• • • • •

\
•
STUDENT'S BOOK
KATHY GUDE AND MARY STEPHENS

OXFORD
v:srVF.RSITY i'KESS
1 What are you
page 9
li ke?
Reading

Part Multiple rhoire

Finding the real you
II Vocabulary

Chararter adiectives
Grammar

Review of tenses F

2 Customs and traditions Pa ri 2 Gapped text Easily confused words (1) Gerundsand infinitives F
page 21 Festival in the desert

3 Looking ahead Parh 1 and 4 Multi ple matching Phrasal verbs with Future forms P
page 33 Holiday of the future? up and down

4 Into the wild Part 2 Ga pped text Expressions with animals Past tenses P
page 45 saviours 01the seas 50

5 Health matters Pari 3 Multiple choice Health and fit ness Direci and indirect p.
page 57 An unhealthy obsession speech

6 Would you beli eve it ? ParIS 1 and 4 Multi ple matching Verbs of rnovmg and Modals
page 69 Su perheroes seeing

7 Traces o f the past Part 2 Gapped lexl Phrasal verbs with 01/ Partrciple clauses P.
page 81 The real hobbit and in s,

8 The big issues Pa rt 3 Multi ple choice Big Cond itiona ls P.

page 93 Mean machines M

9 It's a crime Parts 1 and 4 Multiple matching Crime and punish ment Passives P;
page 105 Writing crime fiction se

10 Buying and selling Part 2 Gapped lext Ix pressrons with businrn, MIXed conditionals Pi
page I I? The appeal of eBay and words connected and WIshes M
with shopping

Entertainment or art> Part 3 Multiple choice Art and entertainment Comparativesand Pa

page 129 Is it art! superlatives Se

12 Achanging world Parts 1 and 4 Multi ple matching Expressions wuh eon h, Emphasis Pa
page 141 Changing places world and ground M.

Lead in Review Exam Overview Ap

at the start ot every Unil at the end of every Unit page 4 pal
1
listening Speaking
II
English in Use Vocabulary Writing

Part 4 Pari 1 Part 3 Ex pressions with lueA Part 2

Multiple matching Error Correction A formal letter
(character referenre)

Part 1 Part 2 Part 6 Relative clauses Pari 2

Nole laking Ga pped text Aproposal

Part ParI 2 Part 1 Expressions connected Part 1

Multiple choice Multiple-rhoice ctoze with age Alormal letter

Part 2 Part 3 Pari 2 Part 2

Sentence completion Open d oze A leafl et

Pa,t 1 Parts 3 and 4 PMt4 Word for mation (1) Part 1

Sentence rompletion Word lormation Aletter

ParI 4 Pari 2 Part 5 Adverbs and their meanings (1) Part 2

Multiple choice Register transfer Expres,ior" with riglJr and left Amagazine contribution

Part 2 Part 2 Part 4 Word formalion (2) Part 2

Sentence completion Word formation Acompetition entry

Part 1 Parts 3 and 4 Part 1 Expressions with end Part 2

Multiple choice Multiple-choice doze Amagazme article

Part 1 Part 2 ParI 2 Phrasal verbs with out and Part 1

lenience completion Open doze Over Areport

Part 3 Parts 3 and 4 Part 3 EaSily confused words (2) Pari 2

Multiple choice Error Correction Areport

Part 2 Part 2 Part 6 Three-part phrasal verbs Pari 2

Sentence completion Gapped text Areview

Part 4 Part 3 Part 5 Adverbs and their meanings (2) Part 1

Multiple matching Regrster transfer Atwo-part task

Appendix Writ ing Guide Grammar Reference

page 153 page 155 page 165
 • •
Exam Overview
Introduction

The Certificate of Advan ced English correspo nds to Leve l Fou r in the Ca m bridge
ESOL five-level system . It also corresponds to the Associa tion o f Language
Teachers in Europe (ALTE) Level Four (Competent User), an d Council o f Europe
level C 1 (Effective Proficie ncy).
Th e re a re five papers in th e exami na tion. each wo rth 20% of the tot al ma rks. To
achieve a passi ng gra de (A. B or C) cand idates m ust achieve ap proximately 60 %
of the tota l ma rks ava ilable, or above. Candida tes' grades are based on th e total
sco re from all five pap e rs and th ere is no pass or fail grade for individual papers.

Paper 1 Reading (1 hour 15 minutes)

This paper has four parts, each with a text a nd co m pre hension q uestions. The re
a re approximately 45 qu est ion s in tot al.
The texts may co nsist of several short pieces, a nd th e le ngth of each text may be
between 450- 1,200 wo rds .
The tex ts are ta ken from newspapers, magazines. journals. non -literary book s.
leaflet s, broch ures. etc.

Part Number of items What you do What it tests How todoit

12- 18 Mfltch prompts from one list to Abili ty to find speci fic page 34
another or to sect ions in a text inforrnation

2 6-7 Decide where paragraphs belong Understanding of text page 22

in a text structure find development

3 5-7 Choose the best answer from four- Understanding of a lext find page 10
option multip le-choice questions opinions expressed in it

4 12- 22 As Part 1 As Part 1 page 34

Marks
• One mark for eac h correct answer to the multiple-matc hing tas ks.
• Two marks fo r each co rrect a ns wer to the mu ltiple-choice and gapped text
tas ks.

II Exam Overview
Paper 2 Writing (2 hours)

This paper has IwO parts. The Part 1 question is compulsory and is based on
input information. In Part 2 you choose one question from four.
Answers fo r both parts shou ld b e about 250 words in length .
The task types for Parts 1 and 2 w ill be from the follo wing: articles, contributions
10 leafle ts and brochures, notices, announcemen ts, notes and messages, lett e rs ,
reports. proposals, reviews , instructions, directions, competition entries,
informa tio n sheets, memos.
Exa m ples o f Pap er 2 questions types ca n be found in the Writing Guide on pages
155-1 63 .

Part Task type Number of items What you do What it tests How to doit

Compu lsory One compulsory task Apply in for mation Ability to process i nput page 150
contextua lised given in input , material (about 400 words)
task based on com pare infor mation . and select and apply it
one or more select and summarise according to the instructions
texts and/or info rmat ion
visual prompts

2 Contextualised One from a choice of Write according to the Ability to wr ite according to page 18
task fou r tasks task inst ruct ions th e instrucuo ns, in the correct page 43
style, lavout and register in
order to have a positive effect
on th e reader

Marks
• Part s 1 and 2 have equal ma rks.

Exam Overview II
Paper 3 Engl ish in Use (1 hour 30 minutes)

This paper has six parts, and a total of 80 questions.

The testing focus is on understanding and controlling formal elements of
language, e.g. grammar, word formation, punctuation. spelling.

Part Task type Number What you do What it tests How todo it
of items

1 Multiple-choice 15 Fill gaps in a text of about 200 Phrases. collocations, idioms. page 100
doze words from four-option multiple- phrasal verbs. linkers, used
choice options to complete a text with the
correct meaning and
grammatical context

2 Open doze 15 Fill gaps in a text of about 200 Awareness and control of page 112
words with one word per gap structural items

3 Error correction 16 Identify extra and unnecessary Structure, texis, spelling. page 124
words OR spelling and punctuation
punctuation errors in a 16-line
text of about 200 words

4 Word formation 15 Form appropriate words from Word formation page 64

prompts to fill gaps in two texts
of up to 130 words each

5 Register transfer 13 Transfer information from one Awareness and control of page 76
text to another (each about 150 features of style and
words long), and into a different appropriateness
register. purpose and/or style

6 Gapped text 6 Select the correct phrases or Awareness of discourse page 28

sentences from a list of 10 to features, particularly
complete a text of about 300 cohesion and coherence
words

Marks
• One mark for each correct answer.
• All spellings must be correct.
• In Pan 5. no marks are given for any answers more than two words long.

Exam Overview
Paper 4 Listening (approx. 45 minutes)

This paper has four parts, and 30-40 questions.

The recorded texts may include the following:
Munulugues: anno uncements, radio broadcasts, telephone messages, speeches.
talks, lectures.
Conversa tions between two or three speakers: interviews. d iscussions .
The tes ting focus is on understanding specific in formation, gist, atti tude, opinion,
mai n point s and detail.
The texts in Parts 1, 3 and 4 are heard twice. The text in Part 2 is hea rd o nce on ly.
The speakers will have a var iety of acce nts. The re may be some background
sou nds befo re the speaki ng begins , 10 give contextu al informat io n. Th ere may be
some subdued reac tion from au die nces to ta lks, speeches, etc.

Part Task type Number What you do What it tests How todo it
of items

1 Sentence completion! 8-10 Complete gaps in sentences Understandingof (Note taking)

Note taking with information from the text specific information page 26
OR write a word or short phrase
in response to a prompt

2 Sentence completion! 8-10 As Part 1 As Part 1 (Sentence completion)

Note taking page 50

3 Sentence completion!
Multiple choice
6-10 Compl ete gaps in sentences As Part 1 plus gist (Multiple choice)
with information from the text and attitud e page 122
OR choose the best answer
from four-option multip le-
choice questions

4 Multiple matching!
Multiple choice
10 Select the correct option from Ability to identify (Multiple rhoire)
a list of eight OR choose the speakers and page 74
bestanswer from three-option topics, interpret
multiple-choice questions context, and (Multiple matching)
recognise function page 14
and att itude

Marks
• One mark for each correct answer.
Spelling must be correct for common wor ds a nd th ose considered easy to spell.

Exam Overview 0
Pa per 5 Spea king (approx. 15 minutes)

This paper has four parts.

The standard format is two cand idates and two examiners. one acting as
interlocutor and assessor, the othe r acting as assessor only. If there is an odd
number of candidates, three candidates sit the test together at the end of the
examining sess ion.

Part Task type Length What you do What it tests How todo it

1 Three-way 3 minutes Ask and answer Ability to use general page 15

conversation between 'personal' questions interactional and social
candidatesand language
interlocutor

2 Individual longturns 4 minutes Talk about visual Ability to describe, speculate, page 27
and brief responses prompts compare. contrast , comment, page 39
identify, eliminate and page 110
hypothesise

3 Two-way interaction 4 minutes Discuss a problem- Ability to discuss, evaluate, page 50

between candidates solving task based on speculate and/or select page 62
visual and/or written
prompts

4 As Part 1 4 minutes Discuss issues related Ability to talk about issues of page 62
to the Part 3 topic general interest and express
opinionson them

Marks
• Candidat es are assessed on their performance throughout the test in the
following areas:
Gram mar and vocabulary (accuracy and appro priacy)
Discourse management (ability to express ideas in coherent, connected
speech)
Pronunciation (individual sounds. linking of words, stress and intonation)
Interactive communication (turn-taking. initiating and responding)
The assesso r marks according to detailed Analytical Scales, and the
interlocutor gives a mar k on a Global Scale, which is less detailed

II Exom Overview
 What r you Ii e?
Lead in
1 What is your ideal job? Make a list of useful 2 Do th e personality quiz below, th en look at page
qualities for that job. e.g. imagination , sensitivity, J 53 to discover the be st career for you . Do you
Wh ich do you po sse ss? think the quiz is a ccurate? Why/Why not?

Extrovert or Introvert?
Head or Heart? 4 When out with a group of your friends. how
. d tarted dating
II your fnen usdisliked and asked much of the talking do you do?
someone yo would you ." ? a hardly any
what you thought. b quite a lot
be bluta"y honest c almost all
a truthful
b be tactful but
c ten a lie if necessary 5 What do you tend to do when you meet new
people socially?
OU are with friends and an ?
2 If Y ks out do YOU . ., a stick with the people you know
argument brea . 'th it b worry about how to keep the conversation
ve them to get on W\
a lea: . f the person going
b take the slde a
c mingle with as many flew people as possible
au agree with .
Y '" d a compromlse 6 Which pair of words best describes you?
c try to Lin
Which pair of words best a cautious and thoug htful
3 ? b inquisitive and independent
describes you .
e c lively and energetic
logical and m atur.
a decisive and
caring and sens\tlVe Facts or Ideas?
7
You buy a piece of furniture which you have
to assemble yourself Do you ' " 7
a follow instru ctions exactly
b scan the Instructions then se t them a id
c I . I Sl e
eap In , on y referring to the instructions if
you get stuck

8 Whe n directions to your home. do you ... ?

a provide a step-by -step list of instructions
b draw a rough map
c just give general directions
9 Which pair of words best describes you?
a practical an d efficient
b realistic and enthusiastic
c inventive and imagina tive

Unit 1
Rea din g Part 3 Mu ltiple choice
how to do It
Read the text quickly lor general meaning.
Read the question or "stern
but not the
options.
Find the part of the text that relates to the
question; remember, the questions are in
order.
Read the optionsand eli m inate any that are
clearly wrong.
Choose the option that answers the question
fully and accurately.
2
Read the text opposite and note down
the main idea of each paragraph.
Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to
questions 1- 5, lind say why the other options a re
wron g. Question 1 has been done as an exampl e.
Example
Wha t reason is given in the first paragraph for
the increased use of personality testing?
A It is used by 50% of managers. x
50% of ma nagen; are selected on the basis o{
these tests.
B It has been accepted by educational bodies . x
Personality tests ll.l.CD! be used by universities
in the future.
C Research has jllstified its use. ../
See line s 4-7
D The tests are now available on the In ternet. x
Thi s is true but not the reason given for the
increased use uf persunalit y tests.
2 What docs the writer imply abou t the test she
tried ou t herself!
A It didn 't come up with the right resu lt.
B It was challenging ..
C It WJS a tediou s W<lY to spend her lime.
D It was LOO personal for her liking.
3 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the
belief tha t
A character trait are largely inherited.
B certain personality traits are universal.
C I character is largely decided from birth.
o some personality types arc better than others.
III Unitl
4 What is the problem with personality tests,
accordi ng to Dr Gill?
A They can have a negative effect on takers.
B People can easily lie about their true abilities.
C The results could be for
employers. ,........ t • •
o Emp loyers often find their results to be
unrel iable.
5 What fina l conclusion does the writer reach
abou t the value of personality tests?
A They are not really worth doing .
B The y may encourage greater realism.
C They arc of doubtful value to emp loyers.
D They can our self-image.
..n WCc....
ir\ ir\
Psvchorn etric testrng for recruitment -
assessing personality traits as an indicator
of performance in a certain role - has
mushroomed as studies
5 show their results to be
three times more
accurate in predicting
your job performance
than all your previous
10 work experience
combined. These tests
are now included In
virtuall y all graduate
recru itment and in the
15 selection of more than 50 per cent of
managers. Si milar tests may be used in future as part
of university applications, dating agenciesSwear by
them, and they have been used to match pets to
owners. Meanwhile online personali ty tests make the
20 Top 3 of Internet hits. We're li ving in the age of the
personality test. Sodoes your personality meet the grade?
Would you rather have a strong will or strong emotions?
And if you had to choose between being shipwrecked or
lost in the jungle, which would you prefer?
25 For the purposesof research, I decided to try out one of
these tests. At one particular site I was informed of my
career personality and the number one job that matches It
statistically. This is a key part of the appeal of online tests.
the premise that there ISa perfect job, a perfect mate, and
30 a perfect you, and all you have to do is unlock your
subconscious inner self and they will materialise. These
tests are also the perfect self-discovery vehicle for our
alienated hi-tech age: intimate but anonymo us. It is
incrediblycompulsive; when you get hooked on a test,
3 Mat ch a -f with meani ngs 1-6, usi ng th e text to help you.
a indicator (1.2) • 1 argument
b emotion (I.22) 2 disadvantage
c row (1.49)
d insight (J .53) .
I" 3

4
sign
feeling
e downside (1.73) 5 typical behaviour
f tendency ( 1.99) 6 u ndersta nd ing

4 Have yo u eve r taken a test like this? How useful or

int eresting wa s it?

e rea
you're there for hours . And th ere is no aspect 35
of life too mundane or frivolous to test for.
After 40 minutes of di ligen tly recording my
reaction to a series of ink blots (Is the
mood of this picture sad,
nostalgic, happy, vio lent or 40
neutral? Can you find the
chicken in this picture?
Can you find your wi fe's/
husban d's mo ther?) I
discovered I am mainly 45
motivated by peace. I mig ht
have been more convinced
about this if I hadn't just had a
blazing row with my partner (illY fault enti rely).
If the tests were only amusing it wou ldn't account 50
for their massive popu larity. In fact, a large number
are decidedly unfunny, and seduce with promise of
genuine insight. This is true of the most popu lar personality
lest in the wor ld: the Myers-Briggs Type Ind icator, which
spans the gulf between the ru lt nf personality testing and ss
irsscience. Widely used in major corporations around the
world, it is based on the theory that we are born with a
predisposi tion to one personality type which stays more or
less fixed throughout life . You answer 88 questions and are
then given your 'type': Introvert or Extrovert, Thinking or 60
Feeling, sensing or Intu itive, and Judging or Perceiving. If
you're Introverted, Int uit ive, Feeling and Perceptive, you'll
probably find it harder to do work where you're requ ired to
entertain, or persuade lots of people, such as a job in sales
or public relat ions. 65
Cntlcs of testing mutter dark ly about the 'social engineering'
aspect of personality tests, which often seem to be looking
or t he same kind of person. Dr Colin Gill, a psychologist
specialising in personality tesnng, agrees that 'too many
70 organ isations always wan t people with the same traits'
extrovert, agreeable, conscientious and open to new
experience.' But, he warns, these 'popular' personality trai ts
have thei r dow nside. 'An extreme extrovert tends to be a
selfish 'get on' type, who may walk over others. Overly-
75 conscientious people are prone to burn out and people who
are extreme ly open to new experience can be butterflies,
going from one big idea to the next wit hou t mastering any
of them.' All t he same, the psychom etri c test is here to stay
- wh ich may be why a who le sub-industry on cheating
80 personali ty tests sprung up. 'It's possible to cheat',
ad mi ts expert David Bartram , 'but what's th e poi nt? Why try
to pretend you're an ambi tious extrove rt
if you're a more though tful in trovert?
Having to fake t he person you are at work
85 wi ll be exhausting and
miserab le and
probably
short -lived.'
Our obsession with
90 personality now invades ever
aspect of our lives. If you ask an
expert for advice on your wardrobe orthe sort of diet
you shoul d go on, you'll probably be quizzed about your
personality. But it isn't all sell-centred navel gazing. If
95 personality tests have any value to us (rather t han
emp loyers) perhaps it is this' to disabuse us of the illu sion
that all of us are full of poten tia l. and remind us of what we
are. If th at happens to be an averagely am bitious introvert
wi th contro lling tendencies (as my test results showed), then
1110 so be it. As they say in one test when they ask for your age'
pick the one you are, not the one you wish you were.
Voca buIary Character adjectives Grammar
1 Match character adj ecti ve s a - j with meanings Review of tenses GR p165-1 68
1-10.
,1 mature - curious
1 Match the ve rb forms in th e se nte nces below with
b decisive outgoing <- ...
these tenses.
c motivated 3 adu lt
d sensi tive "4 aiming high Present Simple Presen t Per fect Contin uous
e inq u isi tive 5 keen Prese nt Continuous Pas t Sim ple
f ambitious 6 withdraw n , \ . £l
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Pas t Con tinuous
Pas t Pe rfect Simple
g indepe ndent
h co nscientious
.,7
8 self-re liant .
wanting to do thi ngs well
Prese nt Pe rfect Simp le Pa s t Perfect Continuous
int rove rt ... 9 firm ..\, '" cJ., ,..J .. d.oJ a Since I moved here, I 've been learning to drive.
ex trovert 10 aware of people's feeli ngs Since I moved here, I've learnt to drive.
-'0 L __
b Ca rla 's playing the guitar very well.
2 Which of the adjectives in 1 are generally positive Ca rla plays the gui tar very we ll.
and which negative? Give examples. c It started rain ing when I le ft the ho use.
It had staned ra ining w hen I left the ho use.
3 Use these adjectives to complete sentences a -e d I'll be gelling th e dinner ready w hen you arrive.
( ' IL get the din ner ready when you arrive.
below. More than one answer may be possible.
LI. LLf- e When we go t to her ho use , she cried.
genuine , 6 honest rea listic W hen we go t to her house, she 'd been crying .
real i: unreliablc « truthfu l r My bro ther always tells me w ha t to do .
?> 0 < Co My brot he r 's always telling me wha t to do.
a W Iien someone as krs you for yo ur .
opinion, thi n k ve ry ca refu lly before respond ing. g We were having a party when my sister
b I' m not sure how ... 1••• ••••• Tom is. Sometimes I announced h er engagement.
th in k he 's no t all he pretends to be. We fwd a party when my sis te r a n nou nced her
c We must aim high but at the same time be engagement.
.. .. .. a bou t wha t we can ac hieve.
d It 's no good depe nd in g on J an et. She 's th e mos t 2 Explain the difference in m eaning between the
.... ..... .. pe rso n I know. pairs of sentences in 1.
e I' m often as ked in interviews to describe the
.. . .. ..... me b ut I' m not s ur e I actually want 3 Complete sentences a-i using the correct form of
everyone to k now what I' m like deep d ow n . the verbs ill brackets.
a His back was aching because he (d ig) in
4 Discu ss questions a-c.
th e garde n all day.
a W hich five charac ter adjectives do you thi nk a b (yo ur fat her / wo rk) abroad a t present?
frie nd wou ld use to describe you? c Maria left college ea rly today because she
b Do yo u think tha t irs poss ible to see ou rse lves . ..... ..... (have) a denta l a ppo intme nt an hour
as others see us , or do we have a uni qu e view of ago .
ourselves? d As soon as it stops raining, we (ta ke)
c Do you th ink we are born w it h certain character th e dog for a wal k.
tra ils, or is our character formed as we grow up? e My neighbour cou ld n't sto p because his bus
... ... .. ... (leave ) a nd he d idn 't want to miss it.
For the pa st s ix week s, I (h ave) singing
lesson s.
g I can' t pho ne you a t tha t time because I ..
(travel) on th e undergrou nd.
h T he photocopy mac hi ne (h reak dow n)
tw ice already and it' s no t even lunch time!
As a rule, we (spend) pa rt of each
summer at my pa rents' h ou se.

mUnitt
4 Correct any verbs in a-h whi ch arc not normally 7 Complete sentences CI - e with the correct form of
used in a continuous form . the verb.
a These gloves aren't min e - a re they belonging to a If you (feel) Ihat I'm being
you? unreason able, please say so.
b My girlfriend doesn't like perfumes tha t are b Sand ra (smell) the blosso m on her
sme lling of flowe rs - she prefers something more che rry tree whe n she was stu ng by a bee.
exo tic. c Even th ou gh you've explained it thr ee times
c Ou r teac her said we were all deserv ing a grea t now, I still (not see) what you mean.
deal of praise for our exam res ults. d Since I was a young boy, I (have) .1 fear
d Are you thi nkin g w ha t l' rn thinking - tha t this of heigh ts.
new ou tfit just does n' t s uit me? €' (you/ think) you co uld give me ,1 hand
C' I've a lways bee n hatin g gett ing up ea rly in th e lifting this eq uipme nt?
morn ing, even in the s um me r.
Thi s manual is co nta ining all the informa tio n 8 Read this extract from an e ma il which wa s sent 10
you nee d to run your new co mputer software. an online pen friend ag ency, and correct any errors
g At the moment I fee l that you rea lly aren 't putting in ten ses.
in as mu ch effort as you cou ld with your stud ies.
h The hockey club we' re belon ging to is always on o .• - 1:!1 8
£U s... ., Dr. " l' . .
the looko ut for new players. -4-
from (
j
Lel"r
.,
...h • "I • •

5 Say which of these verbs ar e a) never used in a

!! T.
Sa..IIlJat.1

I
1Jt "",.
- I

continuous form , or b) can be used in ;] :0': I '.,i.,"',,' • 1'.xtS" . _Ill r u "1'1

I . •
.
cont inuo us form but with a ch ange in mean ing .
Hi, my name's Michele. I was born in Geneva, but I
like believe know rem ind lived in Ro me for the past ten years or so. I moved here
de tes t hear un derstand bel ong because I was wanting to be nearer my grandpare nts.
con tai n taste prefer mean I've trained as a nurse alter I'd been leaving school but
I haven't actua lly found a job in nursing yet. At the
Match a-j with a suita ble ending from 1-10 and moment I do temporary work in an office but I think of
explain how th e verb ten se changes the meaning, taking a year out next year to travel and see the world.
I'm enjoying outdoor sports and dan cing, and I love all
a My favour ite ac tor is appearing .. . sorts of music but especially jazz an d reggae. I've
b I'm afraid the video ap pea rs ... played in a ba nd when I was a student and I still
c The man ager is hav ing .. . perform in public when I get the chance. As regards my
d Celine has ... personality, I think I'm quite easy to gel on with. I'm
e Everyone thinks .. . laid-back, and I'm having a great sense of humour.
f She's th inking ... ;

g Working as a wildlife gu ide rea lly appe als . ..

h Our local schoo l is appea ling .. .
I am see ing .. . 9 Write your own email introducing yo urself to a
J I see ... penfriend , using the corrected version in 8 <IS a
I ... a career ad viser tom or row to get adv ice on model.
wor king in IT.
2 a lot of experience in working wit h child ren.
3 mee ting to discuss th e new prop osal.
4 for funds for a new bu ildin g.
S in a new musical in Lond on 's West End.
G Jose will get the job.
7 of buying a car in the nea r future.
S 10 be bro ken.
9 tu me.
10 not hing but fields when I loo k out of my
bedro om w indo w.

