ANSI/IEEE Std 519-1981

IEEE Guide for

Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of
Static Power Converters

Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, N Y 10017, USA
SHO 7 9 71
April 27, 1981
A
 ANSI/IEEE
Std 519-1981

A n American National Standard

IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and

Reactive Compensation of
Static Power Converters

Sponsor
Static Power Converter Committee of the
Industry Applications Society

Approved December 20, 1979

IEEE Standards Board

Approved April 29,1983

American National Standards Institute

@Copyright 1981 by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

345 East 47th Street, New York,NY 10017

N o part of this publication may be reproduced in any f o r m ,

in an electronic retrieval system o r otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
 Approved December 20,1979
IEEE Standards Board
Joseph L. Koepfinger, Chairman Irvin N. Howell, Jr, Vice Chairman
Ivan G . Easton, Secretary
G. Y. R. Allen Harold S. Goldberg J. E. May
William E. Andrus Richard J. Gowen Donald T. Michael*
C. N. Berglund H. Mark Grove R. L.Pritchard
Edward Chellotti Loering M. Johnson F. Rosa
Edward J. Cohen Irving Kolodny Ralph M. Showers
Warren H. Cook W. R. Kruesi J. W. Skooglund
R. 0. Duncan Leon Levy W. E. Vannah
Jay Forster B. W. Whittington

*Member emeritus
 Foreword

(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 519-1981, IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensa-
tion of Static Power Converters.)

This guide was prepared by the Harmonic and Reactive Compensation Subcommittee of the IEEE
Static Power Converter Committee. The subject is not new; it has been theoretically and experi-
mentally investigated for more than fifty years. Widespread use of converters, accentuation of prob-
lems, and involvement of nonspecialized personnel are, however, new. When work was started in
1974, static power converters using solid state devices had been used in industry for about ten years.
The technology had progressed to a state that promised increased use of these devices in application
from home use t o heavy industrial use. The need for a guide t o set practical limits on power system
noise from these devices became apparent.
During the past five years, patterns have been established where the interaction between static
power converters and reactive compensation equipment have led t o practices for correcting prob-
lems that occur. This guide has application guidelines t o control interaction between these two
types of equipment.
At the time it approved this guide the IEEE Subcommittee on Harmonic and Reactive Compensa-
tion of Static Converters of Electric Power had the following membership:

Ray P. Stratford, Chairman

D. L. Ashcroft 0. Johnson W. E. Newellt
W. H. Bixby A. Kirsh J. H. Ottevangers
J. H. Galloway S. T. Kohn R. G. Schieman
N. C. Herndon A. Kusko D. E. Steeper
D. Human E. J. Luoma L. F. Stringer
A. J. Humphrey* D. McLellont R. V. Wachter

- *past secretary
*deceased

This guide was prepared by a working group of the IEEE Subcommittee on Harmonic and Reactive
Compensation of Static Converters of Electric Power. The membership of the working group was:

R. P. Stratford, Chairman
D. L. Ashcroft 0. Johnson D. H. Potter
W. H. Bixby A. F. Kirsch R. G. Schieman
W. R. Caputo A. Kusko J. Simons
R. Edward A. Ludbrook H. M. Schlicke
J. H. Galloway E. J. Luoma D. E. Steeper
H. A. Gauper H. A. McColeman L. F. Stringer
N. C. Herndon D. McLellont R. V. Wachter
D. Human W. E. Newellt D. C. Washburn
A. J. Humphrey J. H. Ottevangers J. A. 1. Young
*deceased
 IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Com-
mittees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit-
tees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve
voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily mem-
bers of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent
a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute
as well as those activities outside of IEEE which have expressed an in-
terest in participating in the development of the standard.
Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an
IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to pro-
duce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and ser-
vices related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the view-
point expressed a t the time a standard is approved and issued is subject
to change brought about through developments in the state of the art
and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Stan-
dard is subjected to review at least once every five years for revision
or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old, and has
not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents,
although still of some value, d o not wholly reflect the present state of
the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the
latest edition of any IEEE Standard.
Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any
interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Sug-
gestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed
change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments.
Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the mean-
ing of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When
the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the
Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since
IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is
important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the con-
currence of a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the mem-
bers of its technical committees are not able to provide an instant re-
sponse to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter
has previously received formal consideration.
Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be ad-
dressed to:
Secretary, IEEE Standards Board
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
USA
 Contents

SECTION PAGE

1. IntroductionandScope ...................................................... 7
1.1 Introduction .......................................................... 7
1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Definitions and Letter Symbols ................................................ 7
2.1 Definitions ........................................................... 7
2.2 Letter Symbols ........................................................ 9
3. References ................................................................ 11
3.1 Standards References ................................................... 11
3.2 References ............................................................ 11
4. Converter Theory and Harmonic Generation ...................................... 11
..........................................................
4.1 Introduction 11
5. Reactive Power Compensation and Harmonic Control Techniques ..................... 15
5.1 Converter Power Factor ................................................. 15
5.2 Reactive Power Compensation ............................................ 17
5.3 Problems and Control of Harmonics ........................................ 21
6 . Calculation Methods ........................................................ 22
6.1 Calculation of Harmonic Currents .......................................... 22
6.2 System Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3 Telephone Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4 Line Notching Calculations (For Low Voltage Systems) ......................... 24
6.5 Distortion Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.6 System Calculation (Low Voltage, Below 1000 V) ............................. 26
6.7 Power Factor Improvement Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7. Measurements ............................................................. 28
7.1 LineNotching ......................................................... 29
7.2 Harmonics ............................................................ 30
7.3 Telephone Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.4 Flicker ............................................................... 31
7.5 Power Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8. Recommended Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.1 LineNotching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.2 Power Factor Correction ................................................. 34
8.3 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.4 Telephone Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.5 Flicker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9 . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9.1 Books and General Discussion ............................................. 42
9.2 Real and Wattless Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9.3 Waveform Analysis and Measurement Techniques .............................. 44
9.4 Standards and Engineering Recommendations ................................ 44
9.5 Waveform Analysis and Means for Harmonic Suppression/Power Averaging . . . . . . . . . . 45
9.6 Effects on Components and Systems ........................................ 48
FIGURES PAGE

Current and Voltage Wave Forms Delta. Six.Phase. Y.Double Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

h

Fig 1
Fig 2 Relations Among Angles Used in Converter Theory ............................ 14
Fig 3 Theoretical and Typical Values of Harmonic Current For a Six-Pulse Converter . . . . . . . 15
Fig 4 Relationship Between Distortion Displacement and Total Power Component . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig 5 Total Power Factor of Six-Pulse and Twelve-Pulse Converters. a = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fig 6 Determination of Displacement Power Factor
(Neglecting Transformer Exciting Current) ................................... 16
Fig 7 Reactive Power Versus dc Volts of Converter ................................. 17
Fig 8 Effect of Reactive Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Fig 9 Capacitors Switched in Binary Values ....................................... 18
Fig 10 Static VAR Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fig 11 Three-phase Diagram of One Bank of Capacitors ............................... 19
Fig 12 Self Saturating Reactor Scheme ............................................ 19
Fig 13 Power System Showing Harmonic Current and Voltage Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fig 14 Impedance Diagram of Power System ....................................... 23
Fig 15 Three-phase Full Wave Converter .......................................... 24
Fig 16 Voltage Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Fig17 InductanceDiagram .................................................... 25
Fig 18 Typical Power System and Equivalent Diagram ................................ 27
Fig 19 Power-Reactive Triangle for Power Factor Correction ........................... 28
Fig 20 Test Circuit for Measuring Current and Voltage
Using Potential Transformer and Current Transformer .......................... 29
Fig 21 Notch Depth Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fig 22 Simplified Diagram. Power Distribution System ............................... 32
Fig 23 Converter Connection t o Distribution System ................................. 33
Fig 24 Power System Showing Paralleling Between System .
and Shunt Capacitance Reactances ......................................... 34
Fig 25 Power System with Shunt Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fig26 Shuntpower Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fig 27 Theoretical Voltage Distortion Versus Short-circuit Ratio
for Six- and Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fig 28 1960 TIF Weighting Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Fig 29 Maximum Permissible Voltage Fluctuations .................................. 41

TABLES

Table 1 Harmonic Currents Present in Input Current t o a Typical

Static Power Converter in Per-Unit of the Fundamental Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 2 Low Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits for 460 V Systems . . . . . . . . 34
Table 3 Typical Filter Configuration Versus System Size .............................. 36
Table 4 Voltage Distortion Limits for Medium and High Voltage Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 5 1960 Single Frequency TIF Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 6 Typical 1.T Values for 48 V dc Converters .................................. 39
Table 7 Typical 1.T Values for 48 V dc Ferroresonant Converters ....................... 39
Table 8 Balanced I * TGuidelines for Converter Installations. Tie (Supply) Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
 A n American National Standard
IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and
Reactive Compensation of
Static Power Converters
1. Introduction and Scope
1.1 Introduction. Static power converters of
electric power are widely used in industry for
a variety of purposes, such as electrochemical
power supplies, adjustable speed drives, and un-
interruptible power supplies. These devices are
useful because they can convert ac to dc, dc to
ac, and ac to ac. This characteristic, however,
changes the sinusoidal nature of the ac power
current (and consequently the ac voltage drop),
resulting in the flow of harmonic currents in
the ac power system that can cause interference
with communication circuits and other equip-
ments. When reactive power compensation is
used with converters, resonance conditions can
cause high harmonic voltages and currents
when they occur at a harmonic associated with
the converter.
1.2 Scope. This guide applies to all types of
static power converters used in industrial and
commercial power systems. The purpose is to
discuss the problems, be an application guide,
and recommend limits of disturbances to the ac
power distribution system which affect other
equipments and communications. This guide is
not intended to cover the effect of radio-
frequency interference.
2. Definitions and Letter Symbols
2.1 Definitions. Definitions given herein are
tailored specifically to the harmonics generated
by static power converters at utility system
7
frequencies. Additional useful definitions will
be found in ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977,Standard
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms,
IEEE Std 223-1966, Standard Definitions of
Terms for Thyristors, IEEE Std 59-1962, Stan-
dard Semiconductor Rectifier components,
ANSI C34.2-1968, Practices and Requirements
for Semiconductor Power Rectifiers, and
ANSI/IEEE Std 444-1973, Standard Practices
and Requirements for Thyristor Converters and
Motor Drives: Part I -- Convertersfor DC Motor
Armature Supplies.
commutation. The transfer of unidirectional
current between thyristor (or diode) converter
circuit elements that conduct in succession.
converter. An equipment that changes electrical
energy from one form to another. A semicon-
ductor converter is a converter that uses thy-
ristors or diodes as the active elements in the
conversion process.
deviation from a sine wave. A single number
measure of the distortion of a sinusoid due to
harmonic components. It is equal to the ratio
of the absolute value of the maximum differ-
ence between the distorted wave and the funda-
mental to the crest value of the fundamental.
deviation from a sine wave, maximum theoret-
ical. For a nonsinusoidal wave, the ratio of the
arithmetic sum of the amplitudes (rms) of all
harmonics in the wave to the amplitude (rms)
of the fundamental.
distortion factor (harmonic factor). The ratio
of the root-mean-square of the harmonic con-
tent to the root-mean-square value of the funda-
mental quantity, expressed as a percent of the
fundamental.
IEEE
Std 519-1981
sum of squares of amplitudes
of all harmonics
square of amplitude
*loo%
of fundamental
filter. A generic term used in describing those
types of equipment whose purpose is t o reduce
the harmonic currents or the voltage flowing in
or being impressed upon specific parts of an
electrical power system, or both.
filter, damped. A filter generally consisting of
combinations of capacitors, reactors, and resis-
tors which have been selected in such a way as
t o present a low impedance over a broad range
of frequencies. The filter usually has a relatively
low Q ( X / R ) .
filter effectiveness (shunt). Defined by two
terms :
pf = the impedance ratio which determines
the per unit current which will flow into
the shunt filter
ps = the impedance ratio which determines
the per unit current which will flow into
the power source
pf should approach unity and ps should be
very small at the tuned frequency.
filter, high-pass. A filter having a single trans-
mission band extending from some cutoff
frequency, not zero, up t o infinite frequency.
filter, series. That type of filter which reduces
harmonics by putting a high series impedance
between the harmonic source and the system
t o be protected.
filter, shunt. That type of filter which reduces
harmonics by providing a low impedance path
to shunt the harmonics from the source away
from the system t o be protected.
filter, tuned. A filter consisting generally of
combinations of capacitors, inductors, and
resistors which have been selected in such a
way as t o present a relative minimum (maxi-
mum) impedance t o one or more specific fre-
quencies. For a shunt (series) filter the imped-
ance is a minimum (maximum). Tuned filters
generally have a relatively high Q ( X / R ) .
harmonic. A sinusoidal component of a periodic
wave or quantity having a frequency that is an
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.
NOTE: For example, a component, the frequency of
which is twice the fundamental frequency, is called a
second harmonic.
harmonic, characteristic. Those harmonics pro-
duced by semiconductor converter equipment
in the course of normal operation. In a six pulse
converter, the characteristic harmonics are the
nontriple odd harmonics, for example, the 5th,
7th, l l t h , 13th, etc.
h=kqk1
k = any integer
q = pulse number of converter
harmonic, noncharacteristic. Those harmonics
which are not produced by semiconductor con-
verter equipment in the course of normal opera-
tion. These may be a result of beat frequencies,
a demodulation of characteristic harmonics and
the fundamental, or unbalance in the ac power
system or unsymmetrical delay angle.
harmonic factor. The ratio of the root-mean-
square (rms) value of all the harmonics t o the
root-mean-square value of the fundamental.
harmonic factor
(for voltage)
= 4ES2+ ES2+ El2.. .
E,
impedance ratio factor. The ratio of the source
impedance at the point in the system under
consideration to the equivalent total imped-
ance from the source t o the converter circuit
elements which commutate simultaneously.
I T product. The inductive influence expressed
in terms of the product of its root-mean-square
magnitude in amperes ( I ) times its telephone
influence factor (TIF).
kV T product. Inductive influence expressed
in terms of the product of its root-mean-square
magnitude in kilovolts (kV) times its telephone
influence factor (TIF).
line voltage notch. The dip in the supply voltage
h
to a converter due t o the momentary short-
circuit of the ac lines during a commutation
8

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
interval. Alternatively, the momentary dip in
- supply voltage caused by the reactive drops in
the supply circuit during the high rates of
change in currents occurring in the ac lines
during commutation.
power factor, displacement. The displacement
component of power factor; the ratio of the
active power of the fundamental wave, the
watts, t o the apparent power of the funda-
mental wave, in volt-amperes (including the
exciting current of the thyristor converter
transformer).
power factor (total). The ratio of the total
power input in watts t o the total volt-ampere
input t o the converter.
NOTES: (1) This definition includes the effect of har-
monic components of current and voltage, the effect of
phase displacement between current and voltage, and
the exciting current of the transformer. Volt-amperes is
the product of rms voltage and rms current.
( 2 ) The power factor is determined at the ac line
terminah of the converter.
pulse number. The total number of successive
nonsimultaneous commutations occurring with-
in that converter circuit during each cycle
- when operating without phase control. It is
also equal t o the order of the principal har-
monic in the direct voltage, that is, the number
of pulses present in the dc output voltage in
one cycle of the supply voltage.
quality factor. Two K times the ratio of the
maximum stored energy t o the energy dissipated
per cycle at a given frequency. An approximate
equivalent definition is that the Q is the ratio
of the resonance frequency to the bandwidth
between those frequencies on opposite sides of
the resonance frequency where the response of
the resonant structure differs by 3 dB from
that at resonance. If the resonant circuit com-
prises an inductance L and a capacitance C in
series with an effective resistance R , the value
of Q is:
Q = L ( L $5)
R C
short-circuit ratio. Of a semiconductor con-
verter is the ratio of the short-circuit capacity
of the bus in MVA at the point of converter
connection t o the rating of the converter in
MW.
9
IEEE
Std 519-1981
telephone influence factor (TIF). Of a voltage
or current wave in an electric supply circuit,
the ratio of the square root of the sum of the
squares of the weighted root-mean-square values
of all the sine-wave components (including
alternating current waves both fundamental
and harmonic) t o the root-mean-square value
(unweighted) of the entire wave.
2.2 Letter Symbols. The following set of letter
symbols is used in thyristor converter circuit
analysis and calculation of converter character-
istics.
2.2.1 Subscripts
0 = a t no load; for example, Ed0
1 = at rated load, or fundamental; for ex-
ample Ed1 or Il
d = direct current and voltage
h = order of harmonic
i = ideal
1 = converter side of transformer, phase-to-
phase, el
L = line side of transformer
p = inherent
pu = per-unit quantities
s = converter side of transformer, phase-to-
neutral
2.2.2 Letter Symbols
a = delay angle
y = margin angle (for inverter operation)
p = commutation angle
p f = impedanceratio
ps = impedanceratio
cos @1 = displacement power factor (including
transformer exciting current)
cos 6 = distortion component of power factor
Uh = amplitude of sine term for the h har-
monic in Fourier expansion (crest
value)
bh = amplitude of cosine term for the h
harmonic in Fourier expansion (crest
value)
Ch = amplitude of resultant for the h har-
monic in Fourier expansion (crest
value)
Dx = commutating reactance transforma-
tion constant (applies only t o the first
mode of operation after the light load
transition)
E,, = crest working voltage
Ed = average direct voltage under load
Edo = theoretical direct voltage (average
direct voltage at no load or light
transition load, assuming zero phase
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

control and zero forward voltage Pd = output power, in watts

drop) g = pulse number of a converter
Ed1 = direct rated voltage Rc = line-to-neutral commutating resis-
= commutating voltage tance for a set of commutating
Ef = total forward voltage drop per circuit groups, in ohms
element Rcn = equivalent line-to-neutral commutat-
Eii = initial reverse voltage ing resistance, in ohms, for a set of
EL = ac system line-to-line voltage commutating groups referred t o the
En = ac system line-to-neutral voltage ac (primary) winding of a converter
Er= direct-voltage drop caused by resis- transformer
tance losses in transformer equip- R, = line-to-neutral commutating resis-
ment, plus interconnections not in- tance, in ohms, for a single commu-
cluded in Ef tating group
E, = transformer dc (secondary) winding R, = effective resistance of the ac (primary)
line-to-neutral voltage (rms) winding
Ex = direct-voltage drop caused by com- R, = effective resistance of the direct-
mutating reactance current (secondary) winding
f = frequency of ac power system S = circuit factor [l for single-way; 2 for
F, = IcXc/Es commutating reactance factor bridge (double-way)]
IC1 = transformer dc winding (secondary) Xc = line-to-neutral commutating reac-
coil rms current tance, in ohms, for a set of commu-
Id = average dc load current of the recti- tating groups
fier, in amperes Xcpu = per-unit commutating reactance
le = transformer exciting current Xcn = equivalent line-to-neutral commu-
I, = direct current commutated between tating reactance, in ohms, for a set of
two rectifying elements in a single commutating groups referred t o the

