.0 79.2 14.9 88.9 12.8 84.0 10.6 79.2
1.25 55 8.3 89.1 7.1 84.3 5.9 79.4 9.6 89.1 8.2 84.2 6.9 79.4 12.7 89.1 10.9 84.2 9.1 79.3
1.5 55 7.4 89.3 6.3 84.4 5.3 79.5 8.5 89.3 7.3 84.4 6.1 79.5 11.1 89.2 9.5 84.3 7.9 79.5
2 55 6.1 89.5 5.2 84.6 4.3 79.6 7.0 89.5 6.0 84.5 5.0 79.6 9.1 89.4 7.8 84.5 6.5 79.6
2.5 55 5.3 89.6 4.5 84.7 3.8 79.7 6.0 89.6 5.2 84.6 4.3 79.7 7.8 89.6 6.6 84.6 5.5 79.7

Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 137.1 78.9 124.7 74.9 112.2 70.9 142.7 80.8 129.7 76.6 116.7 72.4 148.0 82.4 134.6 78.1 121.1 73.8
0.125 35 88.7 83.0 80.7 78.7 72.6 74.3 98.0 83.8 89.1 79.4 80.2 74.9 107.5 84.6 97.7 80.1 87.9 75.6
0.25 35 66.1 85.0 60.1 80.4 54.1 75.9 75.0 85.4 68.2 80.8 61.4 76.2 84.7 85.8 77.0 81.2 69.3 76.6
0.375 35 53.0 86.1 48.2 81.4 43.4 76.8 61.1 86.3 55.5 81.7 50.0 77.0 70.1 86.6 63.8 81.9 57.4 77.2
0.5 35 44.4 86.8 40.4 82.1 36.3 77.4 51.7 87.0 47.0 82.2 42.3 77.5 60.0 87.1 54.6 82.4 49.1 77.7
0.625 35 38.4 87.3 34.9 82.6 31.4 77.8 44.9 87.4 40.8 82.7 36.8 77.9 52.6 87.5 47.8 82.8 43.0 78.0
0.75 35 33.9 87.7 30.8 82.9 27.7 78.1 39.8 87.8 36.2 83.0 32.6 78.2 46.9 87.9 42.6 83.0 38.3 78.2
1 35 27.7 88.2 25.2 83.4 22.7 78.5 32.7 88.2 29.7 83.4 26.7 78.6 38.7 88.3 35.2 83.4 31.6 78.6
1.25 35 23.6 88.6 21.4 83.7 19.3 78.8 27.9 88.6 25.3 83.7 22.8 78.8 33.1 88.6 30.1 83.7 27.1 78.8
1.5 35 20.7 88.8 18.8 83.9 16.9 79.0 24.4 88.8 22.2 83.9 20.0 79.0 29.0 88.8 26.4 83.9 23.8 79
2 35 16.8 89.1 15.2 84.2 13.7 79.3 19.8 89.1 18.0 84.2 16.2 79.3 23.5 89.1 21.4 84.2 19.3 79.3
2.5 35 14.3 89.3 13.0 84.4 11.7 79.4 16.8 89.3 15.3 84.3 13.8 79.4 20.0 89.3 18.2 84.3 16.3 79.4
0 40 124.7 79.9 112.2 75.9 99.7 71.9 129.7 81.6 116.7 77.4 103.8 73.3 134.6 83.1 121.1 78.8 107.7 74.5
0.125 40 80.7 83.7 72.6 79.3 64.5 74.9 89.1 84.4 80.2 79.9 71.3 75.5 97.7 85.1 87.9 80.6 78.2 76.1
0.25 40 60.1 85.4 54.1 80.9 48.1 76.3 68.2 85.8 61.4 81.2 54.6 76.6 77.0 86.2 69.3 81.6 61.6 77.0
0.375 40 48.2 86.4 43.4 81.8 38.5 77.2 55.5 86.7 50.0 82.0 44.4 77.3 63.8 86.9 57.4 82.2 51.0 77.5
0.5 40 40.4 87.1 36.3 82.4 32.3 77.7 47.0 87.2 42.3 82.5 37.6 77.8 54.6 87.4 49.1 82.7 43.7 77.9
0.625 40 34.9 87.6 31.4 82.8 27.9 78.1 40.8 87.7 36.8 82.9 32.7 78.1 47.8 87.8 43.0 83.0 38.2 78.2
0.75 40 30.8 87.9 27.7 83.1 24.7 78.3 36.2 88.0 32.6 83.2 29.0 78.4 42.6 88.0 38.3 83.2 34.1 78.4
1 40 25.2 88.4 22.7 83.5 20.1 78.7 29.7 88.4 26.7 83.6 23.8 78.7 35.2 88.4 31.6 83.6 28.1 78.8
1.25 40 21.4 88.7 19.3 83.8 17.1 79.0 25.3 88.7 22.8 83.8 20.3 79.0 30.1 88.7 27.1 83.8 24.1 79.0
1.5 40 18.8 88.9 16.9 84.0 15.0 79.1 22.2 88.9 20.0 84.0 17.8 79.1 26.4 B8.9 23.8 84.0 21.1 79.1
2 40 15.2 89.2 13.7 84.3 12.2 79.3 18.0 89.2 16.2 84.3 14.4 79.3 21.4 89.2 19.3 84.3 17.1 79.3
2.5 40 13.0 89.4 11.7 84.4 10.4 79.5 15.3 89.3 13.8 84.4 12.2 79.5 18.2 89.3 16.3 84.4 14.5 79.5
0 45 112.2 80.9 99.7 76.9 87.3 72.9 116.7 82.4 103.8 78.3 90.8 74.1 121.1 83.8 107.7 79.5 94.2 75.2
0.125 45 72.6 84.3 64.5 79.9 56.5 75.6 80.2 84.9 71.3 80.5 62.4 76.1 87.9 85.6 78.2 81.1 68.4 76.6
0.25 45 54.1 85.9 48.1 81.3 42.1 76.8 61.4 86.2 54.6 81.6 47.8 77.1 69.3 86.6 61.6 82.0 53.9 77.3
0.375 45 43.4 86.8 38.5 82.2 33.7 77.5 50.0 87.0 44.4 82.3 38.9 77.7 57.4 87.2 51.0 82.5 44.6 77.8
0.5 45 36.3 87.4 32.3 82.7 28.3 78.0 42.3 87.5 37.6 82.8 32.9 78.1 49.1 87.7 43.7 82.9 38.2 78.2
0.625 45 31.4 87.8 27.9 83.1 24.4 78.3 36.8 87.9 32.7 83.1 28.6 78.4 43.0 88.0 38.2 83.2 33.5 78.4
0.75 45 27.7 88.1 24.7 83.3 21.6 78.5 32.6 88.2 29.0 83.4 25.4 78.6 38.3 88.2 34.1 83.4 29.8 78.6
1 45 22.7 88.5 20.1 83.7 17.6 78.9 26.7 88.6 23.8 83.7 20.8 78.9 31.6 88.6 28.1 83.8 24.6 78.9
1.25 45 19.3 88.8 17.1 84.0 15.0 79.1 22.8 88.8 20.3 84.0 17.7 79.1 27.1 88.8 24.1 84.0 21.1 79.1
1.5 45 16.9 89.0 15.0 84.1 13.1 79.2 20.0 89.0 17.8 84.1 15.5 79.2 23.8 89.0 21.1 84.1 18.5 79.2
2 45 13.7 89.3 12.2 84.3 10.7 79.4 16.2 89.3 14.4 84.3 12.6 79.4 19.3 89.3 17.1 84.3 15.0 79.4
2.5 45 11.7 89.4 10.4 84.5 9.1 79.5 13.8 89.4 12.2 84.5 10.7 79.5 16.3 89.4 14.5 84.5 12.7 79.5
0 50 99.7 81.9 87.3 77.9 74.8 73.9 103.8 83.3 90.8 79.1 77.8 75.0 107.7 84.5 94.2 80.2 80.7 75.9
0.125 50 64.5 84.9 56.5 80.6 48.4 76.2 71.3 85.5 62.4 81.1 53.4 76.6 78.2 86.1 68.4 81.6 58.6 77.1
0.25 50 48.1 86.3 42.1 81.8 36.1 77.3 54.6 86.6 47.8 82.1 40.9 77.5 61.6 87.0 53.9 82.3 46.2 77.7
0.375 50 38.5 87.2 33.7 82.5 28.9 77.9 44.4 87.3 38.9 82.7 33.3 78.0 51.0 87.5 44.6 82.8 38.3 78.1
0.5 50 32.3 87.7 28.3 83.0 24.2 78.3 37.6 87.8 32.9 83.1 28.2 78.3 43.7 87.9 38.2 83.2 32.7 78.4
0.625 50 27.9
24.7
88.1
88.3
24.4
21.6
83.3
83.5
20.9
18.5
78.5
78.7
32.7
29.0
88.1
88.4
28.6
25.4
83.4
83.6
24.5
21.7
78.6
78.8
38.2
34.1
88.2
88.4
33.5
29.8
83.4
83.6
28.7
25.6
78.7
78.8
A
0.75 50
1 50 20.1 88.7 17.6 83.9 15.1 79.0 23.8 88.7 20.8 83.9 17.8 79.0 28.1 88.8 24.6 83.9 21.1 79.1
1.25 50 17.1 89.0 15.0 84.1 12.9 79.2 20.3 89.0 17.7 84.1 15.2 79.2 24.1 89.0 21.1 84.1 18.0 79.2
1.5 50 15.0 89.1 13.1 84.2 11.3 79.3 17.8 89.1 15.5 84.2 13.3 79.3 21.1 89.1 18.5 84.2 15.8 79.3
2 50 12.2 89.3 10.7 84.4 9.1 79.5 14.4 89.3 12.6 84.4 10.8 79.5 17.1 89.3 15.0 84.4 12.8 79.5
2.5 50 10.4 89.5 9.1 84.5 7.8 79.6 12.2 89.5 10.7 84.5 9.2 79.6 14.5 89.5 12.7 84.5 10.9 79.6
0 55 87.3 82.9 74.8 78.9 62.3 75.0 90.8 84.1 77.8 80.0 64.9 75.8 94.2 85.2 80.7 80.9 67.3 76.5
0.125 55 56.5 85.6 48.4 81.2 40.3 76.8 62.4 86.1 53.4 81.6 44.5 77.2 68.4 86.6 58.6 82.1 48.9 77.5
0.25 55 42.1 86.8 36.1 82.3 30.1 77.7 47.8 87.1 40.9 82.5 34.1 77.9 53.9 87.3 46.2 82.7 38.5 78.1
0.375 55 33.7 87.5 28.9 82.9 24.1 78.2 38.9 87.7 33.3 83.0 27.8 78.3 44.6 87.8 38.3 83.1 31.9 78.5
0.5 55 28.3 88.0 24.2 83.3 20.2 78.6 32.9 88.1 28.2 83.3 23.5 78.6 38.2 88.2 32.7 83.4 27.3 78.7
0.625 55 24.4 88.3 20.9 83.5 17.4 78.8 28.6 88.4 24.5 83.6 20.4 78.8 33.5 88.4 28.7 83.7 23.9 78.9
0.75 55 21.6 88.5 18.5 83.7 15.4 79.0 25.4 88.6 21.7 83.8 18.1 79.0 29.8 88.6 25.6 83.8 21.3 79.0
1 55 17.6 88.9 15.1 84.0 12.6 79.2 20.8 88.9 17.8 84.0 14.9 79.2 24.6 88.9 21.1 84.1 17.6 79.2
1.25 55 15.0 89.1 12.9 84.2 10.7 79.3 17.7 89.1 15.2 84.2 12.7 79.3 21.1 89.1 18.0 84.2 15.0 79.4
1.5 55 13.1 89.2 11.3 84.3 9.4 79.4 15.5 89.2 13.3 84.3 11.1 79.4 18.5 89.2 15.8 84.3 13.2 79.5
2 55 10.7 89.4 9.1 84.5 7.6 79.6 12.6 89.4 10.8 84.5 9.0 79.6 15.0 89.4 12.8 94.5 10.7 79.6
2.5 55 9.1 89.5 7.8 84.6 6.5 79.7 10.7 89.5 9.2 84.6 7.6 79.7 12.7 89.5 10.9 84.6 9.1 79.7