Unitl m
Listen ing Part 4 Multiple matching

1 Wh y might someone decide to tak e up th e hobbies and pa stimes show n?

2 0 In 3 you will hea r five people talkin g ab out th eir hobbies, First . listen
and ma tch th e phrases th ey use 0 - 7) w ith th e meanings (a-g) .
1 t?.... a We all had different interests.
2 b I became reall y inspired by it.
3 c I wa s completely taken aback.
4 d I'd lost my job .
S e I wa s chattering away about how busy I wa s.
6 f l'd had some difficulties with my job .
7 g [didn't ha ve mu ch to occupy myself with.

how to do it 3 Read th e howto do it box , then list en twi ce a nd do th e exa m task.

Use the tune allowed to read For 1-5 , choose th e people's reasons for taking up their new int erest (A- H) .
both tasks quickly
Remem ber there are two
A to recover from an accident Speaker 1 DIJ
B to please a relativ e
questions for each speaker,
On the first listening, answer as
C to be mor e independen t Speaker 2 D2J
many quesuons as you can from D to broaden their horizons

•
Speaker 3 LJ...:..J
both tasks E to fill in time
Usc the second listening to
answer any questions you missed.
F to take some exercise
G to express their feelings
Speaker 4 rn
II 10 relieve the pressure of work Speaker S []I]

for 6- 10, choose th e outcom e o f th e spea kers' new in terests (A- H).
A It's ena bled me to win an award . Speaker 1
B It's inspired me to be more competitive.
C It's turned alit to be quite profitable. Speaker 2
D It's become a kind of obsess io n.
Speaker 3
Ell'S restored my faith in human nature.
F It's made me more critical of myself. Speaker 4
G It' s revea led a new aspect of my personality.
H It's made me feel less dejected. Speaker S

4 Tell a pa rtn er a bout yo u r hobbies and interests a nd wh y you e njoy them .

m Unitl
Spea ki ng Part I
5 In pairs, answer questions a -d giving reason s. Use
the phrases belo w to he lp you .

1 In pa irs, take it in tu rn s to answe r qu est ions a -f. a Would yo u like to spe nd so me time working in
Try to use som e of th e ph ra ses below. a nother coun try?
b Do yo u thi nk that having a lot of free time is a
a Where we re yo u born ? good o r a bad th ing ?
b How lon g ha ve yo u been stu dyi ng English ? c How nece ssary is it to ha ve good friends?
c Have yo u a lways been int erested in langu ages ? d Which is mor e important : money or hea lth ?
d What's your favo ur ite tim e of tile yea r?
e How would you describe yo ur cha racter?
What are yo u r plans for th e future? Expressing perso nal views
In my opinion, . ..
Answering personal questions I think it' s essential to .
I strongly believe that .
Well, actually .. .
As far as I'm concern ed .
That's a difficult question but .. .
I've never given it much thought but ...
As a matt er of fact _' .
6 0 List en to a candidate ex press ing a perso na l
view and decide if her attempt is s uccessful.
Explain why.
2 0 Listen to five stu den ts answerin g an examiner's
questions. What different mi stakes with tenses do
they make?

3 In pai rs. ask ea ch other about the s u bjects in a -e.

Use th e phrases below to help yo u .
a your favourite TV program m e
b your ideal job
c a day ou t you have en joyed
d a n interesting book yo u' ve read
e a person yo u admire

Asking for personal information

So. tell me what ... is.
Could you tell me abo ut .. . ?
I'd like to know what is /would be.
What would you say is /would be?
Cou ld you describe ?

40 Listen to the next exam task and how two

candidates answe red it. Su ggest three ways in
which they co u ld improve th eir performance .

how to do it
In Speaking Part 1 you may be asked to tal k
about your past experiences, present
circumstances or future plan s. Make sure you

• use the appro priate tenses.

Unitl m
English in Use Part3 Error Correction

1 Read the s pelling a nd pu nctuation r u les o n pa ge 17, then correct 2 Read the tex t about luck
any m istakes wit h spelling and apos trophes in sen te nces a-h . a nd co rrect a ny spe lli ng or
punctu ation mi stakes,
a There is a not icable d iffere nce in pe rsonality between my brothers.
b My neic e is one of the mo st cou ragous people I know. The tip box will help you .
c Do you think concieted people are ca pable o f forming las ting
freindships? 3 Do you agree with these saying s?
d Which do yo u think is more de sirable: a life full of excitrnent or a Why/ W hy not?
peaceful life ? i Fortune favours the brave.'
e Are yo u th e kind of person who goes to pel ces under the sh eer
wieght o f yo ur responsibilities? c We make our own luck in life.'
I read an interesting book last week but ' ca n 't remember it's
name.
g The layo u t of this new building is so confuseing that nobody can
find th e mens and wornen s' washrooms .
h Pamelas excuse for arriving lat e was unconv in cing.

Examples
a v'
00 affect four correct lines
•
000 do, then one missing and one unnecessary
comma
o Research shows some marked differences in th e psychology and behaviour one missing and one unnecessary
00 of lucky and unlucky people. II genes ellect personality and behaviour, as hyphen

000 they no doubt do then you can be born lucky. Lucky people ten d to create one missing full stop
one missing capital letter
01 opportunities for good fortun e by being extrovert sociable and using open
one unnecessary apostrophe
02 body language that gets peopl e to respond to them . They are relaxed and five spelling mistakes
03 amenable and, therefore, more likely to notice chance opportunities. They
04 also like variety and change. They might, for instance, alter their routine
05 by thinking of a colour on their way to a part y and then speaking to people,
06 wearing that colour . This brings the prospect of new friends and opportunities
07 Lucky people also have positive expectations' of life and things tend to go
08 their way. A famous experiment Illustrates this. Psychologists told american
09 high school teachers certain chi ldren in their class were especially-gifted .
10 In fact, there was nothing exceptional I about them. The teachers, however,
11 showered them with praise and encouragment. The children responded by
12 producing better schoolwork and generally acheiving more than the other
13 children. The study shows the power of positive thinking. The converse is
14 also true. Finish researchers divided 2,000 men into 'negative ', 'neutral' and
15 'positive' groups depending on their outlook on life. Over a six year period.
16 those ill the 'negative' group proved more suseptibl e to illness and accidents.

Uni
SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION •
•
Averb's final 'c' is usuall y dropped when adding a su ffix
Vocabulary
starting with a vowel (hope- hoping), but kept when adding
a su ffix starting with a consonant tretire-« retirement). Expressions with luck
'ei' is more common than 'ie' after 's: (receive)
'ie' is usually pronounced li:1 (relieve)
1 Discuss the meaning uf these expressions and match
them with 1-8 . then use them to comp lete a-h.
An apostrophe is used
a before an 's' for singular possession (Tom's book, the boy's with any luck beginner's luck
hat) the luck of the draw push your luck
b after an 's' for plural possession (the boys' hats) take pot luck no such luck
c before 's' in words with irregular plural forms (womell5 be out of luck by a stroke o f luck
righ ts)
d in contracted verb forms (doesn't)
e in 'it's' meaning 'it is', not 'its' showing possession (it's hot
today, its purpose is)

I rely on continuing good luck

2 fortunately and unexpectedly
3 success at your first att empt
4 risk th e ou tcome
5 decided by cha nce
6 unfortunately not
7 if things turn out well
8 no t be lucky thi s time
a ' Did you manage to fix your car?' ' It's a
complete write-off:
b You shouldn ' t You hav en 't been caught
speeding yet but you might be!
c YOLI may win th e lott ery - you may no t. It's
quite simply .
d The only problem with thi s cheap package
holiday I've arranged is you can't choose your
accommoda tion ; you just have to .
e You , I' m afraid. I've just sold the last
copy of that particular book.
I've just realised I've forgotten my hou se key,
but my wife might be a t home.
g Jane missed th e last bus b ut a friend wa s
pa ssing and gave her a lift.
h Robert won his first professional tennis ma tch
bu t modestly said it was just !

2 Wh en was th e last time you were very lu ck y or

unluck y? Wh at happened?

Unitl m
Writin g Part 2 A formal letter (character reference)
Describe two or three
things the person has
done which show the
qualities/abilities thai
make them right lor
the job
IP
Start a new paragraph for each
complete changeof topic but
avoid one-sentence paragraphs.
Try to Include a topic sentence
summarising the main idea of
the paragraph. Expand on that
Idea and/or give examples in
the rest of the paragraph
how to do it
Read the task carefully and
underline the key words.
Brainstorm ideas and select
the best ones.
Organise your ideas and make
a paragraph plan.
Link sentences and paragraphs
where appropriate.
II] Unitl
WG p1 55
1 Read th e w ritin g task below and answer quest ions a-c.
a Wh o are you going to write to? For wha t purpose?
b Should the reference be formal or informal?
c Highlight the thr ee things you must include.
A friend of yours is applying for a job as a holiday representative with
an in ternational holiday organisation . The compa ny has asked you to
provide a character reference for your frien d. The referen ce should
indicate how long you ha ve known the person. It mu st a lso include a
detailed description of the person's character and the reasons why he
or she wou ld be suitable for the job .
Write the reference in approximately 250 words.
2 Make notes on questions a-c.
a What sort of th ings mig ht a ho liday representa tive have to do?
b What skills migh t be needed?
c Which pe rsonal quali ties might be needed for the job?
3 The two references opposite. A and B, were written hy tw o different people.
Read them and decide which person did not make a plan before sta rting to
write. Give examples of the effect this ha s had on th e organisation of the
reference.
4 Read the referen ces again and do tasks a-c.
a List the lin king wo rds in A an d B (so. because. etc .) . Which writer
makes better use of them?
b Identify the pu rpose of each paragrap h in B.
c Ide nt ify any useful phrases for references in general.
5 Read the question below, then write your reference. The how todo It box
and tips will hel p you .
One of your friends has ap plied for a job teaching English abroad.
They will a lso supervise pupils aged 10-1 6 outside sc hoo l an d
organi se games and activities. You have been asked to pro vid e a
charac ter reference for your friend.
You sho u ld say how long you ha ve kn own yuur friend and include a
detailed desc riptio n of their character. You shou ld also give reaso ns
why he or she would be suitable for the job .
Write you r refe rence in approxima tely 250 words.
A
D"'r 'ilir or Madam.
I am """t,,'9 to on bthalf of :ruan FtrnandtL
I have :ruan for thru We're m tht same Iulonal 9rouP at c.olltge.
He ;. popular at c.ollt9t and urt.inll .no.... h"" to tnJ"'t I,fe
:roan ,. f,l ana htalthy He's 9000 at sports
:ruan <lw.,n·1 lost his tempor often. lita be 9000 at 0",1;09 .,tIl dlfflwlt
wstomtr!> and tht,r tomplainls
Juan'. a zcmptete t.lrOVt-rt . lit lovt. bel09 fue centre of attennon Hea enjoj tnltrtaiOl09 people m resorts.
In h" [ree nme, :ruan 10 fn lit 9Ot. ao.n to tht 9110 most and he s. ,ms and pl"1' football.
He'. 90t lot. of fntnds lie .0n'l a problem 9tl1'09 on .,fu h" <I,enls
Juan nutnt £n.jllsh. lit ""II at",1 ""fu Mfennt nat,onal,t,ts in tht a,st,nahon. lie. qu,l, a
person and he aots"'1 pan,< in alff,wlt sltualions. You <an nil on h,m to st"1 <001. <aIm and wll"tt<l
Juan m a lo<al bar on and .... ho", 10 a",1""th a,ff,wlt peopie. lie Ooesn'l loSt hiS temper.
Ht'. pr,part<l to I,.ten. but he <an be qu,tt f,rm ",hen If . n"essal'j, too
I am SUrt :ruan .,11 be a 900a holia"1 representanve I no heSItatIOn in r"ommtnalng hirn for tht post
Yours failhfulll.
'i>jlvla bania
B

To ...k M d MO.' ) corcer»

-.1'aLd.'LGc"!m...
I 1'4l1e b"Wt' f'<ld<t 5." year5 . S he ., <t 1Ier<j
""""lUt", ""'" '1"1> C¥' well ""tl, pebple of all "0/". >L> >he .......Ie/. be """Y refll-Iotr
w.tl. f.d.cl4..J o/"'f' · f'Mi<t helf< "'" tl.e 1=1 !J'<'tl. cJIAL ,r "" ar"" »o , I", •• VW'<j
".eel Ib c.l.e<tI••Vj ""II- !P""J perople. The rrq<t...sat"",,1 ""'" 1e<tder,I.f . k,lI. >I.e loa>
leotrrt .r I 5 ....-k , w.v.lc.I. . eNe her well <t5 <t f.d.d4y ese f1fat.ve Ir t•...." bf
cr'5'S, 'Pada. IS (lr! eJ"ulfe"t rer-UI1 to ht.ve a.rw.rcJ. because *
IS rkper<J.a.ble OJ'(/.
",t ,.,;I.,w. to f"J"C lose her t"""f€' />olil-wrj' rever ,he CiU' Id e u rtr"
of cLffoWlt ••t"" t""", ""tlwt "I,,,,,tt.rq ""'F". Fu- tl.5 re<t50/0. I bel,eve >I.e .......Ie/.
c/.efo.. be o.bIe to .f thrq ' werl ......u"3 .r <t l-doekuj , d"" I,,"
IilA-er .t CU<e> to erte-t«....."3 reeple. f'Mi<t 's 1Ier<j t<t/'rle<J., ";"0, """" .r
" sef ,,1 ,r her role <ts <t htloekuj repre>er t<ttNe As well <ts S""3''''1 ""'" c!er<.''''1'
she lhe guo totr <tr</. ofter tdes potrl .r <tt lhe !J'<'II, club.
Jr <tclcld,or to f'aol<t ' s 4r 51... .. <t 5frorq
.>W" ....... ""'" <t qwz.1,fe<'- I.feqwtrc.l... t ier f<tVU<rde .• ,rcluc.l.e >Wh<t-rJ.,II.•Vj.
a.rvJ fIIAlterskml'1' a.t wh,cJ, 5he hts "ea.chetJ u.-.petdtClI leve'. Wdh IvY
erll-u. ,<t..t", , r:Mwv<:.lI5er", "Pf"'={,' she MUle/. ' ''SW'e h<tiIe so.re
<tCCess to <t f,,11 r<trqe of be<tdllUtNd,es .
1" MIj "Pi"''''', ?atJtt e-tMAfd. N4.ke /J.J1 eyulleflt J l1/tVlO' IV-!
heS ,fa.t,c.I1 /11 r l?UNWIIlrO." "q he,. to yc«r UMfO¥Vj

YWr>
hteM

Unit! OJ
Review
1 Match characte r ad jec tives a - h wilh their opp osite 5 Co mple te th e exp ress ions with luck in a-h.
meanings 1- 8 .
a I broke my grandmothe r's favo u rite vase bu t ,
a introve rt I u nin terested by a of luck, I fou nd an ide nt ical
b dec isive 2 careless o ne in a sho p dow n th e road .
c sensitive 3 ou tgo ing b Som e things in life you ha ve no cho ice abo ut
d inq u isitive 4 thi ck-skinned - it' s just th e luck of th e .
e mature 5 un motivat ed c Sorry, you' re of luck! We sold the
f ind epend ent 6 child ish last new sp a per five minutes ago .
g conscientious 7 helpless d We aim to set o ut ea rly a nd , a ny
h a mb itious 8 vague luck, we should a rrive be fore dark.
e I though t I might ge t the job but .
l Complet e th e adjectives defin ed in a- h. such luc k. The y gav e it to so meone else.
Let's jus t po t luck and see w he re
a diploma tic a bo ut what you say ta - - ---
we ca n book a last minute holiday to .
b rati onal a nd reasonable 10 - - - - -
g Hele n ma naged to ge t a film pa rt aft e r her
c co nce rne d o r int erest ed in others ca
first au d ition but s he said it was jus t
d helpfu l a nd co nsi de rate th - - - - - - --
.. .. .... .... .. . luck !
c hesita nt a bo u t yo ur act ions ca -- - - - -
h I know everyt hi ng Seems to be go ing
f exci ted or passionat e en- - - - - - -
p r _____ _ _
--- swim mingly a t th e mo ment but jus t rememb er
g sensible and reali sti c
- you should n' t you r luc k!
h creative and im aginative in -- - --- -

3 Circl e th e mOSI appropria te adjective in se n tences a -e.

6 Fill in missing wo rds 1-14 in this job referen ce.

a Sama ntha 's so dishollest/ unreliable/unrealistic. I am writing to you on 1 of Belinda

She never tu rns up for any thing on time. Morris, who has 2 to be a trainee
b II's very hard to find a ba d word to say abou t my manager in your resta urant. Belinda is a VNy lively,
brother; he's very likeable and ex tremely .................. 3 to ea rth cha racter who 4
rcttl/dishon est/ gcuuine. on well with peo ple a t all ages. She has worked as a
c If you ask Colin for adv ice, he always gives you waitress d uring the summer holidays in ou r hotel,
hi s reliable/lionest/ realistic opinion. so she 's 5 to dealing 6 all
d It a lways pays to be truthful/ real/ genuine. Once kinds of custo mers. The orgarusational skills she
you te ll one lie, yo u have to tell mor e 10 hac k up has learnt should 7 her well B
you r story. a restaurant ma nager, In 9 of crisis. she
e Wit h so much competition , we have to be is an excellent person to 10 a round
reui/ genui ne/ realistic about our co mpa ny 's lo ng- beca use she doesn't pan ic. When it 11 to
term cha nce s of survival. making people feel at case, Belinda an expert.
What's 12, she has a great sense of
4 Cor rect any mi stakes in spellin g or punctuati on in hu mour. In my 13, she would make an
sen te nces a -f. Th ere is a t lea st one m istake in each excellent manager. I have no H III
reco mmending her.
sen tence.
a Can yo u tell me, if you like Da nni sh pastries?
b Wou ld you please let me have a reciep t [or the
goods'?
c What Charles d id was ex tre me ly cou rago us ?
d Sus a ns been d ying he r hair again - it' s red th is
week!
e This roo m is in the most a pa lling sta te - there a re
childrens' toys everywh ere.
f Clim bi ng th a t mo u ntain was one of T ims most
exceptional! ac hievme nts.

II llnit l
 II
,--ustomsand traditions
Lead in
1 Discuss Ihe follow ing questions.
a What an nua l festivals or celebrati ons take place
in your country?
h When do they happen and what do they
involve?
c What do you know abou t their origins?

2 What do you imagine happens at the festiva ls

shown in the photos?

30 Usten to two peo ple tal king abou t the Iwo

festivals show n and choose th e best answer 10
questions 1- 4.
The Katt enwocnsdog fest ival dat es ba ck to a
time when
a local people began to breed ca ts in th e tow n's
Cloth Hall.
b 10C.ll cats had bee n unsuccessful in ridd ing
the town of rode nts.
e local peo ple decided th at the town ca ts had
outlived th eir usefulness.

2 What happen ed when the speaker visited the

Kauenwoensd og festival ?
a Everyo ne taking part in the parad e was
dressed as .1 cal.
b The ba d wealher failed to spoil the ca rnival
atmos phere,
c Spec tators rush ed to b uy a loy cat from the
jes ter.
3 Whal is one of th e rule s of La Tom.uina?
a You mu st be a member of a team 10 join in.
b The tomatoes must be crus hed before you
th row them,
c Tou rists arc not allowed to hit locals .
4 w hat hap pen s .11 the end of La Tomatlna!
a Trucks arrive to clear aw ay all the mes s.
b Free tomato juice is give n away.
e You can wash in specia lly provided showers.

Tell a partn er a bo ut an y fest ivals Ihat you have

been to or would like to go 10.

Unit2 m
 •
There's little beyond the remote Malian town of
Tim bouctou but a vast expanse of desert. Most
people consider it the end of the Earth, and even its
residents rarely venture north into the Sahara. But
5 for one day in January, a host of musicians,
politicians, tourists and technicians gather in the
town's market place, preparing to head north into
the dunes. As people fill their jeeps with diesel and
supplies and travellers send quick postcards home ,
10 it's hard not to get swept up in the excitement and
anticipation of the remotest music festival on Earth.
1 45 north contains enough potentia l to support year-
The Tuareg, a nomadic group who inhabit the
Sahara, have a more appropriate form of transport,
arriving on white camels from every direction. In all,
1S there are 1,800 of them at the festival. It isn't
surprising, because the event grew out of an annual
Tuaregget-together.
2
As the Tuareg cook over campfires, the tourists settle
into their tents and explore the festival site. But
20 soon everyone is beating a path towards the
concreted stage, a strange sight in the middle of
scrub and sand. The sun goes down and charcoal
braziers light up the dunes. Then bands from Mali
and neighbouring countries like Senegal, Niger and
25 Mauritania take the stage , playing calabashes. lutes
and talking drums. There's a group of dancers from
Niger decorated with beads and covered in body
paint. There are Western performers too. although
some are not to everyone's taste. As one group hit
30 their electric guitars and yell into the microphones,
an old Malian lady claps her hands over her ears and
scuttles off.
J Dicke, who've given up the nomadic lifestyle to live
As a tourist attraction, the festival is still in its
inf ancy. There are no more than 500 foreigners
Read ing Part 2 Gapped text how todon
1
•
What music festivals are there in your country?
Who goes? What happens?
2 Read the article about a music festival in the
Sahara , and match paragraphs A-G with gaps 1-6.
There is UIiC extra paragraph. Find links in the text
and use the words in italics to help you.
m Unit2
3S present. most of whom feel lucky to be witnessing
something 'authentic'. Beyond the odd soft drinks
stall there is little sign of the sponsorship or the pro
motive that underpin most World Music festivals .
A music festival may seem an odd mechanism for
40 kick-starting tourism all year round, but this is the
intention. In the eyes of Ndiaye Bah, Mali's minister
of tourism and handicrafts, Malian music is already
one of the country's main draws, making the festival
an obvious place to start. She is convinced that the
round tourism. In fact most people agree that
tourism growth is the only way forward for the 70
Tuareg.The north of Mali is the poorest part of the
country. As Bah explains . there are few opportunities
50 for the Tuareg.They need people to come and buy
handicrafts and stay in local hotels, to bring
employment and development to the region .
S 75
But this sort of envy only exists between the Tuareg
because the festival is seen to be a good thing. In
ss fact, for now, the event enjoys almost universal
support. And similar events are springing up in 80
neighbouring countries like Mauritania too, with the
Tuareg organisers of the Festival in the Desert fast
becoming consultants.
6
60 The Tuareg dance and sing. Dicko explains, and
afterwards they ta lk about their problems. He is B5
studying to be a doctor in Timbouctou and his
village is far away. At the festival he can meet his
family and other people from his village for the first
65 time in two years. Perhaps it's to people such as
in towns such as TImbouctou, that the festival bring 90
the greatest pleasure.
Read the main text for general meaning.
Look for grammar and vocabulary links before
and alter each gap and in the paragraphs.
Fill the easiest gaps first to reduce the number
of options.
Then try the extra paragraph In each gap again
Read the complete text again lor grammar and
overall sense.
 gets too big. it will lose its authentic feel . And anyway it
appears to have reached capacity already - tempers got so
frayed tha t a Dutch woma n who wa s que uing for one of t he
9'i tw o small ferries st ruck a driver for jumping the queue.

E Toget as far asTimbouctou, l spent three daysdri....ing

A WIth suchobvious popularity, who knows what t he
future mayhold for the Timbouctou fest ival. But for now. at
Ieast,it stili retains its original purpose as a get-together for
the Tuareg people themselves.
from M ali'scapital, Bamako, and four hours queuing for a
small ferry over t he River Niger. But as the convoy of four-
wheel drives headed into the dunes, chucking up dust behind
100 it, it became clear that the final stretch was the t rickiest part
of the journey. The tra ck was soo n lined with jeeps which had
overheated Or were st uck in deep sand. One group of tourists
told me t hat th eir jeep had broken down within earshot of
the music , but th ey hadn't da red ven ture on foot into the
105 dese rt, preferring to sleep in the vehicle. The ne xt day t hey
found that the fest ival site was just ten minutes away from
whe re t hey had been sleeping .