Ih =
commutating group
harmonic component of I of the order
ac (primary) winding of a converter
transformer (Xcn= D,Xe)
-
indicated by the subscript X, = line-to-neutral commutating reac-
tance, in ohms, for a single commu-
IH = tating group
X L = reactance of supply line, in ohms (per
equivalent totalized harmonic com- line)
ponent of IL X L , ~= per-unit reactance of supply line, ex-
IL = alternating line current (rms) pressed on base of rated volt-amperes
Im = alternating line current (crest value) a t the line terminals of the trans-
I, = transformer ac (primary) winding coil former ac (primary) windings
current X T , ~= per-unit reactance of transformer, ex-
IpL = alternating line current corresponding pressed on base of rated volt-amperes
t o the current in the ac (primary) a t the line terminals of the trans-
winding during load loss test in ac- former ac (primary) windings
cordance with 8.3.2.1 ANSI/IEEE 2, = line-to-neutral commutating imped-
Std 444-1973 ance, in ohms, for a set of commu-
Is = transformer dc winding (secondary) tating groups
line rms current Zcn = equivalent line-to-neutral commu-
I1 = fundamental component of IL tating impedance, in ohms, for a set
power component of I1, in watts of commutating groups referred t o
Ilp =
reactive component of I1 the ac (primary) winding of a con-
IlQ =
Ld = inductance of the dc reactor, in verter transformer
henrys 2, = line-to-neutral commutating imped-
n = number of simple converters ance, in ohms, for a single commu-
pulse number of commutating group tating group
P =
Pr = transformer load losses, in watts (in-
NOTE: Commutating reactances due to various circuit
cluding resistance and eddy current elements may be indicated by subscript as in X,, X c 2 ,
losses) or X c and
~ X c for
~ transformers and line, respectively.

10

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
3. References
[l]CHRISTENSEN, E. F., Analysis of Recti-
fier Circuits. AIEE Transactions, vol 63,1944,
pp 1048-1058.
[2] READ, J. C. The Calculation of Rectifier
and Converter Performance Characteristics.
Journal IEE, vol92, pt 11,1945, pp 495-509.
[31 PELLY, B. R. Thyristor Phase-Controlled
Converters and Cycloconverters. New York:
John Wiley, 1971.
[4] TRUXAL, J. G. Automatic Feedback Con-
trol System Synthesis. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1955, pp 375-390.
[5] KIMBARK, E. W. Direct Current Trans-
mission - vol I, New York: Wiley-Interscience,
1971 (see Ch 8, Harmonics and Filters, which
includes a list of 62 references).
[ 61 AIEE COMMITTEE REPORT. Inductive
Coordination Aspects of Rectifier Installations.
AIEE Transactions, vol65, 1946, pp 417-436.
[7] Survey of Arc-Furnace Installations on
A
Power Systems and Resulting Lamp Flicker.
Subcommittee Report, AIEE Transactions, vol
76, pt 11, Sept 1957, pp 170-183.
[8] CONCORDIA, C., Selection of Buffer Re-
actors and Synchronous Condensers on Power
Systems Supplying Arc-Furnace Loads. AIEE
Transactions, vol 76, pt 11, Jul 1957, pp 123-
135.
[9] KENDALL, P. G. Light Flicker in Relation
t o Power-System Voltage Fluctuation. Proceed-
ings IEE, ~ 0 1 1 1 3 , 1 9 6 6pp
, 471-479.
[ 101 MULCAHY, J. A. and LUDBROOK, A. A.
New Flicker Correcting System for Arc Fur-
naces. Journal of Metals, Apr 1967, pp 63-66.
[ll] FRANK, H. and LANDSTROM, B. Power-
Factor Correction with Thyristor-Controlled
Capacitors. ASEA Journal, vol 44, 1971, pp
180-1 84.
[ 121 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors Curb Fur-
nace Flicker. Electrical Review, Aug 9, 1974,
pp 164-166.
[13] OLTROGGE, A. R. Fundamental Criteria
for Large Arc Furnace Power Systems. Journal
of Metals, Jan 1971, pp 53-64.
11
IEEE
Std 519-1981
[14] JOHNSON, E. R., Static High Speed VAR
Control for Arc Furnace Flicker Reduction.
Proceedings American Power Conference, vol
34,1972, pp 1097-1105.
[ 151 ANSI C34.2-1968 (R 1973), Practices and
Requirements for Semiconductor Power Recti-
fiers'
[16] ANSI/IEEE Std 18-1980, Shunt Power
Capacitors
[17] ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, Standard
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms
[ 181 ANSI/IEEE Std 444-1973, Standard Prac-
tices and Requirements for Thyristor Converters
and Motor Drives: Part I - Converters for dc
Motor Armature Supplies
[19] IEEE Std 59-1962, Standard for Semi-
conductor Rectifier Components
[20] IEEE Std 223-1966, Standard Definitions
of Terms for Thyristors
[ 211 ANSI/IEEE Std 368-1977, Recommended
Practice for Measurement of Electrical Noise
and Harmonic Filter Performance of High-
Voltage Direct-Current Systems.
[22] IEEE Std 469-1977, Recommended Prac-
tice for Voice-Frequency Electrical-Noise Tests
of Distribution Transformers
4. Converter Theory and Harmonic Generation
4.1 Introduction. A power converter by defini-
tion changes electrical energy from one form t o
another. This change is accomplished by peri-
odic switching in the conducting circuits of the
converter. A three-phase bridge converter (see
Table 6, Circuit No 23, ANSI C34.2-1968,
[15] ), for example, connects the line-voltage
with the highest instantaneous value of voltage
t o the load. (See Fig 1.) The switches in the
example of Fig l ( a ) are thyristors. Combina-
tions of one odd and one even numbered thy-
ristor will connect the ac source t o the load.
'ANSI documents are available from the American
National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New
York, N. Y. 10018.
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

I,E L 4

(a) Table 6, Circuit No 23 [ 151 DC WINDING

R. R"

(b) Transformer dc Winding Volts

(c) Current in Rectifying Elements

(a) Voltage Across No 1 [15]

Rectifying Element

(e) Current in dc Winding Rt

GL
I
I---?+

2%
TId
(g) ac
Table CircuitsIfl
Line6,Current Nofor
24 and No 25 [ 151 2Ia ES

I++-d
fi Id E.

(f) ac Line Current Hl for

Table 6, Circuits No 23 and No 26 [ 151
I- ?,"4

Fig 1
Current and Voltage Wave Forms Delta A,
Six-Phase, Y, Double Way

12

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
A
The resulting unidirectional voltage is made up
of the tops of sinusoidal waves, each top sixty
degrees wide. It is a dc voltage with superim-
posed high-frequency ripple. Harmonic analyses
show that the ripple voltage consists of the
supply voltage with a frequency of multiples of
six times the fundamental frequency.
The dc load circuit and the dc load itself con-
tain inductance which will flatten the load cur-
rent. In converter theory, for convenience sake,
the dc current is considered to be constant. As
shown in Fig l(f), the line currents at the ac
side will consist of flat topped waves. Power,
the product of current and voltage, at the dc
side contains harmonics due to the harmonics
in the voltage. Since no energy storage can take
place in the elements of a converter, the power
balance of input and output requires harmonics
in the input power, and thus harmonic currents
will flow in the supply lines. Energy balance
considerations show, and Fourier analysis of
the square waves confirms, that each 6n har-
monic in the dc voltage requires harmonic cur-
rents of frequencies 6n + l and 6n - l in the ac
line. The magnitude of the harmonic current
is inversely proportional to the harmonic
I number.
h = kq+1
= I1
Ih -
h currents. These currents flowing in the circuits
where
h = harmonic order
k = any integer
q = pulse number of circuit
I1 = fundamental current
Therefore, for a 6-pulse converter, such as
Table 6, Circuits 23, 25, or 25 [15] the har-
monic currents in the ac power supply would
theoretically be:
Harmonic Order and
Current Magnitude in Per Unit
of the Fundamental
5 7 11 13 17 19 23
0.2000 0.1429 0.0909 0.0769 0.0588 0.0526 0.0435 0.0400
A transformer connection of Y-Y (Table 6,
Circuit No 24) [15] or A-A (Table 6, Circuit
No 25) [15] would reflect an ac line current
- as shown in Figure l(g). This has the same
harmonics as Table 6, Circuit No 23 and
Circuit No 26 [15] except the 5, 7, 17, 19,
IEEE
Std 519-1981
29, 31, etc are 180' out of phase, thereby
cancelling these currents when they are used in
a circuit such as Table 6, Circuit No 31 [15].
The square current waves of Fig l ( c ) are
based on the assumption that the line current
will transfer instantaneously when the higher
ac voltage causes a diode to start conducting. In
practice there will be reactance in the circuit
which will cause the current transfer to be
more gradual (Fig 2), reducing the slope of the
leading and trailing edges of the square waves
and reducing the magnitude of the ac current
harmonics. The time to transfer current is
called the commutating angle ( p ) . Figure 3
shows the relationship of theoretical value to a
typical value of harmonic current.
The switching elements of the bridge in Fig
l ( a ) are diodes. They will start conducting as
soon as a voltage is applied in the forward, or
current-carrying, direction. Thyristors not only
need a forward voltage, but also a firing pulse
t o start conducting. Output voltage can be con-
trolled by delaying the firing pulse with refer-
ence to the voltage cross-over time. Firing
delay influences the manner in which current
is transferred from phase-to-phase, and thus
also influences the magnitude of the current
harmonics. The delay angle is called a.
This example of one use of a semiconductor
device demonstrates the production of harmonic
of a power system can cause problems if a
resonant circuit exists at the frequency of any
of these currents. These currents can excite
these resonant circuits and produce large oscil-
lating currents which can overload circuit ele-
ments causing failure or operation of protective
equipment. These higher than fundamental fre-
quency currents can produce noise on com-
munication circuits, either voice or data trans-
mission, by electrostatic or electromagnetic
coupling.
The ability of the thyristor to delay the com-
mutation of the current t o the more positive
phase (operation at reduced voltage output)
25
increases the angle by which the voltage leads
the current, and thus reduces the power factor.
Some installations compensate for this reduc-
tion in power factor by capacitors; this increases
the chance of setting up parallel resonances.
The electrical circuit within an industrial
plant is not isolated from the utility providing
the electric power. The resonant conditions
described in this Guide are a result of the
13
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

/
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I I
I RECTIFIER INVERTER
I I I I

Fig 2
Relations Among Angles
Used in Converter Theory

_-
14
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

A twelve pulse converter has theoretical value

of approximately 0.988.
q sin =
pF = - -
= q
TYPICAL where
d m
$5
0 0
: g
0 0
q # 1
0 0 mu3
For purpose of calculations, transformer
magnetizing current is neglected. With com-
mutation overlap and phase retard, the equa-
tion becomes:

5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th 23rd 25t.h

O R D E R OF HARMONIC

Fig 3
Theoretical and Typical Values of
Harmonic Current where
For a Six-Pulse Converter Ed' = Ed + + Ef
Ed = average direct voltage under load
= resistance drop
combination of inductive and capacitive reac-
tances in the total circuit. Resonant problems E f = total forward drop per circuit element
I d = d < load current supplied by the con-
that arise must be solved by a joint effort
between the industrial user and the utility by verter, in average amperes
h

approaching the problem on a system basis. EL = primary line-to-line r m s voltage

This guide suggests limits of voltage distortion
and recommends practices t o minimize the Fig 4
effects of the harmonic currents from static Relationship Between Distortion
power converters. Displacement and Total Power
Component
1.oo
5. Reactive Power Compensation and
Harmonic Control Techniques 0.98

0.96
5.1 Converter Power Factor. The power factor
of a converter is made up of two components: 0.94
displacement and distortion. The effect of the
two are combined into the total power factor. 0.92
Their relationship is shown in Fig 4.
The displacement component is the ratio of 0.90
the active power of the fundamental wave, in
watts, to the apparent power of the funda- 0.88
mental wave, in voltamperes. This is the power
factor as seen by the utility metering by watt- 0.86
hour and varhour meters. The distortion com-
ponent is that part associated with the har- 0.84
monic voltages and currents present. 0 10 20 30 40
The power factor of a six pulse converter on
a theoretical square wave current basis is: - =-Ex
IC xc REACTANCE FACTOR
E, E, (%I
PF = 3/, = 0.955 (a= 0 )

15
 IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

IL= ac primary line current, in rms amperes
a = commutation angle
p = angle of overlap or commutating angle
Ed0 = theoretical dc voltage
E, = direct voltage drop due t o commutating
reactance
where
sinp [ 2 + cos ( p + 2 a ) ]
-p [l + 2 cos a cos ( p + a ) ]
-
f(p,a)= [ 2 71 cos a cos ( p + a)]2
The displacement factor,
sin2p
cos 4; =
( p 2 + sin'p - 2p sin p COS^)^
Displacement power factor is the power factor
that is measured by metering equipment, and is
the one on which utility billing is based.
The distortion power factor (cos 6 ) is the
ratio of the fundamental component of ac line
current t o the total line current (I~/IL).
Figure 6 shows the relationship between dis-
placement power factor and system reactance.
This does not allow for transformer magnetiz-
Fig 5
Total Power Factor of Six-Pulse and
Twelve-Pulse Converters, a = 0
ing current. Transformer magnetizing current
(Imag) correction is approximately
where
cos = displacement power factor, not in-
cluding transformer magnetizing cur-
rent
Static power converters need a supply of
reactive power whether they are rectifying or
inverting. In both cases the thyristor can only
turn the current on after the voltage has be-
come more positive than the previous phase
voltage. The closer the operation is t o zero volts
( a =0)
dc (Fig 7), the more reactive power is required
with the same output current. The reactive
power requirements of commonly used con-
verter circuits is a function of load and output
voltage and may be calculated.
It is possible to reduce reactive power require-
ments of static power converters by:
(1)Limiting the amount of phase control
required during normal operation (limit a)
(2) Lower reactance of converter transform-
ers (limit p )
(3) Asymmetrical or sequential control of
converters (limit a)
Fig 6
Determination of Displacement Power Factor
(Neglecting Transformer Exciting Current)