App. A-29
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 150.6 83.1 136.9 78.8 123.2 74.4 152.7 83.8 138.9 79.4 125.0 74.9 154.5 84.4 140.5 80.0 126.4 75.5
0.125 35 112.3 85.0 102.1 80.4 91.9 75.9 116.8 85.4 106.2 80.8 95.6 76.2 121.0 85.7 110.0 81.1 99.0 76.5
0.25 35 89.8 86.1 81.7 81.4 73.5 76.8 94.8 86.3 86.2 81.6 77.6 77.0 99.7 86.5 90.6 81.8 81.5 77.2
0.375 35 75.1 86.8 68.3 82.0 61.4 77.3 80.0 86.9 72.7 82.2 65.5 77.5 84.9 87.1 77.2 82.3 69.5 77.6
0.5 35 64.6 87.3 58.8 82.5 52.9 77.8 69.3 87.4 63.0 82.6 56.7 77.8 74.1 87.5 67.3 82.7 60.6 77.9
0.625 35 56.0 87.6 51.7 82.8 46.5 78.1 61.3 87.7 55.7 82.9 50.1 78.1 65.8 87.8 59.8 83.0 53.8 78.2
0.75 35 50.8 87.9 46.2 83.1 41.6 78.3 55.0 88.0 50.0 83.2 45.0 78.3 59.3 88.0 53.9 83.2 48.5 78.4
1 35 42.1 88.3 38.3 83.5 34.5 78.6 45.8 88.4 41.6 83.5 37.5 78.7 49.6 88.4 45.1 83.5 40.6 78.7
1.25 35 36.1 88.6 32.9 83.7 29.6 78.9 39.4 88.6 35.8 83.8 32.2 78.9 42.8 88.7 38.9 83.8 35.0 78.9
1.5 35 31.7 88.8 28.9 83.9 26.0 79.0 34.7 88.8 31.5 83.9 28.4 79.0 37.7 88.8 34.3 83.9 30.9 79.1
2 35 25.8 89.1 23.4 84.2 21.1 79.3 28.2 89.1 25.6 84.2 23.0 79.3 30.7 89.1 27.9 84.2 25.2 79.3
2.5 35 21.9 89.3 19.9 84.3 17.9 79.4 23.9 89.3 21.7 84.3 19.6 79.4 26.1 89.3 23.7 84.3 21.4 79.4
0 40 136.9 83.8 123.2 79.4 109.5 75.0 138.9 84.4 125.0 79.9 111.1 75.5 140.5 85.0 126.4 80.5 112.4 76.0
0.125 40 102.1 85.4 91.9 80.9 81.7 76.3 106.2 85.8 95.6 81.2 85.0 76.6 110.0 86.1 99.0 81.5 88.0 76.9
0.25 40 81.7 86.4 73.5 81.8 65.3 77.1 86.2 86.6 77.6 82.0 69.0 77.3 90.6 86.8 81.5 82.2 72.5 77.5
0.375 40 68.3 87 61.4 82.3 54.6 77.6 72.7 87.2 65.5 82.5 58.2 77.8 77.2 87.3 69.5 82.6 61.8 77.9
0.5 40 58.8 87.5 52.9 82.8 47.0 78.0 63.0 87.6 56.7 82.8 50.4 78.1 67.3 87.7 60.6 82.9 53.9 78.2
0.625 40 51.7 87.8 46.5 83.1 41.4 78.3 55.7 87.9 50.1 83.1 44.6 78.3 59.8 88.0 53.8 83.2 47.9 78.4
0.75 40 46.2 88.1 41.6 83.3 37.0 78.5 50.0 88.2 45.0 83.3 40.0 78.5 53.9 88.2 48.5 83.4 43.1 78.6
1 40 38.3 88.5 34.5 83.6 30.6 78.8 41.6 88.5 37.5 83.7 33.3 78.8 45.1 88.5 40.6 83.7 36.1 78.8
1.25 40 32.9 88.7 29.6 83.9 26.3 79.0 35.8 88.8 32.2 83.9 28.6 79.0 38.9 88.8 35.0 83.9 31.1 79.0
1.5 40 28.9 88.9 26.0 84.0 23.1 79.1 31.5 88.9 28.4 84.0 25.2 79.1 34.3 88.9 30.9 94.1 27.5 79.2
2 40 23.4 89.2 21.1 84.3 18.7 79.3 25.6 89.2 23.0 84.3 20.5 79.3 27.9 89.2 25.2 84.3 22.4 79.3
2.5 40 19.9 89.3 17.9 84.4 15.9 79.5 21.7 89.3 19.6 84.4 17.4 79.5 23.7 89.3 21.4 84.4 19.0 79.5
0 45 123.2 84.4 109.5 80.0 95.8 75.6 125.0 84.9 111.1 80.5 97.2 76.1 126.4 85.5 112.4 81.0 98.3 76.5
0.125 45 91.9 85.9 81.7 81.3 71.5 76.8 95.6 86.2 85.0 81.6 74.3 77.0 99.0 86.5 88.0 81.9 77.0 77.3
0.25 45 73.5 86.8 65.3 82.1 57.2 77.5 77.6 87.0 69.0 82.3 60.4 77.6 81.5 87.2 72.5 82.5 63.4 77.8
0.375 45 61.4 87.3 54.6 82.6 47.8 77.9 65.5 87.5 58.2 82.8 50.9 78.0 69.5 87.6 61 .8 82.9 54.0 78.1
0.5 45 52.9 87.8 47.0 83.0 41.1 78.3 56.7 87.8 50.4 83.1 44.1 78.3 60.6 87.9 53.9 83.2 47.1 78.4
0.625 45 46.5 88.1 41.4 83.3 36.2 78.5 50.1 88.1 44.6 83.3 39.0 78.5 53.8 88.2 47.9 83.4 41.9 78.6
0.75 45 41.6 88.3 37.0 83.5 32.4 78.7 45.0 88.3 40.0 83.5 35.0 78.7 48.5 88.4 43.1 83.6 37.7 78.8
1 45 34.5 88.6 30.6 83.8 26.8 78.9 37.5 88.7 33.3 83.8 29.1 79.0 40.6 88.7 36.1 83.8 31.6 79.0
1.25 45 29.6 88.9 26.3 84.0 23.0 79.1 32.2 88.9 28.6 84.0 25.1 79.1 35.0 88.9 31.1 84.0 27.2 79.1
1.5 45 26 89.0 23.1 84.1 20.2 79.2 28.4 89 25.2 84.1 22.1 79.2 30.9 89.1 27.5 84.2 24.0 79.3
2 45 21.1 89.3 18.7 84.3 16.4 79.4 23.0 89.3 20.5 84.3 17.9 79.4 25.2 89.3 22.4 84.3 19.6 79.4
2.5 45 17.9 89.4 15.9 84.5 13.9 79.5 19.6 89.4 17.4 84.5 15.2 79.5 21.4 89.4 19.0 84.5 16.6 79.5
0 50 109.5 85.0 95.8 80.6 82.1 76.3 111.1 85.5 97.2 81.1 83.3 76.6 112.4 86.0 98.3 81.5 84.3 77.0
0.125 50 81.7 86.3 71.5 81.8 61.3 77.3 85.0 86.6 74.3 82.0 63.7 77.5 88.0 86.9 77.0 82.3 66.0 77.7
0.25 50 65.3 87.1 57.2 82.5 49.0 77.8 69.0 87.3 60.4 82.6 51.7 78.0 72.5 87.5 63.4 82.8 54.4 78.1
0.375 50 54.6 87.6 47.8 82.9 41.0 78.2 58.2 87.8 50.9 83.0 43.6 78.3 61.8 87.9 54.0 83.1 46.3 78.4
0.5 50 47.0 88.0 41.1 83.3 35.3 78.5 50.4 88.1 44.1 83.3 37.8 78.6 53.9 88.2 47.1 83.4 40.4 78.6
A 0.625
0.75
50
50
41.4
37.0
88.3
88.5
36.2
32.4
83.5
83.7
31.0
27.7
78.7
78.9
44.6
40.0
88.3
88.5
39.0
35.0
83.5
83.7
33.4
30.0
78.7
78.9
47.9
43.1
88.4
88.6
41.9
37.7
83.6
83.8
35.9
32.3
78.8
78.9
1 50 30.6 88.8 26.8 83.9 23.0 79.1 33.3 88.8 29.1 84.0 25.0 79.1 36.1 88.8 31.6 84.0 27.1 79.1
1.25 50 26.3 89.0 23.0 84.1 19.7 79.2 28.6 89.0 25.1 84.1 21.5 79.3 31.1 89.0 27.2 84.1 23.3 79.3
1.5 50 23.1 89.1 20.2 84.2 17.3 79.4 25.2 89.1 22.1 84.2 18.9 79.4 27.5 89.2 24.0 84.3 20.6 79.4
2 50 18.7 89.3 16.4 84.4 14.1 79.5 20.5 89.3 17.9 84.4 15.4 79.5 22.4 89.3 19.6 84.4 16.8 79.5
2.5 50 15.9 89.5 13.9 84.5 11.9 79.6 17.4 89.5 15.2 84.5 13.0 79.6 19.0 89.5 16.6 84.5 14.2 79.6
0 55 95.8 85.6 82.1 81.3 68.5 76.9 97.2 86.1 83.3 81.6 69.4 77.2 98.3 86.5 84.3 82.0 70.2 77.5
0.125 55 71.5 86.8 61.3 82.3 51.0 77.7 74.3 87.0 63.7 82.5 53.1 77.9 77.0 87.3 66.0 82.7 55.0 78.1
0.25 55 57.2 87.5 49.0 82.8 40.8 78.2 60.4 87.6 51.7 83.0 43.1 78.3 63.4 87.8 54.4 83.1 45.3 78.4
0.375 55 47.8 87.9 41.0 83.2 34.1 78.5 50.9 88.0 43.6 83.3 36.4 78.6 54.0 88.1 46.3 83.4 38.6 78.7
0.5 55 41.1 88.3 35.3 83.5 29.4 78.8 44.1 88.3 37.8 83.6 31.5 78.8 47.1 88.4 40.4 83.6 33.7 78.9
0.625 55 36.2 88.5 31.0 83.7 25.8 78.9 39.0 88.5 33.4 83.7 27.9 79.0 41.9 88.6 35.9 83.8 29.9 79.0
0.75 55 32.4 88.7 27.7 83.9 23.1 79.1 35.0 88.7 30.0 83.9 25.0 79.1 37.7 88.8 32.3 83.9 26.9 79.1
1 55 26.8 88.9 23.0 84.1 19.2 79.2 29.1 89.0 25.0 84.1 20.8 79.3 31.6 89.0 27.1 84.1 22.5 79.3
1.25 55 23.0 89.1 19.7 84.2 16.4 79.4 25.1 89.1 21.5 84.3 17.9 79.4 27.2 89.1 23.3 84.3 19.5 79.4
1.5 55 20.2 89.2 17.3 84.4 14.4 79.5 22.1 89.2 18.9 84.4 15.8 79.5 24.0 89.3 20.6 84.4 17.2 79.5
2 55 16.4 89.4 14.1 84.5 11.7 79.6 17.9 89.4 15.4 84.5 12.8 79.6 19.6 89.4 16.8 84.5 14.0 79.6
2.5 55 13.9 89.5 11.9 84.6 9.9 79.7 15.2 89.51 13.0 84.6 10.9 79.7 16.6 89.5 14.2 84.6 11.9 79.7
Table App. A-45. Heat Gain Values for Pro 45 in Still Air Conditions
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 51.6 40.3 46.9 39.9 42.2 39.4 70.8 42.3 64.4 41.6 58.0 40.9 83.8 43.8 76.2 43.0 68.6 42.2
0.125 35 33.2 61.0 30.2 58.6 27.2 56.2 45.3 61.5 41.2 59.0 37.0 56.7 53.8 62.0 48.9 59.5 44.0 57.1
0.25 35 25.0 70.0 22.7 66.8 20.4 63.7 33.8 70.0 30.7 66.9 27.6 63.7 40.1 70.2 36.4 67.0 32.8 63.8
0.375 35 20.3 75.0 18.4 71.4 16.6 67.7 27.3 74.8 24.8 71.2 22.3 67.6 32.3 74.8 29.3 71.2 26.4 67.6
0.5 35 17.3 78.1 15.7 74.2 14.1 70.3 23.0 77.9 20.9 74.0 18.8 70.1 27.2 77.8 24.7 73.9 22.2 70.1
0.625 35 15.1 80.3 13.8 76.2 12.4 72.1 20.1 80.0 18.3 75.9 16.4 71.8 23.6 79.9 21.5 75.8 19.3 71.7
0.75 35 13.6 81.8 12.3 77.6 11.1 73.3 17.9 81.5 16.3 77.3 14.6 73.1 21.0 81.4 19.1 77.2 17.2 73.0
1 35 11.4 83.9 10.4 79.5 9.3 75.0 14.9 83.6 13.5 79.2 12.2 74.7 17.4 83.4 15.8 79.0 14.2 74.6
1.25 35 10.0 85.2 9.1 80.6 8.2 76.1 12.9 84.9 11.7 80.4 10.5 75.8 15.0 84.8 13.6 80.2 12.2 75.7
1.5 35 8.9 86.1 8.1 81.5 7.3 76.8 11.4 85.8 10.4 81.2 9.4 76.6 13.2 85.7 12.0 81.1 10.8 76.5
2 35 7.6 87.2 6.9 82.5 6.2 77.7 9.5 87.0 8.7 82.2 7.8 77.5 11.0 86.8 10.0 82.1 9.0 77.4
2.5 35 6.7 87.9 6.1 83.1 5.5 78.2 8.3 87.7 7.6 82.9 6.8 78.1 9.5 87.6 8.6 82.8 7.8 78.0
0 40 46.9 44.9 42.2 44.4 37.5 43.9 64.4 46.6 58.0 45.9 51.5 45.3 76.2 48 68.6 47.2 61.0 46.4
0.125 40 30.2 63.6 27.2 61.2 24.1 58.9 41.2 64.0 37.0 61.7 32.9 59.3 48.9 64.5 44.0 62.1 39.1 59.6
0.25 40 22.7 71.8 20.4 68.7 18.2 65.4 30.7 71.9 27.6 68.7 24.6 65.5 36.4 72.0 32.8 68.8 29.2 65.6
0.375 40 18.4 76.4 16.6 72.7 14.8 69.1 24.8 76.2 22.3 72.6 19.8 69.0 29.3 76.2 26.4 72.6 23.5 69.0
0.5 40 15.7 79.2 14.1 75.3 12.6 71.4 20.9 79.0 18.8 75.1 16.8 71.2 24.7 78.9 22.2 75.1 19.8 71.1
0.625 40 13.8 81.2 12.4 77.1 11.0 73.0 18.3 80.9 16.4 76.8 14.6 72.7 21.5 80.8 19.3 76.7 17.2 72.6
0.75 40 12.3 82.6 11.1 78.3 9.9 74.1 16.3 82.3 14.6 78.1 13.0 73.8 19.1 82.2 17.2 78.0 15.3 73.7
1 40 10.4 84.5 9.3 80.0 8.3 75.6 13.5 84.2 12.2 79.7 10.8 75.3 15.8 84.0 14.2 79.6 12.6 75.2
1.25 40 9.1 85.6 8.2 81.1 7.3 76.5 11.7 85.4 10.5 80.8 9.4 76.3 13.6 85.2 12.2 80.7 10.9 76.2
1.5 40 8.1 86.5 7.3 61.8 6.5 77.2 10.4 86.2 9.4 81.6 8.3 77.0 12.0 86.1 10.8 81.5 9.6 76.9
2 40 6.9 87.5 6.2 82.7 5.5 78.0 8.7 87.2 7.8 82.5 6.9 77.8 10.0 87.1 9.0 82.4 8.0 77.7
2.5 40 6.1 88.1 5.5 83.2 4.9 78.4 7.6 87.9 6.8 83.1 6.1 78.3 8.6 87.8 7.8 83.0 6.9 78.2
0 45 42.2 49.4 37.5 48.9 32.8 48.4 58.0 50.9 51.5 50.3 45.1 49.6 68.6 52.2 61.0 51.4 53.3 50.6
0.125 45 27.2 66.2 24.1 63.9 21.1 61.5 37.0 66.7 32.9 64.3 28.8 61.9 44.0 67.1 39.1 64.6 34.2 62.2
0.25 45 20.4 73.7 18.2 70.4 15.9 67.3 27.6 73.7 24.6 70.5 21.5 67.3 32.8 73.8 29.2 70.6 25.5 67.4
0.375 45 16.6 77.7 14.8 74.1 12.9 70.5 22.3 77.6 19.8 74.0 17.3 70.4 26.4 77.6 23.5 74.0 20.5 70.4
0.5 45 14.1 80.3 12.6 76.4 11.0 72.5 18.8 80.1 16.8 76.2 14.7 72.3 22.2 80.1 19.8 76.1 17.3 72.3
0.625 45 12.4 82.1 11.0 78.0 9.6 73.9 16.4 81.8 14.6 77.7 12.8 73.6 19.3 81.7 17.2 77.6 15.0 73.6
0.75 45 11.1 83.3 9.9 79.1 8.6 74.8 14.6 83.1 13 78.8 11.4 74.6 17.2 83.0 15.3 78.7 13.4 74.5
1 45 9.3 85.0 8.3 80.6 7.3 76.1 12.2 84.7 10.8 80.3 9.5 75.9 14.2 84.6 12.6 80.2 11.0 75.9
1.25 45 8.2 86.1 7.3 81.5 6.3 77.0 10.5 85.8 9.4 81.3 8.2 76.8 12.2 85.7 10.9 81.2 9.5 76.7
1.5 45 7.3 86.8 6.5 82.2 5.7 77.5 9.4 86.6 8.3 82.0 7.3 77.3 10.8 86.5 9.6 81.9 8.4 77.3
2 45 6.2 87.7 5.5 83.0 4.8 78.2 7.8 87.5 6.9 82.8 6.1 78.1 9.0 87.4 8.0 82.7 7.0 78.0
2.5 45 5.5 88.2 4.9 83.4 4.3 78.6 6.8 88.1 6.1 83.3 5.3 78.5 7.8 88.0 6.9 83.2 6.0 78.5
0 50 37.5 53.9 32.8 53.4 28.1 53.0 51.5 55.3 45.1 54.6 38.6 54.0 61.0 56.4 53.3 55.6 45.7 54.8
0.125 50 24.1 68.9 21.1 66.5 18.1 64.2 32.9 69.3 28.8 66.9 24.7 64.4 39.1 69.6 34.2 67.2 29.3 64.7
0.25 50 18.2 75.4 15.9 72.3 13.6 69.1 24.6 75.5 21.5 72.3 18.4 69.1 29.2 75.6 25.5 72.4 21.9 69.2
0.375 50 14.8 79.1 12.9 75.5 11.1 71.8 19.8 79.0 17.3 75.4 14.9 71.7 23.5 79.0 20.5 75.4 17.6 71.7
0.5
0.625
50
50
12.6
11.0
81.4
83.0
11.0
9.6
77.5
78.9
9.4
8.3
73.6
74.7
16.8
14.6
81.2
82.7
14.7
12.8
77.3
78.6
12.6
11.0
73.4
74.5
19.8
17.2
81.1
82.6
17.3
15.0
77.3
78.6
14.8
12.9
73.4
74.5 A
0.75 50 9.9 84.1 8.6 79.8 7.4 75.6 13.0 83.8 11.4 79.6 9.8 75.4 15.3 83.7 13.4 79.5 11.5 75.3
1 50 8.3 85.6 7.3 81.1 6.2 76.7 10.8 85.3 9.5 80.9 8.1 76.5 12.6 85.2 11.0 80.9 9.5 76.4
1.25 50 7.3 86.5 6.3 82.0 5.4 77.4 9.4 86.3 8.2 81.8 7.0 77.2 10.9 86.2 9.5 81.7 8.2 77.1
1.5 50 6.5 87.2 5.7 82.5 4.9 77.9 8.3 87.0 7.3 82.3 6.2 77.7 9.6 86.9 8.4 82.3 7.2 77.7
2 50 5.5 88.0 4.8 83.2 4.1 78.5 6.9 87.8 6.1 83.1 5.2 78.4 8.0 87.7 7.0 83.0 6.0 78.3
2.5 50 4.9 88.4 4.3 83.6 3.6 78.9 6.1 88.3 5.3 83.5 4.5 78.7 6.9 88.2 6.0 83.5 5.2 78.7
0 55 32.8 58.4 28.1 58.0 23.5 57.4 45.1 59.6 38.6 59.0 32.2 58.3 53.3 60.6 45.7 59.8 38.1 59.0
0.125 55 21.1 71.5 18.1 69.2 15.1 66.8 28.8 71.9 24.7 69.4 20.6 67.0 34.2 72.2 29.3 69.7 24.4 67.3
0.25 55 15.9 77.3 13.6 74.1 11.3 70.9 21.5 77.3 18.4 74.1 15.4 70.9 25.5 77.4 21.9 74.2 18.2 71.0
0.375 55 12.9 80.5 11.1 76.8 9.2 73.2 17.3 80.4 14.9 76.7 12.4 73.1 20.5 80.4 17.6 76.7 14.7 73.1
0.5 55 11.0 82.5 9.4 78.6 7.8 74.6 14.7 82.3 12.6 78.4 10.5 74.5 17.3 82.3 14.8 78.4 12.4 74.4
0.625 55 9.6 83.9 8.3 79.7 6.9 75.6 12.8 83.6 11 79.5 9.1 75.5 15.0 83.6 12.9 79.5 10.7 75.4
0.75 55 8.6 84.8 7.4 80.6 6.2 76.3 11.4 84.6 9.8 80.4 8.1 76.2 13.4 84.5 11.5 80.3 9.5 76.1
1 55 7.3 86.1 6.2 81.7 5.2 77.2 9.5 85.9 8.1 81.5 6.8 77.1 11.0 85.9 9.5 81.4 7.9 77.0
1.25 55 6.3 87.0 5.4 82.4 4.5 77.8 8.2 86.8 7 82.2 5.8 77.7 9.5 86.7 8.2 82.1 6.8 77.6
1.5 55 5.7 87.5 4.9 82.9 4.1 78.2 7.3 87.3 6.2 82.7 5.2 78.1 8.4 87.3 7.2 82.7 6.0 78.0
2 55 4.8 88.2 4.1 83.5 3.4 78.7 6.1 88.1 5.2 83.4 4.3 78.6 7.0 88.0 6.0 83.3 5.0 78.6
2.5 55 4.3 88.6 3.6 83.9 3.0 79.0 5.3 88.5 4.5 83.7 3.8 78.6 6.0 88.5 5.2 83.7 4.4 78.9
App. A-31
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 114.0 46.7 103.6 45.7 93.3 44.6 135.7 48.8 123.4 47.6 111.0 46.3 159.3 51.4 144.9 49.8 130.4 48.4
0.125 35 74.0 63.0 67.2 60.5 60.5 57.9 89.1 63.8 81.0 61.2 72.9 58.6 106.5 64.8 96.8 62.1 87.1 59.4
0.25 35 56.2 70.6 50.2 67.3 45.2 64.1 66.8 70.9 60.8 67.7 54.7 64.4 80.4 71.4 73.1 68.1 65.8 64.8
0.375 35 44.4 74.9 40.4 71.3 36.3 67.7 53.8 75.1 48.9 71.5 44.0 67.8 64.9 75.4 59.0 71.7 53.1 68.0
0.5 35 37.3 77.8 33.9 73.9 30.5 70.0 45.2 77.6 41.1 73.9 37.0 70.0 54.6 78.0 49.6 74.1 44.7 70.2
0.625 35 32.3 79.8 29.4 75.7 26.4 71.6 39.1 79.8 35.6 75.7 32.0 71.6 47.3 79.8 43.0 75.7 38.7 71.7
0.75 35 28.6 81.2 26.0 70.7 23.4 72.8 34.6 81.2 31.4 77.0 28.3 72.8 41.8 81.2 38.0 77.0 34.2 72.8
1 35 23.5 83.2 21.3 78.9 19.2 74.5 28.3 83.2 25.7 78.8 23.1 74.4 34.1 83.1 31.0 78.7 27.9 74.4
1.25 35 20.1 64.5 18.2 80.1 16.4 75.5 24.1 84.5 21.9 80.0 19.7 75.5 29.0 84.4 26.4 79.9 23.7 75.4
1.5 35 17.6 85.6 16.0 80.9 14.4 76.3 21.1 85.4 19.2 80.8 17.3 76.2 25.3 85.3 23.0 80.7 20.7 76.2
2 35 14.4 86.7 13.1 82.0 11.8 77.3 17.1 86.6 15.6 81.9 14.0 77.2 20.5 86.5 18.6 81.8 16.7 77.1
2.5 35 12.4 87.4 11.2 82.6 10.1 77.9 14.6 87.3 13.3 82.5 11.9 77.8 17.4 87.2 15.8 82.5 14.2 77.7
0 40 103.6 60.7 93.3 49.6 82.9 48.5 123.4 52.6 111.0 51.3 98.7 50.1 144.9 54.8 130.4 53.4 115.9 51.9
0.125 40 67.2 65.5 60.5 62.9 53.8 60.4 81.0 66.2 72.9 63.6 64.8 60.9 96.8 67.1 87.1 64.4 77.4 61.7
0.25 40 50.2 72.3 45.2 69.1 40.2 65.9 60.8 72.7 54.7 69.4 48.6 66.1 73.1 73.1 65.8 69.8 58.5 66.5
0.375 40 40.4 76.3 36.3 72.7 32.3 69.0 48.9 76.5 44.0 72.8 39.1 69.2 59.0 76.7 53.1 73.0 47.2 69.4
0.5 40 33.9 78.9 30.5 75.0 27.1 71.1 41.1 78.9 37.0 75.3 2.9 71.1 49.6 79.1 44.7 75.2 39.7 71.3
0.625 40 29.4 80.7 26.4 76.6 23.5 72.6 35.6 80.7 32.0 76.6 28.4 72.6 43.0 80.7 38.7 76.7 34.4 72.6
0.75 40 26.0 82.0 23.4 77.8 20.8 73.6 31.4 82 28.3 77.8 25.1 73.6 38.0 82 34.2 77.8 30.4 73.6
1 40 21.3 83.9 19.2 79.5 17.1 75.1 25.7 81.8 23.1 79.4 20.6 75.0 31.0 83.7 27.9 79.4 24.8 75.0
1.25 40 18.2 85.1 16.4 80.5 14.6 76.0 21.9 65.0 19.7 80.5 17.5 76.0 26.4 84.9 23.7 80.4 21.1 75.9
1.5 40 16.0 85.9 14.4 81.3 12.8 76.7 19.2 85.8 17.3 81.2 15.3 76.6 23.0 85.7 20.7 81.2 18.4 76.6
2 40 13.1 87.0 11.8 82.3 10.5 77.6 15.6 86.9 14.0 82.2 12.5 77.5 18.6 86.8 16.7 82.1 14.9 77.4
2.5 40 11.2 87.6 10.1 82.9 9.0 78.1 13.3 87.5 11.9 82.8 10.6 78.0 15.8 87.5 14.2 82.7 12.6 78.0
0 45 93.3 54.6 82.9 63.5 72.5 52.5 111.0 56.3 98.7 56.1 86.4 53.8 130.4 58.4 115.9 56.9 101.4 55.4
0.125 45 60.5 67.9 53.8 65.4 47.1 62.8 72.9 68.6 64.8 65.9 56.7 63.3 87.1 69.4 77.4 06.7 67.7 64.0
0.25 45 45.2 74.1 40.2 70.9 35.2 67.6 54.7 74.4 48.6 71.1 42.5 67.9 65.8 74.8 58.5 71.5 51.2 68.2
0.375 45 36.3 77.7 32.3 74.0 28.3 70.4 44.0 77.8 39.1 74.2 34.2 70.5 53.1 78.0 47.2 74.4 41.3 70.7
0.5 45 30.6 80.0 27.1 76.1 23.7 72.2 37.0 80.0 32.9 76.1 28.8 72.2 44.7 80.2 39.7 76.3 34.7 72.4
0.625 45 26.4 81.6 23.5 77.6 20.6 73.5 32.0 81.6 28.4 77.6 24.9 73.5 38.7 81.7 34.4 77.6 30.1 73.5
0.75 45 23.4 82.8 20.8 78.6 18.2 74.4 28.3 82.8 25.1 78.6 22.0 74.4 34.2 82.8 30.4 78.6 26.6 74.4
1 45 19.2 84.5 17.1 80.1 14.9 75.7 23.1 84.4 20.6 80.0 18.0 75.6 27.9 84.4 24.8 80.0 21.7 75.6
1.25 45 16.4 85.5 14.6 81.0 12.8 76.5 19.7 85.5 17.5 81.0 15.3 76.5 23.7 85.4 21.1 80.9 18.4 76.4
1.5 45 14.4 86.3 12.8 81.7 11.2 77.1 17.3 66.2 15.3 81.6 13.4 77.1 20.7 86.2 18.4 81.6 16.1 77.0
2 45 11.8 87.3 10.5 82.6 9.2 77.9 14.0 87.2 12.5 82.5 10.9 77.8 16.7 87.1 14.9 82.4 13.0 77.8
2.5 45 10.1 87.9 9.0 83.1 7.9 78.3 11.9 87.8 10.6 83.0 9.3 78.3 14.2 87.7 12.6 83.0 11.0 78.2
0 50 82.9 58.5 72.5 57.5 62.2 56.4 98.7 60.1 86.4 58.8 74.0 57.6 115.9 61.9 101.4 60.4 86.9 58.9
0.125 50 53.8 70.4 47.1 67.8 40.3 65.3 64.8 70.9 56.7 68.3 48.6 65.7 77.4 71.7 67.7 89.0 58.1 66.3
0.25 50 40.2 75.9 35.2 72.6 30.1 69.4 48.6 76.1 42.5 72.9 36.5 69.6 58.5 76.5 51.2 73.2 43.9 69.9
0.375 50 32.3 79.0 28.3 75.4 24.2 71.8 39.1 79.2 34.2 75.5 29.3 71.9 47.2 79.4 41.3 75.7 35.4 72.0
0.5 50
A 0.625 50
27.1
23.5
81.1
82.6
23.7
20.6
77.2
78.5
20.4
17.6
73.3
74.4
32.9
28.4
81.1
82.6
28.8
24.9
77.2
78.5
24.6
21.3
73.4
74.4
39.7
34.4
81.3
82.6
34.7
30.1
77.4
78.5
29.8
25.8
73.4
74.4
0.75 50 20.8 83.6 18.2 79.4 15.6 75.2 25.1 83.6 22.0 79.4 18.9 75.2 30.4 83.6 26.6 79.4 22.8 75.2
1 50 17.1 85.1 14.9 80.7 12.8 76.3 20.6 85.0 18.0 80.6 15.4 76.3 24.8 85.0 21.7 80.6 18.6 76.2
1.25 50 14.6 86.0 12.8 81.5 10.9 77.0 17.5 86.0 15.3 81.5 13.1 77.0 21.1 85.9 18.4 81.4 15.8 76.9
1.5 50 12.8 86.7 11.2 82.1 9.6 77.5 15.3 86.6 13.4 82.1 11.5 77.5 18.4 86.6 16.1 82.0 13.8 77.4
2 50 10.5 87.6 9.2 82.9 7.9 78.2 12.5 87.5 10.9 82.8 9.3 78.1 14.9 87.4 13.0 82.8 11.2 78.1
2.5 50 9.0 88.1 7.9 63.3 6.7 78.6 10.6 88.0 9.3 83.3 8.0 78.5 12.6 88.0 11.0 83.2 9.5 78.5
0 55 72.5 62.5 62.2 61.4 51.8 60.3 86.4 63.8 74 62.6 61.7 61.3 101.4 65.4 86.9 63.9 72.4 62.4
0.125 55 47.1 72.8 40.3 70.3 33.6 67.7 56.7 73.3 48.6 70.7 40.5 68.1 67.7 74.0 58.1 71.3 48.4 68.5
0.25 55 35.2 77.6 30.1 74.4 25.1 71.2 42.5 77.9 36.5 74.6 30.4 71.3 51.2 78.2 43.9 74.9 36.5 71.6
0.375 55 28.3 80.4 24.2 76.8 20.2 73.2 34.2 80.5 29.3 78.9 24.4 73.2 41.3 80.7 35.4 77.0 29.5 73.3
0.5 55 23.7 82.2 20.4 78.3 17.0 74.4 28.8 82.2 24.6 78.4 20.5 74.5 34.7 82.4 29.8 78.4 24.8 74.5
0.625 55 20.8 83.5 17.6 79.4 14.7 75.3 24.9 83.5 21.3 79.4 17.8 75.3 30.1 83.5 25.8 79.4 21.5 75.4
0.75 55 18.2 84.4 15.6 80.2 13.0 76.0 22.0 84.4 18.9 80.2 15.7 76.0 28.6 84.4 22.8 00.2 19.0 76.0
1 55 14.9 85.7 12.8 81.3 10.7 76.9 16.0 85.6 15.4 81.3 12.9 76.9 21.7 85.6 18.6 81.2 15.5 76.9
1.25 55 12.8 86.5 10.9 82.0 9.1 77.5 15.3 86.5 13.1 82.0 10.9 77.5 18.4 86.4 15.8 81.9 13.2 77.4
1.5 55 11.2 87.1 9.6 82.5 8.0 77.9 13.4 87.1 11.5 82.5 9.6 77.9 16.1 87.0 13.8 82.4 11.5 77.9
2 55 9.2 87.9 7.9 83.2 6.6 78.5 10.9 87.8 9.3 83.1 7.8 78.4 13.0 87.8 11.2 83.1 9.3 78.4
2.5 55 7.9 88.3 6.7 83.6 5.6 78.6 9.3 88.3 8.0 83.5 6.6 78.8 11.0 88.2 9.5 83.5 7.9 78.7
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 186.5 54.1 169.6 52.3 152.6 50.6 201.1 55.7 182.8 53.8 164.5 51.9 217.1 57.1 197.3 55.1 177.6 53.1
0.125 35 127.2 66 115. 7 63.2 104.1 60.4 138.9 66.7 126.3 63.8 113.7 60.9 151.8 67.4 138.0 64.4 124.2 61.5
0.25 35 97.0 72 88.2 68.7 79.4 65.3 106.6 72.4 96.9 69.0 87.2 65.6 117.1 72.8 106.4 69.4 95.8 65.9
0.375 35 78.7 75.7 71.5 72.0 64.4 68.3 86.7 75.9 78.8 72.2 70.9 68.5 95.6 76.2 86.9 72.4 78.2 68.7
0.5 35 66.3 78.2 60.3 74.3 54.3 70.3 73.3 78.3 66.6 74.4 59.9 70.5 80.9 78.5 73.6 74.5 66.2 70.6
0.625 35 57.5 79.9 52.3 75.9 47.0 71.8 63.6 80.0 57.8 75.9 52.0 71.8 70.3 80.1 63.9 76.0 57.5 71.9
0.75 35 50.8 81.3 46.2 77.1 41.6 72.9 56.2 81.3 51.1 77.1 46.0 72.9 62.2 81.4 56.6 77.2 50.9 73.0
1 35 41.5 83.1 37.7 78.7 33.9 74.4 45.9 83.1 41.7 78.8 37.6 74.4 50.8 83.2 46.2 78.8 41.6 74.4
1.25 35 35.2 84.4 32.0 79.9 28.8 75.4 39.0 84.4 35.4 79.9 31.9 75.4 43.1 84.4 39.2 79.9 35.3 75.4
1.5 35 30.7 85.2 27.9 80.7 25.1 76.1 34.0 85.2 30.9 80.7 27.8 76.1 37.6 85.2 34.2 80.6 30.8 76.1
2 35 24.7 86.4 22.5 81.7 20.2 77.1 27.3 86.4 24.8 81.7 22.3 77.0 30.2 86.3 27.4 81.7 24.7 77.0
2.5 35 20.9 87.1 19.0 82.4 17.1 77.7 23.0 87.1 20.9 82.4 18.8 77.6 25.4 87.1 23.1 82.3 20.8 77.6
040 40 169.6 57.3 152.6 55.6 135.7 53.9 182.8 58.8 164.5 56.9 146.2 55.0 197.3 60.1 177.6 58.1 157.9 56.1
0.125 40 115.7 68.2 104.1 65.4 92.5 62.5 126.3 68.8 113.7 65.9 101.0 63.1 138.0 69.4 124.2 66.5 110.4 63.5
0.25 40 88.2 73.7 79.4 70.3 70.5 67.0 96.9 74.0 87.2 70.6 77.5 67.2 106.4 74.4 95.8 70.9 85.1 67.5
0.375 40 71.5 77.0 64.4 73.3 57.2 69.6 78.8 77.2 70.9 73.5 63.0 69.8 86.9 77.4 78.2 73.7 69.5 69.9
0.5 40 60.3 79.3 54.3 75.3 48.2 71.4 66.6 79.4 59.9 75.5 53.3 71.5 73.6 79.5 66.2 75.6 58.8 71.6
0.625 40 52.3 80.9 47.0 76.8 41.8 72.7 57.8 80.9 52.0 76.8 46.2 72.8 63.9 81.0 57.5 76.9 51.1 72.8
0.75 40 46.2 82.1 41.6 77.9 37.0 73.6 51.1 82.1 46.0 77.9 40.9 73.7 56.6 82.2 50.9 78.0 45.3 73.7
1 4O 37.7 83.7 33.9 79.4 30.2 75.0 41.7 83.8 37.6 79.4 33.4 75.0 46.2 83.8 41.6 79.4 37.0 75.0
1.25 40 32.0 84.9 28.8 80.4 25.6 75.9 35.4 84.9 31.9 80.4 28.3 75.9 39.2 84.9 35.3 80.4 31.4 75.9
1.5 40 27.9 85.7 25.1 81.1 22.3 76.5 30.9 85.7 27.8 81.1 24.7 76.5 34.2 85.6 30.8 81.1 27.4 76.5
2 40 22.5 86.7 20.2 82.1 18.0 77.4 24.8 86.7 22.3 82.0 19.8 77.4 27.4 86.7 24.7 82.0 21.9 77.4
2.5 40 19.0 87.4 17.1 82.7 15.2 77.9 20.9 87.4 18.8 82.6 16.7 77.9 23.1 87.3 20.8 82.6 18.5 77.9
0 45 152.6 60.6 135.7 58.9 118.7 57.1 164.5 61.9 146.2 60.0 128.0 58.1 177.6 63.1 157.9 61.1 138.1 59.1
0.125 45 104.1 70.4 92.5 67.5 81.0 64.7 113.7 70.9 101.0 68.1 88.4 65.2 124.2 71.5 110.4 68.5 96.6 65.6
0.25 45 79.4 75.3 70.5 72.0 61.7 68.6 87.2 75.6 77.5 72.2 67.8 68.8 95.8 75.9 85.1 72.5 74.5 69.1
0.375 45 64.4 78.3 57.2 74.6 50.1 70.9 70.9 78.5 63.0 74.8 55.2 71.1 78.2 78.7 69.5 74.9 60.8 71.2
0.5 45 54.3 80.3 48.2 76.4 42.2 72.5 59.9 80.5 53.3 76.5 46.6 72.6 66.2 80.6 58.8 76.6 51.5 72.7
0.625 45 47.0 81.8 41.8 77.7 36.6 73.6 52.0 81.8 46.2 77.8 40.4 73.7 57.5 81.9 51.1 77.8 44.7 73.7
0.75 45 41.6 82.9 37.0 78.6 32.4 74.4 46.0 82.9 40.9 78.7 35.8 74.5 50.9 83.0 45.3 78.7 39.6 74.5
1 45 33.9 84.4 30.2 80.0 26.4 75.6 37.6 84.4 33.4 80.0 29.2 75.6 41.6 84.4 37.0 80.0 32.3 75.7
1.25 45 28.8 85.4 25.6 80.9 22.4 76.4 31.9 85.4 28.3 80.9 24.8 76.4 35.3 85.4 31.4 80.9 27.5 76.4
1.5 45 25.1 86.1 22.3 81.5 19.6 77.0 27.8 86.1 24.7 81.5 21.6 77.0 30.8 86.1 27.4 81.5 23.9 77.0
2 45 20.2 87.1 18.0 82.4 15.7 77.7 22.3 87.0 19.8 82.4 17.4 77.7 24.7 87.0 21.9 82.4 19.2 77.7
2.5 45 17.1 87.7 15.2 82.9 13.3 78.2 18.8 87.6 16.7 82.9 14.6 78.2 20.8 87.6 18.5 82.9 16.2 78.1
0 50 135.7 63.9 118.7 62.1 101.8 60.4 146.2 65.0 128.0 63.1 109.7 61.3 157.9 66.1 138.1 64.1 118.4 62.1
0.125 50 92.5 72.5 81.0 69.7 69.4 66.9 101.0 73.1 88.4 70.2 75.8 67.3 110.4 73.5 96.6 70.6 82.8 67.6
0.25 50 70.5 77.0 61.7 73.6 52.9 70.2 77.5 77.2 67.8 73.8 58.1 70.4 85.1 77.5 74.5 74.1 63.9 70.6
0.375 50 57.2 79.6 50.1 75.9 42.9 72.2 63.0 79.8 55.2 76.1 47.3 72.3 69.5 79.9 60.8 76.2 52.1 72.5
0.5
0.625
50
50
48.2
41.8
81.4
82.7
42.2
36.6
77.5
78.6
36.2
31.4
73.6
74.5
53.3
46.2
81.5
82.8
46.6
40.4
77.6
78.7
40.0
34.7
73.6
74.6
58.8
51.1
81.6
82.8
51.5
44.7
77.7
78.7
44.1
38.3
73.7
74.6 A
0.75 50 37.0 83.6 32.4 79.4 27.7 75.2 40.9 83.7 35.8 79.5 30.7 75.3 45.3 83.7 39.6 79.5 33.9 75.3
1 50 30.2 85.0 26.4 80.6 22.6 76.3 33.4 85.0 29.2 80.6 25.0 76.3 37.0 85.0 32.3 80.7 27.7 76.3
1.25 50 25.6 85.9 22.4 81.4 19.2 76.9 28.3 85.9 24.8 81.4 21.3 76.9 31.4 85.9 27.5 81.4 23.5 76.9
1.5 50 22.3 86.5 19.6 82.0 16.8 77.4 24.7 86.5 21.6 82.0 18.5 77.4 27.4 86.5 23.9 82.0 20.5 77.4
250 18.0 87.4 15.7 82.7 13.5 78.0 19.8 87.4 17.4 82.7 14.9 78.0 21.9 87.4 19.2 82.7 16.5 78.0
2.5 50 15.2 87.9 13.3 83.2 11.4 78.4 16.7 87.9 14.6 83.2 12.5 78.4 18.5 87.9 16.2 83.1 13.8 78.4
055 118.7 67.1 101.8 65.4 84.8 63.7 128.0 68.1 109.7 66.3 91.4 64.4 138.1 69.1 118.4 67.1 98.7 65.0
0.125 55 81.0 74.7 69.4 71.9 57.8 69.1 88.4 75.2 75.8 72.3 63.1 69.4 96.6 75.6 82.8 72.6 69.0 69.7
0.25 55 61.7 78.6 52.9 75.2 44.1 71.8 67.8 78.8 58.1 75.4 48.4 72.0 74.5 79.1 63.9 75.6 53.2 72.2
0.375 55 50.1 80.9 42.9 77.2 35.8 73.5 55.2 81.1 47.3 77.3 39.4 73.6 60.8 81.2 52.1 77.5 43.4 73.7
0.5 55 42.2 82.5 36.2 78.6 30.2 74.6 46.6 82.6 40.0 78.6 33.3 74.7 51.5 82.7 44.1 78.7 36.8 74.8
0.625 55 36.6 83.6 31.4 79.5 26.1 75.4 40.4 83.7 34.7 79.6 28.9 75.5 44.7 83.7 38.3 79.6 31.9 75.5
0.75 55 32.4 84.4 27.7 80.2 23.1 76.0 35.8 84.5 30.7 80.3 25.6 76.1 39.6 84.5 33.9 80.3 28.3 76.1
1 55 26.4 85.6 22.6 81.3 18.9 76.9 29.2 85.6 25.0 81.3 20.9 76.9 32.3 85.7 27.7 81.3 23.1 76.9
1.25 55 22.4 86.4 19.2 81.9 16.0 77.4 24.8 86.4 21.3 81.9 17.7 77.4 27.5 86.4 23.5 81.9 19.6 77.4
1.5 55 19.6 87.0 16.8 82.4 14.0 77.8 21.6 87.0 18.5 82.4 15.4 77.8 23.9 87.0 20.5 82.4 17.1 77.8
2 55 15.7 87.7 13.5 83.0 11.2 78.4 17.4 87.7 14.9 83.0 12.4 78.4 19.2 87.7 16.5 83.0 13.7 78.3
2.5 55 13.3 88.2 11.4 83.4 9.5 78.7 14.6 88.2 12.5 83.4 10.5 78.7 16.2 88.1 13.8 83.4 11.5 78.7
App. A-33
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 232.2 58.7 211.0 56.6 189.9 54.4 246.6 60.1 224.2 57.8 201.8 55.5 276.4 63.4 251.3 60.8 226.2 58.2
0.125 35 164.6 68.1 149.6 65.1 134.7 62.1 177.0 68.8 160.9 65.7 144.8 62.7 204.5 70.5 185.9 67.3 167.3 64.1
0.25 35 127.9 73.2 116.3 69.8 104.6 66.3 138.4 73.6 125.8 70.1 113.2 66.6 162.6 74.7 147.8 71.1 133.0 67.5