8 But despite this lack ofcommercialism , there's no doubt
that the benefit. of tourism are th ere fo r local people. The
Tuareg stroll bet wee n the t ents selli ng out pu rses,
compasses and swords for tourists to buy or offering came l
"des. Dicko, myyou ng Tuareg friend, ex plains th at cash
'prnt bytourists filte rs back into t he Sahara, The Tua reg, it
lEfms,bring wit h them jewellery an d ha nd icrafts ma de by
people in their villages.They sell t hese at th e festival and
the money to buy maize, sugar and millet in
fombouctou which they take back t o t he villages.
f There are few concerns about t he envi ron mental impact
of th e festiva l. Everysingle plast ic bottle is ta ke n awa y by th e
110 Tuareg for use in the desert. But conflict between Tuare g
could be more of a problem . An elde rly ma n compl a ins t hat
th e fest ival sta rted out as a movea ble even t with a diffe rent
site each yea r, bringing ben efits to diffe rent pa rts of th e
Sa ha ra. But for the past two years it has been held in th e
11') same place because it is easier to build a permanent stage in
the dunes here. 'Why can't we have a fes tival where I come
fro ml' he asks.

( In fact, asthe event'sorganiser Manny Ansar explains.
rvortg hovebeen meeting at this oa sisfor centuries. In this
spot they have tradit ionally arranged marriages, swapped
news. raced camels and made mu sic. They decided to open
p music festival to enable their musicians to mix with
cU'erl) and because they felt it was time for their
rommunityto get in touch with the outside world.
o
Meanwhile. the susta inability of the festival itsel f has
been called into question. Westerners say that if the festiv al
G But while rock groups mig ht no t produce th e desired effect
on everybody at th e fest ival,Tuareg ban ds do, and t hey
120 featu re more prominently t han any others. Their Tuareg fans
watch from the seats of their camels.From the ground, it's
hard to see over the hundreds of indigo turbans that are
standard attire for the t ribesmen. This is clearly a Tuareg
event, but there is little sense of being an outsider. As I shovel
sand to try to gain some height, my Tuareg neighboursusher
1l"i
me forward for a better view. The senseof inti macy and
respect among the small crowd is remarkable.

3 Comp lete th e p hra ses in a - h with 1-8 , then re ph ra se the se n te n ces in your ow n word s.
,1The cla im that th e festival w ill remai n a uthent ic h as been called into . I draw s
b We sa t a t th e back o f th e crowd bUI just with in .. .. .. .... (If th e m us ic. 2 ears hot
C The re was " lo ng dela y b efo re the co nce rt began and tempers go t very . 3 imp a ct
d As th e ba nds bega n to play, w e a ll go t .... ...... up ill th e ex cite m e nt . 4 fra yl'o
e One old lad y 's re acti on s howed clea rly tha t roc k music was not to Iter . 5 q u est io n
I The fes tiva l o n ly sta rted a few years a go so lt's s till il l us . 6 in fanc y
g Trad itiona l music is aliI' of the COUlltry"S main . 7 swep t
h Th ere a re few co ncerns a bout 1/11' envirollm elltnl o f th o fes tiva l. 8 ta st e

4 Wh., t positive ,ln d nega tive effec ts mi ght tourism have nn traditional festivals like Ihi s ?

Unit2 II
Vocabulary Grammar
Easi Iy confused words (1) Gerunds and infinitives GR p170-1 71

1 Choose th e correct verbs in a-i to comp lete th e 1 Put these verbs into th ree columns as shown below.
co llocations.
want ltke de ny pro mise
a I wasn 't en joying myself so I an excuse enjoy fan cy hope risk
and left. (did / pu t / made) offer p refer deserve begin continue
b The director promised my sister a part in the pr ac tise threa ten manage miss love
film and he'd be tter not his word. refuse
(undo / break f retu m )
follow ed by followed by followed by
c Will you the scats for th e th ea tre or sha ll gerund infinitive + to gerund or infi niti ve
I? (order/ keep / book)
d We 're plan ning to a party to ce lebrate avoid expect like
Tina 's good new s. (make/throw/ do)
e He a li e when th e po lice in terviewed him 2 Which of the verbs in 1 can a lso be immed ia tely
and now he's in big trouble. (told/said/ spoke) followed by a that cla use?
Th e first chapter of a book usually the
scen£' for what hap pens later. (lays /puts/sets) . 3 Com plete th ese sentences wit h an appropriate verb
g Everyo ne else was furio us w hen o ne man . in the correct form.
the queue for tickets. (over took/ ju mped/missed)
h That film was so complicated - I did n't a a Our footba ll tea m deserves because they
clue wha t wa s go ing on! (follow /get / have) have train ed so ha rd.
It's very ha rd to a living as an ac tor. b One of the s uspects has den ied part in
(earn/ ger/gain) the robbery.
c My s ister is hopin g a job as a stewardess
wi th our na tional airlin e.
Z Complete se nte nces a-f with th e most suitab le
d We lost the ca r keys but we managed .... .... .. the
adverb.
ca r by turn ing a piece of wire in th e ign ition!
a Amanda's (strongly / fi ercely) jea lous of he r e I' m disa ppoi n ted th at my favourite group have
more success ful older sis ter. refused at th e festi val.
b Kevin was (bitterly/tragically) dis appointed tha t f Since my gra nd mother moved to anothe r tow n. I
he didn't ge t the job of his dr eam s. really miss ........ .. her every da y.
c My reacher is (wa rmly/ passiona tely) interested g Wha t time is the Presid ent expected at
in natural history - u nfor tuna tely I'm no t! the ai rpo rt?
d Our neighbours were (keen ly/deep ly) grateful h Armed police threa ten ed the gu nme n If
for our help wh en they were burgled. they did not release the hostages.
c Ann adore s her new boyfriend. She 's
(tot ally / rn ainly) de voted to him . 4 Look at th is list of verhs w h ich change their
I'm (absol utel y/ immensely) amazed to hear th e mean ing dependi ng on w hether they a re followed
company is closing a fte r annou ncing record by a ge rund or in finiti ve. Matc h them to definitions
profits this year. a-j, sa yi ng whether th ey ta ke a geru nd or infinitive
in each case.
3 Complete q uestions a-c, usi ng your a nswers from
1 a nd 2 above, th en discuss each question . stop try remember regret mean

a Do you generally queue in your cou ntry? Wha t a do something to sec w ha t happens as a resu lt
happens if you the qu e ue? b be so rry for so methi ng you' ve don e
b How would you most like to a living? c intend to do some thing
c Has any on e ever ... .. .. ' " their wor d to you? Wh at d not forget that so mething must be do ne
ha ppened ? e sto p something you 've been do ing
inv olve or require something

II Unit2
 g be so rry about something you 're go ing to do
h stop one thing to do something else
8 Complete these se nte nce s with an object and an
infinitive with or w it ho u t to a s appropriat e.
no t forget someth ing whi ch has a lready happened
se e if it's possible to d o so mething a When I was a child , my parents wouldn't let ,' .
b Th e water in the resort wa s n ' t clean e no ugh to
5 For a-e use first a gerund a nd th en an in fin itive drink so our holid ay rep a dvise d .. .
for m of the ve rb in brackets . an d complet e the c I woke up suddenl y and th ought I h eard .. .
sentences in two appropriat e wa ys. d I know it may sound unreasonabl e but I'd
rather . ..
a I didn't rem e mber (invite) m y neighbour to my e I love sitt ing by th e lake wa tching . ..
barbecue so .. .
b 1 wish for once you 'd stop (think) about . . . 9 Complete 1-13 with a n appropriate fo rm of th e
c I like our ne ighbours, b ut I regret (say) tha t ...
verb in hold .
d My six -month-old nephew has just tried (eat) ...
e ... meant (get) my ha ir cut. I've always wante d 1 do some th ing reall y
adventurous so when, in my fi nal year at un iversity, I
6 Complete sentences a-h with one of the was invited 2 join a wildl ife expedi tion to the
prepositions below and an appropriate gerund. Amazon, I didn 't sto p 3 think. I ju st said 'yes'!
on at fo r to of in I looked forward to 4 explore t he forests and
dream t of 5 discover a species new to
a I'm not very keen when the sea is th is
science. I also ho ped 6 film a jaguar as th ese
rough but I 'll come if you insist.
anima ls are of special interest to me. The tr ip woul d
b Are yo u looking forward school and
mean 7 struggle throu gh thick jungle and I
gett ing a job?
knew we risked ...... .... 8 be bit ten by insects and
c In trying to take a s hortcu t across the fields, we
snakes. My girl frrend was so worr ied about me that
only su cceeded completely lost.
d I apologise profusely you waiting in the she t hreatened 9 burn my plane ti cket! In
cold for so lo ng. th e event, I managed 10 avoid any kind of
e My classmates insisted me a birthday di saster. I watched a giant snake 11 catch a

present even though I sa id I didn' t want one. mo nkey, but that was the nearest I came to any
If you carry about people behind thei r danger. I really enjoyed 12 see such a huge
backs, YOU'll soon e nd u p with no frie nd s. variety of wildli fe and I wo ul d like 13 go
g I've never been ve ry good letters bu t I back to the Amazon again one day, that' s for sure.
regularly telephone Illy grallllparcIlts ill Australi a.
h My brother is thinking abroad, m aybe as
a tour guide.

7 Cross out to where it is not needed with the

infinitives in these sentences.
a I don't think politicians should be a llowed to get
awa y with the lies t hey tell.
b If you let that boy to do whatever he wants,
you' ll really live to reg ret it.
c Adult s ca n rarely be made to do what they don't
want to, bu t you can often make som eone to do
something through persuasion .
d That looks like a nasty cut - I' d advise you to
get medical a tte ntion at o nce.
e My parents hel pe d me to buy a small fla t in th e
subur bs.
You had be tter not to te ll anyone what we 've
just been discuss ing .
g It's just typical that when sorneone's wa tching you
to do so meth ing, you make a right me ss of it.

Unit2 II
Listening Part 1 Note taking how to do it
Read the mforrnatron to get a general idea of the topic.

•
1 Read this quote and discuss the questions b elow. Thmk about the kind of information needed for each gap.
Complete the gapswith the exact words you hear.
, We want to preserve our identity,history, land,
Write no more than two words
language and values for our children. Our children -
Check your spelling.
our future - must understand our history so no one
can say our culture is gone. If we do not preserve
this, our lives won't belong to us any more.
3 Write the no un fo r ms for verbs a - h from the
a How does the quot e rela te to th e task in 2? recordi ng.
b Do yo u agree in genera l terms with these ideas? a recognise d require g carve
b con tr ib ute e fo rm h provide
2 0 Listen twice to a g u ide taking touri sts rou nd c represen t f reveal
a museum in Washington DC dedicated to Na tive
Am ericans. and complete the notes. The 4 Do you know of an y unusual museums like the
how to do it box will help you. one in the record ing?

MUSEUM HISTORY
Time spent planning:
. . .. .. ........ .... .. .... . (1)

Name of 1993 official document:

'The (2) of the People '

OPENING CEREMONY
Number of tribes present:
•. .• •••. .• ••. ••••• ••••••• (31 . including Pacific islanders
Instruments played during the procession :
..... ........ ....... ..... and (4)

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Building materials:
rep resent structu re sha ped by the (5)

location of building:
points towards the (6)

FACILITIES & ATTRACTIONS

Mitsitam Cafe :
name means (7) in English
Chesapeake Museum Store:
sells native art ists' work. e.g (8) and
jewellery
Forest walk:
look ou t for the and (9) trees

II Unit2
Spea ki ng Part 2
1 Answer these qu esti o ns about pho tos 1-4.
a Wha t are th e ceremonies show n?
b Do ceremonies like these have anyth ing in
com mon?
c Which adj ectives migh t describe ho w th e
people taking part feel?
2 Underline the key words in this ta sk .
These pictures show different kinds of ceremoni es.
I'd like you to com pare and cont rast two or three
of these pictures, saying how the people taking
part in the ceremonies might be feeling, a nd how
memorab le these occasions might be for the m.'
3 0 Read the how to do It box below, then list en to
someone doing the ta sk in 2 and a ns wer th ese
questions.
a Which ad jecti ves does she use to describe the
people's feelings?
b What two mai n things does she do w rong?
how to do it
Make sure you answer all parts of the task.
Use a variety of words to show your range 01vocabulary.
Remember to talk for a full minute.
4 Fill th e gaps in a -h with 1-8 below to form
sentences about the photos.
a It looks as if th ese peop le ar e in a
degree ceremon y.
b The in this ceremony appear to be
feeling very proud.
c This ceremon y is in .:l huge stad ium.
d I think the degree cerem on y wou ld be .
than th e launching of the ship .
e You wou ld probably have las tin g of all
these occasion s bu t for different rea sons.
f People occasions like these for the rest
of their lives.
g Photos like these us of important eve nts
in our lives.
h Some occasio ns in our lives are sim ply .
1 more memora ble 5 remind
2 ta king pla ce 6 unforge ttable
3 remember 7 taki ng part
4 me mories 8 participants
5 In pairs, do the task in 2. The how to do it box and
phrases below will help you.
• Specu lati ng
It looks like / Iooks as if it is ...
It seems to be / app ears to be ...
They might be / could be ...
They probably/ perhaps/ may be ...
Unit2 fD
Engl ish in Use Part 6 Gapped text how to do it
Read the text once for general meaning.
1 When do young people 'come of age' in your country? How rgnoring the gaps
do you cele bra te th is event?
Fill the easiest gaps first to reduce the
number of optrons.
2 Read the text qui ckl y and answer these questio ns. Try the three extra option s aga in In each
a Who are the Xicrin ? gap.
b Who takes part in the ceremony? Read the complete text agai n for
grammar and overall sense.

3 Read the text again a nd fill ga ps 1- 6 with six of cla uses A-J .
The how to doIt an d ti p boxes will he lp you. 4 Do you thi nk the Xlcrins ' traditions
A which tell of the tribe's history will survive? Why / Why not?
B which is distinctive and pulsating
C
D
which the youn g men of the Xicrin tribe have to endure
wh ich pursue them as they make the ir descent
The underlined words III
•
E which they must climb up to reach their objective
this text and In ( and E
F which help them recover from their ordeal will help you find
G which gives them protecti on grammar and lexical links.
H which always results in stings
I which mark the coming of age of the young men

AN UNUS-----
J which have managed to retain their traditional
customs and rites

COMING-OF-AGE CEREMONY
Grammar
Relative clauses GR p171 -172

1 Complete sentences a-j with clauses 1-10.

a YOll may decide to enrol for our courses
online, .. ..
b My gra ndfather, kept chickens in the garden.
e Paris is a city . 3 none of whom has ever studied another
d The house was full of famous pai ntings, ....
e We ventured furth er afield to explore the remo te,
uninhabi ted island s, ... .
I eventually finished writing my essay at
midnight, ... .
g The popular foothi lls ... were often cut off in
winter.
h Have you ever had o ne of those days .. . ?
i Give me one reason .. . .
Initially, you will be placed in a class of ten
students, ... .
by which time I had missed my favourite TV
programme
2 all of which were worth a sma ll fortune
lang uage before
4 whe re we we nt climbing in the summer
5 abou t whic h very little is known
6 when everything seems to go wrong
7 whose love of the ou tdoo rs was his passion
8 whose art galleries are one of its biggest
attractions
9 in which case, the following instructions must
be followed
10 why you don' t want to go out tonight

2 Complete sentences a-h with approp ria te relat ive

pronouns and add prepositions where necessary.
a Our new ma nag ing director, the staff
had never met before. turn ed out to be a ve ry
interesting ma n.
b The famous yacht, Tim saw the wor ld,
is in a sorry- looking state.
c This celebrated wr iter, we have all
heard so much recentl y, will be sign ing cop ies of
his new hoo k in person .
d We met the members of the committee, most
............ were rather elde rly.
e According to Thompson book 0 11
ancien t languages was published last week, the
origins of our nati ve language are complicat ed .
There are various reasons man y of
today 's teenagers choose no t to go to university.
g Scotland, a place I have spent many
happy holidays, holds fond memories for me.
h It was one of those embarrassing occasions
..... ....... you wish the ground would swa llow
you up.

Unit2 II
Writi ng Part 2 A proposal WG p162

1 Look a t the photos and answer questions a-c.

a Which coun try is this?
b Wha t di fferen t as pects of cu lture are shown?
c Wh at else do you kn ow abou t this coun try's culture?

2 Read this exam task and a nswer q uestions a-c.

You are on the planning committee representing your

country for an int ernational cultural festival in London.
Write a proposal for the festival organiser suggesting what
should be included in the festival to represent the culture
of your country and explaining why you think the aspects
you have chosen would be of special interest.
Write your proposal in approximately 250 words.

a Wh o is your target reader?

b Wha t type of text sho uld you wri te?
c Wha t two main point s sho uld you include in your
a nswer?
3 Read the model answer and decide if statements
a-g abou t proposals are true or false.
a They begin in the same way as a letter.
b They focus on a future event.
c They are informal in register.
d They are divided into sections with clear
headings.
e They aim to inform and persuade the target
reader.
f They do not need an introdu ction or conclusion.
g They give suggestions and/or recommendations.
4 List the different ways the wr iter sugges ts for
showing his ideas, e.g. a live performance.
5 Which verb forms cannot be used in a-d? Read the
proposal to check your answers and find other
ways of making sugges tions.
a I suggest we show/ to show /s/lOw/ showing a film
about our nation al history.
b It would be a good idea teach /teaching/to
teach/that we teach people one of our local
dances.
c I recommend invite/to invite/ itunting riue invite
one or two of our national celebrities to appear.
d I propose putting on / pu t on /we pu t on /us to
put on a special display for children.
6 Find phrases in the proposal which mean the same
as a-e below. Why is each equivalent phrase in the
model more sui tab le?
a Nobody else has a culture like theirs.
b a group of people from our past
c make our past seem more real
d Visitors would think the animals were great.
e Why don't we go for Kyli e Minogue?
7 Write your proposal. Plan your answer first by
doing a-c.
a Think of all the aspects of you r country that are
culturally significant.
b Choose the ones you could show at a festival,
and decide how you would show them.
r Decide on three main headings, and select the
best items from your ideas in b). Remember to
include a separate introduc tion and conclusion.
Introduction
This proposal contains my suggestions for our country's
contribution to the international festival in London.
Our national history
Aboriginals were the only inhabitants of Australia for
thousands of years ann their culture is completely
unique. Tourist are bound to be interested in this so
I recommend beginning with a live performance of
traditional dances and music. Visitors mi ght also enjoy
a photographic display of their ancient cave and rock
paintings and of Uluru, their sacred red rock. We could
follow that with a procession of historic characters in
costume, which should bringour history alive.
Outdoor life
Isuggest we show a video so people can appreciate
how thrilling it is to surf and swim off our fabulou s
beaches. Scuba diving and snorkelling are very popular
too so I suggest having a display showing people doing
these in the coral of the Great Barrier Reel. We could
also have photos showing people trekking in the
rainforest. Visitors would be amazed and captivated by
the huge variety of wildlife to be found. As well as
sports, we could include other aspects of outdoor life,
such as eating outdoors. We could even have a food-
tasting stall with samples from a typical Australian
'barbie',
Contemporary arts
The Sydney Opera House is world famous and Iam
sure visitors would enjoy a live performance by one of
our celebrated opera singers. I propose we also ask
singers from our thriving rock scene to contrib ute.
Kylie Minogue, whose music isso well known , would
be an obvious choice. Another aspect of the arts scene
that wou ld definitely interest visitors is our film
industry so we could show clips and stills from films
featuring our most famou s actors, such as Russell
Crowe and Nicole Kidman.
Conclusion
My proposal wou ld give visitors a real taste of
Australian culture, past and present, and I hope it
meets with your approval.
Review
1 range the wo rds in bold 50 tha i they fll the
correct definitions a-e.
a Pa rad es are days or periods of ce lebration.
b Trad itio ns are formal public occasions
celebra ting a particular eve nt.
c Ritu als a re puh lic processions.
d Cere mo n ies are customs or be liefs ha nded down
10 future generat ions.
e Festiva ls are a prescribed order of performing riles.
2 Ch oose th e correc t words to co mp lete th e phras es
in a-g.
a It was impossible no t to get swept up /down /
in the excitement of the ca rniva l.
OllC/OII
b It's a new ly crea ted compa ny so still very muc h
tol in /with /for its infa ncy.
c The furnishings in the h otel were old-fashioned
a nd not for/ of/ to/ by my taste.
d He careful not 10 say anything critica l for/
wutiinrtowanisrooer earshot o f the event 's
organisers .
e Sam 's profr-sslona lism was ca lled into /at/ for/
un th question by his actions.
After queuing for tickets for several ho urs in the
rain, tempers wer e begi nn ing to get/behave/go /
have ve ry frayed ,
g The vibra n t cultural life is one of the capital
city's main [J ulls/draws/impacts/effecls.
3 Co mp lete th e followiug se nte nces with a su ita ble
verb or adverb to mat ch th e mean ing of th e words
in brackets. Th e first letter of th e word is give n.
a One of the main mot iva tions in many people's
lives is to e a livi ng (make money).
h If you read the progra mme, you will find a
paragraph .11 the beg inning whi ch s the
scene (gives th e background) brilliant ly.
c A first child can often be f (extremely)
jealous w hen a younger sibling is born.
d Ted's 1' (strongly) inte rested in
a rchaeology. He 's been on h und red s o f digs .
e I wo uld like to say how d (very) gratef ul
I a m for all tha t you hav e don e.
f On e thing politi cian s rarely ad mil to is b ..
(goin g ba ck o n) their word.
g We we re a (completel y) am azed to hear
that Paula had won a for tune on th e lotte ry.
h Would yo u be b (terribly) disappointed
not 10 be offered th e job?
II UnitZ
4 Use the ve rbs in brackets in their correct fo rm to
co m plete se nten ces a-I,
a We would like to thank you [or you r inva luabl e
..... .. .. .. . (contribute) to the eve nt.
b At the entran ce to the museum , there is .111
imp ress ive wooden (carve) of a buffal o.
c The (reveal) that someone had rubbed
he r of her most treasured possession wa s
devast ati ng .
d You should let the airline know of any special
d ieta ry (requi re) in advan ce.
e After th e initial (fo rm) of the company,
the business rapidly went from strength to
strength.
f Clearly confused, she looked at me with no sign
of (recognise) on her face.
5 Complete th e sente nces with a word co n nec ted with
re me m be ring. Th e first letter of the word is given.
a Wh ich do you think is more m is you
grow o lder - your childhood or you r tee nage
years?
b Souvenirs cau bring back hap py m of
special events.
C The cha irman has asked to be r in good
time abo ut the ann ual meeting.
d My first day a t work was u [or a number
of very int eresting reaso ns.
e Please do n' t 1.. to ph on e your aun t. It' s
her b irthd ay tomor row.
6 Nu m be r se n tences a - e in th e best orde r (1- 5) to
form a proposal suggesting wh at 10 include in a n
int ernat ion al exhibition a bo u t France.
a To acco mpa ny th is, we could also have a small
ga llery of pho togra phs show ing the ma ny isla nd s
0 [[ the Fre nch COolS!. ..
b Another as pec t wou ld . o f co u rse, be a n
exh ibition outlining th e co untry's histo ry. I am
sure this would be pop ular with visito rs .
c As well as show ing people the geog rap hy of
Fran ce, it would be a n exce llen t idea to have a
sec tion devo ted to traditional French cu isine, as
well as a sec tion with exa mples o f trad ition al
crafts ..
tI My sugges tions wo uld give vis ito rs a tas te [or
Fren ch cult ure a nd I ho pe they meet with your
approval. ,
e I wou ld reco mme nd in itially showini a video a
Fran ce 's impressive mounta ins ..
 II
D II
looking ahead

Lead in -
Answer the se quest ions.
a Look at the ph o tos a nd tal k a bo ut different
situa tio ns in which peopl e ma ke pred ictio ns,
b Wha t kin d o f jobs involve peo ple makin g
predictions?
c Who relies o n th e info rm ati o n provide d by th eir
predic tions?
d Wh,lt ca n happen if the pred ictions turn out to be
inaccurate?

2 What cha nges are you likel y to see in th e foll ow ing

areas in your life time? The expressio ns in th e la nguage
box below will help you .
• work • tran sport
• holidays • entertainment

Making predictions
There's no likelihood of " ,
It's unlikely that .
There's absolut ely no way that .. .

As likely as not .. ,
There's a good cha nce that . ..
The chances are that .. ,

... seems inevitable.

.. , is bound to .. ,
There's no doubt that .. ,

3 If you could find out a ny three things about the future.

what would th ey be ?

Unit3 m
 //
/
Reading Parts 1 and 4 Mult iple matef1i ng
/
1 what do you thi nk the pictures show? How close to reality are these ideas?