0.98 1
I.UU
nn PERCENT VOLTAGE

0.96
0.96
0.92
0.94
0.88

0.84
0.92 -
0
0.80
d

0.90
0.76

0.88 0.72

0.68

0.64

0 5 10 0 5 10 15
E, ( 7 )
EX (7cJ
- REACTANCE FACTOR -
Ed 0 h o

16

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
5.1.1 Limiting Phase Control. Static power
converters are usually designed t o operate from
a power system whose voltage range is from
+lo% t o - 5%of nominal. If the converter is t o
invert, it is usually designed to operate with a
*lo% voltage. This means that the power sys-
tem voltage can vary over &lo% and stili have
satisfactory operation of the converter. If some
other means of voltage control is used t o main-
tain the power system voltage in a narrower
range, the secondary voltage of the converter
transformer can be chosen so that, during
normal operation, the converter is operated
more nearly fully phased on (less retard).
If the load that the converter is feeding re-
quires a wide range of voltage, voltage control
from transformer taps will limit the amount of
phase control used by the converter.
5.1.2 Lower Reactance Transformer. Reactive
power is required t o furnish the magnetizing
component of current t o transformers. If the
transformer is designed to have a minimum
reactance, the reactive power requirement is
also minimum and it reduces the commutation
angle.
5.1.3 Asymmetrical or Sequential Control.
By designing a static power converter to oper-
e
ate with two converter sections in series, it is
possible to operate one section fully phased
on and the second section adding or subtract-
ing from the voltage of the first section. Be-
cause a smaller part of the total static con-
verter is operating with phase control, a smaller
amount of reactive power is required.
5.1.4 Other Considerations. The ability to re-
duce the reactive power requirements of a static
power converter is sometimes limited by the
number of units involved and the economics of
Fig 7
Reactive Power Versus dc Volts of Converter
I VARS (PER UNIT)
DC VOLTS (PER UNIT:
17
IEEE
Std 519-1981
using any of the above methods. Voltage con-
trol by regulating transformer can reduce the
amount of voltage control required by phase
retard in the converter. A lower reactance con-
verter transformer may mean that the short
circuit levels in the converter are too high.
Asymmetrical or sequential control may be
economical if the application requires large
enough converters so that two converter
sections are needed.
5.2 Reactive Power Compensation. The rate
structures electric power utility companies
are made up of two main components: demand
charge and energy charge. The first is a result
of the investment in equipment t o furnish that
amount of total power t o the customer. The
second is the result of fuel that must be ex-
pended t o generate the energy used.
The total power (kVA) is made up of two
components in quadrature.
If the kVA can be reduced by furnishing reac-
tive power locally, the demand charge can be
minimized.
Reactive power sources are:
(1)Static power capacitors
(2) Synchronous machines
(3) Force commutated static power converters
5.2.1 Reactive Power Compensation Using
Static Power Capacitors. Power capacitors are
an inexpensive source of reactive power (leading
vars). The vars are proportional to the square
of the applied voltage. The reactance of a capa-
citor bank varies inversely with the frequency
1
Xcap= -
2nfC
So for high frequencies they provide low im-
pedance. The leading current drawn by the
capacitors give a voltage rise through the induc-
tive reactance of the power system which raises
the operating voltage level. They cannot by
themselves control reactive power and voltages.
They must be switched in groups to provide
Fig 8
Effect of Reactive Power
IEEE
Std 519-1981
variable reactive power. Four methods of con-
trolling vars using capacitors, in the order of
complexity are :
(1)Switching by power circuit breaker or
vacuum switches
(2)Back-to-back phase control thyristor
switching of a reactor in parallel with the
capacitor bank
(3) Back-to-back thyristor switching of capa-
citors which will turn on or off at current zero
(4) Saturable reactor in parallel with capa-
citor bank
5.2.1.1 Switching Power Capacitors by Cir-
cuit Breakers or Vacuum Switches. For con-
trolling reactive power on a continuous basis
switching power capacitors by circuit breakers
or vacuum switches requires a switching device
that can be operated with high frequency and
can interrupt at current zero with a high volt-
age across the contacts without reignition. Be-
cause of these requirements, this method is
used only for switching larger banks once or
twice a day when the demand changes from
normal t o light load conditions. The switching
device has the special requirement of being able
t o interrupt a current which leads the voltage
by 90". Where the limitations are not an oper-
ating disadvantage, this method of controlling
vars is most economical.
5.2.1.2 Back-to-Back Phase Control Thy-
ristor Switching of Reactor. Back-to-back phase
control thyristor switching in parallel with
capacitors has the advantage of smooth var
control over the range of the equipment. By
Static VAR Control
NOTE: This system can control vars on a per-phase basis.
TO PLANT LOADS
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
T T T T
TO PLANT LOADS 1 2 4 8
Fig 9
Capacitors Switched in Binary Values
switching the current t o the reactor, the prob-
lems of switching leading current is avoided.
Thyristor switching of a balanced three-phase
load causes 5 , 7, etc harmonic currents. There-
fore, the capacitors may be divided into three
or more sections with tuning reactors to filter
these harmonics. The reactor var rating is
normally equal t o the capacitor rating t o ob-
tain full control. More capacitors can be sup-
plied if a bias of vars is needed on the system.
5.2.1.3 Back-to-Back Thyristor Switching
of Capacitors at Zero Current. Back-to-back
thyristor switching of capacitors at zero cur-
rent leaves the capacitor charged with either a
positive or negative full charge on the capacitor.
The thyristor's fine control allows the switching-
on of the capacitor when the system voltage
equals the charged capacitor voltage. This elim-
inates any transients on the system. The capa-
citors are switched in finite steps as reactive
power is needed. The switched capacitors can
Fig 10
r7'7-l-
5 7 11 13
l1A KMON I<' F I LT ERS
18

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
- be tuned with a reactor to filter harmonics on
the system. This system can also be used with a
fixed bias of capacitors t o provide a base vars
with the switched capacitors to be used for
variable vars. This system can be regulated on a
per-phase basis. The control of this equipment
is more complicated than switching a paralleled
reactor.
5.2.1.4 Saturable Reactor in Parallel with a
Capacitor Bank. A saturable reactor in parallel
with a capacitor bank provides a variable var
supply that requires no external control cir-
cuitry. This system consists of a self-saturating
reactor in parallel with a capacitor bank which
can be arranged into tuned series circuits. The
self-saturating reactor draws heavy currents at
overvoltages so that the voltage drop through
the system reactance counteracts the voltage
rise at the load. As the system voltage decreases,
the reactor draws less current and the paralleled
capacitors furnish the vars needed at the load.
The harmonics generated by iron saturation are
somewhat compensated by the winding config-
uration; however, the paralleled capacitor is
usually furnished with series tuned circuits t o
the major harmonics, 5, 7, etc.
5.2.2 Reactive Power Compensation Using
Rotating Machinery. Synchronous machines
can be made t o operate with either a leading or
lagging power factor by controlling the field
excitation. This property can be used to pro-
vide reactive power compensation on a dynamic
basis with the appropriate control strategy.
A synchronous machine is referred t o as a
synchronous condenser when it is dedicated
solely to reactive power compensation. It will
have no mechanical load and all the machine
power will be available as reactive power. A
Fig 11
Three-phase Diagram of
One Bank of Capacitors
19
IEEE
Std 519-1981
synchronous condenser is often used with a
fixed capacitor bank equal to the machine
vars. This will allow a total range of operation
from zero t o twice the machine rating for lead-
ing vars with proper adjustment of the field
excitation.
A synchronous motor can be sized to provide
leading vars. When the system includes synchro-
nous motors, consideration should be given to
this possibility since the incremental cost of
providing leading vars can be quite attractive.
Further, with proper control strategy, the vars
can be adjusted t o the system requirements
(power factor regulator).
When synchronous machines are used t o pro-
vide power factor compensation, the following
technical areas of interest should be considered:
(1)Time profile of the var and kW demand
on the bus to be protected
(2) Allowable voltage deviation on this bus
(transient and steady-state)
(3) Time profile of the vars the synchronous
machine must provide in order to maintain the
voltage deviation limits
NOTE: The synchronous machine, by virtue of its
stored magnetic energy, will be able t o provide instan-
taneous attenuation of a voltage disturbance. The field
must be adjusted to provide complete attenuation. The
time required can be reduced by field forcing with a
static power converter field exciter.
(4)Compatibility with static power converters
in such areas as:
(a) Voltage unbalance sensitivity
(b) AC line harmonic heating
(c) Bearing currents
(5) Control limits that will avoid:
(a) Exceeding machine pullout torque cap-
ability
(b) Exceeding machine thermal limit
Fig 12
Reactive Power Compensation
Using Rotating Machinery
L SATU-
RATING
REACTOR
T
5th
T
7th
T
11th
T
13th
HAKMOhlC I l l T t R 5
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
5.2.3 Reactive Power Compensation Using
Forced Commutated Converters. The technique
of forcing commutation t o a different phase
before the voltage has become more positive
produces leading vars. An example of this type
of converter is an inverter using a fuel cell or
battery as an energy source.
Forced-commutated converters incorporate
their own means for commutation and can
commutate independently of the line voltage.
The conversion parts of these systems are
voltage sources rather than current sources as
in linecommutated conversion. The forced
commutated converter functions nearly the
same as a conventional utility generator; that
is, a voltage source behind an impedance. The
converters have essentially no inductance on
the dc side but do require additional inductance
on the ac side. Reactive compensation is not
required.
Fig 13
Power System Showing Harmonic Current and Voltage Influences
(a) Schematic Diagram; (b) Impedance Diagram
AVERAGE O F
SUBTRASIENT
AND NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE
REACTANCE T,
I
EXTENSIVE NETWORK
(ASSUME NEGLIGIBLE REACTANCE
COMPARED T O THAT OF T i )
20
Harmonic voltage generation can be controlled
by the use of a number of different cancella- -.
tion techniques, such as pulse multiplication
and step wave which cancel the lower order
harmonic pairs. Treatment of the remaining
harmonics is quite different with the forced
commutated converter. The inductance on the
ac side of forced commutated converters offers
a high impedance to the passage of the higher
harmonic currents. In cases where the ac sys-
tem is stiff relative t o the ac side reactance, no
control of harmonic voltages at the ac bus is
required. With weak ac systems, some filtering
may be required. A small, high-pass shunt filter
or a small capacitance bank suffices with 18-or
24-pulse configurations since the ac side induc-
tance restricts harmonic current flow.
Selfcommutated converters do not require
reactive compensation (they can generate vars)
and filters for the uncancelled harmonics are
small.
CONVERTER
TRANSFORMER
iJ CONVERTER

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
- 5.3 Problems and Control of Harmonics. The
diagram of Fig 13 shows a converter C supplied
from a power source G over a three-phase line
L,. The reactance of the source XG + xi2 and
the line L, are in series with the converter trans-
former reactance Xt. If a harmonic current Ih
flows between the converter and the source
there will be harmonic voltage Eh = Ih Xh at
location A. ( x h is the reactance of the source
at the harmonic frequency h). When there is an
extension L, for supplying other loads, the har-
monic voltage at A will cause a harmonic cur-
rent to flow over that line as well, although the
power to the rectifier is supplied only over line
L, . The higher the value of x h , the greater will
be the harmonic voltage at A and the higher
the magnitude of the harmonic currents flow-
ing over line L,. Actually, the harmonic cur-
rents from a converter can flow into any part
of an ac system to which it is connected, as
determined by the impedances of the various
branches of the system at the harmonic fre-
quencies. The harmonic voltages and currents
can be calculated.
Inductive coupling between the ac power line
and the telephone lines induces harmonic volt-
- ages on the telephone system which may cause
noise levels high enough that it is impossible to
understand messages being transmitted on the
telephone lines. In recent years such telephone
techniques as carrier devices (high frequency)
facilities and the use of shielded cables have
minimized the susceptibility of these communi-
cation circuits t o harmonics on power lines.
There are still many cases where the pole line is
shared by both the voice frequency telephone
and power distribution systems so that har-
monics can cause harmful affects on the com-
munication system.
Harmonic currents can cause excessive heat-
ing in rotating machinery. The harmonic cur-
rents of Izq + l are positive phase sequence cur-
rents and Izq - l are negative phase sequence
currents. On synchronous machines, these two
currents add directly, causing additional heat-
ing in the solid rotor of large synchronous
machines. This limits the amount of converter
load that can be carried by synchronous gen-
erators. The converter loads frequently are
small compared to the electric utility generator
sizes, but local generation (for example, the
user) may suffer severely.
-_ Noise from harmonic generation operating on
regulating and control systems can give errone-
21
IEEE
Std 519-1981
ous operation of these systems. Proper shield-
ing or isolation of the signal leads can prevent
most of these problems.
On utility systems feeding domestic loads,
interference with TV video signals by the har-
monic currents generated by converters is usu-
ally the first indication of harmonic problems.
Metering and instrumentation are affected by
harmonic currents, particularly if resonant con-
ditions occur which cause high harmonic volt-
age on the circuits. Induction disk devices such
as watthour meters and overcurrent relays
normally see only fundamental current, but
phase unbalances caused by harmonic distortion
can cause erroneous operation of these devices.
On critical loads, torque pulsations caused by
harmonic currents on ac motors can be harmful
t o the process. They can also set up resonant
conditions if the natural frequency of the
mechanical system is excited by the harmonics.
Ballasts for fluorescent or mercury lighting
sometimes have capacitors which, together
with the inductance of the ballast and circuit,
have a resonant point. If this corresponds t o
one of the generated harmonics, excessive heat-
ing and failure can result.
Carrier systems that control remote devices
can operate erroneously if the harmonics are
generated close to the carrier signal frequency.
Carrier systems for time clocks and off-peak
control are two examples.
Harmonic current can be controlled by several
techniques. These include :
(1)Shunt filters
(2)Phase multiplication
(3)Harmonic compensation or injection
5.3.1 Shunt Filters. Shunt filters for reduc-
tion of harmonic currents flowing into an ac
power system consist of one or more tuned cir-
cuits consisting of series L-C circuits. The filter
commonly used on HVDC transmission con-
sists of individual circuits tuned for the 5, 7,
11 and 13 harmonics plus a high pass filter
tuned near the 17 harmonic. Filters in indus-
trial systems can be simpler because of the
higher damping in the lower voltage systems.
The need t o filter the higher order harmonics is
related to the system short-circuit levels. The
damping factor is dependent upon the X/R
ratio of the circuit.
5.3.2 Phase Multiplication. Single-phase con-
verters are commonly used for small loads. For
lowest initial cost, a half wave circuit may be
used where current requirements are small. For
IEEE
Std 519-1981
greater output and less generation of harmonics
a full wave circuit can be used.
The basic polyphase converter is a six-pulse
unit. Theoretically, a twelve-pulse unit will
eliminate the 5, 7, 17, 19, etc harmonic fre-
quencies. Further phase multiplication will
reduce other harmonic currents. For example,
a 36-pulse circuit is usually constructed with
six 6-pulse bridges, each of which is phase
shifted 10" from the other transformers by a
separate phase shifting transformer or addi-
tional coils in the primary windings. If one 6-
pulse unit is out of service, the harmonic cur-
rent equivalent to that unit will be present.
Large installations may require addition of
shunt filters to minimize harmonic currents.
Phase multiplication is most effective for an
installation where converters operate such that
equal sizes are operated with equal loading and
phase retard.
5.3.3 Harmonic Injection. Harmonic currents
can be eliminated by inducing harmonic fluxes
in a core of a transformer with a 180" phase
shift from the harmonic fluxes induced by the
current flowing on the transformer secondary.
6. Calculation Methods
This section recommends calculating methods
for harmonic currents and voltages generated
by converters, including their effect on tele-
phone circuits and power systems. The effects
on telephone circuits are described by TIF and
1.T product. The effects on power systems are
described by distortion factor and line notch-
ing. Low-voltage system calculations use both
distortion factors and line notching methods.
6.1 Calculation of Harmonic Currents. Har-
monic current amplitudes are a function of the
delay angle (a)and the commutating reactance
(Xc). The basic equations for calculating the
amplitude are given in [ 11 ? Curves showing the
changes in amplitude as a function of a and X ,
are contained in [ 2 ] . Typical values for har-
monic analysis are shown in Table 1.
Theoretically, a 12-pulse converter does not
produce 5, 7, 1 7 and 1 9 harmonics; but due to
unbalances, some will be present. Reference [ 21
recommends the assumption that these har-
'Numbers in brackets correspond t o those in the Ref-
erences, Section 3.
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
Table 1
Harmonic Currents Present in Input Current
t o a Typical Static Power Converter in
Per-Unit of the Fundamental Current
Converter Harmonic Order
Pulses 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
6
12
0.175 0.11
0.026 0.016
0.045 0.029 0.015 0.010 0.009 0.008
0.045 0.029 0.002 0.001 0.009 0.008
18 0.026 0.016 0.007 0.004 0.015 0.010 0.001 0.001
24 0.026 0.016 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.009 0.008
monics are 25% of those computed for a six-
pulse converter. The 25% factor appears t o be
on the high side. A range of 15%t o 25% would
be more accurate depending upon the equip-
ment. These unbalances might be caused by:
(1)Variations in voltage or impedance line-
line in three-phase systems (possibly k2.596)
(2) Differences in transformer winding ratios
for Y and A connections
(3) Differences in thyristor firing pulse angles
between multipulse circuits
(4) Variations in thyristor turn-off times.
6.1.1 Diversity Factors. A need exists to de-
velop either diversity factors or a statistical
method for calculating the harmonic current
amplitudes of more than one converter con-
nected t o a bus.
6.1.2 Harmonic Currents from Semiconverters
and Cycloconverters. To estimate harmonic
current amplitudes for semiconverters and
other infrequently used circuits, it is recom-
mended that the wave shape be estimated or
obtained by test and standard Fourier analysis
computer programs be used. Approximations
can be used as described in [3] and [ 4 ] .
6.2 System Analysis. The circuit of Fig 1 4
should be analyzed at each frequency of interest
by calculating series and parallel resonances.
6.2.1 Impedance as a Function of Frequency.
The major impedance elements in the above cir-
cuit respond differently as frequency changes.
The impedance of transmission lines is a com-
plex relationship between the inductive and
capacitive reactances. Using the fundamental
frequency resistance and inductance of the
transmission line, however, gives good results
[ 51 . For most industrial systems, Z, and 2 , can
be approximated by the short-circuit imped-
ance. The impedance versus frequency charac-
teristic of a transformer depends upon design,
size, voltage, etc. Its load loss, I'R, will consti-
tute 75% to 85% of the total transformer loss -
and about 75% of this is not frequency depend-
22
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

- F

TRANSFORMER T R A K S -
11 hf ISSIOIi
-- LINE
vh
ZC =I Zf
I
FILTER AND OTHER
PARALLEL LOADS
t

ent. The remainder varies with the square of the Define two ratios as follows:
frequency. The no load (core loss) constitutes
between 15% and 25% of the total loss and,
depending upon flux density, the loss varies as
frequency t o the three halves (f") power t o
the frequency cubed ( f 3 ) . From this, with reac-
tance increasing directly with frequency (in-
ductance constant), it can be seen that the Then Eq 3 and Eq 4 become:
harmonic X / R ratios will be less than the fun-
damental frequency X / R ratio. If fundamental 4 = PsIh (Eq 7)
frequency X / R ratios are used, there will be
less damping of the high-frequency current If = PfIh (Eq 8)
than in actuality.
Because of Eq 1 , it is evident that
- 6.2.2 Adjacent Capacitor Banks. If there are
large capacitor banks or filters connected t o PS+Pf = 1 (Eq 9)
the utility system, it is necessary t o consider
their effect. Note that ps and pf are complex quantities.
6.2.3 Converter as a Harmonic Generator. At the various harmonics, Eq 7 shows that it
The converter is usually considered to be a is desirable that p, be small. Typical values for a
generator of harmonic currents ih, and is con- series tuned filter are (at the tuned frequency):
sidered to be a constant current source. Then
2, is very large and is ignored. If the converter p, = 0.045 1-80.6"
is a constant voltage source, 2, should be in-
pf = 0.994 /+2.6"
cluded.
6.2.4 Circuit Analysis. Using Ohm's and
Kirchhoff's laws, the following is evident: Parallel resonances occur between Zf and Z,,
and typical values are:
Let p, = 16.67 1-92.9'
2, = z,+ 2, pf = 16.75 /+83.6'
Ih =4 + If (Eq 1)
The approximate 180° difference emphasizes
IfZf = I,Z, (Eq 2) why a parallel resonance cannot be tolerated at
a frequency near a harmonic current generated.
Solve Eq 2 for If,substitute into Eq 1,and re-
A current of the resonance frequency will
arrange, giving:
excite the circuit and a 16.67 per unit current
will oscillate between the two energy storage
units (system inductance and capacitors).
A plot of p, versus h is a useful display of
filter performance. Frequently a plot of log
p, is more convenient.