0.375 35 104.8 76.5 95.3 72.7 85.8 68.9 113.9 76.7 103.5 72.9 93.2 69.1 135.2 77.4 122.9 73.5 110.6 69.7
0.5 35 89.0 78.7 80.9 74.7 72.8 70.7 96.9 78.8 88.1 74.8 79.3 70.8 115.8 79.3 105.3 75.3 94.8 71.2
0.625 35 77.4 80.3 70.4 76.1 63.4 72.0 84.5 80.4 76.8 76.2 69.1 72.1 101.4 80.7 92.2 76.6 83.0 72.4
0.75 35 68.6 81.5 62.4 77.2 56.2 73.0 75.0 81.6 68.1 77.3 61.3 73.1 90.3 81.8 82.1 77.5 73.9 73.3
1 35 56.1 83.2 51.0 78.8 45.9 74.4 61.4 83.2 55.8 78.9 50.2 74.5 74.3 83.4 67.5 79.0 60.8 74.6
1.25 35 47.7 84.4 43.3 79.9 39.0 75.4 52.1 84.4 47.4 79.9 42.7 75.4 63.3 84.5 57.5 80.0 51.8 75.5
1.5 35 41.5 85.2 37.8 80.6 34.0 76.1 45.4 85.2 41.3 80.7 37.2 76.1 55.2 85.3 50.2 80.7 45.2 76.1
2 35 33.3 86.3 30.3 81.7 27.2 77.0 36.4 86.3 33.1 81.7 29.8 77.0 44.2 86.3 40.2 81.7 36.2 77.0
2.5 35 28.0 87.1 25.4 82.3 22.9 77.6 30.6 87.0 27.8 82.3 25.0 77.6 37.1 87.0 33.7 82.3 30.4 77.6
0 40 211.0 61.6 189.9 59.4 168.8 57.3 224.2 62.8 201.8 60.5 179.3 58.3 251.3 65.8 226.2 63.2 201.0 60.7
0.125 40 149.6 70.1 134.7 67.1 119.7 64.1 160.9 70.7 144.8 67.7 128.7 64.6 185.9 72.3 167.3 69.1 148.7 65.8
0.25 40 116.3 74.8 104.6 71.3 93.0 67.8 125.8 75.1 113.2 71.6 100.6 68.1 147.8 76.1 133.0 72.5 118.2 68.8
0.375 40 95.3 77.7 85.8 73.9 76.2 70.2 103.5 77.9 93.2 74.1 82.8 70.3 122.9 78.5 110.6 74.7 98.3 70.8
0.5 40 80.9 79.7 72.8 75.7 64.7 71.7 88.1 79.8 79.3 75.8 70.5 71.9 105.3 80.3 94.8 76.2 84.2 72.2
0.625 40 70.4 81.1 63.4 77.0 56.3 72.9 76.8 81.2 69.1 77.1 61.4 73.0 92.2 81.6 83.0 77.4 73.8 73.2
0.75 40 62.4 82.2 56.2 78.0 49.9 73.8 68.1 82.3 61.3 78.1 54.5 73.9 82.1 82.5 73.9 78.3 65.7 74.0
1 40 51.0 83.8 45.9 79.4 40.8 75.1 55.8 83.9 50.2 79.5 44.6 75.1 67.5 84.0 60.8 79.6 54.0 75.2
1.25 40 43.3 84.9 39.0 80.4 34.7 75.9 47.4 84.9 42.7 80.4 37.9 75.9 57.5 85.0 51.8 80.5 46.0 76.0
1.5 40 37.8 85.6 34.0 81.1 30.2 76.5 41.3 85.7 37.2 81.1 33.1 76.5 50.2 85.7 45.2 81.1 40.1 76.6
2 40 30.3 86.7 27.2 82.0 24.2 77.3 33.1 86.7 29.8 82.0 26.5 77.3 40.2 86.7 36.2 82.0 32.2 77.3
2.5 40 25.4 87.3 22.9 82.6 20.4 77.9 27.8 87.3 25.0 82.6 22.2 77.9 33.7 87.3 30.4 82.6 27.0 77.8
0 45 189.9 64.4 168.8 62.3 147.7 60.1 201.8 65.5 179.3 63.3 156.9 61.0 226.2 68.2 201.0 65.7 175.9 63.1
0.125 45 134.7 72.1 119.7 69.1 104.7 66.1 144.8 72.7 128.7 69.6 112.6 66.5 167.3 74.1 148.7 70.8 130.1 67.6
0.25 45 104.6 76.3 93.0 72.8 81.4 69.3 113.2 76.6 100.6 73.1 88.1 69.6 133.0 77.5 118.2 73.8 103.5 70.2
0.375 45 85.8 78.9 76.2 75.2 66.7 71.4 93.2 79.1 82.8 75.3 72.5 71.5 110.6 79.7 98.3 75.8 86.0 72.0
0.5 45 72.8 80.7 64.7 76.7 56.6 72.8 79.3 80.8 70.5 76.9 61.7 72.9 94.8 81.2 84.2 77.2 73.7 73.2
0.625 45 63.4 82.0 56.3 77.9 49.3 73.8 69.1 82.1 61.4 78.0 53.7 73.9 83.0 82.4 73.8 78.2 64.6 74.1
0.75 45 56.2 83.0 49.9 78.8 43.7 74.6 61.3 83.1 54.5 78.9 47.7 74.6 73.9 83.3 65.7 79.0 57.5 74.8
1 45 45.9 84.4 40.8 80.1 35.7 75.7 50.2 84.5 44.6 80.1 39.1 75.7 60.8 84.6 54.0 80.2 47.3 75.8
1.25 45 39.0 85.4 34.7 80.9 30.3 76.4 42.7 85.4 37.9 80.9 33.2 76.4 51.8 85.5 46.0 81.0 40.3 76.5
1.5 45 34.0 86.1 30.2 81.5 26.4 77.0 37.2 86.1 33.1 81.5 28.9 77.0 45.2 86.1 40.1 81.6 35.1 77.0
2 45 27.2 87.0 24.2 82.3 21.2 77.7 29.8 87.0 26.5 82.3 23.2 77.7 36.2 87.0 32.2 82.3 28.2 77.7
2.5 45 22.9 87.6 20.4 82.9 17.8 78.1 25.0 87.6 22.2 82.9 19.5 78.1 30.4 87.6 27.0 82.8 23.6 78.1
0 50 168.8 67.3 147.7 65.1 126.6 62.9 179.3 68.3 156.9 66.0 134.5 63.7 201.0 70.7 175.9 68.1 150.8 65.5
0.125 50 119.7 74.1 104.7 71.1 89.8 68.1 128.7 74.6 112.6 71.5 96.5 68.4 148.7 75.8 130.1 72.6 111.5 69.4
0.25 50 93.0 77.8 81.4 74.3 69.8 70.9 100.6 78.1 88.1 74.6 75.5 71.1 118.2 78.8 103.5 75.2 88.7 71.6
0.375 50 76.2 80.2 66.7 76.4 57.2 72.6 82.8 80.3 72.5 76.5 62.1 72.7 98.3 80.8 86.0 77.0 73.7 73.1
0.5 50 64.7 81.7 56.6 77.8 48.5 73.8 70.5 81.9 61.7 77.9 52.9 73.9 84.2 82.2 73.7 78.2 63.2 74.2
A 0.625
0.75
50
50
56.3
49.9
82.9
83.8
49.3
43.7
78.8
79.6
42.2
37.4
74.7
75.4
61.4
54.5
83.0
83.9
53.7
47.7
78.9
79.6
46.1
40.9
74.7
75.4
73.8
65.7
83.2
84.0
64.6
57.5
79.1
79.8
55.3
49.3
74.9
75.5
1 50 40.8 85.1 35.7 80.7 30.6 76.3 44.6 85.1 39.1 80.7 33.5 76.3 54.0 85.2 47.3 80.8 40.5 76.4
1.25 50 34.7 85.9 30.3 81.4 26.0 76.9 37.9 85.9 33.2 81.4 28.4 76.9 46.0 86.0 40.3 81.5 34.5 77
1.5 50 30.2 86.5 26.4 82.0 22.7 77.4 33.1 86.5 28.9 82.0 24.8 77.4 40.1 86.6 35.1 82.0 30.1 77.4
2 50 24.2 87.3 21.2 82.7 18.2 78.0 26.5 87.3 23.2 82.7 19.9 78.0 32.2 87.3 28.2 82.7 24.1 78
2.5 50 20.4 87.9 17.8 83.1 15.3 78.4 22.2 87.9 19.5 83.1 16.7 78.4 27.0 87.8 23.6 83.1 20.2 78.4
0 55 147.7 70.1 126.6 67.9 105.5 65.8 156.9 71.0 134.5 68.7 112.1 66.4 175.9 73.1 150.8 70.5 125.6 67.9
0.125 55 104.7 76.1 89.8 73.1 74.8 70.1 112.6 76.5 96.5 73.4 80.4 70.4 130.1 77.6 111.5 74.4 92.9 71.1
0.25 55 81.4 79.3 69.8 75.9 58.1 72.4 88.1 79.6 75.5 76.1 62.9 72.6 103.5 80.2 88.7 76.6 73.9 73
0.375 55 66.7 81.4 57.2 77.6 47.6 73.8 72.5 81.5 62.1 77.7 51.8 73.9 86.0 82.0 73.7 78.1 61.4 74.3
0.5 55 56.6 82.8 48.5 78.8 40.5 74.8 61.7 82.9 52.9 78.9 44.0 74.9 73.7 83.2 63.2 79.2 52.6 75.1
0.625 55 49.3 83.8 42.2 79.7 35.2 75.6 53.7 83.9 46.1 79.7 38.4 75.6 64.6 84.1 55.3 79.9 46.1 75.8
0.75 55 43.7 84.6 37.4 80.4 31.2 76.1 47.7 84.6 40.9 80.4 34.1 76.2 57.5 84.8 49.3 80.5 41.1 76.3
1 55 35.7 85.7 30.6 81.3 25.5 76.9 39.1 85.7 33.5 81.3 27.9 76.9 47.3 85.8 40.5 81.4 33.8 77
1.25 55 30.3 86.4 26.0 81.9 21.7 77.4 33.2 86.4 28.4 81.9 23.7 77.5 40.3 86.5 34.5 82.0 28.8 77.5
1.5 55 26.4 87.0 22.7 82.4 18.9 77.8 28.9 87.0 24.8 82.4 20.7 77.8 35.1 87.0 30.1 82.4 25.1 77.8
2 55 21.2 87.7 18.2 83.0 15.1 78.3 23.2 87.7 19.9 83.0 16.5 78.3 28.2 87.7 24.1 83.0 20.1 78.3
2.5 55 17.8 88.1 15.3 83.4 12.7 78.7 19.5 88.1 16.7 83.4 13.9 78.7 23.6 88.1 20.2 83.4 16.9 78.6
Table App. A-46. Heat Gain Values for Pro 45 in Moving Air Conditions
Pipe Size = 2", O.D. = 2.48 Pipe Size = 3", O.D. = 3.54" Pipe Size = 4", O.D. = 4.33"
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 152.7 50.8 138.8 49.4 125.0 47.9 195.1 54.9 177.3 53.1 159.6 51.3 218.4 57.9 198.5 55.8 178.7 53.7
0.125 35 54.1 77.4 49.2 73.5 44.3 69.7 73.1 77.7 66.4 73.8 59.8 70.0 85.8 78.1 78.0 74.2 70.2 70.2
0.25 35 34.0 82.7 30.9 78.4 27.8 74.1 46.1 82.7 41.9 78.4 37.7 74.1 54.5 82.8 49.5 78.5 44.6 74.1
0.375 35 25.4 85.0 23.0 80.5 20.7 75.9 34.2 84.9 31.1 80.4 28.0 75.8 40.4 84.9 36.8 80.4 33.1 75.9
0.5 35 20.5 86.2 18.6 81.6 16.8 76.9 27.5 86.1 25.0 81.5 22.5 76.8 32.5 86.1 29.5 81.5 26.6 76.8
0.625 35 17.4 87.0 15.8 82.3 14.2 77.6 23.2 86.9 21.1 82.2 19.0 77.5 27.3 86.9 24.8 82.2 22.4 77.4
0.75 35 15.2 87.6 13.9 82.8 12.5 78.0 20.2 87.4 18.3 82.7 16.5 77.9 23.7 87.4 21.6 82.6 19.4 77.9
1 35 12.4 88.2 11.3 83.4 10.2 78.6 16.2 88.1 14.8 83.3 13.3 78.5 19.0 88.1 17.3 83.3 15.6 78.4
1.25 35 10.7 88.6 9.7 83.8 8.7 78.9 13.8 88.5 12.5 83.7 11.3 78.8 16.1 88.5 14.6 83.6 13.2 78.8
1.5 35 9.4 88.9 8.6 84.0 7.7 79.1 12.1 88.8 11.0 83.9 9.9 79.0 14.0 88.8 12.8 83.9 11.5 79.0
2 35 7.9 89.2 7.1 84.3 6.4 79.4 9.9 89.2 9.0 84.2 8.1 79.3 11.4 89.1 10.4 84.2 9.4 79.3
2.5 35 6.9 89.4 6.3 84.5 5.6 79.5 8.6 89.4 7.8 84.4 7.0 79.5 9.8 89.3 8.9 84.4 8.0 79.5
0 40 138.8 54.4 125.0 52.9 111.1 51.5 177.3 58.1 159.6 56.3 141.9 54.5 198.5 60.8 178.7 58.7 158.8 56.7
0.125 40 49.2 78.5 44.3 74.7 39.4 70.8 66.4 78.8 59.8 75.0 53.1 71.1 78.0 79.2 70.2 75.2 62.4 71.3
0.25 40 30.9 83.4 27.8 79.1 24.7 74.7 41.9 83.4 37.7 79.1 33.5 74.7 49.5 83.5 44.6 79.1 39.6 74.8
0.375 40 23 85.5 20.7 80.9 18.4 76.4 31.1 85.4 28.0 80.8 24.8 76.3 36.8 85.4 33.1 80.9 29.4 76.3
0.5 40 18.6 86.6 16.8 81.9 14.9 77.3 25.0 86.5 22.5 81.8 20.0 77.2 29.5 86.5 26.6 81.8 23.6 77.2
0.625 40 15.8 87.3 14.2 82.6 12.7 77.8 21.1 87.2 19.0 82.5 16.8 77.8 24.8 87.2 22.4 82.4 19.9 77.7
0.75 40 13.9 87.8 12.5 83.0 11.1 78.2 18.3 87.7 16.5 82.9 14.7 78.1 21.6 87.6 19.4 82.9 17.3 78.1
1 40 11.3 88.4 10.2 83.6 9.0 78.7 14.8 88.3 13.3 83.5 11.8 78.6 17.3 88.3 15.6 83.4 13.8 78.6
1.25 40 9.7 88.8 8.7 83.9 7.7 79.0 12.5 88.7 11.3 83.8 10.0 78.9 14.6 86.6 13.2 83.8 11.7 78.9
1.5 40 8.6 89.0 7.7 84.1 6.9 79.2 11.0 88.9 9.9 84.0 8.8 79.1 12.8 88.9 11.5 84.0 10.2 79.1
2 40 7.1 89.3 6.4 84.4 5.7 79.4 9.0 89.2 8.1 84.3 7.2 79.4 10.4 89.2 9.4 84.3 8.3 79.4
2.5 40 6.3 89.5 5.6 84.5 5.0 79.6 7.8 89.4 7.0 84.5 6.2 79.5 8.9 89.4 8.0 84.5 7.1 79.5
0 45 125.0 57.9 111.1 56.5 97.2 55.0 159.6 61.3 141.9 59.5 124.1 57.7 178.7 63.7 158.8 61.7 139.0 59.6
0.125 45 44.3 79.7 39.4 75.8 34.5 72.0 59.8 80.0 53.1 76.1 46.5 72.2 70.2 80.2 62.4 76.3 54.6 72.4
0.25 45 27.8 84.1 24.7 79.7 21.7 75.4 37.7 84.1 33.5 79.7 29.3 75.4 44.6 84.1 39.6 79.8 34.7 75.4
0.375 45 20.7 85.9 18.4 81.4 16.1 76.8 28.0 85.8 24.8 81.3 21.7 76.8 33.1 85.9 29.4 81.3 25.7 76.8
0.5 45 16.8 86.9 14.9 82.3 13.0 77.6 22.5 86.8 20.0 82.2 17.5 77.5 26.6 86.8 23.6 82.2 20.7 77.5
0.625 45 14.2 87.6 12.7 82.8 11.1 78.1 19.0 87.5 16.8 82.8 14.7 78 22.4 87.4 19.9 82.7 17.4 78.0
0.75 45 12.5 88.0 11.1 83.2 9.7 78.4 16.5 87.9 14.7 83.1 12.8 78.4 19.4 87.9 17.3 83.1 15.1 78.4
1 45 10.2 88.6 9.0 83.7 7.9 78.9 13.3 88.5 11.8 83.6 10.3 78.8 15.6 88.4 13.8 83.6 12.1 78.8
1.25 45 8.7 88.9 7.7 84.0 6.8 79.1 11.3 88.8 10.0 83.9 8.8 79.1 13.2 88.8 11.7 83.9 10.2 79.0
1.5 45 7.7 89.1 6.9 84.2 6.0 79.3 9.9 89.0 8.8 84.1 7.7 79.3 11.5 89.0 10.2 84.1 8.9 79.2
2 45 6.4 89.4 5.7 84.4 5.0 79.5 8.1 89.3 7.2 84.4 6.3 79.5 9.4 89.3 8.3 84.4 7.3 79.4
2.5 45 5.6 89.5 5.0 84.6 4.4 79.6 7.0 89.5 6.2 84.5 5.5 79.6 8.0 89.5 7.1 84.5 6.2 79.6
0 50 111.1 61.5 97.2 60.0 83.3 58.6 141.9 64.5 124.1 62.7 106.4 60.9 158.8 66.7 139.0 64.6 119.1 62.5
0.125 50 39.4 80.8 34.5 77.0 29.5 73.1 53.1 81.1 46.5 77.2 39.9 73.3 62.4 81.3 54.6 77.4 46.8 73.5
0.25 50 24.7 84.7 21.7 80.4 18.6 76.0 33.5 84.7 29.3 80.4 25.1 76 39.6 84.8 34.7 80.4 29.7 76.1
0.375 50 18.4 86.4 16.1 81.8 13.8 77.3 24.8 86.3 21.7 81.8 18.6 77.2 29.4 86.3 25.7 81.8 22.1 77.2
0.5
0.625
50
50
14.9
12.7
87.3
87.8
13.0
11.1
82.6
83.1
11.2
9.5
78.0
78.4
20.0
16.8
87.2
87.8
17.5
14.7
82.5
83.0
15.0
12.6
77.9
78.3
23.6
19.9
87.2
87.7
20.7
17.4
82.5
83.0
17.7
14.9
77.9
78.3 A
0.75 50 11.1 88.2 9.7 83.4 8.3 78.7 14.7 88.1 12.8 83.4 11.0 78.6 17.3 88.1 15.1 83.4 12.9 78.6
1 50 9.0 88.7 7.9 83.9 6.8 79.0 11.8 88.6 10.3 83.8 8.9 79 13.8 88.6 12.1 83.8 10.4 79.0
1.25 50 7.7 89.0 6.8 84.1 5.8 79.3 10.0 88.9 8.8 84.1 7.5 79.2 11.7 88.9 10.2 84.0 8.8 79.2
1.5 50 6.9 89.2 6.0 84.3 5.1 79.4 8.8 89.1 7.7 84.3 6.6 79.4 10.2 89.1 8.9 84.2 7.7 79.3
2 50 5.7 89.4 5.0 84.5 4.3 79.6 7.2 89.4 6.3 84.5 5.4 79.5 8.3 89.4 7.3 84.4 6.2 79.5
2.5 50 5.0 89.6 4.4 84.6 3.8 79.7 6.2 89.5 5.5 84.6 4.7 79.6 7.1 89.5 6.2 84.6 5.4 79.6
0 55 97.2 65.0 83.3 63.6 69.4 62.2 124.1 67.7 106.4 65.9 88.7 64.0 139.0 69.6 119.1 67.5 99.3 65.4
0.125 55 34.5 82.0 29.5 78.1 24.6 74.3 46.5 82.2 39.9 78.3 33.2 74.4 54.6 82.4 46.8 78.5 39.0 74.6
0.25 55 21.7 85.4 18.6 81.0 15.5 76.7 29.3 85.4 25.1 81.0 20.9 76.7 34.7 85.4 29.7 81.1 24.8 76.7
0.375 55 16.1 86.8 13.8 82.3 11.5 77.7 21.7 86.8 18.6 82.2 15.5 77.7 25.7 86.8 22.1 82.2 18.4 77.7
0.5 55 13.0 87.6 11.2 83.0 9.3 78.3 17.5 87.5 15.0 82.9 12.5 78.2 20.7 87.5 17.7 82.9 14.8 78.2
0.625 55 11.1 88.1 9.5 83.4 7.9 78.7 14.7 88.0 12.6 83.3 10.5 78.6 17.4 88.0 14.9 83.3 12.4 78.6
0.75 55 9.7 88.4 8.3 83.7 6.9 78.9 12.8 88.4 11.0 83.6 9.2 78.8 15.1 88.4 12.9 83.6 10.8 78.8
1 55 7.9 88.9 6.8 84.0 5.6 79.2 10.3 88.8 8.9 84.0 7.4 79.1 12.1 88.8 10.4 84.0 8.6 79.1
1.25 55 6.8 89.1 5.8 84.3 4.8 79.4 8.8 89.1 7.5 84.2 6.3 79.3 10.2 89.0 8.8 84.2 7.3 79.3
1.5 55 6.0 89.3 5.1 84.4 4.3 79.5 7.7 89.3 6.6 84.4 5.5 79.5 8.9 89.2 7.7 84.3 6.4 79.4
2 55 5.0 89.5 4.3 84.6 3.6 79.6 6.3 89.5 5.4 84.5 4.5 79.6 7.3 89.4 6.2 84.5 5.2 79.6
2.5 55 4.4 89.6 3.8 84.7 3.1 79.7 5.5 89.6 4.7 84.6 3.9 79.7 6.2 89.6 5.4 84.6 4.5 79.7
App. A-35
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 114.0 46.7 103.6 45.7 93.3 44.6 300.9 65.7 273.6 62.9 246.2 60.1 328.9 68.7 299.0 65.7 269.1 62.6
0.125 35 74.0 62.0 67.2 60.5 60.5 57.9 137.0 79.3 124.5 75.2 112.1 71.2 160.3 79.9 145.7 75.8 131.2 71.7
0.25 35 55.2 70.6 50.2 67.3 45.2 64.1 89.6 83.2 81.5 78.8 73.3 74.4 106.9 83.4 97.1 79.0 87.4 74.6
0.375 35 44.4 74.9 40.4 71.3 36.3 67.7 67.1 85.0 61.0 80.5 54.9 75.9 80.6 85.2 73.3 80.6 66.0 76.0
0.5 35 37.3 77.8 33.9 73.9 30.5 70.0 53.9 86.1 49.0 81.5 44.1 76.8 65.0 86.2 59.1 81.5 53.2 76.9
0.625 35 32.3 79.8 29.4 75.7 26.4 71.6 45.3 86.8 41.2 82.1 37.1 77.4 54.7 86.9 49.7 82.1 44.7 77.4
0.75 35 28.6 81.2 26.0 77.0 23.4 72.8 39.2 87.3 35.6 82.6 32.1 77.8 47.3 87.3 43.0 82.6 38.7 77.8
1 35 23.5 83.2 21.3 78.9 19.2 74.5 31.1 88.0 28.3 83.2 25.5 78.4 37.5 88.0 34.1 83.2 30.7 78.3
1.25 35 20.1 84.5 18.2 80.1 16.4 75.5 26.0 88.4 23.6 83.6 21.3 78.7 31.3 88.4 28.5 83.5 25.6 78.7
1.5 35 17.6 85.5 16.0 80.0 14.4 76.3 22.5 88.7 20.5 83.8 18.4 78.9 27.0 88.7 24.6 83.8 22.1 78.9
2 35 14.4 86.7 13.1 82.0 11.8 77.3 18.0 89.0 16.3 84.1 14.7 79.2 21.5 89.0 19.5 84.1 17.6 79.2
2.5 35 12.4 87.4 11.2 82.6 10.1 77.9 15.1 89.3 13.8 84.3 12.4 79.4 18.0 89.2 16.4 84.3 14.7 79.4
0 40 103.6 50.7 93.3 49.6 82.9 48.5 273.6 67.9 246.2 65.1 218.9 62.3 299.0 70.7 269.1 67.6 239.2 64.5
0.125 40 67.2 65.5 60.5 62.9 53.8 60.4 124.5 80.2 112.1 76.2 99.6 72.2 145.7 80.8 131.2 76.7 116.6 72.6
0.25 40 50.2 72.3 45.2 69.1 40.2 65.9 81.5 83.8 73.3 79.4 65.2 75.0 97.1 84.0 87.4 79.6 77.7 75.2
0.375 40 40.4 76.3 36.3 72.7 32.3 69.0 61.0 85.5 54.9 80.9 48.8 76.4 73.3 85.6 66.0 81.0 58.6 76.5
0.5 40 33.9 78.9 30.5 75.0 27.1 71.1 49.0 86.5 44.1 81.8 39.2 77.2 59.1 86.5 53.2 81.9 47.3 77.2
0.625 40 29.4 80.7 26.4 76.6 23.5 72.6 41.2 87.1 37.1 82.4 32.9 77.7 49.7 87.1 44.7 82.4 39.8 77.7
0.75 40 26.0 82.0 23.4 77.8 20.8 73.6 35.6 87.6 32.1 82.8 28.5 78.1 43.0 87.6 38.7 82.8 34.4 78.1
1 40 21.3 83.9 19.2 79.5 17.1 75.1 28.3 88.2 25.5 83.4 22.6 78.5 34.1 88.2 30.7 83.3 27.3 78.5
1.25 40 18.2 85.1 16.4 80.5 14.6 76.0 23.6 88.6 21.3 83.7 18.9 78.8 28.5 88.5 25.6 83.7 22.8 78.8
1.5 40 16.0 85.9 14.4 81.3 12.8 76.7 20.5 88.8 18.4 83.9 16.4 79.0 24.6 88.8 22.1 83.9 19.7 79.0
2 40 13.1 87.0 11.8 82.3 10.5 77.6 16.3 89.1 14.7 84.2 13.1 79.3 19.5 89.1 17.6 84.2 15.6 79.3
2.5 40 11.2 87.6 10.1 82.9 9.0 78.1 13.8 89.3 12.4 84.4 11.0 79.5 16.4 89.3 14.7 84.4 13.1 79.4
0 45 93.3 54.6 82.9 53.5 72.5 52.5 246.2 70.1 218.9 67.3 191.5 64.5 269.1 72.6 239.2 69.5 209.3 66.5
0.125 45 60.5 67.9 53.8 65.4 47.1 62.8 112.1 81.2 99.6 77.2 87.2 73.2 131.2 81.7 116.6 77.6 102.0 73.6
0.25 45 45.2 74.1 40.2 70.9 35.2 67.6 73.3 84.4 65.2 80.0 57.0 75.7 87.4 84.6 77.7 80.2 68.0 75.8
0.375 45 36.3 77.7 32.3 74.0 28.3 70.4 54.9 85.9 48.8 81.4 42.7 76.8 66.0 86.0 58.6 81.5 51.3 76.9
0.5 45 30.5 80.0 27.1 76.1 23.7 72.2 44.1 86.8 39.2 82.2 34.3 77.5 53.2 86.9 47.3 82.2 41.4 77.6
0.625 45 26.4 81.6 23.5 77.6 20.6 73.5 37.1 87.4 32.9 82.7 28.8 78.0 44.7 87.4 39.8 82.7 34.8 78.0
0.75 45 23.4 82.8 20.8 78.6 18.2 74.4 32.1 87.8 28.5 83.1 24.9 78.3 38.7 87.8 34.4 83.1 30.1 78.3
1 45 19.2 84.5 17.1 80.1 14.9 75.7 25.5 88.4 22.6 83.5 19.8 78.7 30.7 88.3 27.3 83.5 23.9 78.7
1.25 45 16.4 85.5 14.6 81.0 12.8 76.5 21.3 88.7 18.9 83.8 16.6 79.0 25.6 88.7 22.8 83.8 19.9 79.0
1.5 45 14.4 86.3 12.8 81.7 11.2 77.1 18.4 88.9 16.4 84.0 14.3 79.2 22.1 88.9 19.7 84.0 17.2 79.1
2 45 11.8 87.3 10.5 82.6 9.2 77.9 14.7 89.2 13.1 84.3 11.4 79.4 17.6 89.2 15.6 84.3 13.7 79.4
2.5 45 10.1 87.9 9.0 83.1 7.9 78.3 12.4 89.4 11.0 84.5 9.6 79.5 14.7 89.4 13.1 84.4 11.5 79.5
0 50 82.9 58.5 72.5 57.5 62.2 56.4 218.9 72.3 191.5 69.5 164.1 66.7 239.2 74.5 209.3 71.5 179.4 68.4
0.125 50 53.8 70.4 47.1 67.8 40.3 65.3 99.6 82.2 87.2 78.2 74.7 74.1 116.6 82.6 102.0 78.6 87.4 74.5
0.25 50 40.2 75.9 35.2 72.6 30.1 69.4 65.2 85.0 57.0 80.7 48.9 76.3 77.7 85.2 68.0 80.8 58.3 76.4
0.375 50 32.3 79.0 28.3 75.4 24.2 71.8 48.8 86.4 42.7 81.8 36.6 77.3 58.6 86.5 51.3 81.9 44.0 77.4
0.5 50 27.1 81.1 23.7 77.2 20.4 73.3 39.2 87.2 34.3 82.5 29.4 77.9 47.3 87.2 41.4 82.6 35.5 77.9
A 0.625
0.75
50
50
23.5
20.8
82.6
83.6
20.6
18.2
78.5
79.4
17.6
15.6
74.4
75.2
32.9
28.5
87.7
88.1
28.8 83.0 24.7 78.3 39.8 87.7 34.8 83.0 29.8 78.3
24.9 83.3 21.4 78.5 34.4 88.1 30.1 83.3 25.8 78.6
1 50 17.1 85.1 14.9 80.7 12.8 76.3 22.6 88.5 19.8 83.7 17.0 78.9 27.3 88.5 23.9 83.7 20.5 78.9
1.25 50 14.6 86.0 12.8 81.5 10.9 77.0 18.9 88.8 16.6 84.0 14.2 79.1 22.8 88.8 19.9 84.0 17.1 79.1
1.5 50 12.8 86.7 11.2 82.1 9.6 77.5 16.4 89.0 14.3 84.2 12.3 79.3 19.7 89.0 17.2 84.1 14.7 79.3
2 50 10.5 87.6 9.2 82.9 7.9 78.2 13.1 89.3 11.4 84.4 9.8 79.5 15.6 89.3 13.7 84.4 11.7 79.5
2.5 50 9.0 88.1 7.9 83.3 6.7 78.6 11.0 89.5 9.6 84.5 8.3 79.6 13.1 89.4 11.5 84.5 9.8 79.6
0 55 72.5 62.5 62.2 61.4 51.8 60.3 191.5 74.5 164.1 71.7 136.8 68.9 209.3 76.5 179.4 73.4 149.5 70.3
0.125 55 47.1 72.8 40.3 70.3 33.6 67.7 87.2 83.2 74.7 79.1 62.3 75.1 102.0 83.6 87.4 79.5 72.9 75.4
0.25 55 35.2 77.6 30.1 74.4 25.1 71.2 57.0 85.7 48.9 81.3 40.7 76.9 68.0 85.8 58.3 81.4 48.6 77.0
0.375 55 28.3 80.4 24.2 76.8 20.2 73.2 42.7 86.8 36.6 82.3 30.5 77.7 51.3 86.9 44.0 82.4 36.6 77.8
0.5 55 23.7 82.2 20.4 78.3 17.0 74.4 34.3 87.5 29.4 82.9 24.5 78.2 41.4 87.6 35.5 82.9 29.6 78.3
0.625 55 20.6 83.5 17.6 79.4 14.7 75.3 28.8 88.0 24.7 83.3 20.6 78.6 34.8 88.0 29.8 83.3 24.9 78.6
0.75 55 18.2 84.4 15.6 80.2 13.0 76.0 24.9 88.3 21.4 83.5 17.8 78.8 30.1 88.3 25.8 83.6 21.5 78.8
1 55 14.9 85.7 12.8 81.3 10.7 76.9 19.8 88.7 17.0 83.9 14.1 79.1 23.9 88.7 20.5 83.9 17.1 79.1
1.25 55 12.8 86.5 10.9 82.0 9.1 77.5 16.6 89.0 14.2 84.1 11.8 79.3 19.9 89.0 17.1 84.1 14.2 79.3
1.5 55 11.2 87.1 9.6 82.5 8.0 77.9 14.3 89.2 12.3 84.3 10.2 79.4 17.2 89.1 14.7 84.3 12.3 79.4
2 55 9.2 87.9 7.9 83.2 6.6 78.5 11.4 89.4 9.8 84.5 8.2 79.6 13.7 89.4 11.7 84.5 9.8 79.5
2.5 55 7.9 88.3 6.7 83.6 5.6 78.8 9.6 89.5 8.3 84.6 6.9 79.7 11.5 89.5 9.8 84.6 8.2 79.6
Insulation Temp
90 85 80 90 85 80 90 85 80
Thichness (F)
0 35 358.0 71.6 325.4 68.3 292.9 65.0 370.9 73.1 337.2 69.6 303.5 66.2 386.7 74.4 351.5 70.8 316.4 67.2
0.125 35 187.2 80.6 170.2 76.4 153.2 72.3 201.6 81.0 183.2 76.8 164.9 72.6 217.4 81.3 197.6 77.1 177.9 72.9
0.25 35 127.5 83.7 115.9 79.3 104.3 74.9 139.1 83.9 126.5 79.4 113.8 75.0 151.9 84.0 138.1 79.6 124.3 75.1
0.375 35 97.2 85.3 88.3 80.7 79.5 76.2 106.7 85.4 97.0 80.8 87.3 76.2 117.2 85.5 106.5 80.9 95.9 76.3
0.5 35 78.7 86.3 71.6 81.6 64.4 76.9 86.8 86.3 78.9 81.6 71.0 77.0 95.6 86.4 86.9 81.7 78.2 77.0
0.625 35 66.4 86.9 60.4 82.2 54.3 77.5 73.3 86.9 66.6 82.2 60.0 77.5 80.9 87.0 73.6 82.2 66.2 77.5
0.75 35 57.5 87.4 52.3 82.6 47.1 77.8 63.6 87.4 57.8 82.6 52.0 77.9 70.3 87.4 63.9 82.6 57.5 77.9
1 35 45.7 88.0 41.5 83.2 37.4 78.3 50.5 88.0 45.9 83.2 41.3 78.4 55.9 88.0 50.8 83.2 45.8 78.4
1.25 35 38.1 88.4 34.6 83.5 31.2 78.7 42.1 88.4 38.3 83.5 34.5 78.7 46.7 88.4 42.4 83.5 38.2 78.7
1.5 35 32.8 88.6 29.8 83.8 26.8 78.9 36.3 88.6 33.0 83.8 29.7 78.9 40.2 88.6 36.5 83.8 32.9 78.9
2 35 26.0 89.0 23.6 84.1 21.2 79.2 28.7 89.0 26.1 84.1 23.5 79.2 31.7 89.0 28.8 84.1 25.9 79.2
2.5 35 21.7 89.2 19.7 84.3 17.7 79.4 23.9 89.2 21.7 84.3 19.6 79.3 26.4 89.2 24.0 84.3 21.6 79.3
0 40 325.4 73.3 292.9 70.0 260.3 66.6 337.2 74.6 303.5 71.2 269.8 67.7 351.5 75.8 316.4 72.2 281.2 68.6
0.125 40 170.2 81.4 153.2 77.3 136.1 73.2 183.2 81.8 164.9 77.6 146.6 73.4 197.6 82.1 177.9 77.9 158.1 73.7
0.25 40 115.9 84.3 104.3 79.9 92.7 75.4 126.5 84.4 113.8 80.0 101.2 75.6 138.1 84.6 124.3 80.1 110.5 75.7
0.375 40 88.3 85.7 79.5 81.2 70.7 76.6 97.0 85.8 87.3 81.2 77.6 76.6 106.5 85.9 95.9 81.3 85.2 76.7
0.5 40 71.6 86.6 64.4 81.9 57.3 77.3 78.9 86.6 71.0 82.0 63.1 77.3 86.9 86.7 78.2 82.0 69.5 77.4
0.625 40 60.4 87.2 54.3 82.5 48.3 77.7 66.6 87.2 60.0 82.5 53.3 77.8 73.6 87.2 66.2 82.5 58.9 77.8
0.75 40 52.3 87.6 47.1 82.8 41.8 78.1 57.8 87.6 52.0 82.9 46.3 78.1 63.9 87.6 57.5 82.9 51.1 78.1
1 40 41.5 88.2 37.4 83.3 33.2 78.5 45.9 88.2 41.3 83.4 36.8 78.5 50.8 88.2 45.8 83.4 40.7 78.5
1.25 40 34.6 88.5 31.2 83.7 27.7 78.8 38.3 88.5 34.5 83.7 30.6 78.8 42.4 88.5 38.2 83.7 33.9 78.8
1.5 40 29.8 88.8 26.8 83.9 23.9 79.0 33.0 88.8 29.7 83.9 26.4 79.0 36.5 88.8 32.9 83.9 29.2 79.0
2 40 23.6 89.1 21.2 84.2 18.9 79.3 26.1 89.1 23.5 84.2 20.9 79.3 28.8 89.1 25.9 84.2 23.1 79.3
2.5 40 19.7 89.3 17.7 84.4 15.8 79.4 21.7 89.3 19.6 84.3 17.4 79.4 24.0 89.3 21.6 84.3 19.2 79.4
0 45 292.9 75.0 260.3 71.6 227.8 68.3 303.5 76.2 269.8 72.7 236.0 69.3 316.4 77.2 281.2 73.6 246.1 70.1
0.125 45 153.2 82.3 136.1 78.2 119.1 74.0 164.9 82.6 146.6 78.4 128.3 74.3 177.9 82.9 158.1 78.7 138.3 74.5
0.25 45 104.3 84.9 92.7 80.4 81.2 76.0 113.8 85.0 101.2 80.6 88.5 76.1 124.3 85.1 110.5 80.7 96.7 76.2
0.375 45 79.5 86.2 70.7 81.6 61.8 77.0 87.3 86.2 77.6 81.6 67.9 77.1 95.9 86.3 85.2 81.7 74.6 77.1
0.5 45 64.4 86.9 57.3 82.3 50.1 77.6 71.0 87.0 63.1 82.3 55.2 77.7 78.2 87.0 69.5 82.4 60.8 77.7
0.625 45 54.3 87.5 48.3 82.7 42.3 78.0 60.0 87.5 53.3 82.8 46.6 78.1 66.2 87.5 58.9 82.8 51.5 78.1
0.75 45 47.1 87.8 41.8 83.1 36.6 78.3 52.0 87.9 46.3 83.1 40.5 78.3 57.5 87.9 51.1 83.1 44.7 78.4
1 45 37.4 88.3 33.2 83.5 29.1 78.7 41.3 88.4 36.8 83.5 32.2 78.7 45.8 88.4 40.7 83.5 35.6 78.7
1.25 45 31.2 88.7 27.7 83.8 24.2 79.0 34.5 88.7 30.6 83.8 26.8 79 38.2 88.7 33.9 83.8 29.7 79.0
1.5 45 26.8 88.9 23.9 84.0 20.9 79.1 29.7 88.9 26.4 84.0 23.1 79.1 32.9 88.9 29.2 84.0 25.6 79.1
2 45 21.2 89.2 18.9 84.3 16.5 79.4 23.5 89.2 20.9 84.3 18.2 79.4 25.9 89.2 23.1 84.3 20.2 79.3
2.5 45 17.7 89.4 15.8 84.4 13.8 79.5 19.6 89.3 17.4 84.4 15.2 79.5 21.6 89.3 19.2 84.4 16.8 79.5
0 50 260.3 76.6 227.8 73.3 195.3 70.0 269.8 77.7 236.0 74.3 202.3 70.8 281.2 78.6 246.1 75.1 210.9 71.5
0.125 50 136.1 83.2 119.1 79.0 102.1 74.9 146.6 83.4 128.3 79.3 109.9 75.1 158.1 83.7 138.3 79.5 118.6 75.3
0.25 50 92.7 85.4 81.2 81.0 69.6 76.6 101.2 85.6 88.5 81.0 75.9 76.7 110.5 85.7 96.7 81.2 82.9 76.8
0.375 50 70.7 86.6 61.8 82.0 53.0 77.4 77.6 86.6 67.9 82.1 58.2 77.5 85.2 86.7 74.6 82.1 63.9 77.5
0.5
0.625
50
50
57.3
48.3
87.3
87.7
50.1
42.3
82.6
83.0
43.0
36.2
78.0
78.3
63.1
53.3
87.3
87.8
55.2
46.6
82.7
83.1
47.3
40.0
78.0
78.3
69.5
58.9
87.4
87.8
60.8
51.5
82.7
83.1
52.2
44.2
78.0
78.3
A
0.75 50 41.8 88.1 36.6 83.3 31.4 78.6 46.3 88.1 40.5 83.3 34.7 78.6 51.1 88.1 44.7 83.4 38.4 78.6
1 50 33.2 88.5 29.1 83.7 24.9 78.9 36.8 88.5 32.2 83.7 27.6 78.9 40.7 88.5 35.6 83.7 30.5 78.9
1.25 50 27.7 88.8 24.2 84.0 20.8 79.1 30.6 88.8 26.8 84.0 23.0 79.1 33.9 88.8 29.7 84.0 25.4 79.1
1.5 50 23.9 89.0 20.9 84.1 17.9 79.3 26.4 89.0 23.1 84.1 19.8 79.3 29.2 89.0 25.6 84.1 21.9 79.3
2 50 18.9 89.3 16.5 84.4 14.2 79.4 20.9 89.3 18.2 84.4 15.6 79.4 23.1 89.3 20.2 84.3 17.3 79.4
2.5 50 15.8 89.4 13.8 84.5 11.8 79.6 17.4 89.4 15.2 84.5 13.0 79.6 19.2 89.4 16.8 84.5 14.4 79.6
0 55 227.8 78.3 195.3 75.0 162.7 71.6 236.0 79.3 202.3 75.8 168.6 72.3 246.1 80.1 210.9 76.5 175.8 72.9
0.125 55 119.1 84.0 102.1 79.9 85.1 75.7 128.3 84.3 109.9 80.1 91.6 75.9 138.3 84.5 118.6 80.3 98.8 76.1
0.25 55 81.2 86.0 69.6 81.6 58.0 77.1 88.5 86.1 75.9 81.7 63.2 77.2 96.7 86.2 82.9 81.8 69.0 77.3
0.375 55 61.8 87.0 53.0 82.4 44.2 77.9 67.9 87.1 58.2 82.5 48.5 77.9 74.6 87.1 63.9 82.5 53.3 77.9
0.5 55 50.1 87.6 43.0 83.0 35.8 78.3 55.2 87.7 47.3 83.0 39.4 78.3 60.8 87.7 52.2 83.0 43.5 78.3
0.625 55 42.3 88.0 36.2 83.3 30.2 78.6 46.6 88.1 40.0 83.3 33.3 78.6 51.5 88.1 44.2 83.3 36.8 78.6
0.75 55 36.6 88.3 31.4 83.6 26.2 78.8 40.5 88.3 34.7 83.6 28.9 78.8 44.7 88.4 38.4 83.6 32.0 78.8
1 55 29.1 88.7 24.9 83.9 20.8 79.1 32.2 88.7 27.6 83.9 23.0 79.1 35.6 88.7 30.5 83.9 25.4 79.1
1.25 55 24.2 89.0 20.8 84.1 17.3 79.3 26.8 89.0 23.0 84.1 19.2 79.3 29.7 89.0 25.4 84.1 21.2 79.3
1.5 55 20.9 89.1 17.9 84.3 14.9 79.4 23.1 89.1 19.8 84.3 16.5 79.4 25.6 89.1 21.9 84.3 18.3 79.4
2 55 16.5 89.4 14.2 84.4 11.8 79.5 18.2 89.4 15.6 84.4 13.0 79.5 20.2 89.3 17.3 84.4 14.4 79.5
2.5 55 13.8 89.5 11.8 84.6 9.9 79.6 15.2 89.5 13.0 84.6 10.9 79.6 16.8 89.5 14.4 84.6 12.0 79.6
App. A-37
APPENDIX A
Appendix B
GENERAL ENGINEERING
TABLES
Contents
Prism Load Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. B-2
Marston Soil Load Values . . . . . . . . .. . App. B-3
E’ Moduls
u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. B-11
Bedding Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .App. B-11
Rev. EDG– 02/A Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com App. B-1
APPENDIX B BURIAL DATA
Table B-1. Prism Load Values for Asahi/Americ Pipe