Z Read the text opposite once an d match -"

hea dings 1-5 with sections A- E. / tip
If there are no paragraph
I En route / headings. writing your
2 Holidays at hume? , own brief summa ry or
3 The ultimate destinati on heading may help a, a
4 Making the most of your stay quick reminder of each
5 Pre-flight proced ures paragraph', content,
/
/
3 Read the hO;vlo do II box, a nd the text agai n a nd say in whi ch
section A- E eac h of 1-1 2 below is men tioned. The und erlin ed
words in the text a nd 1- 5 will help you with those qu estions.
/
Exam ple

/ interests and baclq;ruun ds ( 1.43)

/ devices that can bring toget her like-minded peop le I

/ an un affQLdab!E: sche me which ma y drop in price 2
replacing tradi tion al travel docum ent s with technology current ly in lise 3
a journey to a completely new destin a tion that may soo n becbme rout ine 4
technology which could simu late a pleasu rable experience / 5
an impro vem ent in enter tai nmen t stan da rds 6
the ability to help travellers success fu lly reach thei r destination 7
exaggerated statements thaI will beco me reality I 8 ..
a secur ity system designed to reduce jou rney times / 9 ..
widespread use of devices that recogn ise speec h 10
a service that ca n be paid for by current ly non -conventl onal means II
a large r version of a widespread travel experience / 12

how to clo it /
• Read the text for general meani ng.

•
Highli ght key word, In the question,.
Rea d the first section again, looki ng for th e key
mformation in the questions expressed in a
different way.
II
•
Underline the relevant text, write the question
number next to it , and tick ol f the question; this
reduce, what you need to read each time ,
I
Do the same wit h each section leaving the most
dif ficult question, unti l tast.

/
4 Whi ch of the expe riences menti oned in Ihe text would you like to try? Wh y?
D: : : think " virtual holiday much fun as real onet
Voca bu la ry GR p181-182
Ph rasa I verbs with u and down
Complete a -e with phra sal verbs formed from
th ese ve rb s plus up or down.
break set put bring turn
a If yo u haven' t got enough room, we can . c By this time nex t year, [' II already have left
your rela tives for the night.
b His in te ntion is to use the inherita nce to . d I'm tired. I th in k I' ll go to bed.
his own business.
c Protesters a re th rea te ning to the
governmen t if their demands aren 't met.
d Police the demonstra tion by firing tea r
gas in to the crowd.
e It was the tho ugh t of comm uting every day that
made me the job offe r.
Answe r th ese q uesti o n s about th e sen te nces in I.
a In which of a-e could you put the ob jec t of the
phrasa l verb be tween the ve rb and th e pa rticle?
b 'tur n the objects of the p hrasa l verbs in a -e into
pronouns. Then rephrase the sentences.
Example
a If you haven 't got enough. room, we can put them
up (or the night,
Replace th e underlin ed ve rbs in a - d w ith ne w
ph ra sal ve rbs for med fro m th e ve rb s in 1 p lus up
o r down.
Example
It's best if yOIl don't raise the subject of Mark's
resignation, as it's a rather sensitive ma tter.
. A: Quite ce rta in. " II tell you w hat, (4) I'm going
a T he key witness co llapsed in tears under
ques tio n in court.
b You shou ld n't have h u mili a ted your bro ther in
front of his friends - no wonder he was upset.
c Could you inc rease the volume on the radio a bit -
I can hardly hear what the n ewsreaders saying,
d Students are expected to respect the college rules
as wr itten in the o fficial ha ndbook.
Unit 3
Grammar
Future form s GR p166-168
1 Na m e the ve rb form s us ed to ex press the future in
a-g, th en match the m with func tions 1-7.
a Our trai n leaves at 4 o'clock to mo rrow mo rn ing.
b I'm h aving my hair cu t tomorrow,
school and found a job.
e I'll be lyin g on a beach this time nex t week.
f We're goi ng to m ov e house nex t year.
g By the end of this week, they'll have been
travelli ng fo r a year,
1 an appointment/defi nite arrangement
2 a spo ntaneous decision
3 a timet a ble or travel plan
4 an ac tion co mpleted before anot her fu ture time
5 an ac tion happening for a con tinuous pe riod
before a fu ture po in t
6 a personal pla n
7 an action tha i w ill be in progress at a certai n
fu tu re time
2 Cho ose th e co rre ct ve r b form s to comp lete th e
d ia log ue.
A: Have you h ea rd ? Anna a nd Mark (I) are going to
get/will get married.
S: Surely not ! Anna (2) will start/is starting
u niversi ty next week.
A: Well she must have changed her m ind. He r
parents (3) are going/will go crazy when th ey
find a u t.
H: You're no t joking! Are yo u abso lu te ly certain?
to/Fit ring her rig ht now a nd she ca n tell you
herself. She (5) will /laue/is having some friends
over for dinner tonight so she should be a t ho m e.
B: Good ideal I ho pe it's no t just a rurno ur, I think
(6) they'll make/they're making a per fect couple.
/
3 Pili the ver bs in bracket s iruo ,111 a p pro pria te future 7 Correct th e ten se er ro rs in a- d. Th ere may be more
form . Ihan one possib le answer.
•1 Do yo u thin k most office wo rkers (work) a My b rot her is planni ng to travel rou nd Europ e
from ho me by 2020 ? with his girlfriend next year, but now she 's
b space touris m (beco me) change d her mi nd .
wides pread withi n the next five years, in you r b Th e cel ebrity w ho is 10 open th e new hos pital
opinion? has pulled o ut .11 th e last minute,
c 1I0w likely is it that ord inary peopl e . c She is about to la ke a mou thf ul of wine wh en
(use) robot s 10 do domestic task s III their ho uses s he noticed th e was p in her glass ,
in the very near future ? d J hadn 't rea lised my mother-in -law will slay until
d Do you thin k sc ien tists (clo ne) a human the end of the month ,
bei ng by next year?
e Where do yo u think most peopl e in your country B Complete th e se nte nces in an appropriate W.l Y.
.......... (live) in SO years ' lime ; in rural or u rban
area s? a They were going to order dessert ..
h We were a bout to leave th e hou se ..
c If I had kn ow n my boss was going to ...
A Discuss your opi nio ns of the completed qu estions
d J kn ew that my decis ion woul d .. .
in 3.

5 Underline th e tim e co nj unc tions in a -c a nd ma tc h

9 Ask a pa rtn er o r partners about a- e.
the ve rb forms wh icb follo w th em with 1- 3. a Wh at th ey ' re do ing for a holid ay th is year.
b Wh eth er the y ho pe to be living in the sa me
.1We'll be go ing to (he beach as so o n as the rain
place in five years ' time.
has slopped .
c Wh eth er they think that so me thing significant will
b When space flig hls become chea pe r, we 'll all
have happen ed to them by this time next year.
want (0 try them.
d Wh ich film th ey th ink they'll see next.
c News rep ort er s will be laking photos w hile th e
e Wha t th e next big purchase th ey're abo ut 10
President is s pea king.
make is.
1 emphasises the continuous natur e of the ac tion
2 emphas ises Ih.ll one action will be finis hed
before a no ther begins
3 simp ly s tates a fact

6 Complete se nte nces a - e with yo ur o w n ideas a nd

say whi ch te nses could follow th e time
conjunctions,
a Make sure you phone me from the airport as
soon as ..,
b I' m sure yo u will be in a bett er mood o nce ...
c I usua lly feel reall y tired after I ...
d Do yo u thin k you' ll still enjoy clubbing hy the
time ...
e One of our ass ista nts will help you th e minu te .. .
Listening Part3 Multiplechoice
What ca n b e done to preserve places lik e the ones
in the photos for future generations?
l Read quickly through the questions, th en listen
tw ice to two co nserva tio nists, Bob and Carrie,
talking about plans for the future of ancient
monuments , and choose the best answer for 1-6.
What does Bob say about buildlng a tourist
centre near ancient monumen ts like Stonehenge?
A Facilities like thes e are essen tial for
encouraging tourism .
B It's difficu lt to find archi tec ts willing to take
o n projects like these.
C Finding the right design for centres like th ese
is problematic.
D The cost of building project s like these is
incredibly high.
Z What sugges tion does Carrie make regardi ng
Stonehenge?
A Existing visitor facil ities should be updated.
B The standing stones should be removed from
the si te.
C There s hould be a maximum number of
visitors allowed.
o The site should go back to how it looked in
the past.
3 Bo b feels that Carrie's plan for Sto nehe nge
A would not be environmentally friendly.
B would result in a huge loss of income.
C might be popular with the authorities.
o migh t lead to an increase in tourism .
m Unit3
4 What comment does Carrie make a bout the
planned redevelopment of Petra?
A It will be designed to blend in wit h th e
landscape.
B The new bu ild ing work will destroy the
atmosphe re of the pla ce.
C The idea has been welcomed by many local
people.
D It will restrict th e entrance of lar ge groups of
tourists .
5 In Bo b 's opinion. the Petra build ing proj ect will
A prove to be too ambi tious.
B go over budget.
C be ed uca tiona l.
o make Pe tra even more beaut iful.
6 Acco rdi ng to Ca rrie. many people beli eve plac es
like Stonehenge and Petra should
A be visited by JS many people as possible .
B provi de a relaxing experience for tourists.
C receive more publicity in the future.
o be a llowed to keep their a ir of mys tery .
Match a-e with 1-5 to make phrases a bo u t th e
future from the recording.
a on the 1 in store
b inthe 2
c what lies 3 run
d yo u never know 4 pipe line
e in the long 5 what's Mound the corner
Use some of the phrases in 3 to talk about thin gs
yo u expect to happen in th e future where yo u live.
Speaki ng Part 2

Talk about your a mbitions for th e future using

some of the phra ses below.

Talking abou t the future

I'm not really sure what . , doubt if ,'II .. .
, wouldn 't be surprised if . It's unl ikely that I'll . ..
, think I'll proba bly decide to ._

Put the se expressions into three groups : 'success ',

'failure' or ' ma king an effort'.
a come up w ith so me thing original
b lack th e talent to do something
c have the de te rmina tion to do so mething
d make it to th e top
e beat the competition
f make your mark
g put your heart and so ul in to it
h make (a lot of) sacrifices
lack the ne cessar y am bition
give it ever ything you've got

Listen to the exam task and answer questions a-c.

a How many pictur es mu st Marisa talk abo ut?
b Does it matter wh ich ones she cho oses?
c Wha t two things mu st Ma risa say abo ut her
pictures?

React the how to do it box, then listen to how one

candidate began the task in 3, and say how
suitable their answer is and why.

how to do It
Don't talk about more than two pictures.
If you don't talk about two pictures your partner
won't be able to answer their follow-up question .
Don't describe the pictures in detail; it should
become clear which pictures you are referring tu.
Usea range of structures and vocabulary.

Answer this follow -up task:

'Peter, I'd li ke you to listen
tip
Give a brief answer to
carefully an d tel l us which two the lollow-up task.
pictu res have not been described.' You won 't lose marks
if you aren 't sure
Listen aga in if necessary, then which pictures haven't
do the exam task in 3 in pairs. been described.

Unit 3
English in Use Part1 Multiple-choicecloze

1I0w accurately Celli you tell sorneone 's age by looking at them? What else
gives you clues to how old peopl e a re?

What do you think the difference is between you r 'ca lendar age ' and your
' biologica l age '? Read the text in 3 quickly to check.

Read the tip box then complete gaps 1-15 with the best option (A. R. C. or D)..

lt might after all be true tha t you are o nly as old as you feel. A BritIsh chruc is 0 new high-tech
tests to calculate the 'real' biological age of patients ....,..... on [he ir rate of phYSical deterioration

tntorrnanon on every 2 of a patients health, fitness, lifestyle and farruly medical history is
.. .... into a computer to work out w he ther they are older or younger than their calendar age
suggests .

The availability and inc reasing accu racy of the tests has 4 one leadIng British ge ron tologist to
call for biological age to be used to determine w hen workers should renre. He 5 that If an
em ployees biological or 'rear age is shown, for example. to be 55 when he reaches his 6Sth
birthday, he should be to work for another decade. Apparently most employers only take
into 7 a perso ns calendar yea rs, an d the two may differ cons roerab ly

Some of those prepared to pay substa ntia l 8 .. . .. of money for the exam inations WIll be able to
smug ly walk away w ith medical Showing that th ey really are as young as they feel,
o them the confidence to act and dr ess as if they were younger. Dr Lynette Yang. resident
doctor at [h e clinic where the tests are offe red claims that the t 1 . .. of these tests will be to
motivate people to 2 ....... . th eir hea lth. The co ncept of 'real age' is set to become bIg 13 . . ..
in the USA w ith books and websites helping people work out 4 their bo dy is older or
younger than th eir years. O thers firmly believe th at looks w ill always be the best IS . .. .. of age

0 A working up B working off © carry ing out 0 carrying through

1 A base d B decided C arra nged 0 es tab lished
2 A position B I·)IU S (Jt'CI C attitude 0 aspect
3 A supp lied B fed C provided 0 planned
4 A projected B prodded C provoked 0 prompted
5 A debates B argues C discusses 0 enquires
6 A encouraged B supported C incited D promoted
7 A interest B detail C accou nt 0 impa rla nce
8
9
A add itio ns
A grounds
13 sums
13 siglls
C scores
C demons I ration
0
0
totals
evide nce
•
slight differences in
10 A giving B contribu ting C supplying 0 producing meaning between A-D.
11 A desire B reason C purpose 0 project words that look similar bUI
have different meanings.
12 A progress B improve C gain 0 increase
fixed phrases and
13 A trade B pursu it C business D concern expressions.
14 A w he ther B unless C in case 0 so Ih.11 dependent prepositions.
15 A notice B indicator C figure 0 token

.I Unit 3
Try these tests to find your biological age. How accurate do you think they are?

Stand on your left leg, with Hold a ruler out below your Get someone to hold a 45cl11
your right leg bent behind at eye. Hold a business card at ruler above you r open
45 degrees and hands on the end of the ruler, and dominant hand. Catch the
your hips. Close your eyes. slowly move it towardsyou ruler as quickly as possible
Time how long it is before until it blur". Measure the when dropped . Measure
you lose your balance, Take distance at which you can where you catch it and take
the best score from three. still read it. the average of three scores.

biological age: 20 30 40 SO 60 biological age. 10 30 40 SO 60 biological age: 20-30 30-40 40-SO 50-60

seconds: 70+ 60 50 40 centimetres: 10 20 30 40 50 60 eentimetres: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Vocabulary
Expressions con nected with age
1 Match the expressions in italics in a-h with the meanings 1-8.
a My 90-yea r-old grandfather has only recently begun to feel
his age.
b Th e children shouldn' t have acted so irresponsibly. They are
old enough to knoiu better.
c Some people say that th e sec ret of staying young is to remain
young at heart.
d The you th of today seem so differen t from when I was a
youngster.
e My aunt may be 60 but she certain ly doesn't luuk her age.
f When I was a lad, a nyone over 40 seemed as old as the hills.
g Tim's on ly 14 but very mature. He has an old head on young
shoulders.
h We should take every opportunity because we're not getting
any younger.
1 be matu re en ough to ac t in a more sensible way
2 young people
3 be more mature than is expected for someone so young
4 grow ing older
5 look as old as you rea lly are
6 st ill feeling and behaving as you did when you were younger
7 extremely old
8 be p hysically aware of your real age

2 Discuss the followin g qu estions.

a Do you have si milar expressions abou t age in your language?
b Do you agree wi th the saying 'You' re never too old to learn'?
Why/Why not?

Unit 3
Writi ng Part 1 A formal letter we, p155

Read the writing task and input texts and say

a what the Prin cipal is planning to do and w hy.
b who you have to wr ite to. SURVEY RESULTS

You r student committee at an internat ional

We asked students how often h
the free buses or the sf d t ey use
college has received a memo from the Principal. Th e results ore: u ent cor pork .
announcing future cuts to the transport facilities.
Your committee is opposed to these and has • more than th ree lrmes
.
a week - 5801
carried out a survey. You have been asked to write of students 10

a letter to the Principal, telling him the results of • two or fh ree tImes
. a week - 31 01 f
the survey, and that you will be opposing the cuts. students 70 0
Use the survey results, and the Principal's memo
with your commen ts, to write you r letter. • once a week or less - 11 %of students

To The Stu den t Commi tte e

Fro m P Simpso n, Principal

Review of transport facilities

Wr, didn't _ As you know. th e co llege has run into debt and has had to co nsider various
ways to save mon ey in future .

Wrong - see our My co lleagues and I have been discussing the university transport facilities.
survei· In ou r view, these are under-used. It seems that only a sma ll num ber of
stu dents use ; he stu dent ca r par k and th e free buses run half full In winter!
We have th erefore decided on so me immediate cha nges. Firstly, we intend
Not el10ugn 5paGe5?1 the car pa rk availa ble to the general public; dur ing th e day, and to
charge a fee. Students will also be reQuired to pay th ese pa rking charges. --- Not fair!
We will also be terminating the free bus service. More bicycle stands will be
provided to enco urage students to cycle to college. - - Dal1gerouf> Gi d il1 9 in e-iti!
No, we'll fi9nt it" - I trust th e com mittee will support our decision.

Principal
2 Which of a- I wou ld be ap propria te for your leit er?
Wh.ll is wrong with th e others!
Example
Thke it from me, your idea of CUllillg our tra nsport
facillries is right oW of order. (Too informal - rather
aggressive)
4 List th e p oints from the Prin cipal's mem o 10
include in your an swer 10 the exa m task . Add
co mme nts in your own word s, and include
information from th e survey wh ere relevan t.
Exa mple
college is ill debt - we were ullaware ...

" May I draw your attention to the results of our 5 Use some of these lin king word s to joi n your notes
recent sur vey. from 4 into sentences.
b Yours since rely
c If you let ou tside rs use the car par k, how on • however neverth eless although
earth a rt' we going to find spaces? in spite of/ desp ite beca use (00 •
d I have to inform you that afte r careful
conside ration we ha ve decided 10 oppose these 6 Make a plan of four
drastic measures. paragraphs for the exa m tip
e Hi Mr Simpson task. Decid e wh ere th e You will generally
f For a start. wh at yo u say abo ut stude nts not need to wnte fouror
sentences in 2 shou ld go.
using the bu ses is jus t plain wrong. hveparagraphslor a
Use th e how io do It box to letter. Marethan hve
g I am writing on beha lf of the stude nt rornmutee help you write your leiter. pa ragraphs will make
in response to your recent mem o regardin g
some too short.
financial cutbac ks at the college.
h It's crazy expec ting us to cycle to college when
the traffic's so awful. how to do II
How a re we supposed to pay lor pa rking! • Read the task ca refullv
Read all the input information . then read the
3 Rewrite a-g in a mor e for mal style. task again.

Example
in debl - ill [inancial difficulries • Make notes for all the pomts yo u must include.
Decide on the correct format andorg..anise you r

a the buses a re half empty

b we've just done a survey
c what yo u say is wro ng
•• notes accordingly.
Check that yuu hd ve cuvere d e ver 'I thing in the
task and input i nforrnatrcn

Write your answer In your own words in the

d lite cha nges you wa nt 10 bring in
appropriate register.
e we ca n 't agree 10 this
I it's so un fair
g iI' S too dear for stu den ts

.,, I,ll
,."
', ..
,.ll
,"ll
, .
,
.t" .,.,
,lI' ".,
IItl II tl
A'" " ."
P'
..
,"" ,,...-.".,
. ....
""
.' \ '•'A;<__
I

OJ
=

Review
1 Correct th e mista kes with th e phrasal verbs in a-g.
a On hea ring the sad news, Sally broke up ann we pt.
b II's an imer natloual organisation helping those in
cr isis, and was set off last century.
c Ii you get more guests than you bargained for, we
have plenty of space, so can easily put up some.
d Who finally put up the subject of money during
the negotia tions?
e U's extremely unprofessional 10 turn so meone
d own in fr ont of their colleagues.
I The rules and regu la tio ns for the procedure are
set up in this document.
g Onl y a fter several shops had been robbed did the
auth criti cs brea k dow n the riot.
Write the missing words in the phrases in a -e.
a Following a spell of poor weather, forecasters say
tha t high tem peratures are just corner,
b Although I've a pp lied for a nu mber of johs, I
have noth ing definit e pipe line ye t.
c Initiall y, this may seem an expensive investment,
hut run, it will prove good value for money.
d If we'd known wha t ........ .. store for us that day,
we would never have gone on the excu rsion .
e Eve ryo ne hopes it won 't h ap pen , b ut u's ...... ....
cards that the fac tory wi ll close.
Co rrec t an y mistakes in th e underlined expressions
ill a-Ir.
•1 Despite putt ing it every th ing we 'd.gol, we still
lost yes terday's match,
b Only by analysing their s tre ng ths and weaknesses
can we hope to knock the competition.
c II seems tha t nowadays you need very lill ie
talent 10 do you r ma rk in life.
d After years w ithout s uccess, Jo hn fina lly accepted
that he wan ted the tale n! 10 become a st.".
e Few celebrities rea lise the pressures involved in
gelling it 10 the top.
You cou ld see from the children's faces tha t the}'
WNe pu tt ing th e ir he., d a nd SQu l into th e
pe rformance.
g At the end of the day, I was n' t prepa red 10 =te
the sacrifices needed in my personal life for the
sake of my job.
h To be a successful inventor, yo u 've gal to l:Q.I.!ll:
l.!jl,1Q so me thi ng or igina l a t the right time.
m Unit 3
4
Choose th e correct word to complete se ntences a -I.
a Ou r marketing strategy is decided/base! un a
tried and tested system.
b Many senior citizens ha ve cuu tucted us to
enquire/discuss ..ibout the new lax.
c We a lways take all interest/accollllC in a
prospective employee's ambitions.
d In sum/addition 10 government grams, private
finance has funded this project
e Campa igners agatnst rhe international arms
trade / concern have presented a petiti on.
f We ca n 't help YQU unless/so /llat you are
prepared 10 confess 10 the robbery.
5 Circle the correct word in sentences a - g.
a We sho uld make th e most of life because non e of
us are coming/going/gelling a ny younger.
b Some people stay young at head/sou l/heart all
their lives.
c For many people, it isn' t until Ihey hit retiremen t
tha t they begin 10 th e ir age.
d Sa m h." a lways had an old hea d o n yo ung
e What ou trageous be haviour! You're old enough
10 know well/ueller/uesr.
f 1I's amazing how some elderly Iamou s people
don' t seem/tookrslun» thei r aget
g Tee nagers consider anyo ne over 30 10 be as o ld
as the ualleys/nuers/llills.
6 Use a-g 10 complete part of a letter about the
results of a survey.
a I th erefore recommend e in your survey
b in your view f firstly
c I (ru st g th e res ult s show
d in a ddi tion
........ ....... 1, you asked students how often they use
the vending machines in the college. Apparently
.. 2 that they are used by most students
only about once a week 3, these
machines were grossly under-used, While I agree
with the results 01 the survey, I would be reluctant
to see all the vending mac hines disappear.
.. .... ...... 4 making the lollowing changes.
.... . 5, it Id be advisable to relocate the
....·o·s..p· 'opula r g machines nearer to the
cal III f coht ere they would be seen hy
everylin 6, those mach ines which a.re
hard ed should be removed !rom the
IJ1R etelv 7 you will take I
o consideration
 II II
Into the wild
Lead in
1 For ea ch part of the bod y below, name two
creatures which have th em .

mane scale heak hide

flipper antenna hoof tus k
fin claw horn paw
win g she ll

2 Name a c rea tu re which :

a is general ly feared. c has s inister associa tions.
b might be found rep ulsive. f is exotic .
r has human characteristics. g is en dangered .
d is though t of as man 's frien d.