23
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

The harmonic voltage V, is: three-phase full-control converter bridge. The

The distortion factor is:
sum of squares of amplitudes
of all harmonic voltages
square of amplitude of
fundamental 1 x 100%
(Eq 11)
6.3 Telephone Interference. T w o equations are
in general use in North America.
6.3.1 Voltage Telephone Influence Factor.
The voltage telephone interference factor VTIF
is :
where
V, = fundamental L-N voltage (rms)
Ih= harmonic current into power system
&=power system impedance at harmonic
order h
Th = telephone interference weighting factor
(TIF) [1960 curves currently in use]
hh = upper limit of harmonics, 5000 Hz
6.3.2 I*T Product. The other equation fre-
quently used is the 1.T product:
thyristors operate in pairs t o convert three- .
phase ac t o dc by switching the load among the
various thyristor pairs 6 times per cycle. During
the process, a brief short-circuit produces a
notch in the line-to-line voltage waveform.
The current in the converter of Fig 1 5 has
been flowing from Phase A through thyristor
1. When thyristor 3 fires (Fig 16(a), (b), and
(c)) at time t (30' on the line-to-line voltage
base), the current begins to transfer from Phase
A t o Phase B. Source reactance prevents instan-
taneous transfer: the commutating time (angle)
required becomes the notch width ( p ) .
The resulting notch is shown on a line-to-
neutral basis in Fig 16(a) and on a line-to-line
basis in Fig 16(b). The latter clearly illustrates
the shorting action when both thyristors 1and
3 are conducting simultaneously; the other
notches reflect the action of the thyristor on
the other legs of the ac circuitry.
6.4.1 Notch Area Calculations. The area of
the notch is dependent upon the volt-seconds
absorbed in the circuits from the source to the
point of the circuit which is of interest. The
area of the notch is an indication of the effect
the static power converter will have on other
loads.
The notch area is calculated (refer t o Fig 17)
as follows:

6.4 Line Notching Calculations (For Low-

Voltage Systems). Figure 1 5 shows a typical

Fig 15
Three-phase Full Wave Converter
SOURCE 3 PHASE F U L L WAVE RECTIFIER
REACTANCE FI RING ORDER:
XL 1 3 5 1, 2 , 3 9 4 , 5 , 6
m A

m B

m C

24
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

LINE N E U T R A L VOLTAGE

NOTE: The two other phases are similar to A-B. Width of notches is exaggerated and ringing omitted for clarity.

Fig 16
Voltage Notches

LL Lt LC
r---- - - - -I

CONVERTER
OTHER
LOADS

Fig 17
Inductance Diagram

25
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

where 6.5.1 Relationship Between Line Notching

and Distortion Factor (See Figs 16 and 17). .
VN = notch depth in volts (L-L) of the deeper
notch of the group
tN = width of notch in microseconds
Id = converter dc current in amperes
e = instantaneous voltage (L-L) just prior t o
notch
L = inductance in henrys per phase
AN = notch area in volt-microseconds
Combining the above equations:

6.4.2 Calculation of Source Inductance, P

Transformer Inductance (600 V and below).
Dry type transformers used in converters at
this voltage have approximately equal reac- From the above:
tance and resistance when considering the tran-
sient characteristics of the commutating
phenomena.
The following equation can then apply:
For fi = 60 Hz and EL = 460 V
transformer - 2 EL
Henrys
inductance fi28f'fi11 DF- = 0.0744 P %
where where
2 =transformer nameplate per unit imped-
p = t h e ratio of the total inductance to the
ance
common system inductance
EL = rated line-to-line voltage fi = power circuit frequency
Il = rated ac full load VH = sum of harmonic voltages
f = line frequency
See 6.4.1 for other terms.
The above assumes XL= RL
6.4.3 Calculation of Line Inductance. Typi- 6.6 System Calculated (Low Voltage, Below
cally the per-phase line inductance on a three- 1000 V). A typical plant distribution system
phase ac line can be considered t o be 0.3 pH is shown in Fig 18(a) and a simplified diagram
per foot of line, or about 1pH/m. in Fig 18(b). The system can then be considered
an RLC circuit. Since the rectifier can be con-
6.5 Distortion Factor. The distortion factor is
used t o define the effect of harmonics on the sidered a short circuit, during commutation, this
can be replaced by a knife switch in the simpli-
power system voltage. It is used in low-voltage,
fied circuit. The equivalent impedance of the
medium-voltage, and high-voltage systems. It is
transformer needs t o be considered when the
expressed as a percent of the fundamental and
simplified sketch is drawn up.
is defined as:
6.6.1 System Damping Factor. In most sys-

DF =( sum of the squares of

of all harmonic voltages
square of the amplitude
of the fundamental voltage
x 100%
tems, the rectifier transformer plus line im-
pedance is much larger than the distribution
transformer impedance so that the distribution
transformer can be neglected in calculating the
damping factor and the natural frequency.
In a series resonant circuit the following
equations can be employed :

Damping factor = E
See Section 4 for harmonics.

26

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
1 UTILITY
DISTRIBUTION
T1 TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
CAPACITOR
THYRISTOR
CONVERTER
Fig 1 8
Typical Power System and Equivalent Diagram
Natural frequency o,=
lk rad/s
2~'F
-. Natural frequency f = Lc Hz
For low-voltage equipment, the damping fac-
tor of the system should be greater than 0.5
when the natural frequency of the system is
less than 2100 Hz (35 harmonic on 60 Hz).
At frequencies greater than 2100 Hz, the sys-
tem losses, such as skin effect, provide damping
t o the system.
6.7 Power Factor Improvement Calculation.
Because reactive power varies on a given thy-
ristor motor drive depending upon operating
speed and torque, requirements may increase
more than 100% from top speed down t o low
speed. N o single capacitance value can be ap-
plied t o a single drive t o maintain near constant
reactive power throughout its operating range.
However, a group of such drives may, by
their diversity, reflect a more uniform kilovar
requirement. Recording wattmeter and var-
meter data obtained over a representative period
of time would establish the feasibility of apply-
ing nonswitched capacitors for power factor
improvement of the thyristor drive group. In
- many cases utility company billing (from
which power, real and reactive, and power
factor (PF) may be derived) will provide this
27
IEEE
Std 519-1981
$
CONVERTER
r RT2
information t o size a cost saving power capa-
citor. Utility company rate clauses differ with
respect t o reactive power so that each must be
studied and evaluated on an individual basis.
Detailed knowledge of the operating mode of
the individual drives in a group may be used t o
establish a target value of kvars t o add for
reactive compensation. Each drive kW and kvar
value is derived from load and speed character-
istic data, taking into account basic variations
in operating mode. Summation of these kW
and kvar values along with similar data for
other loads will provide an overall basis upon
which t o size supplemental kvar requirements.
If the converters are used for purposes other
than motor drives, similar considerations will
be required for the loading in each case.
Below is an example illustrating this ap-
proach, which is based upon loading in a partic-
ular plant. For conciseness, the actual plant
loading is consolidated in this listing.
Induction motors:
1200 kW at 0.80 PF = 900 kvars
900 kW at 0.70 PF = 918 kvars
Thyristor dc drives:
600 kW at 0.70 PF = 612 kvars
1100 kW at 0.50 PF = 1905 kvars
Other:
1300 kW at 0.90 PF = 630
5100 kW 4965 kvars
IEEE
Std 519-1981
5100 kW
( =
0 4 C , 5100
= 0.7165
ACTUAL LOAD
Power-ReactiveTriangle for
Power Factor Correction
Figure 1 9 illustrates the low power factor
(0.7165) associated with this load and that an
added 3289 kvars are necessary t o improve the
power factor to 0.95. The amount of reactive
compensation, will depend upon the economics
of compensation with regard t o utility company
billing. A given rate structure may make com-
pensation to unity power factor economical.
A 3300 kvar capacity bank is easily made up
of standard units. Assuming such a bank is
applied in a plant on a 4160 V supply bus,
fifth harmonic resonance will occur if the short
circuit capacity is approximately 80 MVA.
Similarly, 7 harmonic resonance will occur at
approximately 150 MVA. Depending upon the
actual system short-circuit level or experience,
or both, a tuning reactor may be required. If
required, it should be selected for 5 harmonic
suppression. Changing the capacitor size can
control the resonance point.
The tuning reactor is sized t o take into con-
sideration the actual capacitor bank kvar,
which averages up t o 5% above the nameplate.
The capacitor reactance (Xcw fundamental
frequency) is :
kV2 4.16*
= (3.3) (1.05)
= 4.99 52
where
Xr= reactance of tuning reactor
1.05 = tolerance of capacitors
Thus, the tuning reactor should have 0.20 !2
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
kvar
( = r,loc,
05Q,
5,';f;X
= 095
ixsiw:i) I X J . \ D
Fig 1 9
per phase and a current carrying capability at
least equal t o that required by the capacitor.
The question sometimes arises as to the
effect that power capacitor banks have on the
response of the converter. No adverse effect
on response time should be expected as long as
harmonic resonance is not present at a charac-
teristic harmonic. Actually, a power capacitor
bank does stiffen the ac power system transient
response which would theoretically enhance
response time. Practically speaking, such effect
is negligible.
7. Measurements
Techniques for measuring the extent and
effect of harmonics and reactive compensation
are readily available. They differ from ordinary
power system measurement techniques pri-
marily in the bandwidth required. Whereas
most of the ordinary measurements of voltage,
current, and power can be accomplished with
attention t o a narrow band of frequencies near
the distribution frequency (for example, 50 Hz
or 60 Hz), measurement of the effect of har-
monics requires attention to a substantially
wider bandwidth. For most applications this
bandwidth is limited to radio frequencies up t o
30 kHz. (The extremely rare situation where
the minuscule radio frequency powers generated
by converters is of interest will be ignored in
this treatment. Applicable techniques are those
of this guide extrapolated to the frequency
band of interest.)
In general, it is desired to measure the effect
of converter operation on the remainder of the
28

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
distribution (or transmission) system. Figure
I
20 represents a generalized approach to this
measurement. In Fig 20 it should be noted that
the ac supply may be single or three phase. The
apparatus under test is a power converter, but
may include transformers, inductors, capacitors,
switches, etc, which are either necessary to the
function of the converter or have been added
to reduce the effect of the converter on the
remainder of the power system. Potential trans-
formers may or may not be required, depend-
ing on the supply voltage and the nature of the
voltage coupler. Generally, voltages higher than
480 V require either a transformer or voltage
divider to allow safe operation of the measur-
ing instruments. The current transformer may
in most cases be replaced with a noninductive
shunt, if circumstances indicate the desirability
of doing so. Voltage coupler and current
coupler may be simply suitable conductors, or
they may be networks, amplifiers, etc added t o
allow measurement by a given instrument. In
many cases, the couplers are either an accessory
of, or built into, the measuring instrument.
Some measurements, specifically those involv-
ing wattmeters, will require both voltage and
- current inputs, rather than one or the other as
implied by Fig 20.
The discussions of specific measurement re-
quirements below are organized to correspond
to the topics discussed in Section 8.
7.1 Line Notching. This phenomenon is of
Fig 20
Test Circuit for Measuring Current and Voltage
Using Potential Transformer and Current Transformer
29
IEEE
Std 519-1981
most interest where it can be most pronounced,
that is, on distribution systems of 600 V or
less. Voltage dividers and current shunts are
frequently used, rather than transformers. In
the lower voltage systems, these quantities can
be coupled directly t o the instruments.
To measure the notch width and depth, an
oscilloscope is required. It is desirable that the
oscilloscope have single sweep and storage cap-
ability so as t o assure cleanly defined notch
areas which can be measured after the event
has been recorded. Photographic records are
also desirable, t o allow comparison of condi-
tions before and after compensating techniques
have been applied. The oscilloscope must be
moderately wide-band, say 25 MHz, t o allow
suitable fidelity of measurement. The voltage
divider probe available as an accessory t o the
oscilloscope normally suffices as a voltage
coupler. Differential input is preferred, in order
to avoid grounding problems. Operation of the
oscilloscope with chassis ungrounded or float-
ing constitutes a serious safety hazard, and
should be avoided? Measurement of notch
width and depth can be made by scaling the
3The Tektronix 7313 oscilloscope with 7A13 vertical
amplifier and P6007 probes is adequate for most mea-
surements on industrial systems up to 1500 V. (Note
that the mention of specific manufacturers' model
numbers here and later are intended to be for example
only. In each case there are many other suitable
measuring schemes which will be apparent to those
skilled in the art.)
APPARATUS
UNDER TEST
IEEE
Std 519-1981
time duration and voltage excursion of the in-
dividual notches from the oscilloscope trace.
When planning the installation of a converter
in an existing distribution system, it is necessary
to determine the Thevenin equivalent of the
power source as seen by the converter input.
This knowledge allows a prediction of the ex-
tent of probable uncompensated notching, and
determines the extent of compensation re-
quired. The Thevenin source may be known or
deduced from existing data in most cases; in
some cases it may be necessary t o make some
measurements to determine it. The measure-
ments are those of no load voltage and voltage
and current with a known load. It is normally
desired to know the phase angle between volt-
age and current, as well as their absolute values.
An ac industrial analyzer accurate t o 1% is suf-
ficient for measurements of this type. Potential
transformers or current transformers are not
required for voltages up t o 600 V or currents
to 125 A?
In higher voltage systems, the notching phe-
nomenon becomes less pronounced and more
difficult t o measure accurately by observation
of an oscilloscope trace. In these cases, mea-
surements of harmonic voltages and currents
are made, as described below.
7.2 Harmonics. Measurements of harmonic
currents and voltages are made to determine
total harmonic distortion which can be used as
a figure of merit to describe the effect of the
converter(s) on the distribution system. A simi-
lar figure of merit called TIF (telephone influ-
ence factor) can also be determined. TIF mea-
surements have had substantial engineering
attention in the past, meriting a separate
paragraph below for discussion. Measurements
of the individual harmonics are desirable to aid
in selecting suppression techniques, inasmuch
as the amplitudes actually generated frequently
differ considerably from those indicated by
simplified theory.
A primary consideration in measuring har-
monics is the provision of suitably wide-band
sensors and instruments. Frequencies up to 6
~
4The Weston Model 639 AC Industrial Analyzer is
sufficiently accurate (1%) for most measurements of
this type. For higher voltage systems, instrument
transformers, such as the Weston Model 327 for cur-
rent and Westinghouse Type PTM for voltage, may be
used. These are relatively narrow bandwidth trans-
formers, suitable for Thevenin measurement, but not
generally suited for faithful measurements where
harmonics are present, as in the case of notch measure-
ment previously described.
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
kHz are usually of interest, and in some cases
even higher harmonics may be of concern. The
bandwidth of interest in a given case depends
on the susceptibility of apparatus in the spe-
cific distribution system. Generally, the com-
monly available line frequency sensors and
instruments, such as those used for system
operation, are not suitably broadband?
No special voltage or current couplers are re-
quired for harmonic distortion measurements.
Good practice would include the use of either
coaxial cable or shielded twisted pair conduc-
tors between voltage and current sensors and
instruments. Current transformers will require
suitably noninductive resistor burdens as re-
commended by the transformer manufacturer.
7.3 Telephone Interference. The measurement
of TIF may be accomplished in two ways. The
first involves the use of a current transformer
and a frequency-selective voltmeter! Using this
method the individual harmonics are recorded,
the appropriate TIF/C Message Weighting ap-
plied and the individual weighted harmonics
summed on a root-mean-square basis. This
method has the advantage of identifying partic-
ular harmonics which could be suppressed by
filtering or other means.
The second method involves a direct measure-
ment? The details of the measurements are
'To measure total harmonic distortion directly, a
distortion analyzer, such as the Hewlett-Packard Model
331A, may be used. This instrument may also be used,
in its voltmeter mode of operation, to read amplitudes
of individual harmonics, though not as accurately as
might be done with a frequency-selective voltmeter
designed for that purpose. The advantage of the distor-
tion analyzer is that it indicates the total harmonic
distortion directly. As an alternative, a frequency selec-
tive voltmeter, such as the Hewlett-Packard Model
3590A, can be used to measure the amplitude of the
fundamental and each of the harmonics. The total har-
monic distortion can then be calculated. To use either
the distortion analyzer or frequency-selective volt-
meter, system voltages and currents must be divided or
transformed to levels compatible with the instruments'
allowable input levels. Wideband current transformers,
such as the Pearson Model 301X, and voltage dividers,
such as the ITTJennings Model JP-2000, may be used
for this purpose. Normally, harmonic distortion is
measured on either voltage or current, but not both.
Most practitioners favor the voltage measurement,
probably because voltages are generally more accessible
for sensing.
6Examples of a frequency-selective voltmeter are the
Hewlett Packard Model 302A or Wilcom Products
Model T132 analyzer.
7A Western Electric 106A current coupling unit is
connected t o a Western Electric 3 Type noise measur-
ing set or alternatively a Hewlett Packard Model 3555
transmission measuring set.