Height Soil Wt Nom. O.D. 0.50 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
(feet) (lb/ft3) Act. O.D. 0.79 0.98 1.26 1.58 1.97 2.48 2.95 3.54 4.33 6.29 7.87 9.84 12.4 13.98 15.75 17.72 19.69 24.8
3 100 19.8 24.5 31.5 39.5 49.3 62.0 73.7 88.5 108.3 157.3 1 96.8 246.0 310.0 349.5 393.8 443 492.2 620.0
3 110 21.7 27.0 34.7 43.5 54.2 68.2 81.1 97.4 119.1 173.0 216.4 270.6 341.0 384.5 433.1 487.3 541.5 682.0
3 120 23.7 29.4 37.8 47.4 59.1 74.4 88.5 106.2 129.9 188.7 236.1 295.2 372.0 419.4 472.5 531.6 590.7 744.0
3 125 24.7 30.6 39.4 49.4 61.6 77.5 92.2 110.6 135.3 196.6 245.9 307.5 387.5 436.9 492.2 553.8 615.3 775.0
3 130 25.7 31.9 41.0 51.4 64.0 80.6 95.9 115.1 140.7 204.4 255.8 319.8 403.0 454.4 511.9 575.9 639.9 806.0
4 100 26.3 32.7 42.0 52.7 65.7 82.7 98.3 118.0 144.3 209.7 262.3 328.0 413.3 466.0 525.0 590.7 656.3 826.7
4 110 29.0 35.9 46.2 57.9 72.2 90.9 108.2 129.8 158.8 230.6 288.6 360.8 454.7 512.6 577.5 649.7 722.0 909.3
4 120 31.6 39.2 50.4 63.2 78.8 99.2 118.0 141.6 173.2 251.6 314.8 393.6 496.0 559.2 630.0 708.8 787.6 992.0
4 125 32.9 40.8 52.5 65.8 82.1 103.3 122.9 147.5 180.4 262.1 327.9 410.0 516.7 582.5 656.3 736.3 820.4 1033.3
4 130 34.2 42.5 54.6 68.5 85.4 107.5 127.8 153.4 187.6 272.6 341.0 426.4 537.3 605.8 682.5 767.9 853.2 1074.7
5 100 32.9 40.8 52.5 65.8 82.1 103.3 122.9 147.5 180.4 262.1 327.9 410.0 516.7 582.5 656.3 738.3 820.4 1033.3
5 110 36.2 44.9 57.8 72.4 90.3 113.7 135.2 162.3 198.5 288.3 360.7 451.0 568.3 640.8 721.9 812.2 902.5 1136.7
5 120 39.5 49.0 63.0 79.0 98.5 124.0 147.5 177.0 216.5 314.5 393.5 492.0 620.0 699.0 787.5 886.0 984.5 1240.0
5 125 41.1 51.0 65.6 82.3 102.6 129.2 153.6 184.4 225.5 327.6 409.9 512.5 645.8 728.1 820.3 922.9 1025.5 1291.7
5 130 42.8 53.1 68.3 85.6 106.7 134.3 159.8 191.8 234.5 340.7 426.3 533.0 671.7 757.3 853.1 959.8 1066.5 1343.3
6 100 39.5 49.0 63.0 79.0 98.5 124.0 147.5 177.0 216.5 314.5 393.5 492.0 620.0 699.0 787.5 886.0 984.5 1240.0
6 110 43.4 53.9 69.3 86.9 108.3 136.4 162.2 194.7 238.1 345.9 432.8 541.2 682.0 768.9 866.3 974.6 1082.9 1364.0
6 120 47.4 58.8 75.6 94.8 118.2 148.8 177.0 212.4 259.8 377.4 472.2 590.4 744.0 838.8 945.0 1063.2 1181.4 1488.0
6 125 49.4 61.2 78.8 98.7 123.1 155.0 184.4 221.3 270.6 393.1 491.9 615.0 775.0 873.8 984.4 1107.5 1230.6 1550.0
6 130 51.3 63.7 81.9 102.7 128.0 161.2 191.7 230.1 281.4 408.8 511.5 639.6 806.0 908.7 1023.8 1151.8 1279.8 1612.0
7 100 46.1 57.2 73.5 92.2 114.9 144.7 172.1 206.5 252.6 366.9 459.1 574.0 723.3 815.5 918.8 1033.7 1148.6 1446.7
7 110 50.7 62.9 80.9 101.4 126.4 159.1 189.3 227.2 277.8 403.6 505.0 631.4 795.7 897.1 1010.6 1137.0 1263.4 1591.3
7 120 55.3 68.6 88.2 110.6 137.9 173.6 206.5 247.8 303.1 440.3 550.9 688.8 868.0 978.6 1102.5 1240.4 1378.3 1736.0
7 125 57.6 71.5 91.9 115.2 143.6 180.8 215.1 258.1 315.7 458.6 573.9 717.5 904.2 1019.4 1148.4 1292.1 1435.7 1808.3
7 130 59.9 74.3 95.6 119.8 149.4 188.1 223.7 268.5 328.4 477.0 596.8 746.2 940.3 1060.2 1194.4 1343.8 1493.2 1880.7
8 100 52.7 65.3 84.0 105.3 131.3 165.3 196.7 236.0 288.7 419.3 524.7 656.0 826.7 932.0 1050.0 1181.3 1312.7 1653.3
8 110 57.9 71.9 92.4 115.9 144.5 181.9 216.3 259.6 317.5 461.3 577.1 721.6 909.3 1025.2 1155.0 1299.5 1443.9 1818.7
8 120 63.2 78.4 100.8 126.4 157.6 198.4 236.0 283.2 346.4 503.2 629.6 787.2 992.0 1118.4 1260.0 1417.6 1575.2 1984.0
8 125 65.8 81.7 105.0 131.7 164.2 206.7 245.8 295.0 360.8 524.2 655.8 820.0 1033.3 1165.0 1312.5 1476.7 1640.8 2066.7
8 130 68.5 84.9 109.2 136.9 170.7 214.9 255.7 306.8 375.3 545.1 682.1 852.8 1074.7 1211.6 1365.0 1535.7 1706.5 2149.3
9 100 59.2 73.5 94.5 118.5 147.7 186.0 221.2 265.5 324.7 471.7 590.2 738.0 930.0 1048.5 1181.3 1329.0 1476.7 1860.0
9 110 65.2 80.8 104.0 130.3 182.5 204.6 243.4 292.1 357.2 518.9 649.3 811.8 1023.0 1153.4 1299.4 1461.9 1624.4 2046.0
9 120 71.1 88.2 113.4 142.2 177.3 223.2 265.5 318.6 369.7 566.1 708.3 885.6 1116.0 1258.2 1417.5 1594.8 1772.1 2232.0
9 125 74.1 91.9 118.1 148.1 184.7 232.5 276.6 331.9 405.9 589.7 737.8 922.5 1162.5 1310.6 1476.6 1661.2 845.9 2325.0
9 130 77.0 95.5 122.9 154.0 192.1 241.8 287.6 345.2 422.2 613.3 767.3 959.4 1209.0 1363.1 1535.6 1727.7 1919.8 2418.0
10 100 65.8 81.7 105.0 131.7 164.2 206.7 245.8 295.0 360.8 524.2 655.8 820.0 1033.3 1165.0 1312.5 1476.7 1640.8 2066.7
10 110 72.4 89.8 115.5 144.8 180.6 227.3 270.4 324.5 396.9 576.6 721.4 902.0 1136.7 1281.5 1443.8 1624.3 1804.9 2273.3
10 120 79.0 98.0 126.0 158.0 197.0 248.0 295.0 354.0 433.0 629.0 787.0 984.0 1240.0 1398.0 1575.0 1772.0 1969.0 2480.0
10 125 82.3 102.1 131.3 164.6 205.2 258.3 307.3 368.8 451.0 655.2 819.8 1025.0 1291.7 1458.3 1640.6 1845.8 2051.0 2583.3
10 130 85.6 106.2 136.5 171.2 213.4 268.7 319.6 333.5 469.1 681.4 852.6 1066.0 1343.3 1514.5 1706.3 1919.7 2133.1 2686.7
15 100 98.7 122.5 157.5 197.5 246.2 310.0 368.7 442.5 541.2 786.2 983.7 1230.0 1550.0 1747.5 1968.8 2215.0 2461.2 3100.0
15 110 108.6 134.7 173.3 217.2 270.9 341.0 405.6 486.8 595.4 864.9 1082.1 1353.0 1705.0 1922.3 2165.6 2436.5 2707.4 3410.0
15 120 118.5 147.0 189.0 237.0 295.5 372.0 442.5 531.0 649.5 943.5 1180.5 1478.0 1860.0 2097.0 2362.5 2658.0 2953.5 3720.0
15 125 123.4 153.1 198.9 246.9 307.8 387.5 460.9 553.1 676.6 982.8 1229.7 1537.5 1937.5 2184.4 2460.9 2768.7 3076.6 3875.0
15 130 128.4 159.2 204.8 256.7 320.1 403.0 479.4 575.3 703.6 1022.1 1278.9 1599.0 2015.0 2271.8 2559.4 2879.5 3199.6 4030.0
B 20
20
20
100
110
120
131.7
144.8
158.0
163.3
179.7
196.0
210.0
231.0
252.0
263.3
289.7
316.0
328.3
361.2
394.0
413.3
454.7
496.0
491.7
540.8
590.0
590.0
649.0
708.0
721.7
793.8
866.0
1048.3
1153.2
1258.0
1311.7
1442.8
1574.0
1640.0
1804.0
1968.0
2066.7
2273.3
2480.0
2330.0
2563.0
2796.0
2625.0
2887.5
3150.0
2953.3
3248.7
3544.0
3281.7
3609.8
3938.0
4133.3
4546.7
4960.0
20 125 164.6 204.2 262.5 329.2 410.4 516.7 614.6 737.5 902.1 1310.4 1639.6 2050.0 2583.3 2912.5 3281.3 3691.7 4102.1 5166.7
20 130 171.2 212.3 273.0 342.3 426.8 537.3 639.2 767.0 938.2 1362.8 1705.2 2132.0 2686.7 3029.0 3412.5 3839.3 4266.2 5373.3
30 100 197.5 245.0 315.0 395.0 492.5 620.0 737.5 885.0 1082.5 1572.5 1967.5 2460.0 3100.0 3495.0 3937.5 4430.0 4922.5 6200.0
30 110 217.2 269.5 346.5 434.5 541.7 682.0 811.2 973.5 1190.7 1729.7 2164.2 2706.0 3410.0 3844.5 4331.3 4873.0 5414.7 6820.0
30 120 237.0 294.0 378.0 474.0 591.0 744.0 885.0 1062.0 1299.0 1887.0 2361.0 2952.0 3720.0 4194.0 4725.0 5316.0 5907.0 7440.0
30 125 246.9 306.2 393.8 493.7 615.6 775.0 921.9 1106.3 1353.1 1965.6 2459.4 3075.0 3875.0 4368.8 4921.9 5537.5 8153.1 7750.0
30 130 256.7 318.5 409.5 513.5 640.2 806.0 958.7 1150.5 1407.2 2044.2 2557.7 3198.0 4030.0 4543.5 511 8.8 5759.0 6399.2 8060.0
50 100 329.2 408.3 525.0 658.3 820.8 1033.3 1229.2 1475.0 1804.2 2620.8 3279.2 4100.0 5166.7 5825.0 6562.5 7383.3 8204.2 10333.3
50 110 362.1 449.2 577.5 724.2 902.9 1136.7 1352.1 1622.5 1964.6 2882.9 3607.1 4510.0 5683.3 6407.5 7218.8 8121.7 9024.6 11366.7
50 120 395.0 490.0 630.0 790.0 985.0 1240.0 1475.0 1770.0 2165.0 3145.0 3935.0 4920.0 6200.0 6990.0 7875.0 8860.0 9845.0 12400.0
50 125 411.5 510.4 656.3 822.9 1026.0 1291.7 1536.5 1843.8 2255.2 3276.0 4099.0 5125.0 6458.3 7281.3 8203.1 9229.2 10255.2 12916.7
50 130 427.9 530.8 682.5 855.8 1067.1 1343.3 1597.9 1917.5 2345.4 3407.1 4262.9 5330.0 6716.7 7572.5 8531.3 9598.3 10665.4 13433.3
B-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
BURIAL DATA APPENDIX B
Table B-2. Marston Soil Load Values for Asahi/America Pipe