3 Say which creatures are described in a -d and expl ain

the words in italics.
a Most members of th is species are
very agile climbers and swing
through tne trees .11 great sp eed .
They are highly sociable and
spend hou rs gnxnning each other.
II They're intelligent, playful
creatures with fins bul no sca les.
and are a favouri te w ith sailors.
c They' re 1,,11 . extremely gmcelu!
animals wi th long necks an d very 4 Write brief desc riptions uf three
small horns.
more wild animals and see if a
d They're [ierce hunt ers with large
part ner ca n guess what they are.
p,1\VS. They stalk their prey a nd
can run faster than ,1 11 the othe r
big cats,

II
Read ing Pa rt 2 Ga pped text
1
Do you know any st or ies. real or fictional.
in which an imals help h umans ?
2
Quickly read th e main text and summarise
what it says about the relationship
between humans and dolphins.
3 Look at lines 1-8 and lines 9-12 . Which of
il -C below is most likely to summarise the
first missing paragraph? Match a-c with
paragraphs from A-G.
a other similar incident s a bo ut do lphins
b a th eory of a nima l behavio ur
c wha t led up to this situa tio n
4 Complete the text with the remaining
paragraphs. using the highlighted words
and the tip box to help you find links.
There is one extra paragraph.
5 Say how the clues helped you match the
paragraphs.
Example
The word d ram a in paragraph G
su m marises the events of the first
paragraph.
6 Do you agree that humans are purely
motivated by self-interest? Can you think
of any examples of people acting
unselfishly?
• II
lexical links, e.g. nouns
and pronouns.
time references, e.g.
earlier, later.
the order of events in
the story.
m Unit4
.
I
- ;1
-
\
As t he dolphin hurtled throug h th e wat er straight at him, Rob
Howes. a bur ly 38 year -old lifeguard . wondered if he was about to
be kill ed. A stone's th row fr om him across th e choppy ocean
wat er s, his 15·year -old daughter Niccy and her fri end Karin a were
5 t er r ifi ed. The gir ls had been sur ro unded by six highly agit ated
dolphins and wer e being held hostage in a maelstrom of flashing
fins and swer ving bodies. The seventh dolphin was charg ing
Howes, seemingly int ent on dri ving him back t o the ot her capt ives
1
Believing the advancing dolphin was going t o ra m him fr om
10 beneath, Howes turned to rus r ight In antrcrpauon of wher e It was
gOing to sur face. But as he tur ned, what he saw In the water was
not a dolphin , but something much wor se - a great whit e shar k
2
So were th e dolphms r eally t rying t o prot ect their human
'host ages' ? It Isn't t he first ti me these creat ures have appar entl y
15 saved humans fr om disaste r . Greek mythology te lls how Arran, a
rnusic tan, was camcd t o land on th e backs of dol phins afte r
sailors had t hr own him from th eir ship The fact tha t th e myth
centres on dolptun s indicates tha t. even the n, humans believed
this species to be br ighter and possibl y kinder tha n other beasts
3
20 The near -fatal atta ck was witn essed by diver Matt Fleet. He and
his cr ew wer e anchor ed nearby when he saw th e dolphin s
Cir cling He grabbed his camer a and ju mped int o the wat er.
hoping to get some pictu r es But the fir st thmg he saw as he
sur faced was not a dolph in but the verti cal fin of il grp.ilt whit e
25 Had It not been for tus boat's underwater r escue team . he t oo
might have come under attack
4
Such questions are extr emely diffi cult for scientists to answer In
fact. biologists have argued for years over whether even humans
are capable of altruism - many believing that every apparen tly
30 kind act has some self-intere st behind It.
5
According to these SCientists, all the apparently benevolent acts
seen In nature - wolves sharing their kill with the rest of the
pack, adult birds risking their lives to protect their young against
predatory hawks, and primates teedmg the offspring of others In
35 their group - are explained by the idea of kinship . The theory IS
that kindness IS offered only to relatives of the same species who
carry many of the same genes as the giver. By helping them, it IS
suggested, the seemingly unselfish giver IS Improving the chances
of rus or her own genes survivmg.
Whatever the answer , t hese cre at ure s have little r eason to be
"",kful to humans; th ousands ar e kill ed each year by tuna
fishermen uSing dnft net s And Howes IS slllluncertain whethe r t wo
Iph,ns found slaught ered by poachers near Whangarel harbour
re members of t he gr oup t hat saved him The t hought leaves him
iltraughl 'This is how we r epay th em for th eir help,' he says 'I'd
to give the men re sponsible a taste of their own medi cin e '
modern version of this debate has ItS ongrns in the 1975
calion of Edward 0 Wils on's book SociobIOlogy and, a year
ler. of Richard Dawkms's The Selfish Gene Wilson bel ieved
al and human behaviour IS rooted entirely in OUf genes.
wk.ns described human and arurnal s as 'lumbering robots ',
hose minds and bodies ar e entirely controlled by selfish genes.
I dents t hat wi tn essed by f leet prove t hat dolphms
Iyare the good guys of the deep, always ready to extend a
pper to humans In distress' And If they are genuinely altruistic ,
at makes them that way?
h hef would appear to be Justified by other. real ·life events
996 Martin Richardson, a 29-year·old t r aveller , was mauled by a
ri< while swimmmg In the Red Sea He credited bottlenose
InsWith chasing away th e predat or as It closed In for the kil l
may explain altru ism Within species but why should dolphms
humans, as in the Whangare, mcrdsnt? Were they tollowrng
an et hical code' Or had they Simply rrustaken the human
sw immers for other dolphins'
65 Howes had often spotted these fearsome predators In the course
of ms work, but th is was one of the biggest he had ever seen Had
the dolphin not Intentionally diverted th e shar k With ItS charg e, he
contends, he would almost inevitably have been attacked and killed
It could be that t hey mistook the shape of a human In t he water
70 for a Sick dolphin The dolphin sonar system can creat e a three-
dimensional picture of any ltvlng object and the arr spaces.
internal organs, and other human features may have looked very
Similar to those of a dolphin
drama had started some mmutes earlier Howes and the girls
75 were SWimming In Whangarel harbour, off New Zealand 's North
Island They had been diVing from rocks , and were swimrmng
across open water when the group of dulphms appeared and
started herdmg them up, crrclmg t ightly I hrs IS very unusual
behaviour for dotphms, which normally show lillie aggression to
80 humans
Vocabulary Grammar
Expressions with animals Past tenses GR p165-1 66

1 Complete se nte nc es a-f with one of these animals Name the tenses in italics in a- i.
to for m a n appropriate ex pression .
a After the footba ll match. we went to a bar. had a
dog's cat snake donkey fish wha le few drinks and celebrated our win .
b By the time the fitness trainer finally turned up.
a Although we didn't think we'd enjoy ourselves, we luul been wa iting for ha lf an hour.
we ended lip having a of a time. c So you've been on the Atkins diet? lI ow was it?
b I can't believe I did my homework so badly - I d Inspector Lomas looked out the w indow. It was
made a real dinn r of it! snowing and th e streets were becoming icy.
c Next week 's party was meant to be a surprise e Kare n's put 011 a lot of weigh t recen tly.
but Sonya's just let the ou t of th e bag. f Th at' s th e best film I've seen in a long time.
d Tom had always lived in the country an d felt like g As the skier was racing downh ill. his ski hi! a
a ou t of water in the city. stone an d threw him off balance.
e My last boss was a rea l in the g rass - h Heavy fog de layed us and by the time we
you cou ldn' t trust a word he said. reached the airport, ou r plane had taken of].
f When we decora ted our house, my husband Farmers have been campaigning for more
helped me choose the pa int but le ft me to do the support from the govern ment for years.
... ... .... work.
2 Look again at the ve rbs in 1 a nd complete th e
2 Complete se nte nces a-e appropriatel y to illu strate grammar description below.
the meaning of the expression. a for a series of separate past events
a I wish you'd Slap rabbi ting on about football - b : for events in the recent past, which
you know I ... . a re 1I0t co mpleted. or connect to the present.
b I've got bu tterflies in my stomach because this c '" : for lin event that finished b efore
time tomorrow, I .. . . anot he r pas! eve nt or time.
c Brian usually eats like a ho rse bu t ... . d : for a continuous past action tha t
d Poo r David's going 10 be in the doghouse. He's finished be fore anothe r past even! or time.
just . . . . e : for a n int errupt ed past event or a
e If Ja ne 's hav ing a hen party, it must mean .... backgrou nd event.
f : for the firs t. second, etc. time we do
3 Answer these questions. so me thing, an d w ith superlat ives .

a When was the last time you were in the
doghouse? What had yo u do ne wro ng?
b em you remember the last time you felt like a
fish out of wa ter? How did you cope?
c Do brides -to-be in your co un try usually have a
hen part y? What do they do?
d Have you ever let the cat out of the bag abou t
something im porta nt? Wha t were the
consequences?
3 Put the verbs in bra ck ets in a-g into the pa st
simple or pr esent perfect simple. Identify any tim e
expressio ns or other clues that help.
a I (st udy) in Pa ris for six years unti l my parents
moved to Rome.
b This isn 't the firs t time I (taste) shark meat.
c As a ch ild. I (excel) at sports.
d Ou ch ! I (tw ist) my ankle.
e It was a long time before I (dare) te ll my parent s
I had a to ngu e stud .
f I (resist) ea ting a single piece of chocolate for
th e past six weeks.
g Man y of the p lays that Shakespeare (produce)
have been made into films.

m Unit4
4 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect 8 Put th e verbs in italics (1- 17) into the correct form .
simple or continuous.
Mos t of us 1 see gorillas o n TV but few
a He .... ... ... (play) for the national football team
three times so far this season. people 2 ever/observe o ne in th e wild . (
b ( ...... .... (work) on the compu ter si nce 8 a.m. .. ........ 3 be fasci nated by th ese creatures si nce r
but I'm going to have a break in a minute. .... ...... 4 be a child . So imagi ne my del ight
c So far ( .......... (phone) Jim five times this when, a few weeks ago, ( 5 get the
morning but I haven't managed to catch him yet. cha nce to go to Rwa nda to track w ild mountain
d If you ..... .... . (read) the book I lent you. can ( gori llas. Th e tri p was no t w ithou t danger. An
can have it back now? armed so ld ie r 6 accompany us to scare
e Opera singer Pa va roui .... ...... (travel) round the
off the buffalo which 7 attack a previous
country all summer giving performances.
group. Our gu ide 8 cut J pat h through
th e u nd ergrow th and we 9 follow. W hen
5 Write two sentences about yourself for eac h of a -c.
using the present perfect simple. present perfect we 10 find w hat looked like claw marks
continuou s, or the past simple, as appropriate. in some trees. we realised that gorillas
.. ... ..... 11 feed th ere recent ly. Suddenly, we
a challenging things at work or school
... .. .. ... 12 catch sight of th e m - a w ho le famil y
Example of go rillas ! T he ad u lts 13 sit in the SUIl
I've been working on a fascinating project. ] I gave watching the youngsters. who 14 play in
an important presentation last week. the trees. One of the adu lts IS stare at
b disappoin ting/exciting experiences me 16 scratcii his head, a nd 17
c free tim e ac tivit ies yawn. For m e, it was love a t firs t sigh t!

6 Explain how the sentences in each pair below

differ in meaning. 9 Using your imagination, make up a story about the
even ts that led u p to th is scene, using a variety of
1a A policeman arrested the mo torist because he
te nses.
was breaking the law.
b A policeman stopped the moto rist because he
had been breaking the law.
2a Most students were taking their exa m when th e
fire be ll rang.
b Most students had taken their exa m when the
fire bell rang.

1 Correct any errors with tenses in these sentences.

a 1 knew she had cried because her eyes were red
and puffy.
b Last week they were killing a great white s hark
which had been menacing swimmers for weeks.
c I was washi ng my car and my Ilatrn ate repaired
his motorbike when our landlord turned up.
d As our p lane had been landing, one of th e
engines ca ught fire a nd we h ad to ma ke an
emergency la nd ing.
e When ( last saw Bill he sat on the river bank,
throwing stones into the water.
f The reason the DVD player wou ld n't work was
because yo u weren't p luggi ng it in!

Unit4 m
Listen ing Spea ki ng Part 3

Part 2 Sentence completion 1 0 Look at th e pictures, then listen an d complete

th is Pa rt 3 task.
1 Discuss w ha t wildlife pho tograp hers do a nd what
'Imagine you are writing a 1 about the
skills or training they might need .
importance of 2 in 3. Here are
some pictures you are consi dering using to illustrate
2 0 Yo u w ill hear Clare Martin talk abo ut wildlife the article. Talk to each other about 4 the
ph otography. Read th e how to do it box, listen onc e animals are to the 5 in these 6,
and correct the wrong answers given for 1-8. then choose 7 pictures which you think
would 8 the article.'

Wild about ani als!

Clare has just returned from an assignment in 2 Talk a bout the pictures by completing the gaps in a-e
Afril.o
with 1- 5 and finishin g the sentences appropriately.
Most of her correspondence comes from I compa nionsh ip 4 en tertainment
... 2 2 independence 5 resource
3 responsibility
Earning a living as a wildlife photographer isn't easy
because of the many .. ...3 a Horses are a valuable for the police. They
can be use d ...
operating in the field.
b Th e old couple probably like having a cat for
The bird photographer Arthur Morris was originally . .... ... .. . I exprcl (hey ...
J 4 by profession. c Having a pet like a ha mster when YOII 're young
gives you a sense of The an imal relies
One university in Britain offers a degree in on you ...
......... 5 Imaging. d If you're blind or pa rtially sighted, a guide dog
can be vital for your Withou t one .
Clare suggests working as a travel guide or
e These fish are a form of They attract
... 6 to establish yourself.
visitors becau se .. .
You need to bring in 7
to cover your expenses. 3 0 Read the howto do it box, then listen to two
. stude nts do the task in 1 and an swer these
Sh e recammends st udving creative 5ubiu
w t5 .8
questions.
if you want to become a full-time photographer.
a What initial mistake does the female student
make?
b What does the male st ude nt do right?
how todo it c Wh at does he do wrong?
Use the sentence context and structure as clues to the answers. how to doit
• uon't be too quick to put an answer; it may be a distractor.
You usually only need to write one or two words.
Answer all parts of the question.
Give reasonsfor your ideas to show your range of

• You only listen once, so if you miss an answer, guess it and

concentrate on the next one.
Check your answers for spelling, gram mar and sense.
language.
Encourage your partner to speak.
Make negative comments and disagree politely
with your partner, if you wish.

II Unit4
4 0 0 the task in 1 in pai rs, us ing the phrases
below to help you.

Inviting your partner to speak

Do/ Don't you th ink th is one ... ?
Personall y, I (don't) think this one .. ..
What about you?
I thi nk .. . , don't you?
Would(n't) you agree th at . .. ?
What do you think about this one?
How about you, what would you say?
How do you feel about th is one?

Unit4 iii
Eng(\sh in Use
Part 2 Open cloze

1 Look at these pictures of imaginary creatures 3 Read texts A-D again and complete gaps 1-10 with
and discuss which real creatures th ey resemble. these prepositions a nd particles.
with for ou t into under
2 Read texts A-D, ignoring the gaps, and match through by of from at
them with the pictures and these names.

The Toraton Th e Ocea n Flish

Snows talke r Th e Megasquid

a This fearsome creature will be one 1 the

most ferocious predators of the next Ice Age. In
order to adapt to the blizzards that WIll bury
northern Europe 2 several metres of ice. it
will have a thick coat, and sturdy legs with large
flat paws. It will travel 3 miles in pursuit of
its prey - sheep-size rodents called 'shagrats'.

b This amazing creature will be like no other . Heavier

than an elephant and almost as large, it will push
its way 4 the dense forest on eight tree
trunk-size legs. It will walk 5 elongating each
of its legs in turn, and then compressing them
again.

This will be the largest animal ever to walk the

planet but will evolve 6 something as small
as the humble tortoise. Grazing on more than half
a ton of vegetation every day, it will be 7 .
home in the huge swamps formed when the east
coast of Africa collides 8 the south coast of
Asia. These massive creatures won't have many
predators to fear .

d These creatures. so called because they can fly and

swim , Will replace the birdlife which will previously
have been wiped 9 They Will develop from
cod-like creatures and grow elongated fins that
serve as wings . enabling them to make their
escape from predators in the sea 10 the
safety of the birdless sky.

II Unit4
4 Read th e text below to find out more abou t th ese 6 Wh ich prep osit ion is m issing here?
creatures, and co m plete ga ps 1-15 with on e word 7 Wh a t ca n co llocate wi th as to mea n like or
each . These qu estions will help you w ith 1-10. sim ilar to?
8 What can collocate with of to mea n fro m?
What does the verb he around mean here? Wha t 9 Wha t can collo cate here to mea n plenty of?
tense sho uld it be in? 10 What collocates with look to mean resem ble?
2 Whic h word ca n collocate wi th to mea ning in
their opinion?
3 Whic h word is m issing fro m this co nd itional
5 Use you r imagination to think of other cr eatures
which might evolve in th e future, taking
sen tence]
characteristics from two or more of th ese creatures.
4 Whic h ph rasa l ver b w ith finish mea ns £0 destroy
or to end? ka nga roo leop a rd eag le s na il
5 What co lloca tes here to mean helped by? gira ffe s hark chameleon swan

OUt Of thiS WOrld?

We humans pride ourselves on 0 .. the masters of
the. earth, but modern man 1 only been around
for 200.000 years of the planet's four-and -a-half billion
year history. And 2 to many scientists, the long-
term outlook for us isn't rosy. 3 our tendency to
get rid of each other doesn't finish us 4 , then
our propensi ty for destroying the environment could .
So what might replace the human race? Here, 5 ..
the aid of the latest computer graphi cs, are some
6 the fantastic creatures that experts believe
could emerge as our inheritors. Crea tures 7 as
these might look like something 8 of a science-
fiction film, but experts cla im that there are 9 ..
than enough clues to predict what future inhabitants
of the earth might look 10 We know the
continents are movingand that the Atlantic is
widening 11 abou t the rate our fingernails
grow. So with the right computer modelling, we can
calculate 12 the continents will end up.
Ecologists ca n then pred ict what habitats might exist,
and 13 types of animals that might live in
them. The good news is that this species upheaval
14 about three million years away, so there is
15 need for us to lose sleep over it just yet!

Unit4 m
Writi ng Part 2 A leaflet WG p1 56
1 Name the animals in the pictures. Say whi ch of
them live in the wild in your country and what else
you know about them . Talk about :
• their hab itat
• what they eat
• their characteristics and behaviour.
2 Underline the key points in this exam lask . 1\vo
have been done for you.
An international environmental group has asked you
tn wri te an informatio n leafl et of about 250 words on
one wild animal found in your country that visitors
might be interested to see. You should include details
about the animal a nd advice on how to observe it in
the wild.
3 Read the model leaflet and a nswe r a- c.
a Why is the leaflet in two sections?
b What different kinds of information are given
abo ut the otter in the fi rst section, e.g. size?
c What does the second section say abo ut whe n.
where and how to see an oller?
mUnit4
GENERAL INFORMATION
Otters are mammals found in ma n y coun tries
a ro u nd th e wo rld lncludlng Britain . These
at tractive creatures live nca r rivers o r by the sea
a nd a re perfectl y adapted for life in th e wa ter,
ha ving wa ter proof fur and a strea mlined body.
They live o n a d iet of fIsh a nd a re particu larly
fond o f salmon, eels a nd she llfish . As well as
being skilful swimmers, th ey arc pl ayful creatures
a nd love ro lling and tum bling in the water. Their
homes a rc mad e from piles o f bran ches, often by
the root s of a tree. Otters are so litary creatures
and it is rar e to sec a ma le a nd fema le toget her,
Ho weve r, cu bs slay with their mothers for abou t
a yea r before they lea ve to fend for themselves.
OBSERVING OTIERS
Ca tch ing sigh t o f a n o tter in the wild is q uite a
cha lle nge as they a re rather secretive a nima ls.
Those that live by rivers a re mostl y noct urnal,
whi ch makes it ver y diffi cu lt to see them. Those
that live by the sea, on the o ther hand, ofte n
ven ture ou t du rin g daylight hours, and can be
see n h unting in poo ls alo ng th e rocky shore. Th e
best place to see a n o tte r in Brit ain is on the west
coast of Scot la nd. Set o u t ea rly one morn ing and
dr ive slo wly alo ng the coastline un til yo u find a
likely spo t. The n sit quietly o n the beach
som ewhe re where they can not de tect your sce n t.
If yo u are for tunat e, yo u will be rewarded with a
sigh t of th ese fascinating crea tures.
4 How does th e w riter rephrase th e following 6 Rewrite sentences a-d to keep the same meanin g.
informat ion to avoid start ing each sentence in th e
a It is extr emely difficult 10 find an eagle's nest.
same way?
..... ..... is extre me ly d ifficult.
a Otters are attractive crea tures that live nea r b Giraffes a re eas ily spa LIed because of their
rivers. height.
b Olters are skilful swimme rs. .. spo t giraffes because of their heigh t.
c Otters live in piles of b ranc hes. c It is an a maz ing expe rience to see a lion a t close
o Otters are quite di fficu lt to see. qu arters.
e Otte rs that live by rive rs are nocturnal. ..... .... . is an am az ing expe rience .
f Otters in Britain a re best see n on th e west coast d It will alert an imals to your presence if you wear
of Scotland. bright colou rs.
. will alert animals to you r presence.
Sentences a- g are too informal for an information
leaflet. Rewrite them in a more formal style as 7 Choose a n animal you could base the exa m task on.
show n. then compa re yo ur answ ers with the leafl et . Mak e notes and use th e information in thi s section
to help you write your leafl et . Rem ember to:
a Otters a re rea lly at hom e in water.
Otters are perfectly for life in th e wa ter. • include one para gra ph about the ani mal
b They eat fish. • write a separa te paragraph on how to observe it
They live diet of fish. • keep your language fairly forma l
c They really like eels. • vary your sentence structure.
They are particularly of ee ls.
d They like playing.
They are crea tures. tip
e They like being by th emselves. You do not need to
They are crea tures. write an Introduction
Th ey don't like being watch ed . or conclusion for a
They are ani ma ls.
g They mai nly come out a t night.
They are mostl y .

Unit4 II
Review I
1 Ma tc h the parts of the body in 1- 12 wi th creatures 4 Co mp le te gaps 1- 8 in th ese ne wspa per ex trac ts
a-I, usi ng s u ita b le prepositio ns o r particles.
a fish I flipper 7 scale
b bu ll 2 hide 8 hoof it is a widely held theo ry that the din osaur s
c eagle 3 beak 9 fin were wip ed __ . I by a giant me teo r whic h
d lion 4 shell 10 horn collided .___ __ _ 2 the ear th. It is possible,
e tortoise 5 w ing \I mane however, that there is anot her explan ation fo r
f do lp hin 6 claw 12 paw wh at finis hed 3 the di nos aurs.

2 Complete th e dia log ues in 1-5 wit h s ui tab le

•
ph rases based U II these animals.
Some 4 the m ost adapta b le
rabbit butterfly dog hen horse
creatu res on earth can survive in extremely
A Are yo u going go o u t 10 celebrate w ith your inh o spit able p laces. f O T exa m ple, the came l
girlfriends before the weddi ng? is so .... .. .. .. 5 ho m e in th e desert that it
B Yes, my bridesmaid's orga n isi ng a for can journey 6 mil es wit hout water,
me.

2 A l low did yo n feel about pe rforming in fro nt

of s uc h a la rge a ud ience?
B I ha ve 10 co nfess I in my s tomac h jus t Accordin g 7 expe rts . the pace at
thinking about iI ! wh ich globa l warmin g is developing might
be more se rious th an we thought. It see ms
3 A I can't believe I forgot 10 go to that meeting
that the wor ld is warming up 8 an
this morning. alarm ing rat e.
B You 'll be for th e rest of the week the n !
4 A Do you fancy wat ching th e new cha t show on
tel evisi o n to night? 5 Row, ite this paragrap h in a mo re forma l style for
B No way. I can't sta nd programmes with so-
part of an info rm a tio n leatlet a bout to ucan s,
called ' ce leb rities ' . ... about themselves.
5 A Do yo u think I' ve bought enough food to go
You can find toucans in South and Central America.
round a t the barbecue?
There a ren' t an y Wild ones III the UK, but you can
II Ho weve r much you buy it wil l gel ea ten -
see lots 01 them in YOII ran recognise these
everyone we know eats . crea tures easilv, They've got a rea lly big beak. The"
bea ks have very bright colours. Their hody about
3 Circ le the co rrect a n im a ls to comple te th e phrases twice as long as their bea k. They really like fruit.
in a-e. seeds and insects. They don't like being on their
own. In fact, they live in gro ups.
a T he ageing president felt like d [isli/whule OUI o f
wate r when he atte nded the m us ic awards .
b I d o n 't mi nd d oi ng all the goat/donkey work as
lo ng as I gel paid for il.
c We had a IJIlcc er{l y/ wllole of a lim e on the last
ni ght o f the sa les conference la st yea r.
d I once tried my ha nd at pa inting bu r the res u lt
wa s a real eat's/ dog's d inner.
e T he co ntroversia l new tra ffic sche me was
su ppo se d 10 be kept un der wraps, bu l so meone
let the rat/ra t ou t o f th e bag.

II Unit4
 Health rna

....

Lead In
1 React the ten simple ways to get fit. Which th ree do you think would be mos t
effective? Which three cou ld you build into your daily routine?