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
given in ANSI/IEEE Std 368-1977 [21] and
_- IEEE Std 469-1977[22].
TIF measurements are applicable to telephone
circuits which are voice frequency and involve
electro-acoustic transducers. There are an in-
creasing number of telephone services which do
not benefit from the C Message weighting (for
example, data circuits) and others which operate
above the voice band (for example, carrier sys-
tem) which have the potential for interference
from power lines. For these situations un-
weighted single frequency measurements must
be taken and the results analyzed t o predict
interference levels.
7.4 Flicker. The measure of flicker is the fre-
quency and severity (amplitude) of voltage var-
iation. Unlike most of the measurements dis-
cussed herein, this is a narrow band measure-
ment. It can be made with instrument trans-
formers normally used in the distribution sys-
tem and needs no special voltage coupler.
Where the phenomenon is periodic or nearly
periodic, the measurement can be made with a
voltmeter and a stop watch, or in the case of
periods shorter than a few seconds, an oscillo-
- scope or oscillograph. Some care should be
taken t o ensure that instrument damping (or
lack of it) does not distort the measurements.
Where the phenomenon is nearly random, and
specifically where it is desired t o establish sta-
tistics over periods longer than a few hours, an
event recorder may be used?
7.5 Power Factor Correction. The measure-
ments required for power factor correction are
the sort of measurements normally made with-
in the distribution system. That is, ordinary
measurements of voltage, current, and power
at 50 Hz or 60 Hz are those required. The
object in applying power factor correction
techniques is t o increase the ratio of real power
t o volt-amperes as viewed from the utility
source. This can be done by utilizing instru-
ments and measuring techniques used for sys-
tem cost metering and operation. These are
well-known and established and need not be
described here. One aspect of the application
~~
'For example, the Dranetz Model 606 Power-Line
Disturbance Analyzer will afford a printed record of
voltage excursion amplitudes versus time of occur-
rence. This allows the flicker statistics to be recorded
- without operator attendance, a useful attribute when
event occurrences are randomly separated by several
minutes or even hours.
31
IEEE
Std 519-1981
however, should be mentioned. When power
factor correction networks are installed, it is
frequently required that the harmonic cur-
rents into the networks be measured. This is
necessary t o assure that components of such
networks are being utilized within their rating.
Since these are harmonic currents, the tech-
niques and instruments discussed in 7.2 are
applicable.
8. Recommended Practices
Industrial and commercial application of con-
verters can be divided into two broad cate-
gories :
(1)Large drives and electrochemical processes
operated from a medium-voltage (2.4-69 kV)
or high-voltage (above 115 kV) power source
(2) Small drives and miscellaneous power
supplies operated from a low-voltage (below
600 V) source
The effects on both systems are similar. Analy-
sis follows the same procedure. The XIR ratios
are higher in medium-voltage systems, so the
resonant phenomenon is less damped. The
notching phenomenon is more important in
low-voltage systems.
This section includes discussion and the re-
commended practices for:
(1) Line notch limits
(2) Voltage distortion limits
(3) Telephone influence limits
(4)Flicker limits
Part of the discussion is how these limits can
be met by good design
8.1 Line Notching. Line notching occurs when
current commutates from one phase t o another.
During commutation these two phases are
connected (short circuited) by the converter
through the ac impedance (which is very low)
and thus causes the voltage t o drop t o near
zero (Fig 21).
These line notches can excite the natural
resonance of the power distribution system in
the audio (15 to 20 000 Hz) frequency range.
The higher frequencies are easily filtered with
resistor capacitor networks if any problem
arises. The energy associated with oscillations
excited by commutation notches is small.
Many converters are designed to use a single
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

BUS A

(,BUS B

SWITCH

THYRISTOR
CONVERTER
( BUSC

Fig 21
Notch Depth Reduction

pulse t o gate the thyristor. If the line notch is
wider than the gate pulse, the thyristor may
not continue in conduction and the converter
will suffer a commutation failure if in the in-
verting mode. stability may be affected if in
the rectifying mode. Other equipment, such as
digital equipment, may also be affected.
Line notching is particularly evident in low-
voltage systems. The discussion that follows is
written for low-voltage systems or systems
where the X/R ratios are low, below 6. Values
given are typical.
8.1.1 Design Practices for Minimizing Notch-
ing Effects. Line notching and its effects are
directly affected by the plant distribution sys-
tem, the power and control wiring, and the
design of the gate firing pulse. A discussion of
recommended practices follows.
8.1.1.1 Distribution System. The impedance
as seen by a converter includes the power
source (utility system), stepdown transformer,
cables, and isolation transformer. The isolation
transformer represents the largest single imped-
ance.
Figure 22(a) represents a typical distribution
system. The incoming voltage is stepped down
t o plant utilization voltage, EL,by the main
transformer. Power then flows through the line
isolation transformer t o the converter. Voltage
EL distributes power t o other equipment.
Figure 22(b) shows the equivalent system im-
pedance diagram. 2, and Z, are the impedances

Fig 22
Simplified Diagram,
Power Distribution System

(a) (b)

SYSTEM AND MAIN

TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

PLANT BUS

EL VOLTS
ISOLATION ISOLATION
TRANSFORMERS TRANSFORMER

t
OTHER OTHER
CONVERTER
LOADS LOADS

32

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
of the main and isolation transformers, respec-
~ -. tively. The junction of impedances Z,and Z, is
the plant bus which carries line voltage ELand
distributes power throughout the building.
During commutation the voltage on the load
side of the isolation transformer goes to zero.
However, the short circuit is isolated from the
plant bus by the transformer impedance so that
the effect of the notch on the plant bus is greatly
diminished. The amount of notching that gets
through to the plant bus can be computed by
analyzing the equivalent circuit voltage divider
formed by the transformer impedances. It can
be shown that the line notch amplitude at the
bus is:
76 Notch Depth = ____
4 100
&+Z,
=K
i 100
If there is no isolation transformer, Z,is zero,
and there will be no impedance drop between
the converter and the bus so the voltage will
drop t o zero momentarily.
Figure 23 illustrates good and bad practice,
respectively. Figure 23(b) has the converter
- sharing the same lines as other equipment,
allowing ready propagation of the harmonic
currents throughout the system. Figure 23(a)
minimizes the effect of the converter on other
loads in the power system.
Impedance inserted into the converter circuit
lessens the depth of the notch as seen by the
Fig 23
Converter Connector to Distribution System
(a) Recommended Configuration; (b) Poor Practice
UTILITY
SYSTEM
TRANSFORMER
@I
CONVERTER
OTHER LOADS
RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION
(a)
33
IEEE
Std 519-1981
other circuits at the point of common coupling.
8.1.1.2 Power Wiring Practice. The power
wiring t o the converter equipment should be
isolated from control wiring to minimize the
inductive capacitive coupling between the
two. The sharp wave fronts of the notches and
currents present on the power wiring can in-
duce noise on adjacent circuits.
If an isolation transformer is provided, it
should be placed as close as possible to the con-
verter.
8.1.1.3 Design of Gate Triggering Circuit.
Since line notching cannot always be avoided,
the gate triggering pulses on industrial equip-
ment should have such design criteria that inter-
ference is not encountered in most applications.
As a recommended practice, equipment should
be designed so as t o be capable of performing
on supply systems containing notches of
250 ps wide (5.4 electrical degrees) and a notch
depth of 0.7 of the rated maximum line voltage.
8.1.2 Limits of Line Voltage Notching. Three
classes have been established on low-voltage
systems to determine the limits of distortion
that may be allowed from static power con-
verters. The criteria for measurement in these
systems include:
DF = voltage distortion factor
AN =area of the commutation notch in volt-
microseconds
p =impedance ratio of total impedance t o
impedance at common point in system
POOR PRACTICE
(b)
IEEE
Std 519-1981
Table 2
Low-Voltage System Classification and
Distortion Limits for 460 V Systems
AN
Class p voltmicroseconds
Special Application* 10 16 400
General System 5 22 800
Dedicated System 2 36 500
*Special applications are those where the rate of
change of voltage of the notch might mistrigger an
event.
For notch area (AN) the voltage and current are
referred t o the point of common coupling. The
dimensions are expressed in voltmicroseconds
which are easily measured on an oscilloscope
screen.
8.2 Power Factor Correction. The question of
whether or not t o apply one or more of the
power factor correction techniques noted in
5.2 is almost entirely answered by the econom-
ics of a specific converter installation. The rec-
ommended practice is then simply t o use power
factor correction t o the degree economically
justifiable. However, there are two caveats in-
volving the use of capacitance. These are the
system sink phenomenon and the resonant
phenomenon, described below.
8.2.1 System Sink Phenemenon. Power factor
correcting capacitors are placed across the
utility’s transmission system, frequently with
very little isolating impedance. As a conse-
quence, any harmonics present on the incom-
ing voltage are imposed on the capacitors. Thus,
the capacitors can be subjected t o large har-
monic currents, generated elsewhere in the
power system, in some cases sufficient t o
destroy them. Prudence dictates a preliminary
measurement t o determine the existence and
degree of such harmonics. If they exist t o a
substantial degree, either the capacitors must
be decoupled (with resistance or inductance in
series) or the power factor correction effort
abandoned.
8.2.2 Resonant Phenomenon. When static
capacitors are connected t o a system for volt-
age or reactive power control (power factor
correction), there is a frequency at which the
capacitors are in parallel resonance with the
power system reactance. Figure 24 illustrates
this when the converter is considered a source
of harmonic currents. Parallel resonance is a
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
high impedance to current at the resonant
frequency. Series resonance is low impedance.
If the parallel resonance is at or near one of the
DF
characteristic harmonic frequencies produced
% by the converter, the tank circuit can be ex-
3 cited and large oscillating currents can flow
5 between the inductive reactance of the power
10 system and the capacitive reactance of the
capacitors. These currents add t o the harmonic
voltage drop, causing a much larger voltage dis-
tortion factor. It is this resonant condition
that causes problems involving conductive and
inductive interference. Hence, capacitors should
be sized t o avoid a resonance near a characteris-
tic harmonic frequency.
The parallel resonant frequency can be calcu-
lated as:
system short circuit MVA
f, = fl capacitor Mvar
where
X, = reactance of capacitor bank, per unit or
i2
zc= reactance of power system, per unit or
i2
fi = fundamental frequency
L,, = inductance of power system, H
C = capacitance of capacitor bank, F
8.3 Harmonics. The harmonic voltage drop
caused by the flow of harmonic current through
an impedance distorts the fundamental sine
wave of voltage (see 5.3). This voltage distor-
tion causes harmonic currents t o flow in cir-
cuits other than those which normally have
converter loads. These currents can have a con-
ductive effect in the circuit in which they flow
Fig 24
Power System Showing Paralleling Between
System and Shunt Capacitance Reactance
SYSTEM _L SHUNT
REACTANCE
34
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

UTILITY

Fig 25
Power System with Shunt Filters

or an inductive effect on circuit conductors sum of Ih of all converters connected

- which parallel the circuit conductor.
Ih =

H = harmonic t o which the filter is tuned

8.3.1 Shunt Filters. The application of a shunt
filter to a power system is effective t o remove
harmonics generated by solid-state converters.
When connected t o the converter bus, the flow
of harmonic current is so controlled that the
harmonic voltages in other parts of the circuits
are very low. Figure 25 shows a typical arrange-
ment. Because the filters will absorb almost all
of the harmonic currents generated by the con-
verter, the filter must be sized t o take these
currents, as well as any other currents not iso-
lated from the filter with impedance.
8.3.1.1 Filter Rating. The capacitor in the
filter must be of such a rating as t o enable it to
withstand the arithmetic sum of the funda-
mental and tuned harmonic voltages in the
filter. (See Fig 26.)
(tuned harmonic)
Vc = Ii X ci + IHX CH
VL = 11XL, 4- IH x L ~
The volt-ampere rating of the capacitor is
then: IF Vi
Under maximum conditions (system voltage
above normal or overload on the converters),
the volt-ampere loading of the capacitor can-
not exceed 1.35 per unit with a maximum of
1.1per unit V. (See ANSI/IEEE Std 18-1980.)
Table 3 lists the filter configuration for dif-
ferent size power systems. Other factors t o be
considered are capacitor size for reactive com-
Fig 26

'fi
The voltage and current ratings of the reactor Shunt Power Filter
and capacitor are then: vs

XL

h where xc T vc
V,= system nominal voltage (fundamental) I f
35
IEEE
Std 519-1981
Table 3
Typical Filter Configuration Versus System Size
System Short-circuit Capacity Tuned Filter
0 - 250 MVA 5th
251 - 750 MVA 5th. 7th
-
751 1500 MVA 5th; 7th, 11th
1500- MVA 5th, 7th, l l t h , 13th
pensation, number of capacitor equipments,
local factors influencing choices, and the total
converter load on the power system.
8.3.1.2 Parallel Resonances. For each tuned
filter there will be a parallel resonance between
the filter and the power system reactance. This
parallel resonant point will be lower than the
filter frequency and above the next lowest
tuned filter. For this reason, it is not practical
t o apply filters tuned t o the higher order har-
monics and not t o the lower orders. For ex-
ample, if an 11 harmonic filter is applied on a
normal twelve-pulse rectifier, the parallel res-
onant point will be below the 11 harmonic. If
this is a t the 7 harmonic, any 7 harmonic cur-
rent flowing into the high impedance at the
parallel resonance will cause high 7 harmonic
oscillating currents between the 11 harmonic
filter and the power system. This condition will
overload the capacitors in the filter, causing
fuses t o fail and detuning the circuit. Therefore,
filters should be applied and connected t o the
power system starting with the lowest order
and added upon. Conversely, if the total kvar
of capacitance must be reduced, the highest
order filter should be switched off first, etc.
Once filters are connected t o the system,
there will be a low impedance path for the cur-
rents of the tuned frequencies. If there is a
harmonic component of voltage in the power
supply system corresponding t o the filter fre-
quency, this harmonic voltage will cause addi-
tional current in the filter.
8.3.2 Limits on Harmonics. The amount of
voltage distortion that can be tolerated on a
power system is dependent upon the equip-
ment connected t o it and this equipment’s
susceptibility t o nonsinusoidal wave shapes.
The distortion is a function of the amount of
harmonic currents flowing through the imped-
ance t o the source.
I H
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
where
vh = Ih &
V, = fundamental voltage
H = 50 or any harmonic less than 0.01 V,
Theoretical values of distortion factors are
plotted in Fig 27 for different pulse number
converters as a function of the ratio of system
impedance t o converter size (short-circuit
ratio) where:
system short-circuit MVA
Short-circuit Ratio =
converter MW
On industrial power systems, the voltage dis-
tortion not be greater than listed in
4-
If voltage distortion is kept within the above
limits, other equipment will operate satisfac-
torily.
8.4 Telephone Interference. The presence of
harmonic currents or voltages in circuitry asso-
ciated with power conversion apparatus can
produce magnetic and electric fields that will
impair the satisfactory performance of com-
munication systems which, by virtue of their
proximity and susceptibility, can be disturbed.
For a given physical arrangement it is apparent
that the disturbance is a function of both the
amplitude and the frequency of the disturbing
component in the conversion apparatus.
The study of means for minimizing the inter-
ference which power systems might cause in
communication systems is a proper subject of
inductive coordination which has been actively
pursued by a Joint Subcommittee for Develop-
ment and Research of the Edison Electric Insti-
tute and The Bell Telephone System. Since a
primary source of interference is the presence
of harmonic currents or voltages in the power
system, a task force of the above joint subcom-
mittee has revised the weighing factors to be
placed upon the harmonic frequency com-
ponents t o bring them up-to-date with the
improved state of the communication systems
in 1960, following the introduction of the 500-
type telephone set. By subjective and objective
listening tests on a group of individuals, relative
weights were established for the various har-
monic frequencies which indicate the disturb-
ance t o voice frequency communication that
36
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

-,.