Nominal Piping Diameter = 0.5 Inches Nominal Piping Diameter = 0.75 Inches
Soil Width of Trench in Feet Width of Trench in Feet
Depth Soil Type Wgt 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 7.6 10.1 11.8 15.8 16.2 17.1 17.4 9.4 12.6 14.7 19.6 20.1 21.2 21.6
3 sand and gravel 110 9.4 11.9 13.8 17.4 18.5 18.8 19.2 11.7 14.8 17.1 21.6 22.9 23.4 23.8
3 saturated top soil 120 11.1 14.2 15.8 19.7 20.4 21.2 21.7 13.7 17.6 19.6 24.5 25.3 26.3 27
3 dry clay 125 12.3 15.4 17.3 20.6 22.2 23 23 15.3 19.1 21.4 25.5 27.6 28.6 28.6
3 saturated clay 130 14.5 17.3 18.8 22.3 23.6 24.3 24.8 18 21.5 23.4 27.6 29.3 30.2 30.8
4 sand and gravel 110 10.1 13.6 15.9 21 21.7 24 25 12.6 16.8 19.8 26.1 27 29.8 31
4 saturated top soil 120 12 16 18.2 23.7 28.4 27.2 27.6 14.9 19.8 22.5 29.4 35.3 33.7 34.3
4 dry clay 125 14 17.9 20.6 26.3 29.6 29.6 30 17.4 22.2 25.5 32.7 36.8 36.7 37.3
4 saturated clay 130 16 19.9 23.1 28.2 30.8 31.5 32.1 19.9 24.7 28.7 35 38.2 39.1 39.8
5 granular w/o cohesion 100 8.4 11.8 14.8 22.4 24.7 25 27 10.4 14.7 18.4 27.8 30.6 31 33.5
5 sand and gravel 110 10.7 14.7 17.7 24.6 28.2 29 30.8 13.3 18.2 22 30.5 35 35.9 38.2
5 saturated top soil 120 12.6 17.2 20.9 27.6 30.8 31.6 34 15.7 21.3 26 34.3 38.2 39.2 42.1
5 dry clay 125 15.2 19.7 23 29.6 34.6 36.2 36.8 18.9 24.5 28.6 36.7 42.9 44.9 45.7
5 saturated clay 130 17.1 22.8 25.7 32.5 34.7 39.4 39.4 21.2 28.3 31.9 40.3 43 48.8 48.8
6 granular w/o cohesion 100 8.6 12.3 15.1 23 27.6 31.6 29 10.6 15.3 18.8 28.6 34.3 39.2 35.9
6 sand and gravel 110 10.9 15.2 18.8 27.5 31.5 34.8 32.6 13.5 18.9 23.4 34.1 39.1 43.1 40.4
6 saturated top soil 120 13 18.1 22.1 31.6 35.5 39.5 37.5 16.2 22.4 27.4 39.2 44.1 49 46.6
6 dry clay 125 15.6 21 24.7 34.6 39.5 41.1 41.1 19.4 26 30.6 42.9 49 51 51
6 saturated clay 130 18 23.7 29.1 37.7 43.6 44.5 44.9 22.3 29.5 36.1 46.7 54.1 55.2 55.7
8 granular w/o cohesion 100 8.6 12.6 16.5 27 31.6 36.9 39.5 10.6 15.6 20.4 33.5 39.2 45.7 49
8 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16 20.3 31.9 38 42 43.4 13.5 19.9 25.2 39.5 47.2 52.1 53.9
8 saturated top soil 120 13 19.6 24.1 36.3 42.7 47.4 49.4 16.2 24.3 29.9 45.1 52.9 58.8 61.3
8 dry clay 125 16 23.1 28 41.1 44.4 52.7 53.5 19.9 28.7 34.7 51 55.1 65.3 66.4
8 saturated clay 130 19 26 32.5 46.2 51.3 58.2 59.9 23.6 32.2 40.3 57.3 63.7 72.2 74.3
10 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21 35.5 43.4 49.2 52.5 13.5 20.2 26.1 44 53.9 61.1 65.1
10 saturated top soil 120 13 19.6 25.3 41.9 51 55.3 59.2 16.2 24.3 31.4 51.9 63.2 68.6 73.5
10 dry clay 125 16 23.5 30.4 46.1 54.3 59.2 65 19.9 29.1 37.8 57.2 67.4 73.5 80.6
10 saturated clay 130 19.3 28.6 34.2 51.3 59 65 72.7 23.9 35.4 42.5 63.7 73.3 80.7 90.2
15 granular w/o cohesion 100 8.6 12.8 17.1 32.3 44.4 51.3 51 10.6 15.9 21.2 40 55.1 63.7 63.3
15 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21.7 39.8 48.9 63.7 67 13.5 20.2 27 49.4 60.6 79.1 83.1
15 saturated top soil 120 13 19.6 26.1 47.4 64 72.7 79 16.2 24.3 32.3 58.8 79.4 90.2 98
15 dry clay 125 16 24.1 31.7 54.3 69.1 79 86.4 19.9 29.9 39.3 67.4 85.7 98 107.2
15 saturated clay 130 19.3 28.9 38.5 64.2 77 85.6 94.1 23.9 35.8 47.8 79.6 95.6 106.2 116.8
20 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21.7 42 58.7 71 81.5 13.5 20.2 27 52.1 72.8 88 101.1
20 dry clay 125 16 24.1 32.1 60.9 79 92.2 102.9 19.9 29.9 39.8 75.5 98 114.3 127.6
20 saturated clay 130 19.3 28.9 38.5 68.5 91.1 102.7 115.5 23.9 35.8 47.8 84.9 113.1 127.4 143.3
25 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21.7 43.4 60.8 75.3 88.7 13.5 20.2 27 53.9 75.5 93.4 110
25 dry clay 125 16 24.1 32.1 62.5 86.4 102 115.2 19.9 29.9 39.8 77.6 107.2 126.6 142.9
25
30
saturated clay
granular w/o cohesion
130
100
19.3
8.6
28.9
12.8
38.5
17.1
73.6
34.2
100.1
50.4
118.1
64.5
128.4
77.4
23.9
10.6
35.8
15.9
47.8
21.2
91.3
42.5
124.2
62.5
146.5
80
159.3
96 B
30 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21.7 43.4 63 79.7 94.1 13.5 20.2 27 53.9 78.2 98.8 116.8
30 dry clay 125 16 24.1 32.1 63.4 91.3 108.6 125.5 19.9 29.9 39.8 78.6 113.3 134.8 155.7
30 saturated clay 130 19.3 28.9 38.5 75.3 102.7 128.4 145.5 23.9 35.8 47.8 93.4 127.4 159.3 180.5
40 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21.7 43.4 65.2 84 101.4 13.5 20.2 27 53.9 80.9 104.2 125.8
40 saturated top soil 120 13 19.6 26.1 52.1 78.2 101.1 120.5 16.2 24.3 32.3 64.7 97 125.4 149.5
40 dry clay 125 16 24.1 32.1 64.2 93.8 121.8 144 19.9 29.9 39.8 79.6 116.4 151.1 178.6
40 saturated clay 130 19.3 28.9 38.5 77 114.2 136.9 162.6 23.9 35.8 47.8 95.6 141.7 169.9 201.7
50 sand and gravel 110 10.9 16.3 21.7 43.4 65.2 86.9 105 13.5 20.2 27 53.9 80.9 107.8 130.3
50 saturated top soil 120 13 19.6 26.1 52.1 78.2 102.7 126.4 16.2 24.3 32.3 64.7 97 127.4 156.8
50 dry clay 125 16 24.1 32.1 64.2 96.3 126.7 152.2 19.9 29.9 39.8 79.6 119.4 157.2 188.9
50 saturated clay 130 19.3 28.9 38.5 77 115.5 147.2 171.2 23.9 35.8 47.8 95.6 143.3 182.6 212.3
Depth (of burial) is in feet; Soil Wgt (weight) is in lbs/ft3; values in the body of the table are in lbs of soil load per linear foot (lbs/linear ft).
App. B-3
Table B-2. Marston Soil Load Values for Asahi/America Pipe (continued)
Nominal Piping Diameter = 1 Inches Nominal Piping Diameter = 1.25 Inches
Depth Soil Type Wgt 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5
3 sand and gravel 110 15 19.1 21.9 27.7 29.5 30 30.6 18.8 23.9 27.5 34.8 36.9 37.7 38.4
3 saturated top soil 120 17.6 22.7 25.2 31.5 32.5 33.8 34.7 22.1 28.4 31.6 39.5 40.8 42.3 43.5
3 dry clay 125 19.7 24.6 27.6 32.8 35.4 36.8 36.8 24.7 30.9 34.6 41.1 44.4 46.1 46.1
3 saturated clay 130 23.2 27.6 30 35.5 37.7 38.8 39.6 29.1 34.7 37.7 44.5 47.2 48.6 49.6
4 granular w/o cohesion 100 13.1 18.1 21.5 29.4 31.5 34.4 35.7 16.5 22.7 27 36.9 39.5 43.2 44.8
4 sand and gravel 110 16.2 21.7 25.4 33.5 34.7 38.3 39.8 20.3 27.2 31.9 42 43.5 48.1 50
4 saturated top soil 120 19.2 25.5 29 37.8 45.4 43.3 44.1 24.1 32 36.3 47.4 56.9 54.4 55.3
4 dry clay 125 22.3 28.5 32.8 42 47.3 47.3 47.9 28 35.8 41.1 52.7 59.3 59.3 60.1
4 saturated clay 130 25.6 31.7 36.9 45 49.1 50.2 51.2 32.1 39.8 46.2 56.5 61.6 63 64.2
5 granular w/o cohesion 100 13.4 18.9 23.6 35.7 39.4 39.9 43.1 16.8 23.7 29.6 44.8 49.4 50 54
5 sand and gravel 110 17 23.4 28.3 39.3 45 46.2 49.1 21.4 29.3 35.5 49.2 56.5 57.9 61.6
5 dry clay 125 24.3 31.5 36.8 47.3 55.1 57.8 58.7 30.4 39.5 46.1 59.3 69.1 72.4 73.7
5 saturated clay 130 27.3 36.3 41 51.9 55.3 62.8 62.8 34.2 45.6 51.4 65 69.3 78.7 78.7
6 sand and gravel 110 17.3 24.3 30 43.9 50.2 55.4 52 21.7 30.4 37.7 55 63 69.5 65.2
6 saturated top soil 120 20.8 28.8 35.3 50.4 56.7 63 59.9 26.1 36.1 44.2 63.2 71.1 79 75.1
6 dry clay 125 24.9 33.5 39.4 55.1 63 65.6 65.6 31.3 42 49.4 69.1 79 82.3 82.3
6 saturated clay 130 28.7 37.9 46.4 60.1 69.6 71 71.7 35.9 47.5 58.2 75.3 87.3 89 89.9
8 granular w/o cohesion 100 13.7 20.1 26.3 43.1 50.4 58.8 63 17.1 25.2 32.9 54 63.2 73.7 79
8 sand and gravel 110 17.3 25.6 32.3 50.8 60.6 67 69.3 21.7 32 40.6 63.7 76 84 86.9
8 saturated top soil 120 20.8 31.2 38.4 58 68 75.6 78.8 26.1 39.1 48.2 72.7 85.3 94.8 98.8
8 dry clay 125 25.6 36.9 44.6 65.6 70.9 84 85.3 32.1 46.3 56 82.3 88.9 105.3 107
8 saturated clay 130 30.4 41.5 51.9 73.7 81.9 92.8 95.6 38.1 52 65 92.4 102.7 116.4 119.8
10 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 33.5 56.6 69.3 78.5 83.7 21.7 32.6 42 71 86.9 98.5 105
10 dry clay 125 25.6 37.4 48.6 73.5 86.6 94.5 103.7 32.1 46.9 60.9 92.2 108.6 118.5 130
10 saturated clay 130 30.7 45.6 54.6 81.9 94.2 103.7 116 38.5 57.1 68.5 102.7 118.1 130.1 145.5
15 granular w/o cohesion 100 13.7 20.5 27.3 51.5 70.9 81.9 81.4 17.1 25.7 34.2 64.5 88.9 102.7 102
15 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 34.7 63.5 78 101.6 106.8 21.7 32.6 43.5 79.7 97.8 127.5 134
15 saturated top soil 120 20.8 31.2 41.6 75.6 102.1 115.9 126 26.1 39.1 52.1 94.8 128 145.4 158
15 dry clay 125 25.6 38.4 50.5 86.6 110.3 126 137.8 32.1 48.1 63.4 108.6 138.3 158 172.8
15 saturated clay 130 30.7 46.1 61.4 102.4 122.9 136.5 150.2 38.5 57.8 77 128.4 154.1 171.2 188.3
20 granular w/o cohesion 100 13.7 20.5 27.3 53.6 75.6 94.5 107.6 17.1 25.7 34.2 67.2 94.8 118.5 135
20 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 34.7 67 93.6 113.2 129.9 21.7 32.6 43.5 84 117.3 141.9 162.9
20 dry clay 125 25.6 38.4 51.2 97.1 126 147 164.1 32.1 48.1 64.2 121.8 158 184.3 205.7
20 saturated clay 130 30.7 46.1 61.4 109.2 145.4 163.8 184.3 38.5 57.8 77 136.9 182.3 205.4 231.1
25 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 34.7 69.3 97 120.1 141.5 21.7 32.6 43.5 86.9 121.7 150.6 177.4
25 saturated top soil 120 20.8 31.2 41.6 81.9 115.3 141.1 167 26.1 39.1 52.1 102.7 144.6 177 209.4
25 dry clay 125 25.6 38.4 51.2 99.8 137.8 162.8 183.8 32.1 48.1 64.2 125.1 172.8 204.1 230.4
38.5 57.8 77 147.2 200.3 236.2 256.8
B 25
30
saturated clay
130
100
30.7
13.7
46.1
20.5
61.4
27.3
117.4
54.6
159.7
80.3
188.4
102.9
204.8
123.4 17.1 25.7 34.2 68.5 100.7 129 154.7
30 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 34.7 69.3 100.5 127.1 150.2 21.7 32.6 43.5 86.9 126 159.3 188.3
30 saturated top soil 120 20.8 31.2 41.6 83.2 121 151.2 176.4 26.1 39.1 52.1 104.3 151.7 189.6 221.2
30 dry clay 125 25.6 38.4 51.2 101.1 145.7 173.3 200.2 32.1 48.1 64.2 126.7 182.7 217.3 251
30 saturated clay 130 30.7 46.1 61.4 120.1 163.8 204.8 232.1 38.5 57.8 77 150.6 205.4 256.8 291
40 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 34.7 69.3 104 134 161.7 21.7 32.6 43.5 86.9 130.4 168 202.8
40 saturated top soil 120 20.8 31.2 41.6 83.2 124.7 161.3 192.2 26.1 39.1 52.1 104.3 156.4 202.2 241
40 dry clay 125 25.6 38.4 51.2 102.4 149.6 194.3 229.7 32.1 48.1 64.2 128.4 187.6 243.6 288
40 saturated clay 130 30.7 46.1 61.4 122.9 182.2 218.4 259.4 38.5 57.8 77 154.1 228.5 273.9 325.2
50 sand and gravel 110 17.3 26 34.7 69.3 104 138.6 167.5 21.7 32.6 43.5 86.9 130.4 173.8 210
50 dry clay 125 25.6 38.4 51.2 102.4 153.6 202.1 242.8 32.1 48.1 64.2 128.4 192.6 253.5 304.5
50 saturated clay 130 30.7 46.1 61.4 122.9 184.3 234.8 273 38.5 57.8 77 154.1 231.1 294.4 342.3
App. B-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
Nominal Piping Diameter = 1.5 Inches Nominal Piping Diameter = 2 Inches
Depth Soil Type Wgt 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 18.9 25.2 29.6 39.4 40.4 42.7 43.5 31.8 37.2 49.6 50.8 53.7 54.8
3 sand and gravel 110 23.5 29.8 34.3 43.3 46 47 47.9 37.5 43.2 54.6 58 59.1 60.2
3 saturated top soil 120 27.6 35.5 39.4 49.3 50.8 52.8 54.2 44.6 49.6 62 64 66.5 68.2
3 dry clay 125 30.8 38.5 43.1 51.3 55.4 57.5 57.5 48.4 54.3 64.6 69.8 72.3 72.3
3 saturated clay 130 36.3 43.2 47 55.5 58.9 60.6 61.9 54.4 59.1 69.9 74.2 76.3 77.9
4 granular w/o cohesion 100 20.5 28.3 33.7 46 49.3 53.8 55.8 35.7 42.4 57.9 62 67.8 70.3
4 sand and gravel 110 25.3 33.9 39.7 52.4 54.2 60 62.3 42.6 50 65.9 68.2 75.5 78.4
4 saturated top soil 120 30 39.9 45.3 59.1 70.9 67.8 69 50.2 57 74.4 89.3 85.3 86.8
4 dry clay 125 34.9 44.6 51.3 65.7 73.9 73.9 74.9 56.2 64.6 82.7 93 93 94.3
4 saturated clay 130 40 49.6 57.6 70.4 76.8 78.5 80 62.5 72.5 88.7 96.7 98.9 100.8
5 granular w/o cohesion 100 20.9 29.6 36.9 55.8 61.6 62.4 67.3 37.2 46.5 70.3 77.5 78.5 84.7
5 sand and gravel 110 26.6 36.6 44.2 61.4 70.4 72.2 76.7 46 55.7 77.3 88.7 90.9 96.6
5 saturated top soil 120 31.5 42.8 52.2 69 76.8 78.8 84.7 53.9 65.7 86.8 96.7 99.2 106.6
5 dry clay 125 38 49.3 57.5 73.9 86.2 90.3 91.8 62 72.3 93 108.5 113.7 115.6
5 satu rated clay 130 42.7 56.8 64 81.1 86.4 98.2 98.2 71.5 80.6 102.1 108.8 123.6 123.6
6 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 30.8 37.8 57.5 69 78.8 72.2 38.8 47.5 72.3 86.8 99.2 90.9
6 sand and gravel 110 27.1 37.9 47 68.6 78.6 86.7 81.3 47.7 59.1 86.4 98.9 109.1 102.3
6 saturated top soil 120 32.5 45.1 55.2 78.8 88.7 98.5 93.6 56.7 69.4 99.2 111.6 124 117.8
6 dry clay 125 39 52.3 61.6 86.2 98.5 102.6 102.6 65.9 77.5 108.5 124 129.2 129.2
6 saturated clay 130 44.8 59.2 72.6 93.9 108.8 111 112 74.6 91.3 118.2 137 139.7 141.1
8 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 31.4 41 67.3 78.8 91.9 98.5 39.5 51.7 84.7 99.2 115.7 124
8 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40 50.6 79.5 94.8 104.7 108.4 50.3 63.7 100 119.4 131.9 136.4
8 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 60.1 90.6 106.4 118.2 123.1 61.4 75.6 114.1 133.9 148.8 155
8 dry clay 125 40 57.7 69.8 102.6 110.8 131.3 133.4 72.7 87.8 129.2 139.5 165.3 167.9
8 saturated clay 130 47.5 64.8 81.1 115.2 128.1 145.1 149.4 81.6 102.1 145.1 161.2 182.7 188.1
10 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 32 41.9 73.9 91.1 111.6 114.9 40.3 52.7 93 114.7 140.5 144.7
10 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 52.4 88.5 108.4 122.8 130.9 51.2 65.9 111.4 136.4 154.6 164.8
10 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 63 104.4 127.1 137.9 147.8 61.4 79.4 131.4 160 173.6 186
10 dry clay 125 40 58.5 75.9 114.9 135.4 147.8 162.1 73.6 95.6 144.7 170.5 186 204.1
10 saturated clay 130 48 71.2 85.4 128.1 147.3 162.2 181.4 89.7 107.5 161.2 185.4 204.2 228.4
15 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 32 42.7 80.4 110.8 128.1 127.2 40.3 53.7 101.3 139.5 161.2 160.2
15 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 54.2 99.3 121.9 158.9 167 51.2 68.2 125 153.5 200.1 210.3
15 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 65 118.2 159.6 181.2 197 61.4 81.8 148.8 200.9 228.2 248
15 dry clay 125 40 60 79 135.4 172.4 197 215.5 75.6 99.5 170.5 217 248 271.3
15 saturated clay 130 48 72 96 160.1 192.1 213.4 234.8 90.7 120.9 201.5 241.8 268.7 295.5
20 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 32 42.7 83.7 118.2 147.8 168.3 40.3 53.7 105.4 148.8 186 211.8
20 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 54.2 104.7 146.3 177 203.2 51.2 68.2 131.9 184.1 222.8 255.8
20 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 65 126.1 171.4 208.8 226.6 61.4 81.8 158.7 215.8 262.9 285.2
20 dry clay 125 40 60 80 151.9 197 229.8 256.5 75.6 100.8 191.2 248 289.3 322.9
20 satu rated clay 130 48 72 96 170.7 227.3 256.1 288.1 90.7 120.9 214.9 286.1 322.4 362.7
25 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 32 42.7 85.4 123.1 154.3 184.7 40.3 53.7 107.5 155 194.3 232.5
25 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 54.2 108.4 151.7 187.8 221.2 51.2 68.2 136.4 191 236.4 278.5
25 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 65 128.1 180.3 220.6 261 61.4 81.8 161.2 226.9 277.8 328.6
25 dry clay 125 40 60 80 156 215.5 254.5 287.3 75.6 100.8 196.3 271.3 320.3 361.7
25
30
saturated clay
130
100
48
21.3
72
32
96
42.7
183.5
85.4
249.7 294.5
125.6 160.9
320.1
192.9
90.7
40.3
120.9
53.7
231.1
107.5
314.3
158.1
370.8
202.5
403
242.8 B
30 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 54.2 108.4 157.1 198.6 234.8 51.2 68.2 136.4 197.8 250.1 295.5
30 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 65 130 189.1 236.4 275.8 61.4 81.8 163.7 238.1 297.6 347.2
30 dry clay 125 40 60 80 158 227.8 270.9 312.9 75.6 100.8 198.9 286.8 341 394
30 saturated clay 130 48 72 96 187.8 256.1 320.1 362.8 90.7 120.9 236.4 322.4 403 456.7
40 granular w/o cohesion 100 21.3 32 42.7 85.4 128.1 167.5 205.2 40.3 53.7 107.5 161.2 210.8 258.3
40 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 54.2 108.4 162.5 209.5 252.8 51.2 68.2 136.4 204.6 263.7 318.3
40 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 65 130 195 252.2 300.4 61.4 81.8 163.7 245.5 317.4 378.2
40 dry clay 125 40 60 80 160.1 233.9 303.7 359.1 75.6 100.8 201.5 294.5 382.3 452.1
40 saturated clay 130 48 72 96 192.1 284.9 341.5 405.5 90.7 120.9 241.8 358.7 429.9 510.5
50 granu lar w/o cohesion 100 21.3 32 42.7 85.4 128.1 170.7 209.3 40.3 53.7 107.5 161.2 214.9 263.5
50 sand and gravel 110 27.1 40.6 54.2 108.4 162.5 216.7 261.8 51.2 68.2 136.4 204.6 272.8 329.6
50 saturated top soil 120 32.5 48.8 65 130 195 256 1 315.2 61.4 81.8 163.7 245.5 322.4 396.8
50 dry clay 125 40 60 80 160.1 240.1 316 379.6 75.6 100.8 201.5 302.3 397.8 477.9
50 saturated clav 130 48 72 96 192.1 288.1 367.1 426.8 90.7 120.9 241.8 362.7 462.1 537.3
App. B-5
Nominal Piping Diameter = 2.5 Inches Nominal Piping Diameter = 3 Inches
Depth Soil Type Wgt 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 37.8 44.2 59 60.5 63.9 65.1 45.4 53.1 70.8 72.6 76.7 78.2
3 sand and gravel 110 44.6 51.4 4.9 69 70.3 71.7 53.5 61.7 77.9 82.7 84.4 86
3 saturated top soil 120 53.1 59 73.8 76.1 79.1 81.1 63.7 70.8 88.5 91.3 94.9 97.4
3 dry clay 125 57.6 64.5 76.8 83 86 86 69.1 77.4 92.2 99.6 103.3 103.3
3 satu rated clay 130 64.7 70.3 83.1 88.2 90.8 92.7 77.7 84.4 99.7 105.8 108.9 111.2
4 granular w/o cohesion 100 42.4 50.4 68.8 73.7 80.6 83.6 50.9 60.5 82.6 88.5 96.8 100.3
4 sand and gravel 110 50.7 59.5 78.4 81.1 89.8 93.3 60.8 71.4 94.1 97.4 107.7 112
4 saturated top soil 120 59.7 67.9 S8.5 106.2 101.5 103.3 71.7 81.4 106.2 127.4 121.8 123.9
4 dry clay 125 66.8 76.8 98.3 110.6 110.6 112.2 80.2 92.2 118 132.8 132.8 134.6
4 saturated clay 130 74.3 86.3 105.5 115.1 117.6 119.8 89.2 103.5 126.6 138.1 141.1 143.8
5 granular w/o cohesion 100 44.2 55.3 83.6 92.2 93.4 100.8 53.1 66.4 100.3 110.6 112.1 121
5 sand and gravel 110 54.8 66.3 91.9 105.5 108.2 114.9 65.7 79.5 110.3 126.6 129.8 137.9
5 saturated top soil 120 64.2 78.2 103.3 115.1 118 126.9 77 93.8 123.9 138.1 141.6 152.2
5 dry clay 125 73.7 86 110.6 129.1 135.2 137.5 88.5 103.3 132.8 154.9 162.3 165
5 saturated clay 130 85.1 95.9 121.4 129.4 147 147 102.1 115.1 145.7 155.3 176.4 176.4
6 granular w/o cohesion 100 46.1 56.5 86 103.3 118 108.2 55.3 67.9 103.3 123.9 141.6 129.8
6 sand and gravel 110 56.8 70.3 102.8 117.6 129.8 121.7 68.1 84.4 123.3 141.2 155.8 146
6 saturated top soil 120 67.5 82.6 118 132.8 147.5 140.1 81 99.1 141.6 159.3 177 168.2
6 dry clay 125 78.4 92.2 129.1 147.5 153.6 153.6 94 110.6 154.9 177 184.4 184.4
6 saturated clay 130 88.7 108.7 140.6 163 166.2 167.8 106.4 130.4 168.7 195.6 199.4 201.3
8 granular w/o cohesion 100 47 61.5 100.8 118 137.7 147.5 56.4 73.8 121 141.6 165.2 177
8 sand and gravel 110 59.8 75.7 119 142 156.8 162.3 71.8 90.9 142.8 170.4 188.2 194.7
8 saturated top soil 120 73 90 135.7 159.3 177 184.4 87.6 108 162.8 191.2 212.4 221.3
8 dry clay 125 86.4 104.5 153.6 165.9 196.7 199.7 103.7 125.4 184.4 199.1 236 239.7
8 saturated clay 130 97.1 121.4 172.6 191.8 217.3 223.7 116.5 145.7 207.1 230.1 260.8 268.5
10 sand and gravel 110 60.8 78.4 132.5 162.3 183.9 196.1 73 94.1 159 194.7 220.7 235.3
10 saturated top soil 120 73 94.4 156.4 190.3 206.5 221.3 87.6 113.3 187.6 228.3 247.8 265.5
10 dry clay 125 87.6 113.7 172.1 202.8 221.3 242.8 105.1 136.4 206.5 243.4 265.5 291.3
10 saturated clay 130 106.7 127.8 191.8 220.5 242.9 271.6 128 153.4 230.1 264.6 291.5 326
15 sand and gravel 110 60.8 81.1 148.7 182.5 238 250.1 73 97.4 178.5 219 285.6 300.2
15 saturated top soil 120 73 97.4 177 239 271.4 295 87.6 116.8 212.4 286.7 325.7 354
15 dry clay 125 89.9 118.3 202.8 258.1 295 322.7 107.9 142 243.4 309.8 354 387.2
15 saturated clay 130 107.9 143.8 239.7 287.6 319.6 351.5 129.4 172.6 287.6 345.2 383.5 421.9
20 granular w/o cohesion 100 47.9 63.9 125.4 177 221.3 252 57.5 76.7 150.5 212.4 265.5 302.4
20 sand and gravel 110 60.8 81.1 156.8 219 265 304.2 73 97.4 188.2 262.8 318 365.1
20 saturated top soil 120 73 97.4 188.8 256.7 312.7 339.3 87.6 116.8 226.6 308 375.2 407.1
20 dry clay 125 89.9 119.8 227.4 295 344.2 384.1 107.9 143.8 272.9 354 413 460.9
20 saturated clay 130 107.9 143.8 255.7 340.4 383.5 431.4 129.4 172.6 306.8 408.4 460.2 517.7
25 sand and gravel 110 60.8 81.1 162.3 227.2 281.2 331.3 73 97.4 194.7 272.6 337.5 397.5
25 dry clay 125 89.9 119.8 233.5 322.7 381 430.2 107.9 143.8 280.3 387.2 457.3 516.3
B 25
30
saturated clay
130
100
107.9
47.9
143.8
63.9
274.8
127.8
373.9
188.1
441
240.9
479.4
288.9
129.4
57.5
172.6
76.7
329.8
153.4
448.7
225.7
529.2
289.1
575.3
346.6
30 sand and gravel 110 60.8 81.1 162.3 235.3 297.5 351.5 73 97.4 194.7 282.3 357 421.9
30 saturated top soil 120 73 97.4 194.7 283.2 354 413 87.6 116.8 233.6 339.8 424.8 495.6
30 dry clay 125 89.9 119.8 236.6 341.1 405.6 468.6 107.9 143.8 283.9 409.3 486.8 562.3
30 saturated clay 130 107.9 143.8 281.2 383.5 479.4 543.3 129.4 172.6 337.5 460.2 575.3 652
40 sand and gravel 110 60.8 81.1 162.3 243.4 313.7 378.6 73 97.4 194.7 292.1 376.4 454.3
40 dry clay 125 89.9 119.8 239.7 350.3 454.8 537.8 107.9 143.8 287.6 420.4 545.8 645.3
40 saturated clay 130 107.9 143.8 287.6 426.6 511.3 607.2 129.4 172.6 345.2 512 613.6 728.7
50 sand and gravel 110 60.8 81.1 162.3 243.4 324.5 392.1 73 97.4 194.7 292.1 389.4 470.5
50 saturated top soil 120 73 97.4 194.7 292.1 383.5 472 87.6 116.8 233.6 350.5 460.2 566.4
50 dry clay 125 89.9 119.8 239.7 359.5 473.2 568.5 107.9 143.8 287.6 431.4 567.9 682.2
50 saturated clay 130 107.9 143.8 287.6 431.4 549.7 639.2 129.4 172.6 345.2 517.7 659.6 767
Nominal Piping Diameter = 4 Inches Nominal Piping Diameter = 6 Inches
Depth Soil Type Wgt 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 55.5 64.9 86.6 88.8 93.8 95.6 94.4 125.8 128.9 136.3 138.9
3 sand and gravel 110 65.5 75.4 95.3 101.2 103.2 105.2 109.6 138.4 147.0 149.9 152.8
3 saturated top soil 120 77.9 86.6 108.3 111.7 116.0 119.1 125.8 157.3 162.3 168.6 173.0
3 dry clay 125 84.6 94.7 112.8 121.8 126.3 126.3 137.6 163.8 176.9 183.5 183.5
3 saturated clay 130 95.0 103.2 122.0 129.5 133.2 136.0 149.9 177.2 188.1 193.5 197.6
4 sand and gravel 110 74.4 87.3 115.1 119.1 131.8 136.9 126.8 167.2 173.0 191.4 198.9
4 dry clay 125 98.1 112.8 144.3 162.4 162.4 164.6 163.8 209.7 235.9 235.9 239.2
4 saturated clay 130 109.1 126.7 154.8 168.9 172.6 175.9 184.0 224.9 245.3 250.8 255.5
5 sand and gravel 110 80.4 97.2 135.0 154.8 158.8 168.7 141.3 196.0 224.9 230.6 245.0
5 dry clay 125 108.3 126.3 162.4 189.4 198.5 201.8 183.5 235.9 275.2 288.3 293.2
5 saturated clay 130 124.9 140.7 178.3 190.0 215.8 215.8 204.4 258.9 276.0 313.5 313.5
6 sand and gravel 110 83.4 103.2 150.8 172.7 190.5 178.6 149.9 219.1 250.8 276.8 259.5
6 dry clay 125 115.0 135.3 189.4 216.5 225.5 225.5 196.6 275.2 314.5 327.6 327.6
6 saturated clay 130 130.2 159.5 206.4 239.2 243.9 246.3 231.7 299.8 347.5 354.3 357.7
8 sand and gravel 110 87.8 111.1 174.6 208.4 230.2 238.2 161.4 253.7 302.7 334.4 346.0
8 dry clay 125 126.9 153.4 225.5 243.6 288.7 293.2 222.8 327.6 353.8 419.3 425.9
8 saturated clay 130 142.5 178.3 253.3 281.5 319.0 328.4 258.9 368.0 408.8 463.4 477.0
10 sand and gravel 110 89.3 115.1 194.5 238.2 269.9 287.8 167.2 282.5 346.0 392.1 418.0
10 dry clay 125 128.5 166.9 252.6 297.7 324.8 356.3 242.4 366.9 432.4 471.8 517.6
10 saturated clay 130 156.6 187.6 281.5 323.7 356.5 398.7 272.6 408.9 470.2 517.9 579.2
15 sand and gravel 110 89.3 119.1 218.3 267.9 349.3 367.1 173.0 317.1 389.2 507.4 533.3
15 dry clay 125 131.9 173.7 297.7 378.9 433.0 473.6 252.3 432.4 550.4 629.0 688.0
15 saturated clay 130 158.3 211.1 351.8 422.2 469.1 516.0 306.6 511.1 613.3 681.4 749.6
20 sand and gravel 110 89.3 119.1 230.2 321.5 389.0 446.5 173.0 334.4 467.0 565.1 648.7
20 dry clay 125 131.9 175.9 333.8 433.0 505.2 563.8 255.5 484.9 629.0 733.8 819.0
20 saturated clay 130 158.3 211.1 375.3 499.6 562.9 633.3 306.6 545.1 725.7 817.7 919.9
25 sand and gravel 110 89.3 119.1 238.2 333.4 412.8 486.2 173.0 346.0 484.3 599.6 706.3
25 dry clay 125 131.9 175.9 342.8 473.6 559.3 631.5 255.5 498.0 688.0 812.5 917.3
25
30
saturated clay
130
100
158.3
70.4
211.1
93.8
403.4
187.6
548.8
276.0
647.3
353.6
703.6
424.0
306.6
136.3
586.0
272.6
797.3
401.0
940.4
513.7
1022.1
615.9
B
30 sand and gravel 110 89.3 119.1 238.2 345.3 436.6 516.0 173.0 346.0 501.6 634.2 749.6
30 dry clay 125 131.9 175.9 347.3 500.7 595.4 687.8 255.5 504.5 727.3 864.9 999.2
30 saturated clay 130 158.3 211.1 412.8 562.9 703.6 797.4 306.6 599.6 817.7 1022.1 1158.4
40 sand and gravel 110 89.3 119.1 238.2 357.2 460.4 555.7 173.0 346.0 518.9 668.8 807.2
40 dry clay 125 131.9 175.9 351.8 514.2 667.5 789.3 255.5 511.1 746.9 969.7 1146.6
40 saturated clay 130 158.3 211.1 422.2 626.2 750.5 891.3 306.6 613.3 909.7 1090.3 1294.7
50 sand and gravel 110 89.3 119.1 238.2 357.2 476.3 575.5 173.0 346.0 518.9 691.9 836.0
50 dry clay 125 131.9 175.9 351.8 527.7 694.6 834.4 255.5 511.1 766.6 1009.0 1212.1
50 saturated clay 130 158.3 211.1 422.2 633.3 806.8 938.2 306.6 613.3 919.9 1172.0 1362.8
App. B-7
Nominal Piping Diameter = 8 Inches Nominal Piping Diameter = 10 Inches
Depth Soil Type Wgt 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 118.1 157.4 161.3 170.5 173.8 196.8 201.7 213.2 217.3
3 sand and gravel 110 137.1 173.1 184.0 187.6 191.2 216.5 230.0 234.5 239.0
3 saturated top soil 120 157.4 196.8 203.0 210.9 216.4 246.0 253.9 263.7 270.6
3 dry clay 125 172.2 204.9 221.3 229.5 229.5 256.3 276.8 287.0 287.0
3 saturated clay 130 187.6 221.7 235.3 242.1 247.2 277.2 294.2 302.7 309.1
4 sand and gravel 110 158.7 209.2 216.4 239.5 248.9 261.6 270.6 299.5 311.2
4 dry clay 125 204.9 262.3 295.1 295.1 299.2 328.0 369.0 369.0 374.1
4 saturated clay 130 230.2 281.4 306.9 313.8 319.7 351.8 383.8 392.3 399.8
5 sand and gravel 110 176.7 245.3 281.4 288.6 306.6 306.7 351.8 360.8 383.4
5 dry clay 125 229.5 295.1 344.3 360.7 366.9 369.0 430.5 451.0 458.7
5 saturated clay 130 255.8 324.0 345.3 392.2 392.2 405.1 431.7 490.4 490.4
6 sand and gravel 110 187.6 274.1 313.8 346.3 324.6 342.8 392.4 433.0 405.9
6 dry clay 125 245.9 344.3 393.5 409.9 409.9 430.5 492.0 512.5 512.5
6 saturated clay 130 289.9 375.1 434.8 443.3 447.6 469.0 543.7 554.3 559.7
8 sand and gravel 110 202.0 317.4 378.7 418.4 432.9 396.9 473.6 523.2 541.2
8 dry clay 125 278.7 409.9 442.7 524.7 532.9 512.5 553.5 656.0 666.3
8 saturated clay 130 324.0 460.4 511.6 579.8 596.8 575.6 639.6 724.9 746.2
10 sand and gravel 110 209.2 353.5 432.8 490.6 523.0 442.0 541.2 613.4 654.0
10 dry clay 125 303.3 459.1 541.1 590.3 647.6 574.0 676.5 738.0 809.8
10 saturated clay 130 341.0 511.6 588.3 648.0 724.7 639.6 735.5 810.2 906.1
15 sand and gravel 110 216.4 396.8 487.0 634.8 667.3 496.1 608.9 793.8 834.4
15 dry clay 125 315.6 541.1 688.6 787.0 860.8 676.5 861.0 984.0 1076.3
15 saturated clay 130 383.7 639.4 767.3 852.6 937.8 799.5 959.4 1066.0 1172.6
20 sand and gravel 110 216.4 418.4 584.3 707.0 811.6 523.2 730.6 884.0 1014.8
20 dry clay 125 319.7 606.6 787.0 918.2 1024.7 758.5 984.0 1148.0 1281.3
20 saturated clay 130 383.7 682.1 908.0 1023.1 1151.0 852.8 1135.3 1279.2 1439.1
25 sand and gravel 110 216.4 432.9 606.0 750.3 883.7 541.2 757.7 938.1 1105.0
25 dry clay 125 319.7 623.0 860.8 1016.5 1147.7 779.0 1076.3 1271.0 1435.0
B 25
30
saturated clay
130
100
383.7
170.5
733.2
341.0
997.5
501.7
1176.6
642.7
1278.9
770.6
916.8
426.4
1247.2
627.3
1471.1
803.6
1599.0
963.5
30 sand and gravel 110 216.4 432.9 627.6 793.6 937.8 541.2 784.7 992.2 1172.6
30 dry clay 125 319.7 631.2 910.0 1082.1 1250.2 789.3 1137.8 1353.0 1563.1
30 saturated clay 130 383.7 750.3 1023.1 1278.9 1449.4 938.1 1279.2 1599.0 1812.2
40 sand and gravel 110 216.4 432.9 649.3 836.8 1010.0 541.2 811.8 1046.3 1262.8
40 dry clay 125 319.7 639.4 934.6 1213.3 1434.6 799.5 1168.5 1517.0 1793.8
40 saturated clay 130 383.7 767.3 1138.2 1364.1 1619.9 959.4 1423.1 1705.6 2025.4
50 sand and gravel 110 216.4 432.9 649.3 865.7 1046.1 541.2 811.8 1082.4 1307.9
50 dry clay 125 319.7 639.4 959.2 1262.5 1516.6 799.5 119.3 1578.5 1896.3
50 saturated clay 130 383.7 767.3 1151.0 1466.4 1705.2 959.4 1439.1 1833.5 2132.0
Nominal Piping Diameter = Nominal Piping Diameter = Nominal Piping Diameter =
12 Inches 14 Inches 16 Inches
Soil Width of Trench in Feet Width of Trench in Feet Width of Trench in Feet
Depth Soil Type Wgt 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 248 254.2 268.7 273.8 279.6 286.6 302.9 308.7 315 322.9 341.3 347.8
3 sand & gravel 110 272.8 289.8 295.5 301.2 307.6 326.8 333.2 339.6 346.5 368.2 375.4 382.6
3 saturated top soil 120 310 319.9 332.3 341 349.5 360.7 374.7 384.5 393.8 406.4 422.1 433.1
3 dry clay 125 322.9 348.7 361.7 361.7 364.1 393.2 407.8 407.8 410.2 443 459.4 459.4
3 saturated clay 130 349.3 370.8 381.5 389.6 393.8 418 430.1 439.2 443.6 470.9 484.6 494.8
4 granular w/o cohesion 100 289.3 310 338.9 351.3 326.2 349.5 382.1 396.1 367.5 393.8 430.5 446.3
4 sand & gravel 110 329.6 341 377.4 392.1 371.6 384.5 425.5 442.1 418.7 433.1 479.3 498.1
4 saturated top soil 120 372 446.4 426.6 434 419.4 503.3 480.9 489.3 472.5 567 541.8 551.3
4 dry clay 125 413.3 465 465 471.5 466 524.3 524.3 531.5 525 590.6 590.6 598.8
4 saturated clay 130 443.3 483.6 494.3 503.8 499.8 545.2 557.3 567.9 563.1 614.3 627.9 639.8
5 sand & gravel 110 386.5 443.3 454.7 483.1 435.7 499.8 512.6 544.6 490.9 563.1 577.5 613.6
5 saturated top soil 120 434 483.6 496 533.2 489.3 545.2 559.2 601.1 551.3 614.3 630 677.3
5 dry clay 125 465 542.5 568.3 578 524.3 611.6 640.8 651.7 590.6 689.1 721.9 734.2
5 saturated clay 130 510.5 544.1 617.9 617.9 575.5 613.4 696.7 696.7 648.4 691 784.9 784.9
6 granular w/o cohesion 100 361.7 434 496 454.7 407.8 489.3 559.2 512.6 459.4 551.3 630 577.5
6 sand & gravel 110 431.9 494.4 545.6 511.5 487 557.5 615.1 576.7 548.6 628 693 649.7
6 saturated top soil 120 496 558 620 589 559.2 629.1 699 664.1 630 708.8 787.5 748.1
6 dry clay 125 542.5 620 645.8 645.8 611.6 699 728.1 728.1 689.1 787.5 820.3 820.3
6 saturated clay 130 591.1 685.1 698.5 705.3 666.4 772.4 787.5 795.1 750.8 870.2 887.3 895.8
8 granular w/o cohesion 100 423.7 496 578.7 620 477.7 559.2 652.4 699 538.1 630 735 787.5
8 sand & gravel 110 500.1 596.7 659.3 682 563.9 672.8 743.3 768.9 635.3 758 837.4 866.3
8 saturated top soil 120 570.4 669.6 744 775 643.1 754.9 838.8 873.8 724.5 850.5 945 984.4
8 dry clay 125 645.8 697.5 826.7 839.6 728.1 786.4 932 946.6 820.3 885.9 1050 1066.4
8 saturated clay 130 725.4 806 913.5 940.3 817.8 908.7 1029.9 1060.2 921.4 1023.8 1160.3 1194.4
10 granular w/o cohesion 100 465 573.5 702.7 723.3 524.3 646.6 792.2 815.5 590.6 728.4 892.5 918.8
10 sand & gravel 110 557 682 772.9 824.1 627.9 768.9 871.4 929.1 707.4 866.3 981.8 1046.7
10 saturated top soil 120 657.2 799.8 868 930 740.9 901.7 978.6 1048.5 834.8 1015.9 1102.5 1181.3
10 dry clay 125 723.3 852.5 930 1020.4 815.5 961.1 1048.5 1150.4 918.8 1082.8 1181.3 1296.1
10 saturated clay 130 806 926.9 1020.9 1141.8 908.7 1045 1151 1287.3 1023.8 1177.3 1296.8 1450.3
15 granular w/o cohesion 100 506.3 697.5 806 800.8 570.9 786.4 908.7 902.9 643.1 885.9 1023.8 1017.2
15 sand & gravel 110 625.2 767.2 1000.3 1051.4 704.8 865 1127.7 1185.4 794.1 974.5 1270.5 1335.5
15 saturated top soil 120 744 1004.4 1140.8 1240 838.8 1132.4 1286.2 1398 945 1275.8 1449 1575
15 dry clay 125 852.5 1085 1240 1356.3 961.1 1223.3 1398 1529.1 1082.8 1378.1 1575 1722.7
15 saturated clay 130 1007.5 1209 1343.3 1477.7 1135.9 1363.1 1514.5 1666 1279.7 1535.6 1706.3 1876.9
20 granular w/o cohesion 100 527 744 930 1059.2 594.2 838.8 1048.5 1194.1 669.4 945 1181.3 1345.3
20 sand & gravel 110 659.3 920.7 1113.9 1278.8 743.3 1038 1255.9 1441.7 837.4 1169.4 1414.9 1624.2
20 saturated top soil 120 793.6 1078.8 1314.4 1426 894.7 1216.3 1481.9 1607.7 1008 1370.3 1669.5 1811.3
20 dry clay 125 955.8 1240 1446.7 1614.6 1077.6 1398 1631 1820.3 1214.1 1575 1837.5 2050.8
20 saturated clay 130 1074.7 1430.7 1612 1813.5 1211.6 1612.9 1817.4 2044.6 1365 1817.2 2047.5 2303.4
25 granular w/o cohesion 100 537.3 775 971.3 1162.5 605.8 873.8 1095.1 1310.6 682.5 984.4 1233.8 1476.6
25 sand & gravel 110 682 954.8 1182.1 1392.4 768.9 1076.5 1332.8 1569.8 866.3 1212.8 1501.5 1768.6
25 saturated top soil 120 806 1134.6 1388.8 1643 908.7 1279.2 1565.8 1852.4 1023.8 1441.1 1764 2086.9
25 dry clay 125 981.7 1356.2 1601.7 1808.3 1106.8 1529.1 1805.8 2038.8 1246.9 1722.7 2034.4 2296.9
25 saturated clay 130 1155.3 1571.7 1853.8 2015 1302.5 1772 2090 2271.8 1467.4 1996.3 2354.6 2559.4 B
30 sand & gravel 110 682 988.9 1250.3 1477.7 768.9 1114.9 1409.7 1666 866.3 1256.1 1588.1 1876.9
30 saturated top soil 120 818.4 1190.4 1488 1736 922.7 1342.1 1677.6 1957.2 1039.5 1512 1890 2205
30 dry clay 125 994.6 1433.7 1705 1969.8 1121.3 1616.4 1922.3 2220.8 1263.3 1821.1 2165.6 2502
30 saturated clay 130 1182.1 1612 2015 2283.7 1332.8 1817.4 2271.8 2574.7 1501.5 2047.5 2559.4 2900.6
40 granular w/o cohesion 100 537.3 806 1054 1291.7 605.8 908.7 1188.3 1456.3 682.5 1023.8 1338.8 1640.6
40 sand & gravel 110 682 1023 1318.5 1591.3 768.9 1153.4 1486.5 1794.1 866.3 1299.4 1674.8 2021.3
40 saturated top soil 120 818.4 1227.6 1587.2 1891 922.7 1384 1789.4 2132 1039.5 1559.3' 2016 2401.9
40 dry clay 125 1007.5 1472.5 1911.7 2260.4 1135.9 1660.1 2155.3 2548.4 1279.7 1870.3 2428.1 2871.1
40 saturated clay 130 1209 1793.4 2149.3 2552.3 1363.1 2021.9 2423.2 2877.6 1535.6 2277.8 2730 3241.9
50 granular w/o cohesion 100 537.3 806 1074.7 1317.5 605.8 908.7 1211.6 1485.4 682.5 1023.8 1365 1673.4
50 sand & gravel 110 682 1023 1364 1648.2 768.9 1153.4 1537.8 1858.2 866.3 1299.4 1732.5 2093.4
50 saturated top soil 120 818.4 1227.6 1612 1984 922.7 1384 1817.4 2236.8 1039.5 1559.3 2047.5 2520
50 dry clay 125 1007.5 1511.2 1989.2 2389.6 1135.9 1703.8 2242.6 2694.1 1279.7 1919.5 2526.6 3035.2
50 saturated clay 130 1209 1813.5 2310.5 2686.7 1363.1 2044.6 2604.9 3029 1535.6 2303.4 2934.8 3412.5
App. B-9
Nominal Piping Dia = 18" Nominal Piping Dia = 20" Nominal Piping Dia = 24"
Soil Width of Trench in Feet Width of Trench in Feet Width of Trench in Feet
Depth Soil Type Wgt 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
3 granular w/o cohesion 100 354.4 363.3 383.9 391.3 403.6 426.6 434.8 508.4 537.3 547.7
3 sand and gravel 110 389.8 414.2 422.3 430.4 460.3 469.3 478.3 579.7 591.1 602.4
3 saturated top soil 120 443.0 457.2 474.9 487.3 508.0 527.7 541.5 639.8 664.6 682.0
3 dry clay 125 461.5 498.4 516.8 516.8 553.8 574.3 574.3 697.5 723.3 723.3
3 saturated clay 130 499.1 529.8 545.2 556.7 588.7 605.8 618.6 741.5 763.0 779.1
4 sand and gravel 110 471.1 487.3 539.3 560.4 541.5 599.2 622.7 682.0 754.7 784.3
4 dry clay 125 590.7 664.5 664.5 673.7 738.4 738.4 748.6 930.0 930.0 942.9
4 saturated clay 130 633.5 691.1 706.4 719.9 767.9 785.0 799.9 967.2 988.7 1007.5
5 sand and gravel 110 552.3 633.5 649.7 690.3 703.9 722.0 767.1 886.6 909.3 966.2
5 dry clay 125 664.5 775.3 812.2 826.0 861.4 902.5 917.8 1085.0 1136.7 1156.0
5 saturated clay 130 729.5 777.5 883.0 883.0 863.9 981.2 981.2 1088.1 1235.9 1235.9
6 sand and gravel 110 617.2 706.6 779.7 731.0 785.1 866.4 812.2 988.9 1091.2 1023.0
6 dry clay 125 775.3 886.0 922.9 922.9 984.5 1025.5 1025.5 1240.0 1291.7 1291.7
6 saturated clay 130 844.7 979.0 998.2 1007.8 1087.9 1109.2 1119.9 1370.2 1397.1 1410.5
8 sand and gravel 110 714.7 852.8 942.1 974.6 947.6 1046.9 1083.0 1193.5 1318.5 1364.0
8 dry clay 125 922.9 996.8 1181.3 1199.8 1107.6 1312.7 1333.2 1395.0 1653.3 1679.2
8 saturated clay 130 1036.6 1151.8 1305.4 1343.8 1279.9 1450.5 1493.2 1612.0 1826.9 1880.7
10 sand and gravel 110 795.9 974.6 1104.5 1177.6 1083.0 1227.3 1308.6 1364.0 1545.9 1648.2
10 dry clay 125 1033.7 1218.3 1329.0 1458.2 1353.7 1476.8 1620.3 1705.0 1860.0 2040.8
10 saturated clay 130 1151.8 1324.6 1458.9 1631.7 1471.8 1621.1 1813.1 1853.8 2041.9 2283.7
15 sand and gravel 110 893.4 1096.4 1429.4 1502.5 1218.3 1588.3 1669.5 1534.5 2000.5 2102.8
15 dry clay 125 1218.3 1550.5 1772.0 1938.1 1722.9 1969.0 2153.6 2170.0 2480.0 2712.5
15 saturated clay 130 1439.8 1727.7 1919.7 2111.6 1919.8 2133.1 2346.4 2418.0 2686.7 2955.3
20 sand and gravel 110 942.1 1315.7 1591.8 1827.4 1462.0 1768.8 2030.5 1841.4 2227.9 2557.5
20 dry clay 125 1365.9 1772.0 2067.3 2307.3 1969.0 2297.2 2563.8 2480.0 2893.3 3229.2
20 saturated clay 130 1535.7 2044.4 2303.6 2591.6 2271.7 2559.7 2879.7 2861.3 3224.0 3627.0
25 sand and gravel 110 974.6 1364.4 1689.3 1989.8 1516.1 1877.1 2211.0 1909.6 2364.3 2784.8
25 dry clay 125 1402.8 1938.1 2288.8 2584.2 2153.6 2543.3 2871.5 2712.5 3203.3 3616.7
B 25
30
saturated clay
130
100
1650.9
767.9
2246.0
1129.7
2649.1
1447.1
2879.5
1735.1
2495.7
1255.2
2943.7
1608.0
3199.6
1928.0
3143.4
1581.0
3707.6
2025.3
4030.0
2428.3
30 sand and gravel 110 974.6 1413.2 1786.8 2111.6 1570.3 1985.4 2346.4 1977.8 2500.7 2955.3
30 dry clay 125 1421.3 2048.9 2436.5 2814.9 2276.7 2707.4 3127.8 2867.5 3410.0 3939.6
30 saturated clay 130 1689.3 2303.6 2879.5 3263.4 2559.7 3199.6 3626.2 3224.0 4030.0 4567.3
40 sand and gravel 110 974.6 1461.9 1884.2 2274.1 1624.4 2093.7 2526.9 2046.0 2637.1 3182.7
40 dry clay 125 1439.8 2104.3 2731.8 3230.2 2338.2 3035.5 3589.3 2945.0 3823.3 4520.8
40 saturated clay 130 1727.7 2562.8 3071.5 3647.4 2847.7 3412.9 4052.9 3586.7 4298.7 5104.7
50 sand and gravel 110 974.6 1461.9 1949.2 2355.3 1624.4 2165.9 2617.1 2046.0 2728.0 3296.3
50 dry clay 125 1439.8 2159.6 2842.6 3414.8 2399.7 3158.6 3794.4 3022.5 3978.3 4779.2
50 saturated clay 130 1727.7 2591.6 3301.8 3839.3 2879.7 3668.9 4266.2 3627.0 4621.1 5373.3
Table B-3. Average Values of Modulus of Soil Reaction, E' (for initial flexible pipe deflection)
E' for Degree of Compaction of Bedding,
(in pounds per square inch)
Slight, Moderate, High,
<85% Proctor, 85%-90% Proctor, >95% Proctor,
Soil type-pipe bedding material Dumped <40% 40%-70% >70%
(Unified Classification System) D umped Relative Density Relative Density
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Fine-grained Soils (LL > 50)b No data available; consult a competent
Soils with medium to high plasticity CH, MH, CH - MH soils engineer; otherwise use E' = 0
Fine-grained Soils (LL < 50)
Soils with medium to no plasticity CL, ML, ML- CL, with 50 200 400 1,000
less than 25% coarse-grained particles
Fine-grained Soils (LL < 50)
Soils with medium to no plasticity CL, ML, ML,CL, with
more than 25% coarse-grained particles 100 400 1,000 2,000
Coarse-grained Soils with Fines
GM, GC, SM, SCc contains more than 12% fines
Coarse-grained Soils with Little or No Fines
200 1,000 2,000 3,000
CW, CP, SW, SPc contains less than 12% fines
Crushed Rock 1,000 3,000 3,000 3,000
Accuracy in Terms of Percentage Deflectiond ±2 ±2 ±1 ±0.5
a ASTM Designation D-2487, USBR Designation E-3.
b LL = Liquid limit.
c Or any borderline soil beginning with one of these symbols (i.e., GM-GC, GC-SC).
d For ±1 % accuracy and predicted deflection of 3%, actual deflection would be between 2% and 4%.
Note: Values applicable only for fills less than 50 ft (15m). Table does not include any safety factor. For use in predicting initial deflections only,
appropriate Deflection Lag Factor must be applied for long-term deflections. If bedding falls on the borderline between two compaction categories,
select lower E' value or average the two values. Percentage Proctor based on laboratory maximum dry density from test standards using about
12,500 ft-lb/cu ft (598,000 J/m3) (ASTM D-698, AASHO T-99, USBR Designation E-1 1). 1 psi = 6.9 kN/M2.
Source: “Soil Reaction for Buried Flexible Pipe” by Amster K. Howard, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado. Reprinted with permission
from American Society of Civil Engineers’ Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division. January 1977, PP. 33-43.
Table B-4. Values of Bedding Constant, K