Z Can you add any similar simple suggestions for getting fit? Th ink a bout:
shopping hou sewo rk gelling ready for schoo l/work gelling aro u nd

1 What advice would you give to a teenager and an e lderly person for leading a
healthy lifestyle? Think about:
d iet sleep physical exercise

Unit5 iii
Reading Part3 Multiplechoice

1 What do you think is the best form of physical 4 What does health expert Len Almond imp ly?
exercise? What is th e minimum and maxim um A Our bodies can cope with in tense physical
a mo unt of exe rcise you th ink you should do each st ress .
week? How m uc h do you do? B We should allow a long pe riod of recovery
after ,111y physical exercise.
2 Read the text opposite qu ickly to find out what e There is mo re to learn about the effects of
unexpected thing happen ed to ex plorer Ranulp h physica l stress.
Fien nes a nd w hy it may ha ve happened . D Taking part in endurance sports is harmful in
the long term .
3 Read th e text again a nd use S Exp erts in sp orts me d icine have
th e clues to help you with
A stu died the effec ts of altitude on various
q uestio n 1. Ask yourse lf Make sure all the
Information is
types of ath letes.
sim ilar q uestions for options B questioned the w isdom of taking part in
correct in the
A- D to help you choose th e extreme sports.
option you choose.
best an sw er to qu est ions 2- 6. e fou nd a co mmon facto r among com petitors in
extre me sports.
What does the writer say in the first paragraph
abou t Fiennes ' obsession with diet and hea lth?
o discovered an enzy me whi ch causes heart
attacks in cyclis ts.
A It was un reasonable even for an explore r.
Wha t does flip. phrase 'com es with the 6 Wha t fina l conclusion about exe rcise does the
territory ' in line 10 tell IlS? w rite r reac h?
B It had become more int en se w ith li me. A It makes life more enjoyable.
How long has Hennes been 'fine-tuning' his R It may no t b e wo rth the effort.
body' ? e It should be do ne in mo deration .
C It co ntribute d to his collapse. o It ough t to be a priority.
Does the writer state this in rhe first paragraph?
D It makes subseque nt events ha rd to be lieve . 4 ' It' s not ho w lon g life is, but how good it is. th at
What 'came as something of a surprise ' to the matters.' How far do you ag ree?
writer ?
2 On the questio n of who w ill live
longest, it seems th at
A genetic mak e-up is th e main factor.
B the re is no clea r expla na tion w hy
some peo ple outlive o thers.
C lifestyle choices play littl e part.
o family history is no t as significant
as once thought.
3 According to the text , o ne of the
positi ve effects of taking regu lar
exe rcise is that it
A speeds up th e heart rate.
B strengthens blood vessels.
C quickens th e pulse.
D reduces he art exer tion.

m Unit5
 Gumness Book of World Records
cnoes Ranulph Ftennes as the wor ld's
eatest llvmg explorer HIS expeditions
elude the first polar circumnavigation of
Earth andthe first unsupported
ssmg ofthe Antarctic continent on
He has been up the White Nile In a
rcraft, and parachuted onto Europe's
ghest glacier An obsession Wllh diet
. fitness comes with the terr itory, and
years Frennes has fine tuned tus body
acope with the most inhospitable of
vironments and the most stressful
uat ens of physical hell So when I read
t ttns model of physrca l fitness had
eand suffered a heart attack - not
lie planting a flag In a noman's-land,
t while boarding a plane It came as
ethlOg of a surprise
en what happened, lesser mortals like
self be forgiven for wondermg
ther the benefits of fotlowmg a
allhy hfestyle are all they're cracked up
be Why bother exerting all that effort If
the end survival turns out to be a
ery' or course fitness ann dret are
ypart of the story. 'Some people hve a
Ilhy lifestyle and stili succumb to
rt problems.' health expert Ahson
aw exptams Genetics and family
star)' also playa crucia l role In
errmrung who Wi ll achieve longeVity 'It
udall be a question of genes', she
a)'s 'but then some people never have a
till" of the disease eventhough their
am ly history would seem to make them
me targets '
ether or not some people are
enetrcally programmed to have a higher
ance of heart disease, there are steps
hey can take to reduce their rrsks. A
athydiet With plenty of frurt and
vegetables and reduced levels of
saturated fat helps prevent obesity ann
" stops fally deposns forming In the
artenes and hlocking them Smoking,
incidentally, has the opposite effect. as
rucotme mcreases the heart rate and
makes the blood clot more easuy
50 Exercise IS highly beneficial as It reduces
both the pulse rate and blood pressure
so rnimrmsmg stram on the heart as It
pumps blood round the body It also helps
to keep the artery walls more etastic.
55 'Whether you've got a family history of
heart disease or not. everybody should be
I,vlng a healthy I,festyle.' Shaw says 'We
wouldn't want people to slop look109 after
themse lves'
W But can you look alter yourself too much'
On t he subject of exercise.the standard
recommendation IS to take five sessions
called the Tyrolean Otztaler Radmarathon,
of 'moderate' exercise a week, where
moderate is a little more than bnsk
6' walking 'We need to be very careful when
we're dOing extreme sports or endurance
events.' says health expert l en Almond
'Extreme physical stress can Impose
almost rmooss.bte demands on the body's
70 ability to recover The strain of endurance
events such as exploration force
biochemical changes 10 the human body
The physrologrcal response to that ktnd of
activity Will be extreme and how the
7S body overcomes that IS bound to leave
some kind of legacy' So could Fiennes'
love for exploration and endurance events
have contributed to hrs condmon? 'It
could have had an ettect. or there may be
00 genetIc pred ispos rtion and an event could
have made It worse: says Almond. 'We
haven't done enough research In thiS area
rms IS changmgthough, There rs growing
mterest 10 sports rnedicme, a field that
es arguably began as long ago as 490BC
when the first person to run the
marathon ran the 26 miles from the town
of Marathon to Athens With news of a
victory overthe Pers ians The man, a
so soldier called Pherdippides. collapsed as
soon as he arrived, and the cause of rus
sudden demise IS not known However
sciennsts are usmg athletes like him to
answer questions about the effects of
95 extreme exercise on the heart One group,
at t he University of Innsbruck In Austria,
studied cyclists taking part 10 a race
a one day event that cove rs 230km With
ioo an altitude change of 5,500m They were
mterested In one parti cular enzyme, high
concentrations of which are found 10
those who have suffered a heart attack.
The scrennsts found that levels of ttus
105 chemical Increased 10 13of the 38
cyclists who completed the race The
largest Increases were seen rn the
youngest, fastest cycnsts who had tramed
the hardest Similar Increases In the
110 chemical have been found In competitors
10 the Hawaii Ironman tri athlon and In
cross-country skiers
Most of us W ill never put our bodies to
such severe tests But If when you hear
115 about someone like Hennes you ask
whether exercise IS worth It, I advrse you
to consider your own priorities
Personally, I subscribe to this adage sent
In by a reader to a local newspaper 'Run
1211 not to add years to your life but to add
life to your years'
_
Vocabulary Grammar
Health and fitness Direct and indirect speech GR pl 72-1 74

1 Put th e parts of the bo d y in a- p unde r the 1 Rewrite s ta tements a-e as di rect sp eech .
appropriate headi ngs. Exa mp le
a thig h e rib hip ankle
III Sailor Ellen MacArthur said she'd been preparing {or
b elbow f chin J wris t n calf her trip for months so she lUas feeling optimistic.
c shou lder g skull k pa lm a cheek 'I' ve been preparing lor chis trip for mont/IS so I'm
d heel h th umb I wa ist p shi n feeling optimistic.'
a Critics sa id it was likely that the new Harry
arm and hand Pott er film wo uld break box-office reco rds .
b My doc tor told me I'd feel much better if I did
some exe rcise.
leg and foot
c Th e ma nager told the m they could all play in th e
fina l bu t that they had to at tend all th e prac tice
face and head sessions the nex t day.
d The boss told me tha t I didn ' t need to work ove r
torso th e weekend .
e My physiotherapist says my shoul der is
responding we ll to trea tment.

2 Which of a- p in 1 can you harm in this way?

2 Use th e sentences in 1 to help a ns wer th ese
a break/frac ture c sprai n questions about direct speech .
b twist d dislocate
a Wha t do you norma lly need to cha nge when
rewr iting reported sta temen ts as direct speech?
3 Which of a-p in I do these sports exercise? b When do you no t need to change the verb te nse?
a rowing d sno oker c W hich moda l ve rbs cha nge form, and w hich
b darts e swu nrm ng stay the sam e?
c skiing
3 Choose the mos t appropriate reporting verb to
4 Use the words below to complete a- I, th en explain com plete the sentences in a- h as show n .
w hat th e co mp leted expressions mean.
admi t boast com plain explain
we athe r pain mend men tion pro tes t rea lise wa rn
temperature diseases fractured a 'This beach isn't sa fe for swi mmi ng off tod a y,'
a 1 was ill last week but I' m on the now . One of the lifegu ards us th at .
b 1 feel dreadful and I' m run ning a high . b 'Oh no ! I' ve left th e car keys in that cafe.'
c I' m not unwell, just feeling under the . John suddenly tha t .
d It is adv isa ble to be inocul at ed against .. c 'By the way, Alice and J a rc thinking of trading
like yellow fever if you trave l to certain p laces. in ou r mo torb ike and buying a car.'
e I th in k I mig ht have a rib . My b rother th at .
It's more like a searing in my chest th a n d 'The reason 1 wa nt this job so mu ch is beca use
a n ache. it will allow me to travel.'
At his interview he that .
e 'Yes , it 's tru e. I've been lying:
Th e prime sus pec t ...... .... that .. .
f '1' ill a m illion times be tte r th an anyone else in
the tea m.'
Ou r clu b 's top scorer that .

II UnitS
 g ' I t's ridiculous - there 's never a nyone at the 8 Complete senten ces a-I, using nne of th e
reception desk when you need them .' prepositions below and an appropriate gerund .
Some o f the hotel guests that .
h 'But honestly, I really didn 't ca use th e accident! ' on from of for
The driver tha t ..
a Staff die blaming on e o f th e pupil s .. .
b Maria accused her boyfriend . ..
4 Correct an y mistak es in the repo rted question s in a-g.
c Bystanders prais ed the heroic firefighter . . ,
a Reporters asked the climber how long had he d The accide nt wouldn't have ha ppened if you
been training to climb Everest. hadn 't insisted ...
b ra ns want ed to know whether Kylie is playing at e An effective wa y of discouraging children ..
last night's concert. f The millionaire foot bailer has apo logised .
c In the interview Fiona was asked had she ever
worked abroad .
d Our ne ighbours we re keen to find out when
were we going on holiday.
e Union leaders enqui red w hether the deal would
go ahead or not .
The taxi driver asked would J like a hand with
my luggag e.
g Mum wanted to know did the pos tman deliver
the package she'd been expecting.

5 For a-g circle th e word in itali cs which correctly

completes th e se n tence.
a My boss suggested/ begged me to reconsider.
b Health experts advise/recommend us to eat five
portions of fresh fruit or vege tables dail y.
c Th e celebrity mod el ha s denied/refused selling
her story to the press.
d Haven't your paren ts ever [arbidden/womed you
not to do something?
e Arc you proposing/threatening going to the
police about this?
f Your bo ss shouldn 't ask/promise you to do
something that 's im possible !
g Sergeant Smith ordered/reminded his soldiers
that they had to polish their boo ts eve ry day.

6 Rewri te the se nte nces in 5 usi ng th e word in itali cs
not circled .
7 Complete J-E' w ith your ow n ideas,
a Parents should always warn teenagers. -.
b Recentl y, my friend foolis hly sugges ted _
c Politicians always promi se . _.
d My dad once threatened . ..
c I usually need In Iw remi nded .. .
9 Underline the correct structure in a -f from the
pairs in italics.
a My mother suggested my friends and l going/ that
my friend s and 1 should get away for the da y.
b Enrico rang and asked if we were goin g/we are
going to last night's bir thday celebratio ns.
c I was shocked when the po liceman accused me
to shoplift/ of shoplifting.
d Mark wanted to know what was J planning /l
was planning after work.
e His wife proposed they go our/them to go out for
din ner,
Terrorists threatened blowing up/to blow LIp
major governmen t buildings.

Unit5 OJ
Listen ing
Part 1 Sentence com pletron
1 Discuss these questions.
a How man y hours ' sleep do you need a night?
b Are yo u a heavy or a ligh t sleeper?
c What do you d o (or no t do) to en sure a goo d
night's sleep ?
d Which posi tion do you normally sleep in?
Z Before you do the exam task in 3, think about
what the missing information might be.
3 0 Listen twice to a radio programme about sleep
and complete the information in 1-8 .
It seems that 1 of the population will have
problems sleeping at some point.
It is very important to select the right 2 to
ensure a good night's sleep.
A bad night 's sleep will result in a drop in
People with 4 may suffer the most
disruption to the ir sleep pattern s.
Physiothera pists often treat people with
caused by sleepin g awkward ly.
People who sleep on thei r back should put a support
und er their 6.
Children with a 7 in their room may not
get enough sleep.
One way of ensur ing a good night's sleep is to follow
a regular . 8.
4 Huw close were yuur predictions to the correct
answers? Were yo u s urp rised by any of the
information?
II Unit5
Spea ki ng Parts 3 and 4
1 Imagine the pictures opposite appear on a
government leaflet. Discuss with a partner:
a w ha t the leaflet mig ht be about.
b w hat th e exam task migh t be.
2 0 Listen to the exam task and compare it with
your ideas in 1.
3 Read some of the things two students said when
doing the task in 2, and correct any mi stakes.
a I'm thi nking she's just abou t ge tting on her bike,
It's a healthy ac tivity.
b How abo ut th is one in a cafe - in th e No
Smoking a rea? I'm s ure the message is seeming
clear in th is one, don 't you?
c Thi s picture mig h t be enco urage studen ts to eat
he althy food. The food is looking qu ite temptin g,
isn 't it?
d And h ere, th ey 're being in a gym . Thi s should
enco urage peo ple taking more exerc ise.
e Thi s picture of visit a dentist gives an importan t
m essage to you ng peop le.
She seems to be dr ink min eral water. It 's vita l
3. dri nk ing wa ter when yo u exercise.
g So a re we agree th at this picture wo uld be th e
best for the cover of th e lea flet?
5
4 With a partner, do th e task in 2, then tell a nothe r
pair of students which picture you chose and why.
5 Answer these Part 4 questions, using th e prompts
and how to do it box to help you .
a How else ca n yo u keep fit and healt hy? (What
do your frien ds or fam ily do?)
LJ Should smoking be ba n ned in a ll pu blic places ?
(How unni ul yU lL (eel as a a snicker an d a non-
smoketi)
c Some peop le say tha t fas t foud resta urant s
p romot e an unh ealthy die t. Do you agree?
(Don' t be afraid to say if you don't agree, but
explain why.)
how to do it
Corred any mistakes quickly, but don't interrupt your
flo w of talking.
Don't give one-wor d answers; try Lo develop the
• discussion as much as possible.
Unit 5
Eng lish I n Use Part 4 Word formation how to clo It
Concentrate on one text at a time - in the
1 Read both texts and ch oose th e best heading for each (a, b, or c) . exam the two tOPiCSare unrelated.
Decide what parts 01 speech you need.
a Life-threa tenin g illnesses.
b Looking a fter your health. You may need 10 form word.. with negative
meamngs, or plurals.
c A disease we ca n avoid .
You may need to make more than one
change to the word given.
2 Read the howto do it box a nd decid e which type of word belongs in
Checkyour spelling ca refully.
eac h space in text 1. Check yo ur ideas with th e tip box below,
th en co mplete the ga ps w ith words form ed from 1-7 be low. Read your completed text for overall sense.

3 Read the second text, then co mp lete th e ga ps with words

form ed from 1- 8.

2
Having a medical check-up can be like going to
a rat her 0 car mechanic who
ident ities t he problem with you r vehicle by

. .. - ........... . . •
listening to the engine. If it is purring smoothly,
•• ••
...... the mechanic will say the car is fine, but

. • ..
... ... ................. 1 It could be on the point of a major
. .. - • - . colla pse. Similarly , a phys ical check-up usually

.•••....... ... -
I I I
- • •• I
consists of a few basic tests , such as taking
your blood
happening inside your body could remain
2. What 's actually

• I
I

. •. .
I .
• .- . .. 3. Even with today's
developments, doctors cannot predict with
4

. 5 your chances of long-term 6.

In fut ure, however, this will become much more
................. 7. Your doctor will be able to
recommend prevent ive measures years befor e

• I •
.. the symptoms arise. For better or worse , this
................. 8 to detect disease before it becomes
life-t hreatening w ill be a fact of life.

The answers
o HAZARD 4 INTERVENE 0 EXPERIENCE 5 CERTAIN
to this text include 1 CARRY 5 EXPERT 1 INTERNAL 6 SURVIVE
2 singular no uns 2 SCI ENCE 6 CURE 2 PRESS 7 PRED ICT
2 plural nouns 3 ENVIRONMENT 7 TREAT 3 KNOW 8 ABLE
1 adverb 4 TECHNOLOGY
1 adjec tive
1 negative adjective

mUnitS
Voca bu la ry Word formation (1)
1 Fill in the missin g pa rts of speech in th e ta ble belo w. There ma y be
more tha n on e possible answer.

• I . • •• I

authority
mechanism /
mechanics

technology

threat

expert

2 Which of a-k change the word stress in the different parts of speech?

3 Write adj ectives ending in -able to match definitions a-h .

a for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something you're unlikely to remember)
b elVO _ _ _ _ _ _ (something you can preven t)
c tol _ _ _ _ _ _ (somethi ng you can bear)
dace _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something sa tisfactory)
e des _ _ _ _ _ _ (something wanted)
f pre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something you are sure will happen)
g agr _ _ _ _ _ _ (something pleasant)
h ex _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something you can explain)

4 Add prefi xes to the words in 3 to give an opposite meaning.

then use the word s to talk about th ings that have recentl y
happened to yo u.

UnitS II
Writi ng Part 1 A letter WG p155

1 Read the writing task opposite and correct these statements. While studying in New Zealand you
a You m ust write a memo to the ma nager of yo ur fitness club. recently went to a health spa with your
local fitness club. The visit was not as
b You s ho uld only comment o n the nega tive as pects o f th e vis it.
good as you expected. Read the extract
c You s ho uld say how Ihe brochure cou ld be im proved.
from the health spa manager's letter
and the brochure for the spa, on which
you have made some comments. Then
write a letter of about 250 words to the
manager saying what was successful
about the visit, and what wasn't. and
vere not entirely satisfied. including some suggestions for
WJS
I , sorry to hcar yo u \ Id send me details
. Pcrh apS you co u d improvement .
with your blcak . . d and those yo U foun
of those aspccts you cdn Jo\ye b'e int erested to hear
. . • I waul a sO
di sappOlntll1g. \d kc improvem ents.
how you t hi111k \\.e cou rn a
Yours sin cerely
'Bet' NewtOtl

oFt-

Most -
C com moo -A- T I o n ruce - vef"j big
. - / in your room and a
are ensuite. Breakfast is served
three-cours e evening meal is provided in our restaurant.
- not enough enoree - offer more
CL O T++ I n G- oFt-no -e:Qul-Prtl-e: n T
Please bring swimwear, and appropriate clothing and equipment
for any of the activities you wish to do. Our shop has a not in sue
cloth ing for sale.

W++oFt-T ' S o n O-F'-F'-e:A

' Iude orqamse
' itiles Inc
Ac tIVI ised exercise
' sessions
, In the gym and a 1. vef"j
---"'
aerobics and yoga classes . Ju st sign up for one of the groups
notl (.Dull
on arnval. No beginners accepted in yoga group. Guests
91ve trainin9?
also make use of our tenni s courts. The steam room and sauna
are available to everyone. We offer a range of treatments and
therapies for men and women.

-e: v -e: n I n G- -A- C T I V I T I -e: s . _________ great - he-Ipful!

These include a renee o f ways to improv e your lifestyle
as well as health and beauty demonstrations. Guest s can relax
in the beautiful grounds, or watch films in the lounge.
"--- old -
get newer ones?

II UnitS
2 Discu ss which of a-c in 1- 4 gives the best advice
for writing th e ex a m task.
a Use th e ha nd writte n not es as exa m ples bu t
incl ud e only your own ideas.
b Include all the input in form ation .
c Cho ose on ly th e hand w ritte n notes yo u like,
th en co m me nt o n othe r paris of the brochure.
2 a Avoid using any o f the words from the inp ut
information.
b Cop y long ph rases frum the input in forma tion.
c Re phrase the information in your own words
where po ssible.
3 a Writ e an informal letter.
b Wri te a formal letter.
c Wri te eithe r a formal or info rmal leiter as you
prefer.
4 a Put all th e point s in a bulleted list.
b Start a new paragraph for each sepa ra te point.
c Group the points in to su ita b le paragraphs.
3 Read the extract from the spa manager's letter and
th e brochure with your added com me nt s on page
66 , then make notes on the pos itive and negative
aspects of your visit.
Example
positive: room s 7llce. very big
negative: no choice of evening m eal
4 Next to the negative aspects, write notes suggesting
improvements.
Example
no t enough choice of evelllllg meal - of{er more
variety
5 Expand your notes from 3 and 4 into full sentences
using your own words.
Examples
The rooms were very pleasant and extremely
spacious.
Perhaps you shou ld consider providing a wider
choice of evening meals. as unfonuuatety the TTlenu
was rather limited.
6 Decide which four of a -f would not be suitable to
include in your introduction or conclusion and
why.
a Dea r Spa Manage r
b Wh ile studying in New Zeala nd , I recently went
to yo ur he a lth spa w ith my local fitness club.
c I am w riting in resp on se to your lett e r asking for
feed b ack o n my rece nt vis it.
d I hope this in forma tion will be of assista nce.
e So th e re a re all the th ings tha t are wrong wi th
your spa .
Sp eak to yo u SOUI1.
7 Organise your notes into four paragraphs as bel ow,
then write your letter.
• int roduction expla ining w hy you a re writ ing
• wha t was good about your visi t
• wha t wasn't good and how th ings could be
improved
• conclus ion say ing w ha t you hop e yo u r lett er wi ll
ac h ieve
Unit5 m
Review
1 Match par ts of th e body a-h with explanatio ns a It's true to say of most illnesses that is
1- 8. better than cure.
b in the affairs of others is usu ally
a rib d sku ll g waist
inadvisab le.
b chin e cheek h shin
c I' m afraid I' m not -minded enough to
c w rist thumb
be ab le to fix the OVO player!
I the bony casing that protects the brain d Several su ppor ters of the visiting football team
2 the joint that gives flexibility to the ha nd were arrested for behavio ur.
3 the na rrower middle pa rt of the hu man figure e Do you th ink this am ount of work is ..
4 young ch ildren often su ck this in suc h a shor t space of time?
5 used as a verb with ' up' it means 'climb quickly' f Although the ship sa nk without trace, a rescue
6 the fl esh y part at the front of th e jaw boat man aged to pick up all the .
7 parts of the face that blu sh if you are g What are your for the next general
emba rrassed election? Who wou ld you say is going to win?
8 one of the curved bones that protect the lungs h My motorbike's at the garage as it's recen tly
deve loped a serious fault.
2 Complete sen tence s a -h with suitable word s in the
corr ect for m.
a As soon as intensive care patients are .
4 Read this newspaper extract about a dem onstration ,
the mend, we tran sfer them to the main hospital th en replac e the word s in bra cket s with adjectives
wards. ending in able.
b Any child found to be a high
temperature will be sen t home from nursery. Yesterday's ma ss dem onstration was 1 (likely
c These pai nkillers are recom mend ed for mild to be rem embered ) for man y
tooth , but if the pain is seve re, you reason s. Th e large turnout was 2 (not a
need to see a dent ist.
su rprise) and th e atmosph ere could
d The team 's top striker will be out of action for
be described as 3 (pleasan t) at the
weeks becau se of his leg.
I' This tonic is a n excellent pick-me-up if you are start of th e day, with the level o f poli cing
feeling the wea ther. 4 (satisfactory) Unfortunately, for
f One of the Olympic gymnas ts her so me 5 (impossible to explain) ..
shou lder in a fall and had to have it put back reason, event s look a turn for the worse.
into place.
g If you don 't lift hea vy objects in the correc t way, Violence previou sly th ou ght to have been
you might a mus cle in your back. 6 (possible to prevent ) broke out
h Although the top tennis seed's wrist was n't and severa l incidents o f vandalism too k place
broke n, it was 50 bad ly that she had to whi ch local reside nts found 7 (im possible to
withdraw from the cham pion sh ip. put up with) ........_..... , It was therefore
co nsidered 8 (wanted) to bring th e
3 Use words 1- 8 below in the correct form to
complete sente nces a -h. demonstr ation to a halt be fore it reached its
intended destin ation.
I surv ive 4 predict 7 threat
2 mechanic 5 technology 8 preve nt
3 man age 6 interven e

II UnitS
 Would you believe it?
Lead in
1 Discuss whe th e r these s ta te men ts a re true or fa lse. 3 Discuss th e fo llow ing.
The answe rs are o n page 154 .
a What th in gs did yo u b eli eve as a ch ild that yo u
,1 To see a fu ll-le ngth re flect io n of yo urself in J now know aren't tru e?
m irro r, it must be a t leas t half as tall as yo u. b Do yo u wi sh any o f th em w ere true ?
b Th e word ' ne ws ' is formed from th e first lett e rs c Are th ere a ny yo u ' re gla d a ren ' t tru e?
o f no rt h, so u th, east and west. d Is it righ t to let ch ild re n believe things that
c or a ny group o f 23 pe o ple , th er e is a 50 % a ren' t true ?
possib ility th at tw o o f th em w ill s hare a
birthd ay.
d Chew ing gu m takes se ve n ye a rs to pass
through th e digestive syste m .
e T he numbe r of peopl e alive toda y is
grea ter th an th e n umbe r of peopl e who
have previou sly liv ed and died.
Eating ce lery makes yo u lo se wei ght.