Table 4
Voltage Distortion Limits for Medium and
High-Voltage Power Systems
Power System
Voltage Dedicated* System General
Level Converter Power System
Medium
Voltage
2.4 - 69 kV 8% 5%
High
Voltage
115 kV and above 1.5% 1.5%

*A dedicated system is one servicing only converters

or loads not affected by voltage distortion.

Definition of Buses for Table 4

MEDIUM VOLTAGE

LOW VOLTAGE
MEDIUM SUBSTATIONS
CONVERTERS BUSC VOLTAGE CONVERTER LOADS

OTHER LOAD
NOT SENSITIVE
TO VOLTAGE NOTE: Bus A is a general power system.
CONVERTER DISTORTION Buses B and C are considered dedicated
systems.

37
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

28

24

\\ NUMBER OF PULSES

-6 -
---12
APPROXIMATE ALPHAS
Ed ff
10% 80"
100% 31" -
I \\ \ 120% 0"

10 20 30 40 3
SHORT-CIRCUIT RATIO
NOTE: The voltage distortion on industrial power systems should not be greater than that listed in Table 4.

Fig 27
Theoretical Voltage Distortion Versus Short-circuit Ratio
for Six- and Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers

the injection of a signal of the harmonic fre-

quency into the communication network will
produce relative t o that which would be pro-
duced by a 1000 Hz signal similarly injected. or equivalently :
8.4.1 TIF Weighting Factor. The TIF Weight-
ing is a combination of the C Message Weight-
ing characteristic, which accounts for the rela-
tive interferring effect of various frequencies
in the voice band (including the response of the
TIF = dE(q
telephone set and the ear), and a capacitor, where
which provides weighting which is directly pro- X, = total rms voltage or current
portional t o frequency t o account for the as- X,= single frequency rms current or voltage
sumed coupling function. TIF is a dimension- at frequency f
less quantity which is indicative of the wave- W,= single frequency TIF weighting at fre-
form and not the amplitude, and is given by: quency f

38
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

The TIF weighting function, W,, which re- 8.4.2.1 Multiphasing of the Conversion
h
flects the present C Message Weighting and the Equipment. Increasing the number of phases
coupling (proportionality component) normal- or pulse number of the conversion system will
ized t o 1 kHz, is given by: generally reduce certain harmonic components
in the leads t o the converter.
w,=5 4f 8.4.2.2 Residual or Ground Return Cur-
where rents. Telephone circuits are particularly sus-
ceptible t o the influence of ground return cur-
5 = constant rents. Special care should be exercised in hold-
4 = C message weighting at frequency f ing these t o an absolute minimum. As long as
f = frequency under consideration both conductors of a telephone circuit have
equal exposure t o a balanced three-phase
As an example, the TIF Weighting at 1kHz is
power circuit, as is the case with twisted pairs,
5000 since the C message attenuation is unity,
the induced harmonic voltages and currents
that is:
cancel.
W,= (5) (1)(1000)= 5000 8.4.2.3 Commutation Effects. Presence of
reactance in the utility source and reactance in
In practice, telephone interference is often the converter transformers, both of which can
expressed as a product of the current and the contribute t o the commutating reactance of
TIF, that is, the I - T product, where the I is rms the converter, will cause the I * T product and
current in amperes and T i s TIF. Alternatively, the kV-T product at the line terminals of the
it is sometimes expressed as a product of the converter t o increase rapidly with the angle of
voltage and the TIF weighting, where the volt- phase retard. To minimize the inductive influ-
age is in rms kV, that is, the kV * T product. ence it is desirable, where practicable, t o main-
The single frequency TIF values are listed in tain the angle of phase retard of commutation
Table 5. The curve of Fig 28 plots the values. in the converter as small as possible.
-- 8.4.2.4 Filtering. The influence of currents
and voltages in the utility system caused by
Table 5 harmonic components in the converter can be
1960 Single Frequency TIF Values reduced by a judicious choice of series and
FREQ TIF FREQ TIF FREQ TIF FREQ TIF shunt reactive filters placed at the connecting
60 0.5 1020 5100 1860 7820 3000 9670 interface between the two systems.
180 30 1080 5400 1980 8330 3180 8740
300 225 1140 5630 2100 8830 3300 8090 Extreme care and caution must be exercised
360 400 1260 6050 2160 9080 3540 6730 in the application of such filters t o avoid possi-
420 650 1380 6370 2220 9330 3660 6130
540 1320 1440 6650 2340 9840 3900 4400 ble resonant conditions resulting from unex-
660 2260 1500 6680 2460 10340 4020 3700
720 2760 1620 6970 2580 10600 4260 2750 pected harmonics which might appear at some
780 3360 1740 7320 2820 10210 4380 2190 future time in the utility system causing
900 4350 1800 7570 2940 9820 5000 840
catastrophic damage.
8.4.3 Limits of Interference. It is difficult t o
8.4.2 Methods of Reducing Interference. place specific limits on the telephone influence
Where the power conversion equipment is di- which the harmonic components of current
rectly connected t o a utility system, most of and voltage in converter systems can inflict.
the interference will result from harmonic cur- The actual interference t o voice communica-
rent and voltage disturbances which are placed tion systems in proximity t o the power system
upon the utility network by the converter. This supplying the converter is dependent upon a
is due t o the proximity and greater exposure number of factors not under the control of the
which the communication circuits will have t o designer of the converter system. These factors
this network. Other exposures t o the converter will vary from location t o location and from
interference are more closely contained within time t o time as the state-of-the art of inductive
the industrial complex and their interfering coordination progresses.
effects can be held t o negligible levels by suit- There is some data available which related t o
the I * Tperformance of large converters used in
_- able placement and shielding of the wiring. The
disturbance to the communications system can telephone offices t o charge batteries. It should
be reduced by the following means. be noted that the values shown in Table 6 are

39
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE

FREQUENCY IN HERTZ

Fig 28
1960 TIF Weighting Values

given for illustrative purposes and are not to be
considered as requirements. Furthermore, the
values shown are applicable to the secondary
distribution within the telephone building and
the I * T on the primary system would be re-
duced by the turns ratio in the distribution
transformer, which is typically in the range of
(40 to 60):l. Thus, an I*T of 100 000 for a
240 V, 1600 A converter would be about 2000
on the primary distribution, which, of course,
is important since the exposure t o the primary
feed will be greater in length.
These converters were of the 6-pulse type
with phase-shifting taps to permit two con-
verters t o be operated in parallel on a 12-pulse
basis or four converters t o be operated on a 24-
pulse basis. Recently there have been expressed
desires to lower the specified maximum values
t o one-half or less of the above figures, particu-
larly where the battery plant is to be associated
with an electronic switching office.
For the case of ferroresonant units which do
not utilize phase shifting, the I * T is typically
much lower, as indicated in Table 7.
As discussed previously in 8.4.1,the I - T on
the primary transmission is of most interest t o
the telephone company inductive coordination
engineer. Although there are no specific require-
ments, experience with interference problems
over the years have provided some guidelines
which may be useful.
Noise sensitive installations fall in Category I.
Commercial buildings and industrial plants fall
in Category 11. Unrestricted areas fall in Cate-
gory 111.
It should be pointed out that the above guide-
lines are applicable t o balanced rather than re-
sidual components on power systems. Table 8

Table 7
Table 6 Typical I * T Values for 48 V DC
Typical 1-T Values for 48 V DC Converters Ferroresonant Converters
Three Phase Rectifier Full Load I*T Three Phase
Line-to-Line Output Current On Secondary Line-to-Line Converter Full Load I-T
Voltage Rating Distribution Voltage output On Secondary
(Secondary) Current Rating Distribution
2081240 V 400 25 000
800 50 000 2081240 V loo* 7 50
1600 100 000 400 1500

480 V 400 12 000 480 V loo*

400
350
750
-.
800 25 000
1600 50 000 *Single Phase Rectifiers

40

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
Table 8
.-7
Balanced I*T Guidelines for Converter
Installations, Tie (Supply) Lines
Category Description I*T
I Levels most unlikely Up t o 10 000
to cause interference
11 Levels that might cause 10 000 to 50 000
interference
I11 Levels that probably greater than
will cause interference 50 000
NOTE: These values of I-T product are for circuits
with an exposure between overhead systems, both
power and telephone. Within an industrial plant or
commercial building, the exposure between power
distribution in cables and telephone lines in cable with
twisted pairs is extremely low and no interference is
normally encountered. I-T products similar to those of
Table 6 should be used within plants and buildings.
provides representative I *T guidelines for elec-
tric lines which tie industrial and commercial
converter installations t o primary distribution
and .transmission line networks [6]. Similar
1.T guidelines for H V and EHV transmission
lines were recently updated and published in
ANSI/IEEE Std 368-1977 [21].
~ -- 8.5 Flicker. This phenomenon is a result of
applying a load on the converter, then releas-
ing it, reapplying it some time later, etc. The
converter does not in itself cause flicker. If
this process is carried out at a frequency to
which the human eye is susceptible, and if the
resulting system voltage drop is great enough,
a modulation of the light level of incandescent
or fluorescent lamps will be detected. This is
the effect which gives the phenomenon its
name, and one which may be a matter of con-
cern. In modern power systems, however, there
may be other apparatus, such as computers,
instrumentation, and communication equip-
ment, which suffer deleterious effects. For
some cases, these deleterious effects may exist
even though the flicker of incandescent lamps
is not discernible.
The measure of flicker is the amount of sys-
tem voltage variation involved and the fie-
quency at which the variation recurs. The
frequency may be a pure single frequency, but
is more often a frequency band. Sources of
flicker in industrial power distribution systems
can be, for instance, the somewhat random
variations of load typified by an arc furnace
melting scrap steel or elevator motor starts and
stops. A flicker source may be nearly periodic,
41
IEEE
Std 519-1981
as in the case of jogging or manual spot-welding.
A source may also be periodic, as in the case of
an automatic spot-welder.
Flicker intensity (that is, the magnitude of
the voltage variation) is determined by power
source impedance and load peak power require-
ments. When planning t o install pulsed con-
verters, the effects of the pulse load on other
parts of the distribution system should be cal-
culated. This requires knowledge of:
(1)The volt-ampere requirements of the
pulsed load, magnitude and frequency
(2)The impedance of the source(s) within
the distribution system back to a supply of
such stiffness that variations can be considered
truly inconsequential
(3) Whether or not apparatus or beings sus-
ceptible to flicker are within the exposed
distribution sector and their degree of sus-
ceptibility
8.5.1 Limits of Flicker. Frequently the de-
gree of susceptibility is not readily determin-
able. Figure 29 is offered as a guide in planning
for such applications. This curve is derived
from empirical studies made by several sources
[ 71 -[ 141 , There are several such curves exist-
ing which have approximately the same vertical
scale. Figure 29 represents the least conserva-
tive of available curves; that is, it allows ap-
proximately three times the voltage variation
considered tolerable by more conservative
authorities.
8.5.2 Compensation for Flicker. Methods for
compensating for existing or potential flicker
are much the same as those used t o compensate
for subtransient disturbances, such as those
evidenced by notching or harmonic currents.
The simplest and generally most effective tech-
nique is to provide a sufficiently stiff source of
power so that the effect is negligible at the
point where the flicker source is tapped off
from the rest of the power distribution system.
Compensatory methods are used t o emulate
the stiff source: series capacitors, thyristor
switching of inductors with shunt capacitors
(static var control), saturating shunt inductors,
synchronous condensers, and switched shunt
capacitors may be used to maintain a relatively
steady voltage at the tie point. As in cases where
such schemes are used t o provide subtransient
compensation, the possibility of overall distri-
bution system instability must be thoroughly
investigated before one can confidently apply
the technique.
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
Fig 29
Maximum Permissible Voltage Fluctuations
9. Selected Bibliography on
Power Factor, Harmonics, and EM1
9.1 Books and General Discussions
[ B l ] SCHAEFER, J. Rectifier Circuits: Theory
and Design. New York: John Wiley, 1965.
[B2] KIMBARK, E. W. Direct Current Trans-
mission, vol I. (see Chapter 8, Harmonics and
Filters, which includes a list of 62 references).
New York: John Wiley, 1971.
[ B3] PELLY, B. R. Thyristor Phase-Controlled
Converters and Cycloconverters. New York:
John Wiley, 1971.
[B4] RISSIK, H. The Fundamental Theory of
Arc Converters. London: Chapman and Hall
Ltd, 1939.
[B5] AINSWORTH, J. D. Filters, Damping
Circuits, and Reactive Volt-Amps in HVDC
42
Convertors. (see Chapter 7 in High Voltage
Direct Current convertors and Systems, Ed:
CORY, B. J. London: Macdonald, 1965.
[B6] ADAMSON, C. and HINGORANI, N. G.
High Voltage Direct Current Power Transmis-
sion. (see Chapter 10, Harmonics). London:
Garraway, 1960.
[B7] BJARESTEN, N. A. The Static Converter
as a High-speed Power Amplifier. (Direct Cur-
rent). London: June 1963,154-165.
[B8] IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS.
no 8, Abnormal Loads on Power Systems,
1964.
[B9] IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS.
no 22, High-Voltage DC Transmission, 1966.
[BlO] IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS.
no 107, High-Voltage DC or AC Power Trans-
mission, 1973.