Bedding Angle (degrees) K
0 0.110
30 0.108
45 0.105
60 0.102
90 0.096
120 0.090
180 0.083 B
App. B-11
APPENDIX B
Appendix C
CONVERSION
TABLES
Contents
General Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2
Volumetric Flow Rate Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . .C-8
Pressure Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-9
Viscosity Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-10
Force Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-10
Heat Transfer Coefficient Conversion Tables . . . . . . .C-11
Thermal Conducit iv yt Coefficient Conversion Table . .C-11
Various Values of h
t e Ideal Gas Law Constant . . . . . .C-11
App. C-1
APPENDIX C GENERAL CONVERSION TABLES
To Convert From Mulit ply By To Obtain

Acres 43,560 Square feet
Acres 4074 Square meters
Acres 0.001563 Square miles
Acre-feet 1233 Cubic meters
Ampere-hours (absolute) 3600 Coulombs (absolute)
Angstrom units 3.937 x 10-9 Inches
Angstrom units 1 x 10-10 Meters
Angstrom units 1 x 10-4 Microns
Atmospheres 760 Millimeters of mercury at 32° F
Atmospheres 1.0133 x 106 Dynes per square centimeter
Atmospheres 101,325 Newtons per square meter
Atmospheres 33.90 Feet of water at 39.1° F
Atmospheres 1033.3 Grams per square centimeter
Atmospheres 29.921 Inches of mercury at 32° F
Atmospheres 2116.3 Pounds per square foot
Atmospheres 14.696 Pounds per square inch
Bags (cement) 94 Pounds (cement)
Barrels (cement) 376 Pounds (cement)
Barrels (oil) 0.15899 Cubic meters
Barrels (oil) 42 Gallons
Barrels (U.S. liquid) 0.11924 Cubic meters
Barrels (U.S. liquid) 31.5 Gallons
Barrels per day 0.02917 Gallons per minute
Bars 0.9869 Atmospheres
Bars 1 x 105 Newtons per square meter
Bars 14.504 Pounds per square inch
Bars 0.98 Kilogram force per square centimeter
Board feet 1112 Cubic feet
Boiler horsepower 33,480 Btu per hour
Boiler horsepower 9.803 Kilowatts
Btu 252 Calories (gram)
Btu 0.55556 Centigrade heat units (chu or pcu)
Btu 777.9 Foot-pounds
Btu 3.929 x 10-4 Horsepower-hours
Btu 1055.1 Joules
Btu 10.41 Liter-atmospheres
Btu 6.88 x 10-5 Pounds carbon to CO2
Btu 0.001036 Pounds water evaporated from and at 212° F
Btu 0.3676 Cubic foot-atmospheres
Btu 2.930 x 10-4 Kilowatt-hours
Btu per cu ft 37,260 Joules per cubic meter
C Btu per hour