2 Com ple te th ese sentences with true or

[alse.

a I hope a ll yo ur wi shes co me

b T he touri st brochure had given

a impression o f th e
resort ; o ur hotel wa s only ha lf
built.
c Obta ining m on ey und er
.. .. ...... . pret ences is a crim ina l
offe nce.
d I' m sure so methi ng fish y 's
go ing o n - Tim 's ex pla na tio n
ju st d oesn 't rin g .
e T he newsp aper w a s sued fo r
making ac cusatio ns th at weren't
str ictly .
Buying a cheap car is usu al ly a
..... .. .... eco no my , as yo u o fte n end
up s pending more on it than you
pa id in th e firs t place.
g Winn ing the lott er y is a d ream co me
..... . .... . for so me a nd a n igh tmare for o the rs .
h Ins ta lling s moke ala rm s ca n give a sense
o f security, as pe ople forge t to check th em
regu la rly.

Unit6 m
Readin g Parts 1 and 4 Mul t iple matching

1 Mat ch the 's upe rheroes' shown wi th th e text headin gs A-E and nam e
their specia l a bilities. Qui ckl y read th e text to che ck your ideas.

2 Read the text again and the tip box. In which section (A-E) are 1-12
mentioned? The underlined words wiII help you find links to A- E.

a su bsta nce tha t speeds li p' a nat ural process 1 .

a subs ta nce th at looks wea ker than it is 2 .
a szsiem that makes up for limited vision 3 .
so meo ne who takes refuge away from his ho me 4 .. .. 5 ..
a subs ta nce that enables creatures to secure themselves in place 6 ..
a se lfless ac t wi th unforeseen co nse que nces 7 .. .. 8 .
so meo ne given a new identity from a you ng age 9 .
a th at hides itself by cha nging the way it look s lD .
so meone w hose powers are the princi ple behind a Iorm of transp ort ll .
$JJ.bsJa nces that ma ke physical discomfort If'S::; noticeable to the sufferer 11 .

3 If you had the capability to do

one of th ese things , which
wou ld you ch oose a nd why?
Rem emb er that
concentrating on on e section
•
at a time will be quicker than
• become invisib le at will reading A- E for every Question .
• fly
• se e in the dark
• breathe underwater
• chan ge your appearance at will

9PIDL:R-fllnn
Spider-Man acquired his superhuman abil ities when, during a
demonstrat ion of radia tion technology, a spider crept Into the
beam of r adiat ion and bit rus hand. As Peter Parker he works
as a photogra pher for the Daily Bugle, but as Spider-Man he
5 fights evil in the dangerous, crime -ridden streets of New Yor k.
sorcer-Man shoot s and spins webs from small jets attached to
his wr ists and can st ick to almost any surface , scaling
skyscrapers with his bare hands. So how far can real science
go in explaining his powers') Like our superhero , spiders can
10 adhere to almost any surface Many do this by secreting sucky
silk onto their feet, which anchors t hem in position Others
have millions of specially shaped rm croscoprc hairs on their
legs. th at slip into nooks and crannies . As for Spider -Man's
t ra ps. anyone who has ever walked int o a spider's
15 web knows that the sil k IS deceptively strong.
despite its gossamer appearance. Dragline
silk. which spiders use to crawl down from
ceili ng to floor. is the stronges t of all ;
weight for weight it is actually
20 stro nger th an steel.

m Unit6
 !JUPERUlnn
achild, Superman was forced to flee his doomed ptanet
(ryplon. eventually landing on Earth where he was adopted
Merthe name Clark Kent He now works as a rmldmarmered
paper reporter but whenever danger calls he's only a
QIJlck·change away from saving the world .. as Super man He IS
laster than a spccdmg bunet. can fly, has superhuman strength,
canleap tall bUlldmgs 10 a smgle bound and has K·ray vrsion.
cells convert the sun's energy mto Incredible enabled him to tell when suspects are lying by listening to t heir
IUllerpowers - but can scrennnc tact exptain thiS' While ammals
ave to eat plants (or each other) to survive, plants can harvest
" r energy directly from the sun's light by photosyntnesis, the
em cal reacnon that converts carbon moxrde and waler mto
e andoxygen Plants are lull of a chermcat called
ophyll that accelerates trus reaction It IS perhaps the most
rortant molecule 10 the world . because II traps all of the
mergy we need to live, storrng It rnsrde plants until the energy IS
released msrde OUf' bodies after eanng So perhaps Superman IS
us some form of pbotosynth esrs to burld up the tremendous
reserves of energy that he needs for hiS superhuman feats of
Wenglh One thmg's for sure - he's not using chlorophyll,
because rt wou ld turn him bright green!
o mnan.e ro
IilJnted bythe XMen. Magneto was born a
tant In it world that feared and despised
kind In response he isotated himsel f
humaOlly on Asteroid M, preparing for
et.me when mutants would rule the Ei:H1h.
goelo can create electromagnetic fields and
IOOlrol them so that he can tevitete all objects
of metal project Ior cefields, and generate
ectrlClty So can science explain his abilities?
nand steel arc magnetic. and arc att racted
toeIther the north or south poles of a
magnet Electromagnets are used to make
Ira nsthat float over the rails; these are
eas erto move forward than a
vennonal train. which loses a lot
III energy through frict ion between
ralls and wheels Most materials,
water. arc 'drarnagnenc' meaning
they are always repelled by both magnetic
IlOles. Since ammals are mostly water,
lt entrsts have found Ihal If they use a st rong
," ough magnetic field, they could levuate a
" frog Without hurt mg It at all.
C DnREDEUIL
When Matt Murdoch saved a man from bemg h,t by a truck. some
of the ramoacnve waste lOSIde ,t spilled IOta Matt's eyes, blinding
him permanently. But Matt 's other senses became more acute.
He developed a radar sense, allowmg him to 'see' the world "
around him, He could smell the f8lntest odour or even r ead' a
newspaper Just by toucrungthe pr mt, After trainmg as a lawyer ,
Matthew set up In practice and discovered that hrs new powers
heart beat When unable to bri ng Criminals to Justice by legal :;0
means, Matt becomes Daredevil, employmg hiS superpowers to
help him So is there any baSIS In real SCience for his fictional
powers' Radar resembles sonar, which IS used by dolptuns and
bats to construct an Image of their surroundlOgs Byemitting a
high pitched sound and listening for the echo as ,t bounces off an se
object. they can tell how far away the object IS, what It IS made
of, and how fast rt is rnovmg But what about Daredevil's olher
senses' SCientists Know that 'f the part of the brain responsible
for seemg IS unceruseo. ,t may l ake over the pr ocessing of
Information from other senses. partic ularly hearing I ms could so
exptam why blind people are good at Judgmg where people arc
In a room Just by lrsterung to their breath109 or the echoes
produce d by a voice
C TIfE
InCREDIBLE
IfULR
As a nuclear phySICISt. Bruce Banner developed a new
gamma bomb for the military When a reckless teenager
strayed onto the bomb l est SIte, Banner saved him - but
was caught 10 the middle himself and transformed into a 90
huge green monster, enormously strong and driven by
fury When angry, Bannernow changes Into tne Hulk.
acqutrtng superhuman strength - and turrnng green
- but With decreased Intelligence and an inability 10
cont rol nrs temper. At t imes of st ress, humans do '"
sornenmes perform great teats of st rength Thr s
may be caused by the release of certain
hormones into the body which boost the
levels of oxygen and fuel available to muscles
Over time, they can even increase muscle tOO
bulk Other natural chemicals can mask
the pam that over-stretcrnng muscles
may cause, allowmg indiViduals to
push their body beyond ItS natural
limits The Hulk's colour changes may be 105
related to the way animals use colour cells to
alter their appearance, the cuttlefis h uses thrs
for camouflage, and may even be able to
cornrnumcat e usmg waves of colour
Unit6 m
Vocabulary Grammar
Verbs of movi ng and seei ng Modals GR p174-175

1 Decide which wo rd in ea ch gro up a -f is not a ve rb 1 Underline th e modal ve rb s in a-g a nt! match them
of movement. What is th e co n n ec tio n between th e w ith th e ir fu nc tio n s 1-7 below.
odd o nes o ut?
a I could ride a bike by the tim e I was five years
a creep glance craw l old .
b ho b ble lea p gaze b Passp ort s must be shown at the border.
c peer stro ll skip c We m igh t arrive in tim e for the co nference, but I
d march wa nde r glimpse doub t it.
e glare stagger lim p d The s tewardess said we can u nfasten our seat
f peep ho p stum b le belt s now.
e You shou ld put on overa lls if yo u pla n to pa int
2 Co m p lete a -e with verbs o f movement from I in an th e bedroo m .
a pp ropr ia te form . f We don 't need to ge t a visa to visit Fra nce.
g Clare m ust be a llergic to ba na nas - they a lways
a It was s uc h a lo w tun nel that we had to .
bring her o ut in a ras h.
on our h ands a nd k nees .
b I was so furious that I s traigh t in to my
ob liga tio n 5 poss ibility
boss's office and de m and ed an exp lan a tion.
2 absence of ob liga tio n 6 abili ty
c After lu nch my paren ts o ften round th e
3 pe rmi ssion 7 stro ng advice
pa rk to wal k th eir food off.
4 assu mpt ion/ ded uc tion
d Unab le to wal k o n h is fractured a nkle. th e
foot ball er pa in fu lly off the fie ld .
c Expec ta nt fat hers ar e of ten depict ed up 2 Look at th e picture and decide whether the
and down hos pi tal corr ido rs. wa iting anxious ly. assumptions and deductions in a -g on pa ge 73
are justified, giving reasons. Then make other
3 Wh ich of the words fro m 1 which are not verbs of deductions from the clues in the picture.
movement mean:
a loo k angrily at so meone?
LJ loo k lo ngily a t so mething?
c take a q uick look at something yo u sho u ld n' t?
d b rie fly see so me thing by cha nce?
e loo k closely a t something?
f ta ke a qu ick loo k at so me thi ng?

II Unit6
 Example
The owners of the house can't be iuell-oi]. x
The owners of the house must be well-off because
they 've got a safe.
a The safe can' t be burglar-proof.
b The burglars must have had a key for the flat.
c A neighbour might have called the police.
d There could have have been more tha n one
burglar.
e The burglars can 't have taken any valuables.
f The police mig ht have found a clue.
g The owners cou ld n' t ha ve go ne out for the
evening .
3 Use modal verbs of assumption or deduction , and
the verbs in brackets. to complete the dialogue.
A: Oh no! I pu t my bag dow n by the door a nd it's
gone! Someone ...... .... (l s teal) it!
B: Don't be ridiculous . T here's nobody here bu t us!
A: Yes, bu t we 've been busy talking. Someone
.... .... .. (2 come) in quiet ly, picked it up, and
slipped ali t wi th it. It 's possible, you know.
B: Are you sure you did n' t leave it on the bus? I
saw you put it do w n on the se at next to you .
You ...... .... (3 leave) it behind when you go t off.
A: No. I ... ...... . (4 do], because I remember looki ng
in it on the way here. I wanted 10 check I'd got
my mobile.
B: Well, it's no t here now.
A: Oh dear. I .... ..... . (S be) m ore careful wi th it, I
know. Th a nk goodness th ere wasn 't m uch in it.
B: That's J relie i! Let' s just check a t the police
sta tio n anyway. You never know, so meone
.. ...... .. (6 hand) it in th ere.
4 Complete a-g with an appropriate form of can/able
to.
a Sorry I gel out to meet you las t nig ht bu t
I had to babysit for some frien ds.
b One da y, we cure many co mmon
illnesses.
c It took a lot of work bu t in the end the mec hanic
.. ........ get the car going.
d I go ice-skating for the past few we eks
because I've injured my leg.
e Tom come to the p hone a t the moment
bu t I' ll take a message if you like.
A child genius, he solve difficult frac tions
by the time he was th ree years old.
g I love stay in be d on Sunday mo rn ings.
5 Complete a-f with an appropriate form of don 't
need co or needn 't and th e verb in brackets.
a Look, there's no one else on the te nnis courts.
We .......... (bother) to book one in advance.
b Apparently there are still plenty of ticket s left for
this year's festival so we ... ....... (worry) about
getting ho ld of some.
c My work colleagues kindly took me out to
dinner to celebrate my promo tion and ] ..........
(pay) a pe nny,
d My husba nd and I bought a dishwasher
yesterday. so we .......... (do) the washing-up
ever aga in !
e You ... ... .... (ap ply) for a visa to travel round th is
country, as far as I know.
f It was much too cold to go swim ming when I
was on ho liday so I ... ..... .. (pack) my bikini
after all.
6 Correct the modal verbs in these sentences.
a Surely you mustn't be retiring th is year? You
look so young!
b Yo u mustn't make lip your m ind abou t the job
offer ye t if you don' t wan t to.
c How lovely to see you Bill! And th is should be
your wife Bett y?
d After many failed attemp ts. they could rescue
the trap ped miners.
e I' ve just seen the weather forecast and it could
not be warm enough for a barbecue a fter all.
1 Match medals a-e with their meanings \-5 . Then
explain to a partner the rul es of the game or sport
you know well , using a-c.
a You do n' t have to/ need to . ..
b You shouldn 't ...
c Everyone has to
d You ough t to .
e You mustn't .
1 It's fo rbidde n to do it.
2 The rules say so.
3 II isn 't necessary to do it.
4 It's advisable to do it.
5 It isn' t advisable to do it.
Unit6 m
Listen ing Part 4 Multiple choice

1 Who would yo u include in a top five of today's best

live perform ers? Discuss yo ur choices.

2 0 Liste n to part of a ra dio prog ra m me a bou t a

pop grou p to fi nd out :
a why Frank Farlan was impressed by Rob and Fab.
b what happened 10 Rob and Fab with Farlan's help .
c wha t Rob and Fab's secret was.
d how their secret was exposed.
e how th e music wo rld reacted.

3 0 Listen twice to five different people talking

a bo ut pop st ars miming . or ' Iip-sy nch ing', a nd
ch oose th e best answer (A, B o r C) for I -tO. Each
s pea ke r ha s two questions. Th e how to do it box w ill
help yo u.

6 How does he feel a bo u t th e curren t sta te of the

how to do it music ind us try?
Read both questions for each speaker before listening. A full of ad m iratio n for its arti sts
Remember the answers may be heard In either order. B sad that some a rtists a re not up to standard
Try to answer both questions lor each speaker on the e surprised by the number of ta lented artists

• first listening.
Use the second listening to check your answers.
The first speaker implies that singers w ho mime
A can easi ly forge t the words .
B are second -ra te performe rs.
e never look na tu ral.
2 How does he feel about artists mi m ing?
A It should not be allowed .
B It's what the audience expects.
C It's acce ptable in certain circums tances.
3 T he second speaker sym pa thises with singers who
A perform in fro nt o f a large a udience.
S mi me on stage to a bac king tra ck .
C sing and da nce at th e same time.
4 What does she feel abou t singers mimi ng?
A It's an insult to the audience.
B II appea ls 10 a certain type of audience.
e It makes no difference to the real fans .
5 The th ird speaker im plies th at the mus ic
in dustry tod ay is too
A relian t on record sa les.
B obsessed wi th live performan ces.
e concerned abou t wha t artis ts look like.
7 What does the fourth speaker say about an
amateur production she saw?
A It was as good as a professio nal one.
B Th e re were some problems wit h the
m icroph o nes.
e Eve ryo ne had obvious ly had plenty of tim e to
practise.
8 W hat does she say abou t artists miming?
A They need 10 practise ve ry ca refully.
B This should never be ne cessary.
e Watching videos will help the m do this.
9 What commen t does th e fifth spea ker make
about the music indust ry ?
A It's changed a lo t ove r th e last few yea rs.
B Il produces much bette r music. tha nks 10
modern technology.
e It creates music that closely follows what's
fash io nable.
10 How does he feel about artists mim ing?
A Th ey sho uld make every effort not to do it.
B It w ould be unwise for some of the m no t to .
e They sho uld use compu te r technology to help
the m do it we ll.
4 00 yo u think a rtists should eve r lip -synch?

m Unit6
Spea ki ng Part 2
1 Match phrases a-e with pictures 1- 5.
a (in) fancy dress d (in) cos tume
b mak e-believe e dressed up as
c putti ng on
Z Talk to a partner about your own experiences using
some of the expressions in 1.
3 Which of the people in pictures 1- 5 mi ght be
experiencing these fee lings? Exp lain why.
• excited at the though t of someth ing
• lost in a world of the ir own
• comm itted to w ha t th ey a re d oin g
• apprehensive abou t what migh t ha ppen
• se lf-co nscious abo ut thei r appeara nce
4 In pairs. each choose two different pictures to
compare a nd contrast. Talk for a minute each a bout
why the people have changed their appearance in
these ways, and how they might be feelin g.
5 Decide which change
of appearance in the tip
five photos is the most For a follow-up question li ke 5,
necessary, then tell refer to the picture you have
your partner in no chosen and give a briel
more than 20 seconds. explanation for your choice.
Making decisions and giving reasons
I'd go lor this one because ...
II has to be tlus one because ...
Defi nitely this one because there ...
II 's difficult to deod e between these two. but .. ,
I'm torn between them. but ...
Unit6 II
English in Use PartS Register transfer

1 Discuss any tricks you have played on 3 Read the letter below that someone wrote after
someone, or any good ones you have heard reading the article. For each gap 1-13, find the
about. corresponding words in the newspaper article. The
exa mple and first five have been underlined for you.
2 Read the newspaper article below to find out
what trick a fast food chain played and who
was fooled by it. Ignore the underlining. Dear :raine,
Ibout tell i OU about a st0l""{ I'vej U!it read in the paper
a ou a April Fool's triLK. As a left- hander I'm
'{ou'11. appreLiate it. Not ... 0 a fa!it
THE LEFT-HANDED BURGER Lham pUbl,s.hed an adveM saiing that it was 1
out a new Kmd of hamburger that had b ..
A well-known fast fo od chai n rcccnrl)' publish ed a up e5peLiall'{ for their I ft -h d een ··..···- 2
fu ll page adve rt iseme nt a n nouncing rh ar they were the buI .gel' was the samee an ed cu.Mamers. Apparent\"
.I 't 3
thelf. original ones I'
introducing a new irr-m to their menu - a ' Left- anc I was ···· -·.•..•..•• 4 the same things · The d"fti o,
H anded Bu rger ', created s pecifica lly for th eir left- that ever')'thn19 inSide it had been I was
handed cus to me rs- According ro th e advertise men t, that left-handed eo ie . .. - :> so
the dimen sions of [he n ew burger were ide n tical ro th d P P 6 It more ea5il'{- Well
e a'{, the food chain admitted that it had .
th ose o f the ori ginal burger, as wer e the in gredi ents.
•.•.. ......••.. 7 the 5tOr"f lind there WaS no
The d iffer en ce was that th e in gr edients had been left-handed b L.a B as the
rotat ed by 180 de grees ro enable left-handed people urger. n 'fou believe that thou5.3nds of
wstomerf> had ··· .
9 up In restaurants
' I
to h andle th e burger with out difficulty. The the left-handed ha b A 10
foll owin g d ay, Ap ril 2 m l , the fast food ch ai n . om urger'" t the same
rh,ght- handed customers were. eager to
co n fessed rhar [ill' story had been invented as an t e'{ we-ren't
h
h
12 t e wrong tipe of burgeri Af,
sure lItl
April Fool's trick and the lefr-handed burger didn 't
exist . Nevertheless, restaurants reponed th ar they t\newspape.r ariicie said. it'5 amaz.ing how eas'{ it can
e- 0 13 people in, isn't it?
had been visited by severa l th ousand cu sto m ers
requesting the new burger. Simultaneously, there
were many ot he r concerned cu stomers who insisted
th at staff se rve d them with their own right-handed
vers io n. It J US l goes to sh ow how readily pi-ople can 4 Read the how ludo it box, then complete gaps 1-13
be dec eived , even o n April Fool 's day. in 3. Compare your answers wi th a partner.

how to do it
-- Read the taskand texts carefully.
Identify the register transfer: formal-informal or
informal- formal.

• Find the corresponding information for each gap 1-13 .

Write no more than two words per gap.
Don't repeat the words from the first text.

Check your
•
completed text for
spelling, grammar,
and overall sense.

III Unit6
Vocabulary
Adverbs and thei r meanings (1)
1 Add one word to complete the adverbial phrases in
italics ill .I-g, then match them with meanings 1- 7.
il If you save all your spare coins, before . a I thought the film we saw last nighl was really
you'll have enough to buy that CD.
b My cousins are more or the same age as
me and my brother.
c After being a heavy smoker for years, all of a
.......... he decided to qui t.
d Good driving in volv es being in control of your
vehicle while at tile same watching what
everyone else is doing on the road.
e There was a massive queue of people wan ting to
buy tickets. bu t litt le by we made our
way to the front.
This new government will more than be
just as ineffectua l as the old one .
g If you keep calling his numbe r. sooner or
you' re bou nd to catch him.
1 unexpectedly s probably
2 gradually 6 soon
3 simultaneo usly 7 eventually
4 approxima tely
Expressions with right and left
2 Choose the best explan ation for the expressions
with right in a-g below.
violent.
Too riglu - not my kind of film at all.
(I completely agree/I think you're being unfair)
b John's just popped out to get iI paper but he'll
be right back.
(return even tually/ret urn soon)
c By rights the children should be in bed by now.
(according to what is proper/only if necessary)
d The company started distributing advertisements
for their product s left, right and centre. (in three
locations/ everywhere)
e My colleagues in my new job were so friendly
tha t I felt at home right away. (completely/
.. immedia tely)
Apparen tly our new manager is very friendly - if
you manage to get Oll the right side of him!
(get him to realise you exist/get him to like you)
g Paul didn't need to apologise because he knew
he was in the rig/H.
(neve r gets an ans wer wrong/ had justice on his
side)
3 Match the expressions with left with the most
suitable sentence in 1-4 and discuss their meaning.
a The left ·luggage office is on platform 3.
b David's got two left feet!
c There were a lot of leftovers from last night's
meal.
d Sam does n't know his left from his right.
1 So I don' t need to cook anyth ing new tonight.
2 He's the worst dancer I've ever seen.
3 We can leave our suitcases there.
4 That' s why he's no good at giving directions.
Unit 6 iii
Writi ng Part 2 A magazine contribution WG p157

1 Wh ich reality TV p rogra m mes a re s h ow n in yo ur
country? Which do you like or dislike most? Why?
2 Read the exam task below. Which of these formats
would be most appropriate for the contribution?
a formal letter d article
b informal lette r e proposa l
c report
An international magazine has asked you to write a
2SD·word contrib ution about rea lity TV shows in your
country. In your contribution vou should :
describe the format of one popular reality TV show
explain why reality TV has become so pop ular
say whethe r you think reality TV is here to stay.
3 Match a -f with six of th e areas tested in the
Writing Paper, and discuss hov you would get
good marks in each.
a spelling and grammar 1 co n ten t
b use of lin k words 2 forma t
c voc ab ula ry and structures 3 cohesion
d layout a nd paragraphs 4 reg ister
e full a nd accurate answer 5 a cc u ra cy
f forma l/ informal lan gu age 6 range
4 Read the model answer opposite about Big Brother,
then answer questions a-I, giving examples where
appropriate.
a Is th e model answer re levant? Does it answer a ll
pa rts of th e q ues tio n? Is it the righ t len gt h ?
b Is the forma t appropriate? Is it suitably
paragraphed?
c Does the tex t flow naturally? Has th e writer
made good use of lin k words an d joined
sentences appropria tely?
d How form a l or informa l is th e model answer? Is
the level o f formali ty suitable for the ta sk?
e Are the re any mistakes with spelling or
gra m ma tica l s tructures ?
f Has the wri ter used a good range of vocabulary
a nd s tructures?
5 Put the link words and expres sions] - 12 into
groups a-c.
a sim ila r or extra information
b contras ting in formatio n
c expressing a resu lt
a lthough 7 however
2 whereas 8 nevertheles s
3 so that 9 on the other hand
4 the refo re 10 moreover
5 w h ile 11 in spi te of/despi te
6 as well as 12 furthermore
6 For each of a-e form one sentence using link
words to connect the information. Th ere may be
more than one possible answer and you may need
to change the order of the information .
a They a re given tas ks th ey must pe rform to ea rn
a weekly allowance. They buy food and luxuries
wi th it.
b The con testan ts get no pr iva cy. They a re filmed
24 /7 for the show's websi te. The highli ghts are
b roa dcas t o n TV.
c Each week the viewers and houserna tes vote one
in ha bita nt out. The one who survives longest
w ins .
d There are freq ue nt clash es of pe rso nali ty
be twee n the pa rt icipa nts. Some of th e m ma y be
a tt ra cted rom anti call y.
e Deciding w ho goes and who stays gives the man
in the street J sense o f power. T he con testan ts
themselves stand the chance of winning a small
fort une, of te n beco ming overnight ce lebri ties.
1 Are there any other parts of the model answer
where the use of link words could be improved?
8 Discuss your thoughts on the part of the question
not answered in the model. Make notes, giving
reasons for your opinions.
9 Choose a reality TV show that is popular in your
country, and write your magazine contribution.