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
[ B l l ] IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS.
h
no 110, Sources and Effects of Power-System
Disturbances, 1974.
[ B12] IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS.
no 123, Power Electronics - P o w e r Semicon-
ductors and their Applications, 1974.
[B13] IEE CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS.
no 154, Power Electronics - Power Semicon-
ductors and their Applications, 1977.
[B14] KAUFERLE, J. HVDC Stations Con-
nected t o Weak AC Systems. IEEE Trunsac-
tions. PAS-89, Sept 1970, pp 1610-1617.
[B15] HINGORANI, N. G. and BURBERY,
M. F. Simulation of AC System Impedance in
HVDC System Studies. IEEE Transactions,
PAS-89, May 1970, pp 820-828.
[B16] GAUPER, H. A. Power Supply Aspects
of Semiconductor Equipment. IEEE Spectrum,
October 1971, pp 32-43.
[B17] BARON, J. A. and REEVE, J. Harmonic
Interaction Between HVDC Converters and AC
Power Systems. IEEE Transactions, PAS-90,
z
NOV1971, pp 2785-2793.
[B18] CORBYN, D. B. This Business of Har-
monics. Electronics and Power, June 1972,
pp 219-223.
[B19] JACOBS, A. P. and WALSH, G. W. Ap-
plication Considerations for SCR DC Drives
and Associated Power Systems. IEEE Transac-
tions, vol IGA-4, July/Aug 1968, pp 396-404.
[B20] STACEY, E. M. and SELCHAU-HAN-
SEN, P. V. SCR Drives - AC Line Disturbance,
Isolation, and Short-circuit Protection. IEEE
Transactions, vol IA-10, Jan/Feb 1974, pp 88-
105.
[B21] WHITEHEAD, S. and RADLEY, W. G.
Generation and Flow of Harmonics in Trans-
mission Systems. IEE Journal, vol 96, pt 11,
1949, pp 29-48.
[B22] MELVOLD, D. J. Pacific HVDC Intertie
System AC Side Harmonic Studies. IEEE
Transactions, vol PAS-92, Mar/April 1973, pp
690-701.
[B23] COLLIE, A. A. Solid-state Control of
Domestic Appliances. IEE Electronics and
Power, Jan 1972, pp 19-22.
43
IEEE
Std 519-1981
[B24] SUCENA-PAIVA, J. P. and FRERIS,
L. L. Stability study of Controlled Rectifiers
Using a New Discrete Control. Proceedings o f
IEE, v o l l l 9 , Sept 1972, pp. 1285-1293.
[ B25] LAGOSTENA, L. Disturbances Pro-
duced by Domestic Appliances Controlled by
Thyristors: Experiments and Studies Conducted
for the Purpose of Preparing Adequate Stan-
dards. IEE Conference Pub no 110, April 1974,
pp 214-222.
[B26] UHLMANN, E. Power Transmission by
Direct Current. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Ger-
many, 1975 (in English).
9.2 Real and Wattless Power
[B27] CALVERLEY, T. E. The Flow of Power
and Reactive Components in Rectifier and In-
verter Equipments. English Electric Journal,
Mar 1954, pp 206-219, and Apr 1954, pp 243-
259.
[B28] SCHMIDT, A. Power Factor of Recti-
fiers. AIEE Transactions, vol 77, pt 11, May
1958, pp 53-57.
[B29] KIMBARK, E. W. A Chart Showing the
Relationships between Electrical Quantities on
the AC and DC Sides of a Converter. IEEE
Trunsactions, vol PAS-82, Dec 1963, pp 1050-
1054. Also Direct Current, vol 8, June 1963,
pp 166-169.
[B30] SHEPHERD, W. and ZAKIKHANI, P.
Suggested Definition of Reactive Power for
Nonsinusoidal Systems. Proceedings IEE, vol
119, Sept 1972, pp 1361-1362. (see also dis-
cussion in vol 120, Jan 1973, p. 108, and July
1973, pp 796-798, and vol121, May 1974, pp
389-390, and July 1974, pp 705-706.
[B31] SHARON, D. Reactive-Power Defini-
tions and Power-Factor Improvement in Non-
linear Systems. Proceedings IEE, vol 120, June
1973, pp 704-706. (see also discussion in vol
121, May 1974, pp 390-392, and July 1974,
pp 705-706.
[B32] ERLICKI, M. S. and EIGELES, A. E.
New Aspects of Power Factor Improvement:
Part I - Theoretical Basis; Part I1 - Practical
Circuits. IEEE Transactions, vol IGA-4, July/
Aug 1968, pp 441-455.
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
9.3 Waveform Analysis and Measurement Tech-
niques
[B33] GOODHUE, W. M. The Rectifier Calcu-
lus. AIEE Transactions, vol 59, 1940, pp 687-
691 and pp 1073-1076.
[B34] GIBBONS, J. F. A Simplified Procedure
for Finding Fourier Coefficients. Proceedings
IRE, vol 45, Feb 1957, p 243; (see also discus-
sion on pp 1018-1019 and pp 1022-1024,
July 1957; p 1549, Nov 1957; and vol46, Nov
1958, pp 1877-1878.
[B35] GUILLEMIN, E. A. Computational
Techniques Which Simplify the Correlation
Between Steady-State and Transient Response
of Filters and Other Networks. Proceedings
National Electronics Conference, vol 9, 1953,
pp 513-532.
[B36] AMATO, C. J. A Simple and Speedy
Method for Determining the Fourier Coeffi-
cients of Power Converter Waveforms. IEEE
Industry and General Application 4th Annual
Meeting Record, Oct 1969, pp 477-483. Re-
printed in Power Semiconductor Applications,
vol11, New York; IEEE Press, 1972, pp 44-50.
[B37] DORTORT, I. K. Harmonic Analysis by
Direct Area Measurements. AIEE Transactions,
V O ~75, pt 11,1956, pp 16-19.
[B38] LEVENSTEIN, H. Fourier Coefficients
and Such. IEEE Spectrum, Aug 1966, p 5.
[B39] COREY, P. D. Methods for Optimizing
the Waveform of Stepped-Wave Static Inverters.
AIEE Conference, June 1962, Paper 62-1147.
Reprinted in Power Semiconductor Applica-
tions, IEEE Press: 1972, vol I, pp 321-327.
[B40] DORTORT, I. K. Phase Shifting of Har-
monics in AC Circuits of Rectifiers. IEEE
Trunsactions, vol IGA-4, Nov/Dec 1968, pp
655-658.
[B41] STANTON, K. N. Instrumentation for
Thyristor Control. IEEE Transactions, vol
IGA-4, Nov/Dec 1968, pp 638-643.
[B42] DOWNING, W. C. Watthour Meter Ac-
curacy on SCR Controlled Resistance Loads.
IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-93, July/Aug 1974,
pp 1083-1089.
[B43] BAGGOT, A. J. The Effect of Waveshape
Distortions on the Measurement of Energy by
Tariff Meters. IEEE Conference Publications
44
no 110, April 1974, pp 261-267.
9.4 Standards and Engineering Recommenda-
tions
[ B44] Supplies t o Converter Equipment-Har-
monic Distortion and Permissible Pulse Num-
ber of Consumers’ Rectifiers and Inverters
(British) Electricity Council Engineering Rec-
ommendation G5/2, Oct 1967.
[B45] Limits for Harmonics in the United
Kingdom Electricity Supply System, System
Design and Development Committee The
Electricity Council (Britain), Recommendation
G.5/3, Sept 1976.
[B46] Report on Harmonic Distortion Caused
by Converter Equipment, British Electricity
Boards A.C.E. Report no 15,1970.
[B47] KIDD, W. L. and DUKE, K. J. Harmonic
Voltage Distortion and Harmonic Currents in
the British Distribution Network, Their Effects
and Limitation. IEE Conference Publications
no 110, April 1974, pp 228-234.
[B48] DELOUX, G. International Standardiza-
tion and Electric Power Supply Network Dis-
turbances. IEE Conference Publications no
110, April 1974, pp 223-227.
[B49] GAUPER, H. A. Regulatory and Indus-
trial Aspects of Power Conversion Interference.
IEEE Industrial Static Power Conversion Con-
ference Record, (Catalog no 34C20), 1965,
pp 109-111.
[ B50] Specifications for Semiconductor Recti-
fier Equipments, British Standard 4417.
[B51] Electromagnetic Interference Character-
istics, Requirements for Equipment MIL-STD-
461. Measurement of Electromagnetic Inter-
ference Characteristics, MIL-STD-462. Defini-
tions and System of Units, Electromagnetic
Interference Technology, MIL-STD-463.
[B52] Semiconductor Dimmers for Incandes-
cent Lamps, NEMA WD-2-1970.
[ B53] Load Control for use on Central Electric
Heating Systems, NEMA Pub 101-1971 and
EEI Publication 71-43.
[B54] Directives Concerning the Protection of
Telecommunication Lines Against Harmful
Effects from Electricity Lines. International
Communication Union, Geneva, 1963, pp 414.

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
9.5 Waveform Analysis and Means for Harmonic
h
Suppression/Power Averaging
9.5.1 Converter Waveform Analysis
[B55] WILLIS, C. H. and HERSKIND, C. C.
Rectifier Terminology and Circuit Analysis,
AIEE Transactions, vol61, July 1942, pp 496-
498.
[ B56] HERSKIND, C. C. Rectifier-Circuit
Duty, AIEE Transactions, vol 63, March 1944,
pp 123-128.
[B57] GALLOWAY, J. H. Harmonic Line Cur-
rents in Large Thyristor Six-Pulse Converters,
IEEE Industry Application Society 8 t h Annual
Meeting Record, Oct 1973, p p 753-759.
[B58] DUFF, D. L. and LUDBROOK, A. Semi-
converter Rectifiers Go High Power. IEEE
Transactions, vol IGA-4, Mar/Apr 1968, pp
185-192.
[B59] McMURRAY, W. A Study of Asymmet-
rical Gating for Phase-Controlled Converters,
IEEE Transactions, vol IA-8, May/June 1972,
pp 289-295.
[B60] MEHTA, P. and MUKHOPADHYAY, S.
Improvement in DC Motor Performance by
Asymmetrical Triggering: Part I - One Quad-
rant Drive. IEEE Industry Application Society
8th Annual Meeting Record, Oct 1973, pp
615-633.
[B61] PERRIN, E. M. and SCHONHOLZER,
E. T. Fundamental Operation of Rectifiers
with Thyristor AC Power Control, IEEE Trans-
actions, vol IA-9, July/Aug 1973, pp 453-461.
[B62] SCHMUCK, K. Reaction Effects on the
Supply System Caused by Hexapulse Static
Converters with Sequential Control, Brown
Boveri Review, Nov 1971, pp 514-520.
[B63] ZANDER, H. Self-Commutated Rectifier
t o Improve Line Conditions, Proceedings IEE,
vol120, Sept 1973, pp 977-981.
[B64] BURKART, R. M. and BURTNESS, R.
W. Lamp Acoustical Noise and the Reverse
Phase Controlled Dimmer, IEEE Transactions,
vol IA-8, Jan/Feb 1972, pp 84-88.
[B65] LLOYD, S. A Thyristor AC Regulator
with Sinusoidal Output, IEE Conference Pub-
I lication N o 53, May 1969, pp 168-176.
[B66] MARSHALL, P. and LLOYD, S. A 3-
45
IEEE
Std 519-1981
Phase AC Thyristor Voltage Regulator, IEE
Conference Pub no 1 1 0, April 1974, pp 198-
202.
[B67] DEWAN, S. B. Harmonic Analysis of
AC-to-AC Frequency Converters, IEEE Truns-
actions, vol IGA-5, Jan/Feb 1969, pp 29-33.
[B68] DEWAN, S. B. and KANKAM, M. D. A
Method for Harmonic Analysis of Cyclocon-
verters. IEEE Transactions, vol IGA-6, Sept/
Oct 1970, pp 455-462.
9.5.2 Effects of Unbalance and Source
Impedance
[B69] STAHL, B. P. Interaction Between SCR
Drives, IEEE Trunsactions, vol IGA-4, Nov/Dec
1968, pp 596-599.
[B70] FRERIS, L. L. Effects of Interaction
Among Groups in a Multigroup AC/DC Con-
verter, IEE Proceedings, vol 114, July 1967, pp
965-973.
[B71] PALMER, L. W. Design and Specifica-
tion t o Minimize the Harmonic Current Gen-
eration Effect of Thyristor Drives, IEE Confer-
ence Pub no 93, Oct 1972, pp 162-167.
[B72] SHERMAN, W. G. Summation of Har-
monics with Random Phase Angles, Proceedings
IEE, V O 119,
~ NOV1972, pp 1643-1648.
[B73] ROWE, N. B. The Summations of
Randomly-Varying Phasors or Vectors with
Particular Reference t o Harmonic Levels, IEE
Conference Publication no 110, April 1974,
pp 177-181.
[B74] BLYE, P. W. and KENT, H. E. Effects
of Rectifiers on System Wave Shapes, AIEE
Transactions, vol 53, Jan 1934, pp 54-63.
[B75] EVANS, R. D. Harmonics and Load
Balance of Multiphase Rectifiers, Transactions
AIEE, V O ~62,1943, pp 182-187.
[B76] ORKINA, B. G. Higher Harmonics in a
Power System Supplying Mercury Rectifiers,
Direct Current, vol2, June 1955, pp 115-121.
[B77] Propagation of Harmonic Currents and
Voltages Through a Transmission System :
CEGB Tests, Direct Current, vol 9, Nov 1964,
pp 156,161.
[B78] PHADKE, A. G. and HARLOW, J. H.
Generation of Abnormal Harmonics in High-
Voltage AC-DC Power Systems, IEEE Trans-
IEEE
Std 519-1981
actions, vol PAS-87, Mar 1968, pp 873-882.
[B79] REEVE, J. and KRISHNAYYA, P. C. S.
Unusual Current Harmonics Arising from High-
Voltage DC Transmission, IEEE Transactions,
V O PAS-87,
~ Mar 1968, pp 883-893.
[B80] REEVE, J. A General Approach t o Har-
monic Current Generation by HVDC Con-
verters, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-88, July
1969, pp 989-995.
[B81] REEVE, J. and BARON, J. A. Harmonic
Interaction Between HVDC Converters and AC
Power Systems, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-90,
NOV1971, pp 2785-2793.
[B82] REEVE, J. and RAO, T. S. Dynamic
Analysis of Harmonic Interaction Between AC
and DC Power Systems, IEEE Transactions,
vol PAS-93, Mar/Apr 1974, pp 640-646.
[B83] HINGORANI, N. G. and BURBERY,
M. F. Simulation of AC System Impedance in
HVDC System Studies, IEEE Transactions,
vol PAS-89, May/June 1970, pp 820-828.
[B84] LIPS, H. P. Aspects of Multiple Infeed
of HVDC Inverter Stations into a Common AC
System, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-92,
Mar/Apr 1973, pp 775-779.
[k85] NORTHCOTE-GREEN, J. E. D. The
Computation of Impedance-Frequency Loci
and Harmonic Current Penetration for AC
Systems Adjacent to HVDC Conversion Equip-
ment, IEE Conference Pub no 107, Nov 1973,
pp 97-102.
[B86] KITCHIN, R. H. and HAY, J. L. Digital
Simulation of Waveform Distortion Due t o
Converters, IEEE Conference Pub no 110,
April 1974, pp 193-197.
[B87] CORBYN, D. B. Abnormal Harmonic
Disturbances: Assessment and Mitigation, IEE
Conference Pub no 110, April 1974, pp 235-
240.
[B88] HOOPER, C. K. and McADIE, C. H.
Effects of Supply Line Unbalance on the Fil-
tered Output Ripple of Polyphase Rectifiers,
AIEE Transactions, vol 69, pt 11, 1950, pp
766-770.
[B89] PINTSOY, A. M. The Calculation of the
Harmonics of Audio Frequency Currents in DC
Power Lines, Direct Current, vol4, June 1958,
pp 8-13.
IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
[B90] REEVE, 6. and BARON, J. A. Harmonic
DC Line Voltages Arising from HVDC Power
Conversion, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-89,
Sept/Oct 1970, pp 1619-1624.
[B91] CZUBKOWSKI, R. Application of Thy-
ristor Converters to Electric Mining Shovels,
1 977 IEEE/IAS International Semiconductor
Power Converter Conference, IEEE 77CH1183-
31A, pp 371-382.
9.5.3 Passive Harmonic Filters and Power
Factor Correction
[B92] FEASTER, W. C. and HARDER, E. L.
System Lower-Harmonic Voltages - Methods
of Calculation and Control by Capacitors,
AIEE Transactions, vol 60, 1941, pp 1060-
1066.
[ B93] STACKEGARD, H. Capacitor Bank
with Harmonic Filters, ASEA Journal, vol 34,
no 5,1961, pp 75-78.
[B94] PHADKE, A. G. and HARLOW, J. H.
Generation of Abnormal Harmonics in High-
Voltage AC-DC Power Systems, IEEE Trans-
actions, PAS-87, March 1968, pp 873-882.
[B95] DEWAN, S. B. Input Filter Design with
Static Power Converters, IEEE Transactions,
V O IGA-6,
~ July/Aug 1970, pp 378-383.
[B96] GILSIG, T. An Interconnected AC
Filter for High Voltage DC Converters, IEEE
Transactions, vol PAS-89, Mar 1970, pp 463-
469.
[B97] BARON, J. A. Combined Primary-
Tertiary AC Filters for HVDC Applications,
IEE Conference Pub no 107, 1973, pp 1-5.
[B98] BREWER, G. L. A Simple Method for
Estimating Harmonic Filter Performance, IEE
Conference Pub no 110, April 1974, pp 162-
167.
[B99] BIALKIEWICZ, Z. S. Reducing of Har-
monics in MV Networks with LC-Filters, IEE
Conference Pub no 1 1 0, 1974, pp 151-155.
[BlOO] SHEPHERD, W. and ZAKIKHANI, P.
Power Factor Correction in Nonsinusoidal Sys-
tems by the Use of Capacitance, Journal o f
Physics D : Applied Physics, vol 6, 1973, pp
1850-1861.
[BlOl] SHEPHERD, W. and ZAKIKHANI, P.
Power Factor Compensation of Thyristor-Con-
46