Btu per min
0.29307
0.02357
Wafts
Horsepower
Btu per lb 2326 Joules per kilogram
Btu per lb per ° F 1 Calories per gram per degree centigrade
App. C-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
GENERAL CONVERSION TABLES APPENDIX C

Btu per lb per ° F 4186.8 Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin
Btu per sec 1054.4 Watts
Btu per sq ft per hour 3.1546 Joules per square meter per second
Btu per sq ft per min 0.1758 Kilowatts per square foot
Btu per sq ft per sec for a temp 1.2405 Calories, gram (15° C), per sq cm per sec
gradient of 1° F per in for a temperature gradient of 1° C per cm
Btu (60° F) per° F 453.6 Calories per degree centigrade
Bushels (U.S. dry) 1.2444 Cubic feet
Bushels (U.S. dry) 0.03524 Cubic meters
Calories, gram 3.968 x 10-3 Btu
Calories, gram 3.087 Foot-pounds
Calories, gram 4.1868 Joules
Calories, gram 4.130 x 10-2 Liter-atmospheres
Calories, gram 1.5591 x 10-6 Horsepower-hours
Calories, gram, per gram per ° C 4186.8 Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin
Calories, kilogram 0.0011626 Kilowatt-hours
Calories, kilogram per sec 4.185 Kilowatts
Candle power (spherical) 12.556 Lumens
Carats (metric) 0.2 Grams
Centigrade heat units 1.8 Btu
Centimeters 1 x 108 Angstrom units
Centimeters 0.03281 Feet
Centimeters 0.3937 Inches
Centimeters 0.01 Meters
Centimeters 10,000 Microns
Cm of mercury at 0° C 0.013158 Atmospheres
Cm of mercury at 0° C 0.4460 Feet of water at 39.1° F
Cm of mercury at 0° C 1333.2 Newtons per square meter
Cm of mercury at 0° C 27.845 Pounds per square foot
Cm of mercury at 0° C 0.19337 Pounds per square inch
Cm per sec 1.9685 Feet per minute
Cm of water at 4° C 98.064 Newtons per square meter
Centistokes I x 10-6 Square meters per second
Circular mils 5.067 x 10-6 Square centimeters
Circular mils 7.854 x 10-7 Square inches
Circular mils 0.7854 Square mils
Cords 128 Cubic feet
Cubic cm 3.532 x 10-5 Cubic feet
Cubic cm 2.6417 x 10-4 Gallons
Cubic cm 0.03381 Ounces (U.S. fluid)
Cubic cm 0.0010567 Quarts (U.S. fluid)
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
0.8036
28,317
Bushels (U.S.)
Cubic centimeters
C
Cubic feet 0.0005787 Cubic inches
Cubic feet 0.028317 Cubic meters
App. C-3

Cubic feet 0.03704 Cubic yards
Cubic feet 7.481 Gallons
Cubic feet 28.316 Liters
Cubic foot-atmospheres 2116.3 Foot-pounds
Cubic foot-atmospheres 28.316 Liter-atmospheres
Cubic feet of water (60° F) 62.37 Pounds
Cubic feet per min 472.0 Cubic centimeters per second
Cubic feet per min 0.1247 Gallons per second
Cubic feet per sec 448.8 Gallons per minute
Cubic feet per sec 0.64632 Million gallons per day
Cubic inches 1.6387 x 10-5 Cubic meters
Cubic yards 0.76456 Cubic meters
Curies 2.2 x 1012 Disintegrations per minute
Curies 1.1 x 1012 Coulombs per minute
Degrees 0.017453 Radians
Drams (apothecaries or troy) 3.888 Grams
Drams (avoir dupois) 1.7719 Grams
Dynes 1 x 10-5 Newtons
Ergs 1 x 10-7 Joules
Faradays 96,500 Coulombs (abs)
Fathoms 6 Feet
Feet 0.3048 Meters
Feet per min 0.5080 Centimeters per second
Feet per min 0.011364 Miles per hour
Feet per (sec)2 0.3048 Meters per (sec)2
Feet of water at 39.2° F 2989 Newtons per square meter
Foot-poundals 3.995 x 10-5 Btu
Foot-poundals 0.04214 Joules
Foot-poundals 4.159 x 10-4 Liter-atmospheres
Foot-pounds 0.0012856 Btu
Foot-pounds 0.3239 Calories, gram
Foot-pounds 32.174 Foot-poundals
Foot-pounds 5.051 x 10-7 Horsepower-hours
Foot-pounds 3.766 x 10-7 Kilowatt-hours
Foot-pounds 0.013381 Liter-atmospheres
Foot-pounds force 1.3558 Joules
Foot-pounds per sec 0.0018182 Horsepower
Foot-pounds per sec 0.0013558 Kilowatts
C Furlongs 0.125 Miles
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.03175 Barrels (U.S. liquid)
Gallons 0.003785 Cubic meters
Gallons 0.13368 Cubic feet
Gallons 0.8327 Gallons (Imperial)
Gallons 3.785 Liters
Gallons 128 Ounces (U.S. fluid)
App. C-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA

Gallons per min 8.021 Cubic feet per hour
Gallons per min 0.002228 Cubic feet per second
Gallons per min 227.1 Liters per hour
Gallons per min 3.785 Liters per minute
Grains 0.06480 Grams
Grains 1/7000 Pounds
Grains per cu ft 2.2884 Grams per cubic meter
Grains per gallon 17.118 Parts per million
Grams 0.5644 Drams (avoir dupois)
Grams 0.2572 Drams (troy)
Grams 15.432 Grains
Grams 0.001 Kilograms
Grams 0.0022046 Pounds (avoir dupois)
Grams 0.002679 Pounds (troy)
Grams per cu cm 62.43 Pounds per cubic foot
Grams per cu cm 8.345 Pounds per gallon
Grams per liter 58.42 Grains per gallon
Grams per liter 0.0624 Pounds per cubic foot
Grams per sq cm 2.0482 Pounds per square foot
Grams per sq cm 0.014223 Pounds per square inch
Hectares 2.471 Acres
Hectares 10,000 Square meters
Horsepower (British) 42.42 Btu per minute
Horsepower (British) 2545 Btu per hour
Horsepower (British) 33,000 Foot-pounds per minute
Horsepower (British) 550 Foot-pounds per second
Horsepower (British) 745.7 Wafts
Horsepower (British) 1.0139 Horsepower (metric)
Horsepower (British) 0.175 Pounds carbon to CO2 per hour
Horsepower (British) 2.64 Pounds water evaporated per hour at 212° F
Horsepower (metric) 542.47 Foot-pounds per second
Horsepower (metric) 7.5 Kilogram-meters per second
Hours (mean solar) 3600 Seconds
Inches 0.0254 Meters
Inches of mercury at 60° F 13.61968 Inches of water
Inches of mercury at 60° F 3376.9 Newtons per square meter
Inches of water at 60° F 248.84 Newtons per square meter
Joules (absolute) 9.480 x 10-4 Btu (mean)
Joules (absolute) 0.2389 Calories, gram (mean)
C
Joules (absolute) 0.3485 Cubic foot-atmospheres
Joules (absolute) 0.7376 Foot-pounds
Joules (absolute) 2.7778 x 10-7 Kilowatt-hours
Joules (absolute) 0.009869 Liter-atmospheres
Kilocalories 4186.8 Joules
Kilograms 2.2046 Pounds (avoir dupois)
App. C-5

Kilograms force 9.807 Newtons
Kilograms per sq cm 14.223 Pounds per square inch
Kilograms per sq cm 1.02 Bars
Kilowatt-hours 3414 Btu
Kilowatt-hours 2.6552 x 106 Foot-pounds
Kilowatts 1.3410 Horsepower
Knots (international) 0.5144 Meters per second
Knots (nautical mph) 1.1516 Miles per hour
Lamberts 2.054 Candles per square inch
Liter-atmospheres 0.03532 Cubic foot-atmospheres
Liter-atmospheres 74.74 Foot-pounds
Liters 0.03532 Cubic feet
Liters 0.001 Cubic meters
Liters 0.26418 Gallons
Lumens 0.001496 Watts
Micromicrons 1 x 10-6 Microns
Microns 1x 104 Angstrom units
Microns 1 x 10-6 Meters
Miles (nautical) 6080 Feet
Miles (nautical) 1.1516 Miles (U.S. statute)
Miles 5280 Feet
Miles 1609.3 Meters
Miles per hour 1.4667 Feet per second
Miles per hour 0.4470 Meters per second
Milliliters 1 Cubic centimeters
Millimeters 0.001 Meters
Millimeters of Hg at 0° C 133.32 Newtons per square meter
Millimicrons 0.001 Microns
Mils 0.001 Inches
Mils 2.54 x 10-5 Meters
Minims (U.S.) 0.06161 Cubic centimeters
Minutes (angle) 2.909 x 10-4 Radians
Minutes (mean solar) 60 Seconds
Newtons 0.10197 Kilograms
Newtons 0.22481 Pounds force
N/m2 0.10197 Kilogram force per square meter
N/mm2 10.1968 Kilogram force per square cm
Ounces (avoir dupois) 0.02835 Kilograms
C Ounces (avoir dupois) 0.9115 ounces (troy)
Ounces (U.S. fluid) 2.957 x 10-5 Cubic meters
Ounces (troy) 1.000 Ounces (apothecaries')
Pints (U.S. liquid) 4.732 x 10-4 Cubic meters
Poundals 0.13826 Newtons
Pounds (avoir dupois) 7000 Grains
Pounds (avoir dupois) 0.45359 Kilograms

Pounds (avoir dupois) 1.2153 Pounds (troy)
Pounds per cu ft 0.016018 Grams per cubic centimeter
Pounds per cu ft 16.018 Kilograms per cubic meter
Pounds per sq ft 4.725 x 10-4 Atmospheres
Pounds per sq ft 4.882 Kilograms per square meter
Pounds per sq in 0.06805 Atmospheres
Pounds per sq in 0.07031 Kilograms per square cm
Pounds per sq in 6894.8 Newtons per square meter
Pounds force 4.4482 Newtons
Pounds force per sq ft 47.88 Newtons per square meter
Pounds water evaporated
from and at 212° F 0.379 Horsepower-hours
Pound-centigrade units (pcu) 1.8 Btu
Quarts (U.S. liquid) 9.464 x 10-4 Cubic meters
Radians 57.30 Degrees
Revolutions per min 0.10472 Radians per second
Seconds (angle) 4.848 x 10-6 Radians
Slugs 1 Gee pounds
Slugs 14.594 Kilograms
Slugs 32.17 Pounds
Square cm 0.0010764 Square feet
Square feet 0-.0929 Square meters
Square feet per hr 2.581 x 10-5 Square meters per sec
Square inches 6.452 Square centimeters
Square inches 6.452 x 10-4 Square meters
Square inches 645.2 Square millimeters
Square yards 0.8361 Square meters
Stokes 1 x 10-4 Square meters per sec
Tons (long) 1016 Kilograms
Tons (long) 2240 Pounds
Tons (metric) 1000 Kilograms
Tons (metric) 2204.6 Pounds
Tons (metric) 1.1023 Tons (short)
Tons (short) 907.18 Kilograms
Tons (short) 2000 Pounds
Tons (refrigeration) 12,000 Btu per hour
Tons (British shipping) 42.00 Cubic feet
Tons (U.S. shipping) 40.00 Cubic feet
Torr (mm mercury, 0° C) 133.32 Newtons per square meter
C
Wafts 3.413 Btu per hour
Wafts 1 Joules per second
Wafts 0.10197 Kilogram-meters per sec
Waft-hours 3600 Joules
Yards 0.9144 Meters
App. C-7
APPENDIX C CONVERSION TABLES
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CONVERSION TABLE

Multiply by Table Values to Convert to These Units
To Convert
From: m3/s dm3/s ft 3/d ft 3/hr ft 3/min ft 3/s
m3/s 1 103 3.05119 x 106 1.2713 x 105 2.1189 x 103 3.5315 x 101
dm3/s 10-3 1 3.05119 x 103 1.2713 x 102 2.1189 3.5315 x 10 -2
ft3/d 3.277 x 10-7 3.277413 x 10-4 1 4.1667 x 10-2 6.9444 x 10-4 1.15741 x 10-5
ft3/hr 7.866 x 10-6 7.865791 x 10-3 24 1 1.6667 x 10-2 2.7778 x 10-4
ft3/min 4.719 x 10-4 4.719474 x 10-1 1.4400 x 103 60 1 1.6667 x 10-4
ft3/s 2.832 x 10-2 2.831685 x 101 8.6400 x 104 3600 60 1
U.K. gal/hr 1.263 x 10-6 1.262803 x 10-3 2.6717 1.1132 x 10-1 1.8554 x 10-3 3.0923 x 10-5
U.S. gal/hr 1.052 x 10-6 1.051503 x 10-3 3.20856 1.3369 x 10-1 2.2282 x 10-3 3.7136 x 10-5
U.K. gal/min 7.577 x 10-5 7.576820 x 10-2 1.6030 x 102 6.6793 1.1132 x 10-1 1.8554 x 10-3
U.S. gal/min 6.309 x 10-5 6.309020 x 10-2 1.9253 x 102 8.0220 1.337 x 10-1 2.228 x 10-3
bbl/d 1.840 x 10-6 1.840131 x 10-3 5.615 2.3396 x 10-1 3.899 x 10-3 6.499 x 10-5
bbl/hr 4.416 x 10-5 4.416314 x 10-2 1.3476 x 102 5.615 9.358 x 10-2 1.5597 x 10-3
To Convert U.K. U.S. U.K. U.S.

From: gal/hr gal/hr gal/min gal/min bbl/d bbl/hr
m3/s 7.9189 x 105 9.5102 x 105 1.3198 x 104 1.5850 x 104 5.4344 x 105 2.2643 x 104
dm3/s 7.9189 x 102 9.5102 x 102 1.3198 x 101 1.5850 x 101 5.4344 x 102 2.2643 x 101
ft3/d 3.7429 x 10-1 3.1167 x 10-1 6.2383 x 10-3 5.1940 x 10-3 1.781 x 10-1 7.421 x 10-3
ft3/hr 8.9831 7.48 1.4972 x 10-1 1.2466 x 10-1 4.274 1.781 x 10-1
ft3/min 5.3897 x 102 4.488 x 102 8.983 7.48 2.565 x 102 1.069 x 101
ft3/s 3.234 x 104 2.693 x 104 5.3897 x 102 4.488 x 102 1.539 x 104 6.411 x 102
U.K. gal/hr 1 8.327 x 10-1 1.667 x 10-2 1.3878 x 10-2 4.758 x 10-1 1.983 x 10-2
U.S. gal/hr 1.20094 1 2.00157 x 10-2 1.667 x 10-2 5.714 x 10-1 2.381 x 10-2
U.K. gal/min 60 4.9961 x 101 1 8.3268 x 10-1 2.855 x 101 1.189
U.S. gal/min 7.2056 x 101 60 1.20094 1 3.428 x 101 1.429
bbl/d 2.1017 1.750 3.503 x 10-2 2.917 x 10-2 1 4.1667 x 10-2
bbl/hr 5.044 x 101 42 8.407 x 10-1 7.000 x 10-1 24 1
CONVERSION TABLES APPENDIX C
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CONVERSION TABLE

To Convert g/cm-s 2 kg/m-s2 lbm/ft-s 2

From: (dyne/cm2) (N/m2) (poundal/ft2) lbf/ft 2
g/cm-s-2 (dyne/cm2) 1 10-1 6.7197 x 10-2 2.0886 x 10-3

kg/m-s2 (N/m2) 10 1 6.7197 x 10-1 2.0886 x 10-2
lbm /ft-s2 (poundal/ft2) 1.4882 x 101 1.4882 1 3.1081 x 10-2
lbf/ft2 4.7880 x 102 4.7880 x 101 32.1740 1
lbf/in2 6.8947 x 104 6.8947 x 103 4.6330 x 103 144
Atmospheres (atm) 1.0133 x 105 1.0133 x 105 6.8087 x 104 2.1162 x 103
mm Hg 1.332 x 103 1.332 x 102 8.9588 x 101 2.7845
in. Hg 3.3864 x 104 3.3864 x 103 2.2756 x 103 7.0727 x 101
bar 103 102 6.720 x 104 2.088 x 103
Pa 10-2 10-3 6.720 x 10-1 2.089 x 10-2
kPa 10 1 6.720 x 102 2.089 x 101
To Convert lb f/in2 Atmospheres

From: (psi) (atm) mm Hg in. Hg
g/cm-s-2 (dyne/cm2) 1.4504 x 10-5 9.8692 x 10-7 7.5006 x 10-4 2.9530 x 10-5
kg/m-s2 (N/m2) 1.4504 x 10-4 9.8692 x 10-6 7.5006 x 10-3 2.9530 x 10-5
lbm /ft-s2 (poundal/ft2) 2.1584 x 10-4 1.4687 x 10-5 1.1162 x 10-2 2.9530 x 10-4
lbf/ft2 6.9444 x 10-3 4.7254 x 10-4 3.5913 x 10-1 1.4139 x 10-2
lbf/in2 1 6.8046 x 10-2 5.1715 x 101 2.0360
Atmospheres (atm) 14.696 1 760 29.921
mm Hg 1.9337 x 10-2 1.3158 x 10-3 1 3.9370 x 10-2
in. Hg 4.9116 x 10-1 3.3421 x 10-2 25.400 1
bar 1.450 x 10-3 9.869 x 10-1 7.5006 x 102 2.953 x 101
Pa 1.450 x 10-4 9.869 x 10-6 7.5006 x 10-3 2.953 x 10-4
kPa 1.450 x 10-3 9.869 x 10-3 7.5006 2.953 x 10-1
To Convert
From: bar Pa kPa
g/cm-s-2 (dyne/cm2) 10-3 102 10-1
kg/m-s2 (N/m2) 10-2 1.000-3 1.000
lbm /ft-s2 (poundal/ft2) 1.488 x 10-5 1.488 1.488 x 10-3
lbf/ft2 4.78803 x 10-4 4.78803 x 101 4.78803 x 10-2
lbf/in2 6.89476 x 102 6.89476 x 103 6.89476
Atmospheres (atm) 1.01325 1.01325 x 105 1.01325 X 102
mm Hg 1.33322 x 10-3 1.33322 x 102 1 .33322 x 10-1
in. Hg 3.38638 x 10-2 3.38638 x 103 3.38638
bar 1 105 100
Pa 10-5 1 10-3
kPa 10-2 103 1
App. C-9
VISCOSITY CONVERSION TABLE

To Convert g-cm -1-s-1

From: (poise) kg-m-1-s-1 lbm-ft -1-s-1 lbf-s-ft -2 lbf-s-in-2
g-cm-1-s-1 (poise) 1 10-1 6.7197 x 10-2 2.0886 x 10-3 1.4504 x 10-5
kg-m-1-s-1 10 1 6.7197 x 10-1 2.0886 x 10-2 1.4504 x 10-4
lbm-ft-1-s-1 1.4882 x 101 1.4882 1 3.1081 x 10-2 2.1584 x 10-4
lbf-s-ft-2 4.7880 x 102 4.7880 x 101 32.1740 1 6.9444 x 10-3
lbf-s-in-2 6.895 x 104 6.895 x 103 4.633 x 103 144 1
centipoise 10-2 10-3 6.7197 x 10-4 2.0886 x 10-5 1.4503 x 10-7
lbm-ft-1-hr-1 4.1338 x 10-3 4.1338 x 10-4 2.7778 x 10-4 8.6336 x 10-6 5.995 x 10-2
kgf-s-m-2 9.806 x 101 9.806 6.589 2.048 x 10-1 1.4223 x 10-3
mPa-s 10-2 10-3 6.719 x 10-4 2.089 x 10-5 1.4504 x 10-7
To Convert
From: centipoise lb m-ft -1-hr-1 kgf-s-m-2 mPa-s
g-cm-1-s-1 (poise) 102 2.4191 x 102 1.0198 x 10-2 102
kg-m-1-s-1 103 2.4191 x 103 1.020 x 10-1 103
lbm-ft-1-s-1 1.4882 x 103 3600 1.518 x 10-1 1.4882 x 103
lbf-s-ft-2 4.7880 x 104 1.1583 x 105 4.883 4.78803 x 104
lbf-s-in-2 6.895 x 106 1.668 x 101 7.0309 x 102 6.89476 x 106
centipoise 1 2.4191 1.0198 x 10-4 1
lbm-ft-1-hr-1 4.1338 x 10-1 1 4.216 x 10-5 4.1338 x 10-1
kgf-s-m-2 2 9.806 x 103 2.372 x 104 1 9.80665 x 103
mPa-s 1 2.419 1.0197 x 10-4 1
FORCE CONVERSION TABLE

To Convert g-cm-s -2 kg-m-s-2 lbm-ft-s -2 U.K. U.S.

From: (dyne) (N) (poundal) lbf ton f ton f
g-cm-s-2 (dyne) 1 10-5 7.2330 x 10-5 2.2481 x 10-6 1.004 x 10-3 1.124 x 10-3
kg-m-s-2 (N) 105 1 7.2330 2.2481 x 10-1 100.4 112.4
lbm-ft-s-2 (poundal) 1.3826 x 104 1.3826 x 10-1 1 3.1081 x 10-2 1.388 x 101 1.554 x 101
lbf 4.4482 x 105 4.4482 32.1740 1 4.464 x 102 5.00 x 102
U.K. ton f 9.964 x 102 9.964 x 10-3 7.207 x 10-2 2.240 x 10-3 1 1.120
U.S. ton f 8.896 x 102 8.896 x 10-3 6.435 x 10-2 2.000 x 10-3 0.8929 1
CONVERSION TABLES APPENDIX C
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT CONVERSION TABLE

To Convert From: Multiply By To Obtain
pcu/(hr) (ft2) (° C) 1 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F)
kg-cal/(hr) (m2) (° C) 0.2048 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F)
g-cal/(sec) (cm2) (° C) 7380 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F)
watts/(cm2) (° C) 1760 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F)
watts/(in2) (° F) 490 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) .1 pcu/(hr) (ft2) (° C)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) 4.88 kg-cal/(hr) (m2) (° C)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) 0.0001355 g-cal/(sec) (cm2) (° C)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) 0.000568 watts/(cm2) (° C)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) 0.00204 watts/(in2) (° F)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) 0.000394 hp/(ft2) (° F)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F) 5.678 joules/(sec) (m2) (° C)
kg-cal/(hr) (m2) (° C) 1.163 joules/(sec) (m2) (° C)
watts/(m2) (° C) 1.0 joules/(sec) (m2) (° C)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT CONVERSION TABLE

To Convert From: Multiply By To Obtain
g-cal/(sec) (cm2) (° C/cm) 2903.0 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F/in)
watts/(cm2) (° C/cm) 694.0 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F/in)
g-cal/(sec) (cm2) (° C/cm) 0.8064 Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F/in)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F/ft) 1.731 joules/(sec) (m) (° C)
Btu/(hr) (ft2) (° F/ft) 1.163 joules/(sec) (m) (° C)
VARIOUS VALUES OF THE IDEAL GAS LAW CONSTANT

Temperature Pressure Volume Weight Energy
Scale Units Units Units Units R
Rankine — — lb-moles Btu 1.9872
— — lb-moles hp-hr 0.0007805
— — lb-moles kw-hr 0.0005819
atm ft3 lb-moles atm-ft3 0.7302
in. Hg ft3 lb-moles in. Hg-ft3 21.85
mm. Hg ft3 lb-moles mm. Hg-ft3 555.0
lb/in2abs ft3 lb-moles (lb) (ft3)/in2 10.73
lb/ft2abs ft3 lb-moles ft-lb 1545.0
Kelvin — — g-moles calories 1.9872
— — g-moles joules (abs) 8.3144
— — g-moles joules (int) 8.3130
atm cm3 g-moles atm-cm3 82.057
atm liters g-moles atm-liters 0.08205
mm Hg liters g-moles mm Hg-liters 62.361
bar liters g-moles bar-liters 0.08314
kg/cm2 liters g-moles kg/(cm2) (liters) 0.08478
atm ft3 lb-moles atm-ft3 1.314
mm Hg ft3 lb-moles mm Hg-ft3 998.9 C
— — lb-moles chu or pcu 1.9872
App. C-11
Appendix D
BIBLIOGRAPHY
App. D-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES
ASPE Data Book 1983-1984, Volume 1, Fundamentals of Howard, A.K. Laboratory Load Tests on Buried Flexible Pipe,
Plumbing Design. American Society of Plumbing Engineers, Journal AWWA, (October 1972)
Sherman Oaks, CA (1983)
Howard, Amster K. Modulus of Soil Reaction (E') Values for
ASPE Data Book 1981-1982, Volume 11, Special Plumbing Buried Flexible Pipe, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering
System Designs. American Society of Plumbing Engineers, Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT, Proceedings Paper 12700
Sherman Oaks, CA (1989) (Jan.1977)
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 8.04, Plastic Pipe Karassik, Igor J., William C. Krutzsch, Warren H. Fraser and
and Building Products. Philadelphia, PA (1986) Joseph P. Messina. Pump Handbook, 2nd Ed. (1986)
Asahi/America’s Proline Systems Engineering Design Guide Kent, George R. Preliminary Pipeline Sizing. Chemical
(1990) Engineering Magazine (Sept. 25, 1978) (p. 17)
Austin, George T. Shreve's Chemical Process Industries. 5th Kern, Robert (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.) How To Compute Pipe
Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984) Size. Chemical Engineering Magazine (Jan. 6, 1975) (p. 19)
Balzhiser, R.E., M.R. Samuels, and J.D. Eliassen. Chemical Kern, Robert (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.) How To Design Piping
Engineering Thermodynamics. Prentice-Hall (1972) For Pump-Suction Conditions. Chemical Engineering Magazine
(April 28, 1975) (p. 25)
Barnard, R.E. Design and Deflection Control of Buried Steel
Pipe Supporting Earth and Live Loads. American Society for Kern, Robert (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.) How To Size Piping For
Testing and Materials, Proc. 57 (1957) Pump-Discharge Conditions. Chemical Engineering Magazine
(May 26, 1975) (p. 32)
Baumeister, T., and L. Marks. Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers, 8th Ed., McGraw-Hill (1978) Kern, Robert (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.) Pump Piping Design.
Chemical Engineering Magazine (Oct. 11, 1971) (p. 40)
Calculation and Shortcut Deskbook. Chemical Engineering
Kerr, S.L. Surges in Pipelines — Oil and Water. Trans. ASME,
Chimes, A.R. Fast Way To Choose Pipe Diameters. 72:667 (1950)
Weehawken, NJ (p. 70)
Kerr, S.L. Water Hammer—A Problem in Engineering Design.
Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping, ANSI/ASME Consulting Engineer (May 1958)
B31.3. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New
York, NY (1999) Kerr, S.L. Water Hammer Control. Journal AWWA, 43:985
(Dec. 1951)
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. Fluid Flow Pocket Handbook.
Houston, TX (1984) King, Reno C. and Sabin Crocker. Piping Handbook, 5th
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1973)
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. Heat Transfer Pocket Handbook.
Houston, TX (1984) LaLonde, William S., Jr., and William J. Stack-Staikidis
Professional Engineers’ Examination Questions and Answers.
Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. ASME 4th Edition (1984)
Manual and Report on Engineering Practice. No. 37. (WPCF
Manual of Practice No. 9). American Society of Civil Engineers Liu, Henry. Manning's Coefficient for Smooth Pipes. ASCE
and the Water Pollution Control Federation, New York, NY (1974) Journal of Sanitary Engineer. Div. Proc. 98SA2,353 (1972)
Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe. Technical Managing Corrosion With Plastics. Volume IV, National
Paper No. 410, 21st Printing, Crane Co., Chicago, IL (1982) Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX (1979)
Handbook of PVC Pipe Design and Construction. Uni-Bell Mruk, Stanley A. Thermoplastics Piping: A Review. (p. 3)
Plastic Pipe Association, Dallas, TX (1979)
Rubens, A.C. Designing RTRP Systems Utilizing Published
D Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Engineering Data. (p. 30)
Products. American Iron and Steel Institute, Donnelley and
Sons Co. (1971) Managing Corrosion With Plastics. Volume V, National
Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX (1983)
App. D-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clark, Clayton F. The Use of Large Diameter Polyolefin Pipe in Simpson, Larry L. and Martin L. Weirick (Union Carbide Corp.)
Corrosion Resistant Applications. (p. 15) Designing Plant Piping. Chemical Engineering Magazine
(April 3, 1978) (p. 3)
Dicks, M., K. Graf, R.H. Nurse. Evaluation of the Chemical
Resistance of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Materials for Sommers, K.Criteria, Tools And Practices For High Purity Water
Piping and Other Engineering Applications. (p. 24) Distribution Systems. Tall Oaks Publishing, Inc. Ultra Pure
Water Magazine (May/June 2000)
Hall, Rowland. Design and Installation of Above Ground
Thermoplastic Piping Systems. (p. 133) Spangler, M.G. The Structural Design of Flexible Pipe Culverts.
Bulletin 153, Iowa Engineering Experiment Station, Ames, IA
Schlanger, L.M., E.R. Baumgaertner, W.A. Miller (1941)
Fluorplastics. (p. 98)
Spangler, M.G., and R.L. Handy Soil Engineering. Intext
Marston, Anson and A.0. Anderson. The Theory of Loads on Educational Publ., New York, NY (1973)
Pipes in Ditches and Tests of Cement and Clay Drain Tile and
Sewer Pipe. Bul. 31, Iowa Engineering Experiment Station, Standard Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Ames, IA (1913) Purposes. ASTM D2487. American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Means Mechanical Cost Data. 7th Annual Edition, Robert Snow
Means Co., Kingston, MA (1983) Standard Method of Test for Relative Density of Cohesionless
Soils. ASTM D2049. American Society for Testing and
Modern Plastics Encyclopedia. Issued annually by Modern Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Plastics. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985 Edition)
Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil in Place by the
Page, John S. and James G. Nation. Estimator’s Piping Man Rubber-Balloon Method. ASTM D2167. American Society for
Hour Manual. 3rd Edition, Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX (1979) Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Perry, Robert H., and Cecil H. Chilton. Chemical Engineers Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil in Place by the
Handbook. 6th Edition (1984) Sand-Cone Method. ASTM D1556. American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Peters, M., and K. Timmerhaus. Plant Design and Economics
for Chemical Engineers. 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill (1980) Standard Practice for Description of Soils (Visual-Manual)
Procedure. ASTM D2488. American Society for Testing and
Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Design and Installa- Materials, Philadelphia, PA
tion. PPI Technical Report PPI-TR13. Plastics Pipe Institute,
New York, NY (Aug. 1973) 1994 Standard Recommended Practice for Underground Installation
of Flexible Thermoplastic Sewer Pipe. ASTM D2321. American
Power Piping, ANSI/ASME B31.1. 1999 Edition, The American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY
Standard Recommended Practice for Underground Installation
Prabhudesai, Rajaram K., and Dilip K. Das. Chemical of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping. ASTM D2774. American
Engineering for Professional Engineers’ Examinations. (1984) Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Plastics Piping Manual. Plastics Pipe Institute, New York, NY Thermal Expansion and Contraction of Plastic Pipe. PPI
(1976) Technical Report, PPI-TR21. Plastics Pipe Institute, New York,
NY (Sept. 1973)
Reinhart, Frank W. Long-Term Hydrostatic Strengths of
Thermoplastic Pipe. Proceedings — 4th American Gas Timoshenko, S. and D.H. Young. Elements of Strength of
Association Plastic Pipe Symposium, Arlington, VA (1973) Materials. 4th Edition, Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, p. 111,
p. 139.
Robinson, Randall N. Chemical Engineering Review Manual.
3rd Edition, San Carlos, CA (1984) Timoshenko, S.P. Theory of Elastic Stability. 2nd Edition,
McGraw-Hill, (1961)
Schweitzer, Philip A. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection D
Handbook. Fairfield, NJ (1983) Timoshenko, S.P. Strength of Materials, Part II — Advanced
Theory and Problems. Van Nostrand Co, Princeton, NJ
(1968) pp. 187-190.
App. D-3
BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES
Tuthill, Arthur H. Installed Cost of Corrosion — Resistant Piping,

Part I. Chemical Engineering Magazine (March 31, 1986) (p. 113)
Tuthill, Arthur H. Installed Cost of Corrosion-Resistant Piping,

Part Il. Chemical Engineering Magazine (March 31, 1986)
(p. 125)
Watkins, R.K. and A.P. Moser. Response of Corrugated Steel

Pipe to External Soil Pressures. Highway Research Record 373
(1971) pp. 88-112
Watkins, R.K., A.P. Moser and R.R. Bishop. Structural Response

of Buried PVC Pipe. Modern Plastics (Nov. 1973) pp. 88-90
Watkins, RK, and A.B. Smith. Ring Deflection of Buried Pipe.

Journal AWWA, Vol. 59, No. 3 (March 1967)
Watkins, R.K., and M.G. Spangler. Some Characteristics of the

Modulus of Passive Resistance of Soil — A Study in Similitude.
Watkins, R.K. Design of Buried, Pressurized Flexible Pipe.

ASCE National Transportation Engineering Meeting in Boston,
MA. Appendix C (July 1970)
Water Flow Characteristics of Thermoplastic Pipe. PPI

Technical Report, PPI-TR14. Plastics Pipe Institute, New York,
NY (1971)
Williams, D.J. Polymer Science and Engineering. Prentice-Hall,

(1971)
Yamartino, J. Installed Cost of Corrosion-Resistant Piping -

1978. Chemical Engineering Magazine (Nov. 20, 1978)
App. D-4 P.O. Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI /AMERICA
INDEX E
INDEX
Index E-1
INDEX
A Expansion loop: C-12, C-13, C-18, C-14

Access tee: D-20 Expansion offsets: C-12, C-18
Air-Pro: D-28 Extrusion welding: F-16, D-25
Annular space: D-19, D-20, App. A-16 to A-17
F
B Fabrication: D-24
Backfilling: C-26, C-27 Flange: F-2
Ball valves: G-3 Flexible bellows: C-12, C-18
Bead formations: F-26 Flexible design: C-19, C-20
Bedding constant: App. B-11 Flexible system design: C-12
Bending: C-28 Flow capacity: G-2
Bending radius: App. A-6 Flow rate: D-5
Bernoulli equation: C-7 Fluid dynamics: C-4
Burial: C-23, C-24, C-25 Fluid-lok: C-16, D-13
Butt fusion: F-5, F-6, F-34, F-38, F-69, D-6, D-8 Force transfer coupling: C-17
Butterfly valves: F-2, G-3 Free hand: F-15
Friction losses: App. A-11
C
Cable leak detection: D-19 G
Cavitation: C-8 Gate valves: G-4
Change in direction: C-13, C-14, C-18, C-19 Gooseneck: C-10
Chemical reaction: E-4
Chemical resistance: E-2, E-7 H
Chlorinated hydrocarbon: F-3 H20 highway loading: C-24
Chlorine: F-3 Halar: A-3
Cleanroom: F-20 Hand-held welding: F-14
Combined stress: C-11, C-16 Hanging: C-21
Compartments: D-19 Hazen and Williams method: C-6
Compound pipe sizing: C-8 HDB: C-3
Compressed air: F-67, C-10 Heat gain: App. A-21 to A-37
Compressed air system: D-27 Heat loss: App. A-18 to A-20
Compressible fluids: C-10 Heat tracing: C-29, C-30, C-31
Compressor: D-29 High-purity system design: D-2
Concentration: E-3 High-speed welding: F-15
Conversion tables: App. C-2 to C-11 Hot air: D-25
CPVC: A-3 Hot DI: D-3
HPF: F-20, F-23, F-27, F-35
D HPF fusion: F-13
Darcy: C-6 Hydrostatic design basis: C-3
Darcy Method: C-5
dead leg: D-3, D-4 I
Diaphragm valves: G-4 Inspection: F-39, F-49, F-60, F-71
Dimensional: App. A-13 to A-15 Inspection Labels: F-26
Dogbone: D-14 instrumentation fittings: D-4
Double Contained Valves: D-15 insulation: C-29, C-31
Drain: C-9 IR fusion: F-12, D-6, D-9
Duo-Pro: C-16, D-12
J
E Jumper cable: D-21
E' modulus: C-24, App. B-11
E-CTFE: A-3 L
Earth loads: C-23 Leak detection: F-9, D-10, D-18
Electro fusion: F-35, F-38 Leak detection cable: C-25
Electro-conductive polypropylene: B-3 Leak detectors: D-14
End load: C-11, C-16 Light trap: D-5
EPA requirements: D-10, D-16 Live load: C-24
Equal percent: G-2 Low point: D-18
Equivalent lengths: App. A-12 low point sensors: D-19
E
Index E-2 Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com Rev. EDG– 02/A
INDEX
M S
Manning equation: C-9 Schedule ratings: C-2
Martson soil load: C-24, App. B-3 to B-10 SDR: C-2
Modulus of elasticity: App. A-5 Self-extinguishing polypropylene: B-3
Monitoring flow: D-5 Sensor cable: D-21
Moody friction factor: C-5 Side-wall fusion: F-14
Simultaneous butt-fusion: F-6
N Snaking: C-27
Net positive suction head: C-8 Socket fusion: F-4, F-35, F-38, F-68, D-6, D-8
Non-compressible fluids: C-4 Soil load: App. A-7
Solef: A-4
O Solvation effect: E-4
Offset: C-13, C-19 SP series: F-22
Operating pressures: App. A-2 Spider clip: D-12
Ozone: D-5 Sprinkler systems: D-23
Staggered butt-fusion: F-10, C-20
P Standard dimensional ratio: C-2
Packaging: F-24 Stress cracking: E-4, E-5
PE: A-3 Support discs: D-12, D-20
PE100: B-4 Support Spacing: App. A-3 to A-5
PE80: B-4
PFA: F-28 T
Pipe pistons: C-12, C-18 T-valves: D-4
Plasticization: E-4 Tack welding: F-15
Poly-flo: F-57, D-12 Temperature: E-3
Polyethylene: B-4 Terminal velocity: C-9
polypropylene: B-2 Testing: F-31, F-41, F-51, F-52, F-53, F-63, F-73
PolyPure: F-25 Thermal conductivity: C-29
Polyvinylidene Fluoride: B-5 Thermal design: C-29
PP: A-3 Thermal expansion: C-11, C-15, C-20
PPH-s: B-3 Thermal stress: C-11, C-16
PPR-el: B-3 Threading: F-2
PPR-s-el: B-3 Tool selection: F-34, F-45
Pressure drop: C-6, C-7, C-10, App. A-8 to A-10 Torque: F-2
Pressure loss: C-5 Training: F-36, F-47, F-59, F-70
Pressure test: F-31 Trench: C-26
Prism load: C-23, App. B-2
Product pipe: D-11 U
Pull Port Tee: D-20 U-bolt hanger: C-21
Purad: A-4, F-20, F-24, B-5 Ultraviolet: D-5
Pure water system: D-2 UV: F-3, D-8, D-17, D-24, D-29
PVC: A-3 UV sterilizing lamps: D-5
PVDF: A-3, B-5, D-2
V
Q Velocity: C-4. App. A-8 to A-10
Quick opening: G-2 Vent piping: C-9
Ventilation: D-23, D-24
R Visual inspection: D-21
Repair: F-42, F-54, F-55, F-64, F-74 Vortex meters: D-5
Resistivity probe: D-4 Vortex principal: D-5
Restraint: C-12
Restraint design: C-17 W
Restraint dogbone: D-16 Waste: C-9
Restraint fitting: D-8 Weatherability: F-3, D-17
Restraint shoulders: C-17 Weld inspection: F-37
Reynolds’ number: C-4, C-5, D-3
E
Index E-3
WARRANTY
Warranty; Limitation on Liability. Asahi/America, Inc., ("Seller") warrants, to the original Buyer only, that all
products delivered hereunder shall be free from defects in design and manufacture for a period of one year
from the date of delivery, provided that such products are installed, used, operated, adjusted and serviced only
in a proper and appropriate manner and in strict accordance with any instructions relating thereto furnished to
Buyer by Seller. In no event shall the foregoing warranty extend to any products in any way caused or allowed
to be, or installed , operated or used in such a manner as to be, subject or exposed to conditions of misuse,
abuse or accident.
THE FOREGOING WARRANTY IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NO IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR
ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NO IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING BY USAGE OF TRADE, COURSE OF
DEALING OR COURSE OF PERFORMANCE IS GIVEN BY SELLER OR SHALL ARISE BY OR IN CONNECTION
WITH THIS SALE AND/OR THE SELLER'S AND/OR BUYER'S CONDUCT IN RELATION THERETO OR TO
EACH OTHER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL SELLER BE LIABLE ON ANY SUCH WARRANTY WITH RESPECT
TO ANY PRODUCT.
Liability of the Seller under or in connection with this sale and/or the foregoing warranty shall be limited, at
the sole option of the Seller, to one repair of, replacement of, or a refund of the purchase price of any products
or part thereof (a), with respect to which Seller receives, promptly after Buyer's discovery of any alleged defect
and prior to the expiration of the one-year warranty period as provided above, notice from Buyer or Buyer's
claim defect and (b) which shall be returned to Seller by Buyer, as provided herein, promptly after Buyer's dis-
covery of such alleged defect and which shall be determined by the Seller to have proven defective within the
one-year warranty period provided above; failure by Buyer to notify Seller and return such products to Seller
after Buyer's discovery of such alleged defect shall constitute a waiver by Buyer of any an all claims of any
kind with respect thereto. Any products returned by Buyer to Seller under the foregoing terms shall be
returned to Seller's place of business freight prepaid, accompanied or preceded by Buyer's particularized
statement of the claimed defect. The risk of loss and freight charges to and from Seller in connection with any
returned products shall be borne by Buyer; but Seller shall bear such additional freight charges arising in con-
nection with any such returned products ultimately determined by Seller to be defective under the terms of the
foregoing warranty, the cost of repair or replacement (if any) of such products, and the risk of loss or damage
which such products are in Seller's possession at its place of business. The foregoing remedy shall constitute
the sole and exclusive remedy of the Buyer under or in connection with this sale and/or warranty of the Seller.
Except as specifically provided herein, Seller shall not be responsible or liable for any costs, expenses or dam-
ages of Buyer in connection with any removal, repair or replacement (including any attempts or actions relating
thereto) of any allegedly defective products, and no charge of setoff of any kind of Buyer relating thereto shall
be made against the Seller without prior and specific written approval of Seller.
IN NO EVENT SHALL SELLER BE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT,

INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY IN CONNECTION WITH ANY
PRODUCTS OR THIS SALE.
The agreement of Seller to sell its products is expressly conditioned upon the Buyer's assent to, and Seller
agrees to sell its products only upon, all terms and conditions set forth above and on the face hereof. Buyer's
acceptance of any products provided under this sale shall constitute such assent.
PO Box 653 • 35 Green Street, Malden, MA 02148 • Tel: (800) 343-3618, (781) 321-5409 ASAHI/AMERICA
Fax: (800) 426-7058 • Internet: http://www.asahi-america.com • Email: asahi@asahi-america.com REV. EDG-02/A

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ENGINEERING

He loved this business, our company and all the

B Materials PP General Discussion

C Engineering Theory and

Engineering Theory and Design Considerations C

Application and System Design D

Appendix A – System Tables A

Appendix B –General Engineering Tables B

Appendix C– Conversion Tables C

The company’s growth continues by capitalizing on its exclusive agreements and

Asahi /America, now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Asahi Organic Chemical, is proud to

(1) Halar is a registered trademark of Ausimont Corporation.

Manufacturers intentionally use resin with slightly different

Solef is a registered trademark of Solvay Advanced Polymers Corporation.

Table B-1. Polypropylene Physical Properties

Table B-2. Special Grade Polypropylene Physical Properties

Table B-3. Polyethylene Physical Properties

DIN 53 736 °C 128 - 133 128 - 135

POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF) The suspension process, as opposed to emulsion or Type I

Corrosion Resistance Table B-4. Polyvinylidene Fluoride Physical Properties

Table B-5. Halar Physical Properties

ENGINEERING THEORY AND

Thermal Expansion Design . . . . . . . . . . .C-11

Hanging Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-21

Where: D = outside diameter

The design stress is based on the hydrostatic design basis

where F is a safety factor.

HDB is determined from testing the material according to

One key advantage to using SDR sizing is that all pipes in a

For example, a polypropylene pipe with an SDR equal to 11

It should be noted that in all SDR systems the determined

Table C-1. Example of SDRs

All material ratings are indicated in Asahi /America literature,

FLUID DYNAMICS To determine maximum velocity for clear liquids:

Basic definitions for fluid flow:

Where: ρ = fluid density, (lb/ft3)

Where: v = fluid velocity (ft/s) Typical velocities:

Sizing a Thermoplastic Piping Syse

Hazen and Williams Method

Figure C-1. Relatie

Oult et Piping for Pumps, Pressure Tanks, or

Pressure Drop for Fitit ngs v 21 v 22

NPSH = hatmos + Zpump - hfriction - hminor - hvapor 1 4

Where: hatmos = atmospheric pressure head

Determine minimum inside diameter by rearranging Where: v2 = velocity in leg 2 (ft/s)

448.8 is derived from (60 sec/min) x (7.48 gal/ft3)

d = inside diameter (in)

Where: VT = terminal velocity in stack (ft/s)

Flow capacity of the vertical stack depends on the diameter of

To prevent water from entering the branch line, gooseneck

Figure C-4. Main compressed air loop iw h

Figure C-5. Gooseneck fitit ng

THERMAL EXPANSION DESIGN THERMAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Progressive deformation may occur upon repeated thermal

A PVDF single wall pipe system with a combined stress of

SF = 1100 psi /500 psi = 2.2 Figure C-9. Improper design

Where: ∆L = change in length (in)

Figure C-8. Proper design

Fixed Point Figure C-11. Loop

Using the same procedure we now determine the growth

A=C D ∆L (C-49) EXAMPLE

Figure C-13. Changes in direction

First consider the expansion loop. Calculate the length of