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
trolled Single-phase Load, IEE Proceedings,
-- vol120, Feb 1973, pp 245-246.
[B102] STEEPER, D. E. and STRATFORD,
R. P. Reactive Compensation and Harmonic
Suppression for Industrial Power Systems
Using Thyristor Converters, IEEE Transactions
IA-12, May 1976, pp 232-255.
[B103] GYUGYI, L. Reactive Power Genera-
tion and Control by Thyristor Circuits, IEEE
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1976,
pp 174-184.
[B104] PITEL, I. and TALUKDAR, S. N. A
Review of the Effects and Suppression of Power
Converter Harmonics, IEEE/IAS Annual Meet-
ing, 1977, pp 119-126.
[B105] SCHIEMAN, R. T. and SCHMIDT,
W. C. Power Line Pollution by 3-Phase Thy-
ristor Motor Drives, IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting,
1976, pp 680-690.
[B106] GALLOWAY, J. H. Line Current
Waveforms and Harmonics for a Large Multi-
Phase Converter System, IEEE Transactions
IA-13, Sept 1977, pp 394-399.
[B107] MELVOLD, D. J. Pacific HVDC Inter-
tie System AC Side Harmonic Studies, IEEE
Transactions PAS-92, March 1973, pp 690-
701.
9.5.4 DC Filters and Critical Inductance
[B108] MICOSKY, W. J. and HOVIS, G. R.
Filter Design for SCR Type DC Power Con-
verters, IEEE Industrial and General Applica-
tions 6th Annual Meeting Record, Oct 1971,
pp 347-360.
[B109] OVERBECK, W. P. Critical Inductance
and Control Rectifiers, IRE Proceedings, vol
27, Oct 1939, pp 655-659.
[BllO] DISTLER, R. J. and MUNSHI, S. G.
Critical Inductance and Controlled Rectifiers,
IEEE Transactions, vol IECI-12, March 1965,
pp 34-37.
[ B l l l ] DISTLER, R. J. and DUNNE, D. J. An
Improvement of the Critical Inductance Cri-
terion, IEEE Transactions, vol IECI-12, Nov
1965, pp 44-46.
[B112] SCHWARTZ, F. C. A Time-Domain
--. Analysis of the Power Factor for a Rectifier
Filter System with Over-and Subcritical Induc-
47
IEEE
Std 519-1981
tance, IEEE Transactions, vol IECI-20, May
1973, pp 61-68.
[B113] MATHUR, R. M. and SHARAF, A. M.
Harmonics on the DC Side in HVDC Conver-
sion, IEEE Transactions PAS-96, Sept 1977,
pp 1631-1638.
9.5.5 Active Compensation and Harmonic
Injection
[B114] Survey of Arc-Furnace Installations on
Power Systems and Resulting Lamp Flicker,
AIEE Transactions, vol 76, pt 11, Sept 1957,
pp 170-183.
[B115] CONCORDIA, C. Selection of Buffer
Reactors and Synchronous Condensers on
Power Systems Supplying Arc-Furnace Loads,
AIEE Transactions, vol 76, pt 11, July 1957,
pp 123-135.
[B116] KENDALL, P. G. Light Flicker in Re-
lation to Power-System Voltage Fluctuation,
IEEE Proceedings, ~ 0 1 1 1 3 , 1 9 6 6pp
, 471-479.
[B117] MULCAHY, J. A. and LUDBROOK, A.
A New Flicker Correcting System for Arc
Furnaces, Journal o f Metals, April 1967, pp
63-66.
[B118] FRANK, H. and LANDSTROM, B.
Power-Factor Correction with Thyristor-Con-
trolled Capacitors, ASEA Journal, ~0144,1971,
pp 180-184.
[ B1191 Thyristor-Switched Capacitors Curb
Furnace Flicker, Electrical Review, Aug 9,
1974, pp 164-166.
[B120] OLTROGGE, A. R. Fundamental Cri-
teria for Large Arc Furnace Power Systems,
Journal of Metals, Jan 1971, pp 53-64.
[B121] JOHNSON, E. R. Static High Speed
VAR Control for Arc Furnace Flicker Reduc-
tion, Proceedings of the American Power Con-
ference, ~ 0 1 3 4 , 1 9 7 2pp
, 1097-1105.
[B122] FRANK, H. and IVNER, S. Power
Factor Correction Equipment for Arc Furnaces
Using Thyristor-Controlled Capacitors, Iron
and Steel International, Feb 1974, pp 33-38.
[B123] CRONIN, J. New Concepts for VAR
Supply, Transmission and Distribution, Feb
1974, pp 60-64.
[B124] KILGORE, L. A. and WASHBURN,
D. C. Energy Storage at Site Permits Use of
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
Large Excavators on Small Power Systems,
Westinghouse Engineer, vol 30, Nov 1970, pp
162-167.
[B125] FINLAYSON, P. T. and WASHBURN,
D. C. Cycloconverter-Controlled Synchronous
Machines for Load Compensation on AC Power
Systems, IEEE Transactions, vol IA-10, Nov/
Dec 1974, pp 806-813.
[B126] SINGER, Z. Power Regulation by
Means of a Switched Capacitor, IEE Proceed-
ings, v o l l l 9 , Feb 1972, pp 149-152.
[B127] SINGER, Z. and ERLICKI, M. S.
Analysis of Systems Switched with Alternating
Polarity, IEE Proceedings, vol 121, Feb 1974,
pp 88-90.
[B128] SINGER, Z. and ERLICKI, M. S. Use
of Practical Circuits Switched with Alternating
Polarity, IEE Proceedings, vol121, April 1974,
pp 249-251.
[B129] MIDGLEY, D. and SIGGER, M.
Switched Capacitors in Power Control, IEE
Proceedings, vol 121, July 1974, pp 703-704.
[B130] EMANUEL, A. E. Using Inverters for
DC Motor Control, IEEE Industry Applications
Society 8 t h Annual Meeting Record, Oct 1973,
pp 585-593.
[B131] THORBORG, K. A Three-phase In-
verter with Reactive Power Control, IEEE
Transactions, vol IA-9, July/Aug 1973, pp
473-481.
[B132] KANNGIESSER, K. W. and LIPS,
H. P. Control Methods for Improving the Reac-
tive Power Characteristic of HVDC Links,
IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-89, July/Aug
1970, pp 1120-1125.
[B133] BLAKE, L. R. The Double 3-Phase
Rectifier with Inter-Phase Reactor Excited
from a Frequency Tripler, IEE Proceedings,
V O ~100, pt 11,1953, pp 310-314.
[B134] BIRD, B. M. Harmonic Reduction in
Multiplex Convertors by Triple-Frequency Cur-
rent Injection, IEE Proceedings, vol 116, Oct
1969, pp 1730-1734.
[B135] AMETANI, A. Generalized Method of
Harmonic Reduction in AC/DC Convertors by
Harmonic Current Injection, IEE Proceedings,
V O ~119, July 1972, pp 857-864.
48
[B136] AMEMIYA, Y. and SOWA, M. Har-
monic Reduction in a Bridged Rectifier Circuit
by Means of an AC Branch Across the Load,
Electrical Engineer of Japan, vol 93, Feb 1973,
pp 54-59.
[B137] SASAKI, H. and MACHIDA, T. A New
Method t o Eliminate AC Harmonic Currents by
Magnetic Flux Compensation-Considerations
on Basic Design, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-
90, Sept/Oct 1971, pp 2009-2019.
[B138] SASKI, H. and MACHIDA, T. Transi-
ent Analysis of Harmonic Current Elimination
Method by Magnetic Flux Compensation, IEEE
Transactions, vol PAS-93, Mar/Apr 1974, pp
669-675.
9.6 Effects on Components and Systems
[B139] WARDER, S. B. The Influence of
Rectifier Harmonics in a Railway System on
the Dielectric Stability of 33 kV Cables, IEE
Proceedings, vol98, pt 11,1951, pp 399-421.
9.6.1 Transformers and Inductors
[B140] DE BLIEUX, E. V. Losses in Trans-
formers for use with Mercury Arc Rectifiers,
AIEE Transactions, ~0150,1931,pp 999-1007.
[B141] DE BLIEUX, E. V. Characteristics,
Design and Applications of Rectifier Trans-
formers, General Electric Review, vol 40, Sept
1937, pp 412-417; Oct 1937, pp 481-489;
Nov 1937, pp 539-542; Dec 1937, pp 590-
593.
[B142] MARTIN, P. N. Transient Conditions
in a Transformer Supplying Energy t o a Half-
Wave Rectifier Circuit, AIEE Transactions,
V O ~70, pt 11,1951, pp 1468-1479.
[B143] HOLCOMB, J. E. Steady-State Condi-
tions in a Transformer Supplying Energy t o a
Half-Wave Rectifier, IEEE Transaction, vol
PAS-82,1963, pp 334-352.
[B144] CREPAZ, S. For an Improved Evalua-
tion of Conventional Losses of Transformers
for Converters, IEEE International Semicon-
ductor Power Converter Conference Record,
May 1972, pp 2-5-1 t o 9.
[B145] SPECHT, T. R. Transformer Inrush
and Rectifier Transient Currents, IEEE Trans-
actions, vol PAS-88, Apr 1969, pp 269-276.
[B146] NAKRA, H. L. and BARTON, T. H.
Three-phase Transformer Transients, IEEE

COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS
Transactions, vol PAS-93, Nov/Dec 1974, pp
1810-1819.
[B147] WOODBURY, J. R. Design of Imper-
fectly Coupled Power Transformers for DC to
DC Conversion, IEEE Transactions, vol IECI-
21, Aug 1974, pp 152-159.
[B148] NISHIZAKI, T. T. Computer-Aided
Design and Weight Estimation of High-Power
High-Voltage Power Conditioners, IEEE Trans-
actions, vol AES-7, Nov 1971, pp 1179-1194.
[B149] ACOSTA, 0. N. Interphase Trans-
former for Multiple Connected Power Recti-
fiers, IEEE Transactions, vol IGA-1, Nov/Dec
1965, pp 423-428.
[B150] USHER, T. Design Relationships for
Iron-Core Filter Chokes, AIEE Transactions,
vol76, pt I, Sept 1957, pp 484-487.
[B1511 SUBBARAo, T' and REEVE, J'
Harmonics Caused by Imbalance Transformer
Impedances and Imperfect Twelve-Pulse Opera-
tion in HVDC Conversion, IEEE Transactions,
PAS-95, Sept 1976, pp 1732-1737.
9.6.2 Capacitors
[B152] SCHMIDT, A. Capacitors in Power
Systems with Rectifier Loads, AIEE Transac-
tions, vol72, pt I, 1953, pp 14-17.
[B153] SCHMIDT, A. Capacitors in Power
Systems with Rectifier Loads, Direct Current,
4, March 1959, pp 116-119.
V O ~
[B154] Paper, Paper/Film, Film Dielectric
Capacitors for Power Semiconductor Applica-
tions EIA Standard RS-401, March 1973,
(ANSI C83.97-1973).
[B155] ROBINSON, W. M. EIA Standards for
Commutating Capacitors, IEEE International
Semiconductor Power Converter Conference
Record (IEEE Catalog no 72-CHO-602-3-IA),
May 1972, pp 1-9-1to 11.
[B156] HIRE, L. L. Thermal Considerations of
AC Resonating Capacitors in Ferroresonant
Applications, IEEE Industry Application Soci-
e t y 9th Annual Meeting Record, Oct 1974, pp
293-298.
[B157] MOORE, A. H. Application of Power
Capacitors to Electrochemical Rectifier. IEEE-
IAS Transactions, vol 1A-13, no 5, Sept/Oct
1977, pp 399-406.
49
IEEE
Std 519-1981
9.6.3 DCMachines
[B158] SCHMIDT, A. and SMITH, W. P.
Operation of Large DC Motors from Controlled
Rectifiers, AIEE Transactions, vol 67, pt I,
1948, pp 679-683.
[B159] REITER, C. R. and AMMERMAN,
C. R. Increased Losses in a DC Motor When
Operated From Grid Controlled Rectifiers,
AIEE Transactions, vol 71, pt 11,1952, pp 77-
82.
[B160] DUNAISKI, R. M. The Effect of
Rectifier Power Supply on Large DC Motors,
AIEE Transactions, vol 79, pt 111, 1960, pp
253-259.
[B161] ROBINSON, C. E. Redesign of DC
Motors for Applications with Thyristor Power
Supplies, IEEE Transactions, vol IGA-4, Septl
Oct 1968, pp 508-514.
[I31621 DEMERDASH, N. A. 0. and HAMIL-
TON, H. B. Effect of Complex Forms on Cop-
per Losses in Large DC Motors, IEEE 5th
Industrial Applications Society Annual Meeting
Record, Oct 1970, pp 77-81 (Reprinted in
Power Semiconductor Applications, vol I,
IEEE Press, 1972, pp 427-431.
[B163] FRANKLIN, P. W. Theory of the DC
Motor Controlled by Power Pulses: Part I -
Motor Operation: P& I1 - Braking Methods,
Commutation, and Additional Losses, IEEE
Transactions, vol PAS-91,1972, pp 249-262.
[B164] JONES, D. Ripple Current Effects on
DC Servo Motors, Machine Design, Sept 1971,
pp 63-66.
[B165] GYUGYI, L. and STRYCULA, E. C.
Active AC Power Filters, IEEE/IAS Annual
Meeting, 1976, pp 529-535.
9.6.4 AC Machines
[B166] JAIN, G. C. The Effect of Wave-Shape
on the Performance of a 3-Phase Induction
Motor, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-83, June
1964, pp 561-566.
[B167] KLINGSHIRN, E. A. and JORDAN,
H. E. Polyphase Induction Motor Performance
and Losses on Nonsinusoidal Voltage Sources,
IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-87, Mar 1968, pp
624-631.
[B168] CHALMERS, B. J. and SARKER, B. R.
Induction Motor Losses Due to Nonsinusoidal
IEEE
Std 519-1981 IEEE GUIDE FOR HARMONIC CONTROL AND REACTIVE
Supply Waveforms, IEE Proceedings, vol 115,
Dec 1968, pp 1777-1782.
[B169] McLEAN, G. W. Performance and
Design of Induction Motors with Square-Wave
Excitation, IEE Proceedings, vol 116, pp 1405-
1411.
[B170] LARGIADER, H. Design Aspects of In-
duction Motors for Traction Applications with
Supply Through Static Frequency Changers,
Brown-Boveri Review, vol 57, April 1970, pp
152-167.
[B171] LIPO, T. A. Harmonic Torque and
Speed Pulsations in a Rectifier-Inverter Induc-
tion Motor Drive, IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-
88, May/June 1969, pp 579-587.
[B172] ROBERTSON, S. D. T. and HEBBAR,
K. M. Torque Pulsations in Induction Motors
with Inverter Drives, IEEE Transactions, vol
IGA-7, Mar/Apr 1971, pp 318-323.
[B173] KLIMAN, G. B. Harmonic Effects in
Pulse Width Modulated Inverter Induction
Motor Drives, IEEE 7 t h Industry Applications
Society Annual Meeting Record, Oct 1972, pp
783-790.
[B174] JACOVIDES, L. J. Analysis of Induc-
tion Motor Drives with a Nonsinusoidal Supply
Voltage Using Fourier Analysis, IEEE Trans-
actions, vol IA-9, Nov/Dec 1973, pp 741-747.
[B175] BECK, C. D. and CHANDLER, E. F.
Motor Drive Inverter Ratings, IEEE Transac-
tions, vol IGA-4, Nov/Dec 1968, pp 589-595.
9.6.5 Telephone and Communications EM1
[B176] Engineering Reports of the Joint Sub-
committee on Development and Research of
the Edison Electric Institute and the Bell Tele-
phone System, 5 Volumes, July 1926 t o Janu-
ary 1943.
[B177] BARSTOW, J. M. Measurement of
Telephone Noise and Power Wave Shape, AIEE
Transactions, vol 54, Dec 1935, pp 1307-
1315.
[B178] PLUCKNETT, K. J. Inductive Coordi-
nation of REA Distribution Systems and Tele-
phone Systems, AIEE Transactions, vol 60,
1941, pp 586-595.
[B179] FRICK, C. W. A Short-cut Method of
Estimating Telephone Influence Factor of
50
Power Systems With Rectifier Load, AIEE
Transactions, vol 63,1944, pp 91-96.
[B180] AIKENS, A. J. and LEWINSKI, D. A.
Evaluation of Message Circuit Noise, Bell Tele-
phone System Monograph 3661, vol 39,1960,
pp 1-31.
[B181] COCHRAN, W. T. and LEWINSKI,
D. A. A New Measuring Set for Message Circuit
Noise, Bell Telephone System Monograph 3661,
39,1960, pp 33-53.
V O ~
[B182] BOZZELLA, S. J. Harmonics from
Railroad Rectifiers on Power Systems Reduced
by Filters, AIEE Transactions, vol 74, pt 11,
NOV1955, pp 324-335.
[B183] BALL, W. C. and POARCH, C. K.
Telephone Influence Factor (TIF) and its
Measurement, AIEE Transactions, vol 79, pt 11,
Jan 1961,659-664.
[B184] MEYER, W. S. and DOMME, H. W.
Telephone-Interference Calculation for Multi-
conductor Power Lines, IEEE Transactions,
V O PAS-88,
~ Jan 1969, pp 35-41.
[B185] DEFTY, J. W. and MAPLES, G. C.
Harmonic-Measurement Facility for Power-
Supply Systems, IEE Proceedings, vol 117,
1970, pp 1993-1996.
[B186] BUCKEL, R. Signaling and Communi-
cations Problems Arising from Thyristor Con-
trol in Electric Traction, IEEE International
Semiconductor Power Converter Conference
Record (IEEE Catalog no 72 CHO 602-3-IA),
May 1972, pp 3-13-1t o 19.
[B187] MORI, H. Harmonic Analysis of Chop-
per Controlled Electric Rolling Stock, IEEE
Transactions, vol IA-9, May/June 1973, pp
302-309.
[B188] ZASTROW, 0. W. Recommended
Practice for Voice-Frequency Electrical Noise
Tests of Distribution Transformers, IEEE
Transactions, COM-21, Dec 1973, pp 1448-
1455.
[B189] McLELLAN, D. W. and POTTER, D.
H. Telephone Interference from Power Line
Loads Regulated by Semiconductor Control
Devices, IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting, 1975, pp
1001-1004.
 IEEE
COMPENSATION OF STATIC POWER CONVERTERS Std 519-1981

[B190] SARMA, M. P. and GILSIG, T. A Cell Power Generation, IEEE Transactions, vol
Method of Calculating the RI From HVDC PAS-95. no 3., Mav/June
". 1976. DD 944-953.
, A A

Converter Stations, IEEE Transactions, vol

PAS-92, May/June 1973, pp 1009-1018.
9.6.6 Forced Commutated Converters
[B191] PHILLIPS, G. A., VOGT, J. H, and
WALTON, J. W. Inverters for Commercial Fuel
[B192] MICHAELS, L. H., FAIRCHILD, B. T.
and KO", S . T. Hybrid Simulation of Fuel
Cell Conversion Systems, IEEE Transactions,
vol PAS-96, no 4, July/Aug 1977, pp 1329-
1336.

51