II] Unit 6
 5how5 allrad In Ihi5 Gountl'j, one of mos! popular
e>ig e>rolher, p... group of 5lrangelO several in a house.
are givm thei rnust perform to earn a allowan<e, Thei bUi
food and lu. urie5 wilh it The ccntestants gel no privaG'j. Thei are filmed
24/1 for the 5how'5 web511e 'I'ne \lIghlighto are broadGaot on 1\1 £.aGh
the vrewers and houumale5 vote one inhabilant out 'he one who
longe51 win5, The publiG tend5 to evet afi'jone boring or predlGtable, and
wnle51an15 lend 10 5how off 10 mare tnerneelves Intere51ing
'00 how can the ,uue" of 5UGh mow, be e>plalned? It seems we enjOi
real ili 1'1 because II give, a window into other people', live5. i\udtenGe5
relt,h in GriliGi'ing the contestants, wakhing them wffer and fool5 of
mernselves There are fre,\uent cla5he5 of perwrolili between the
partiGipanl5. ':lome of mem mai be attraGled romanllGalli Thei 'pr,valeli'
reveal lheir [eellfig' to 'e>ig e>rolher', and al the same time, of course, the
m,llion5 wakhing, 'The ,how, prOVide a poinl and stonee for
popular pre55 DeGiding who goe5 and who Mai' give5 Ihe man in the street
a sense of 'The contestants mernselves stznd me chance of Winning a
5mall fortune, often buoming overnight Gelebnlle,.

.lIr.DA e
OLE

ANNA
Review 5 Complete the comments in sentences 1-6 using a
word or phrase with right or left ,

1 Complete sentences a- I wit h 1-(, . A I don't suppose yo u know what's sh ow ing at

the cinema this weekend?
a II turned out tha t he had married her under false B I've no idea bu t I can find out ... .. ........ .
... ..... .. ... , as he alread y had a wife.
b So me people argue that the use of national 2 A I can' t believe Tim hasn't passed his driving
ident ity cards gives a false of security. test yet.
c The exaggerated claims in th e advert gave a false B It 's n o surprise to me, he doesn' t know h is
.. ... ..... ... of th e q uality of the prod uct. ......... .... fro m his .. ... .... .... !
d The accused 's explanat ion about th e illegal 3 A I'm so rry to hear that you were held
merchandise did no t tru e. res ponsible for th e accide n t.
e Buyi ng ,1 property which costs a fort une to [l It was extre m ely uofair. J was definitely in
renova te is a good example of a fal se . .. .... ....... and 1 intend to make an official
Ma ny peo ple believe that if tbey sudden ly complaint.
became rich , they co u ld make a ll their d reams
.. .. .. ... .... tru e. 4 A W ha t makes yo u thi nk tha t Rich a rd w ill
never m ake a foo tbailer?
I ring 3 economy 5 pretences B Well, for a sta rt, he's go t two .... .. .. .. ... .
2 sense 4 come 6 im pression
5 A I' m sta rving. I do n ' t sup pose th ere 's anything
in th e fridge to ea t?
2 Circle the verb which matches the definitions in
B Onl y so me .. .. .... .. ... from last night's supper,
a-c.
a marc h
b wander
limp
stagger
hop -
jum p on one foo t
creep - wa lk slow ly without 6
I' m af raid.
A How co me you' re wo rking thi s Saturday?
pu rpose or d irection B I should n ' t h ave to work weekends
c stroll hobble crawl = wa lk in a relaxed at all, b ut I' m coveri ng for a co lleague.
manner
d skip stumble leap almost fall over 6 Use th e following link words to complete this text
e gla nce ga ze peep 1001< steadily a t about the popularity of soap operas,

3 Match one of the words you did not circle in 2 to although a fter on the other h a nd
definitions a-e. despite w h ile so that as we ll as

a look quickly then loo k away

b ta ke a long ju mp over so methi ng
c move o n your h and s a nd knees
d walk in fo n nat io n in a parade
e walk silently and slowly
4 Circle the correct preposition in each sentence.
a I remember bei ng very self-conscious
wit h/about/of my appea ra nce w hen I was you ng.
b If you wan t to succeed in life, yo u need to be
committed for/ with/to eve ry th ing you do .
c Wha t' s th e ma tter wi th Terry? He seems to be
los t ill/for/to a world of his own nowadays.
d Desp ite being u nderstandably a pp re he ns ive
for/o f/about he r interview, it went off very well.
e Th e tea m we re exci ted with/for/ at the th ought of
meeting their opponents in the Cu p Final.
1 the fact that soaps come in for a lot of
criticism, they remain on e of the most popular forms
of entertainm ent, 2 being mon evspinners lor
their producers. 3 , this does not necessarily
mean that they are of a consistently high qu ality.
Perhaps it is not quality but suspense that attracts so
man y a rde nt viewers. 4 bem g left on
tent erhooks at the e nd of each episode, fans have no
option but to tun e in again next time 5 they
can learn the characte rs' fate. In addition. 6 ..
many peopl e snee r at soa ps. it is surprising how they
enthusiasticallv participat e in conversations baseti on
their cha racte rs anti storylines The secret a t their
success may lie in Ihe fact that fan s identify With the
cha racters 7 , at the same time, rema ining
deta ched from their trials and tribulati ons.

mUnit6
 II
Traces of the post
Lead in
1 Look at the pictures and discuss these questions.
a Which periods of history are represen ted here?
b Wha t do you kno w abou t each one? Think
abo ut the followi ng aspec ts.

• art • knowledge of the wor ld

• bui ldings • tech nology
• medicine • writing and learni ng

c Where do we get our information about these

differen t periods of history?
d What effect did these or other period s of
history have on future ge nerations? Use the
phra ses below 10 help you .

.. . led to ...
... result ed in . ..
.. . was (directly) responsib le for .. .
... had an effect on ..
. .. was the source of .

""" " R \ \'

, .•\
 5 Homofloresiensis takes its name from the islan d where it
was discovered. Nicknamed 'Flo' or 'hobbit' (after the dill
hole-dwelling crea tures in The Lordof the Rings), this tiny
being stoo d just one me tre tall. Its brain was a quarter of
the size of mod ern Man's, yet it was still capable of
10 crafting 'toy-sized tools', It is clearly a separate species 01

Rea din g Part 2 Gapped text

1 Read the main text about a n important
archaeo logical discovery. Su mmarise tho topic from
lines 1-16,lines 17-40, a nd lines 41-60 .
hum an, not just a sma ller version like mod ern pygmies,
who have brains of similar size to other hum an beings. II
lived in holes in the ground and hunted pygmy elephants
the size of ponies, and giant rat s, while trying to avoid
15 huge Kom odo dragons and othe r pred at ory lizards that
are now extinct.

2
2 Rea d pa ragraphs A - G a nd mat ch them wilh th ese
Th ese are not the only areas of spec ulation taxing the
h eadings. imagi nation of scientists. Th e discovery that we shared
Could the stor ies be true? the Earth with these miniature relatives not long before
A widely know n fictional crea tur e. 20 the dawn of record ed histor y suggests a tant alizing
explanation for the stories of elves, dwarves and 'wild
How the discove ry wa s made.
me n of the woods' that are popu lar all over the world.
Oth er mysterio us tales.
• Why they dis a ppea red .
3
Questions raised by the disco very. Dwarves, too, are common ly celebra ted in Western
folklore. Th ese myth ical creatures are reputed to live
Is there more to find ?
25 und erground or in mou ntainous areas where they
stor e countless treasures of gold , silver and precious
3 Read the main text ag ain and match paragraphs sto nes. Bearded and ugly, they are ren owned met al-
A-G with ga ps 1-6. Th ere is one exi ra pa ragraph. smiths, passing their time fabricatin g armour and
item s of power.
4 Mat ch ,, - f from Ihe text with meanings 1-6. using 4
th e con tex t 10 help you.
30 On Flores, anothe r of the Indonesian islands, villagers
a ma roon (I .48) relate parallel stories ab out little people ca lled the Ebu
b evo lve (1.49) Gogo who, trad ition has it, are about a metre tall. Unlike
c notion (1.55) their Sumatran coun terparts. these little crea tures are
d d im inu tive (1.62) reputed to have interacted peacefully with the other
e exterminate [ 1.87) 35 islanders. Stories abo ut their existe nce are widespread
f as tou nd (1. 107) and the last such tale dat es from only about 100 years
ago. Until now these stories have been dismissed as
I wipe UU I (I .88)
folklore rath er than history, but the discov ery of a tiny
2 develop (1.46) hu man species has led some expe rts to re-examine their
3 cut off (I .49) 40 opinions.
4 idea (1. 58)
5 as ton ish (1.109) 5
6 minia ture (1.19) However tha t may be, scien tists are face d with mor e
immed iate an d practical problems, such as where homo
5 Discu ss tales of mythi cal crea tures from your floriensis stands in the histor y of evolution. Expe rts
country, What others do you know about from believe th at while modern Man evolved from homo
d ifferent co u ntries? 45 ereclUs on the African savannah and grew taller, its
'hobbit' co usin probably developed from a small band

iii Unit7
the rea' . r·· . . , .. .. . . .:. .

of homo erectus that somehow crosse d the sea to 90 E The story began
Flores and becam e marooned. Large mammals that when researchers
become cut ofT on island s often evolve into dwarf started to excavate a
\() versions of their predecessors; evolution tend s to limestone cave on the
favour those with smaller bodi es as resources are rem ote Ind onesian
scarce here. 95 island of Flores. By
6 chance, they came
across the skull and
Whatever their fate, Dr Gee believes that the emerging incomplete skeleton
picture of densely packed twigs at the end of our of an adult femal e
1\ fami ly tree could profoundly change our notions of 100 da ting bac k some
what it means to be human. 'What we have is a new 18,000 years. Close
member of our genus, tha t lived almost into historical exam ination showed
times. Vet it has been fundamental to our ideas of that these were the remains of a completely new species
humanity that we arc a unique species. This new of miniature human . Fragments of bone from six more of
J,O discovery has startling implications: 105 the creatures were later found in the same cave.

F As news of Flo's existence spread, independent

A Rumours and legend s about these magical and
cunning diminutive figures occur in oral and written
traditions in most cultures. Among the most famous
are elves. crea tures of Germ anic mythology that have
\ survived in Northern European folklore. Originally a
race of minor gods of nature and fert ility, they arc
often pictured as small, youthful-seeming me n and
women of grea t beauty living in forests, underground ,
or in wells and springs.
exp erts said they were astounded and intrigued. 'The fact
that this miniature human lived less than 20,000 years
ago is frankly astonishing,' says Professor Chris Stringer,
110 of the Natural History Museum in London . ' Modern
human beings were present in the region at least 45,000
years ago so they must have encountered this creature.
What did they make of it? Did they see it as ano ther
human or a strange kind of alien?'
G But it is not just European folklore that abounds with 115

..vB At least one member of the Australian research team tales about 'the little people'. In other par ts of the world.
believes that the diminutive hum an-like species that are there are persistent
the source of these stor ies may actually have existed. rum our s of undiscovered
What is more, he claims, it is just conceivable that they human-like species . such
have not entirely died out . Although the cha nces are as the orang pendek (Little 120
11 slim, these crea tures could be waiting to be discovered Man) which is said to
In Earth's most isolated and unexplored outp osts.
inhabit the Indonesian
island of Sumatra.
C Searches of these caves and the remaining Standing between 90 and
rainforests could result in fi nds of hair or other material 150cms tall, these 125
if not of living 'ho bbits'. Many Indonesian islands ' diminutive beings are said
10 contain peculiar nora and fauna and have deep limestone to walk with backward-
caves that are yet to be fully explored. pointing feet. to confuse
anyone daring enough to
D This kind of natural selection has frequen tly been trac k them. Local Kabu 130
recorded in animals, but never before in humans. The tribes claim that unless
discovery that it occ urred on Flores raises the prospect toba cco is left for these
1\ that more species of miniatur e hum an beings may have creatures at night, they go
followed a similar evolutio nary course on islands around on the rampage, screaming
the world. Sadly, many were probably exterminated by and yelling as they destroy 135
homo sapiens, who are suspec ted of wiping out related the natives' camp.
species, such as hom o erectus and neand erth al Man.

Unit 7
Vocabulary GRp181182 Grammar
.
Phrasal verbs with of! and In Participle clauses GR p176

For ea ch pair of sen tences in 1-5 , use the same Match th e participle clauses in italics in a- I with
verb. in the correc t form , to make a phrasal verb functio ns 1-6.
with two diff erent meanings.
a Grown in the right conditions, th e plants will
a Even though we off relativel y earl y, flower all sum mer.
we s till a rrived extremely late. b Parking his car in a sid e road. he strolled
b Wh en off fireworks, stand at a rm 's towards th e town cen tre.
leng th and make sure chi ldren are supervised. c A massive earthquake has hit parts of India,
leaving thousands of people homeless.
2 a After ten minu tes trying to solve the puzzle, I
d A group of archaeologists exploring the island
............ in and looked at the so lution.
ha ve d iscovered the skeleton of a new s pecies of
b The government made it clea r it was no t abou t
hu ma n bei ng.
to in w here terrorism was co ncerned.
e Not having a mobile phone, we were unable to
3 a Havi ng ,. off the motorway because of ring our hosts and warn them we would be lat e.
an accident. we ended lip miles from our home. f Having fini shed his medical training, my brother
b Before attempting any elec trica l repairs, yo u decided to work in Africa for a charity.
shoulel always off the power source.
1 emp hasising that one thing hap pened after
4 a Never off until to morrow w ha t you anot her ha d finished
can do today. 2 rep lac ing a relative clause
b Although he's really good -Iooking, 1 was 3 showing th at two actions ha ppened within a
completely off by hi s bad rep uta tion . short tim e pe riod of each other
S a It's a lmost impossible for us to in 4 ex pressing a condition
statistics to do with our sola r system. 5 expressi ng a reason
b His lies were so convincing tha t even his 6 ex pressi ng a res ult
closes! friends were in.
Rewrite the information in a-f using participle
2 Match meanings a -j with the phrasal verbs a s th ey clauses .
a re used in th e ten sentences in 1. a The Scream , w hich was stolen from the Mu nch
a ligh t g make you dis like Museum, is worth millio ns of pounds.
b disconnect 11 agree to something b If they are washed with care, woollen s wea ters
c deceive under pressure w ill ret ain th eir shape.
d postpone adm it defea t c They ho ped to co nfirm the suspect's part in the
e make sense of leave a rou te rob bery so the detectives arranged an identity
depart pa rade.
d Th e wi n ne r crosses the fin ishing line and he
raises his ha nds in tri ump h as he does so!
Discuss the meaning of th e phrasal verbs in a-e. then
e The explo rer wi ll undergo final medical checks
complete the sentences to illu strate th eir meaning.
ami then he wi ll set out on his polar expedition.
a It had been a( n) day so I turned in early. f Because he did n 't realise how dangerous the
b Our week in the mo u ntain s was ruined when snake was, the toddler reach ed out towards it.
............ set in.
C You wear a protective mask for this experiment as Give th e present participles of verbs a -i.
the chemicals used give off .
d Although I s pecifica lly asked the ha ird resser to a make d offer g travel
b build e prefer h argue
take off jus t a few centimetres .
c slop f lie occur
e Whenever a mem ber of staff leaves th e fir m, we
all put in some money _._.._ .

:' Unit 7
 Give the past particip le of these irregular ver bs. 7 Rewrite the tex t bel ow. replacin g the u nderlined
a bite h leave information wit h participle clauses, and making
b bri ng meet any other necessa ry changes.
c ca tch ) prove
d drive k sell After he had spent three days trapped on an ice floe,
e fight I set explorer Ben Miller was finally rescued last night.
f fl y rn speak Because he wanted to become the first man to walk
g hide n wake solo from Canada to the North Pole, he had set out
last April, alone and unaided. He had no way of
Join the two sentences in a-e using the words in transporting possessions so he took very little with
brackets and participles.
him apart from camping equipment, a mobile phone,
Example and a shovel. He made good progress at first but he
I lost my purse. 1 was travelling to work. (w hile) then experienced a number of setbacks The longest
I lost my purse while travellin g to iuork . day of the year was approaching, which meant that
.1A group of cavers have spen t IO hours trapped the temperature was starting to rise, The ice
und e rgroun d. T hey ha ve finally been rescu ed. gradually started to melt around him with the result
(After) that he was prevented from gOing forward or back
b I adm it that d rivi ng at excessive speeds is Ben, who was now feeling desperate. searched
da ngerous. I do n't acc ept we sho uld ha ve spe ed
around him. Because he didn't have any advanced
cameras eve ryw here. (Wh ile)
technical equipment, he had to rely on common
IIe wasn' t a loca l. l Ie did n' t kn ow th e a rea. (Not)
d Civilia ns heard tha t a peace treat y had been sense. He took out his shovel and he dug a runway
signed . They bega n ce lebra ting in th e s tree ts. in the ice. He then took a photo of the runway and
(On) sent it to a rescue team via his mobile phone. The
e The judge d id n' t J gree with th e defendant 's pilot succeeded in landing on the narrow strip of ice,
actions. He sai d he did sympat hise with her with the result that he saved Ben from almost
situat ion. (Although) certain death .

6 Say what is wro ng with se n tences a-f and s uggest

how they could be rewritten .
a Roa rin g ferocio usly, th e girl
fled from th e lion .
b Two of the terrorist s
shooting th e President have
been ca ugh t.
c Th e man inven ting the
d igita l came ra ha s wo n a n
awa rd.
d Not wan ting to spo il the
fun, the weddi ng
ce lebrations went on well
into the nigh t.
e Planted w ith ca re. novice
gar de ne rs w ill be a ma ze d
how easy it is to grow
th ings,
Passing his dr ivin g test,
Gary beca me rath er hig-
hea ded.

Unit 1
Listening Spea ki ng Part 2

Part 2 Sentence completion 1 Look at the p ictu res opposite and discu ss what you
might be asked to talk about in the exa m.
1 Read the exa m task below about a sh ip called the
Douro . W hat do yo u think happened to it, and 2 Match th ese words and phrases with the pictures.
what do you th ink was found on board? a traditional crafts or skills
b personal reminders of the past
Z Think of words o r ph rase s with similar meanings c an archaeological dig/excavation
to the underlined words in the exa m task. d period cos tume
e documentary evidence
3 Listen alice to a ta lk abo ut the Douro and f early civi lisations
complete se n tences 1-9. g film footage
h medieva l manuscripts
battle re-enactment
4 Were your ideas in 2 the same as the wo rds used
in the recording? If necessa ry, listen aga in to
check. 3 In pa irs Or threes, each choose o ne set of pictures
and do this exam task in one minute.
5 What do yo u know about other great discove ries?
Co mp are an d co nt ras t the pictures, saying
w hat these things can tea ch us a bo ut the past,
and how s uccessfully they might bri ng the
past to life.

4 Discuss w h ich way of lea rn ing about the past gives

the most accurate information.

,
Th e Do uro was built in th e 19th cen tury in 1

Her final voyage took place in the year 2

The majo r ity of her passengers tr avelled in 3

acco m moda tio n.

At the time of the traged y the Douro was 4 away fro m po rt.

Priorit y was given to the 5

Th e ship too k o nly 6 to sink.

Mo de rn technol ogy an d th e knowledge of a local 7 helped

to locate th e wreck.

The discovery of a 8 co nfir med the ship as th e Douro.

As well as pr iceless artefacts, large qu antities of 9 were

found.

I
I I Unit 7
Unit7 m
 English in Use Part 4 Word Iormanon

00 yo u th ink it 's worth studying hi story at schoo l? Why/Why not?

Read th e two text s, ignoring the gaps, to fin d out what tw o significant
aspects of history th e y are abou t.

Choose th e correct answer from each pai r below for 1- 7 in the first task.
Example
o hislOrict!..lisroricaz)
4 perception/perspective
1 exte llliJ b le/exte ns ively 5 dramatirilll y/d ramatis ts
2 sk ilful/un skilled 6 archileo log ical/arch aeologists
3 unforgettab le/forgetfu l 7 disabled/ e nabled

Use the words given for the second ta sk to form one word for each of 1-8.

Tl., ori gins of history

The ear liest surviving .. 0 records mention t he ac hievements o f 0 HISTORY
Egyptian and Babylonian kings, but reco rd ed h isto ry as we know it today
EXTEND
really begins with Herodotus (c. nC). He was the first person to
ta ke an interest in events in co untries outside his ow n. To discover what 2 SKILL
had ca used the war between the Persians and the Greeks, he travelled
3 FORG ET
.............. 1 and questioned many people. He was a 2 writer a nd his
account is clear and lively, giving a vivid, 3 p icture oflifc in th e 'I PERCE IVE
ancien t world . During the last two centuries our 4 of his tory has
5 DRAMA
once again changed 5. Resea rch conducted by 6 in many
parts o f the world has 7 LIS to t race the development of prehistoric 6 ARCHAEOLOGY
ma n, and has revealed civilisations long lost to us. 7 ABLE

Indefi nite artides

(olan), c.g. before gap
2, tell you if the next
word begms with a
vowel or a consonant.

,, ,, Unit 7
 WRITTE N IN STON E
You might be forgiven fo r finding the Rosetta stone IMPRESS
......_..... 1 at fi rst sight. It is, after all, only a piece
2 ATIRAG
of stone, and not a particula rly 2 one at
that. Its 3 in the town in Egypt from 3 DISCOVER
which it takes its name was not until 1799. On 4 EXAM INE
close 4 however, it emerged that the
5 INSCRIB E
............ 5 on the stone date from 196 Be. What
makes the stone so 6 is that it bears 6 SIGNIFY
the same text in the three differen t scripts that 7 EXIST
were in 7 in Egypt at that time. For the
8 COMPARE
fi rst time scholars were able to make direct
............ 8 between the three systems of writing.
The deciphering of the scripts opened up a whole
new world fo r linguists and historians.

Voca bu la ry Word form ation (2)

Mak e nouns from adjecti ves a-h using these suffixes. Match the prefixes with their meanings a-g.
You may need to change the ending of the adjective.
co inter over mis
ion ence acy ance trans lin und er
y ity ness
a across e between
a evident d a mbltlous 0
0 democratic b an oppo site act ion f 100 much
b adaptable e aware h independent c with g too lilli e
c signifi ca nt f accurate d wrongl y

Choose the correct prefi x to make adjec tives a- k Complete the words in a- f with prefixes from 3.
negati ve in meaning. Use the information to help
a The Atlanti c flight takes seven hours.
yo u.
b This fish is cooked. I'll jus t pop it back
dis im in under the grill for a couple of minut es.
il ir LIB c I 'm afraid tha t you have und erstood what
I was trying to say.
We generall y lise: d Unfortuna tely. we lost the final of the
• ' irn' before the letters 'p' a nd 'rn,
......... depa rtmen tal footba ll tourn ament.
e Could you give me a hand? I ca n' t .. .. ... . .Iock
• 'Il' before the letter 'l'.
' ir' before th e letter ' r .
the door 10 the safe.
f It's now known that humans never
J practical e suitable legal .. ..... ..existed with dinosau rs.
b decisive f logical j agreeab le
c capable g moral k hon est
d relevant h regular

Unit 7 m
Writing
Part 2 A competition entry WG p 158

1 Using the prompts below. make a list of some of

the key events of the twentieth century. Which do
you think were the most significant? Why?
• technology • politics
• spurt • scien ce
• entertainment • exploration

2 Read the exam task below, then read paragraphs

A-C and say which major 20th century events they
describe.

You have seen this competition announcement on

your college noticeboard and have decided to enter.
Writeyour competition entry usingabout 250 words.

COMPETITION B On November qth. to ever-one's amazemem,

What do you consider to be the mos t import an t
event of t he zoth century?
Briefly describe the event a nd ex plain its
sign ificance for our lives today. Competit ion w inners
will receive a set of e ncyclopedias .
the new government announced that all borders
were to be opened. &j m,dnu3ht huge c.rowdl'> hild
assembled N, the doc.\:: 12, the,! gave a
huge c.heer and crossec over In thelf thou&and::.,
and were greeted tnumpnantl,! b'j those on the
other l'>ide. Mall'f dimbed to tne top of the barrier
where the,! danc.ed. blew trumpets and c.elebrated
in front of tne teievtsron cameras. 'Soon people
were. up tbe barrier with hammers and
l.hisels, and c.arl'{ing plec.es offas souvenirs, while
onlookers spra,!ed c.hampagne and sounded their
car horns. 10e ceiebratlons lasted for da'!&.

A Wnen Neil f\nnstrong wal\::ed ( 1\1e birth of Doll,! living
offtne· !\polio \I c.ap5ule, ne made proof 1I1at we can now create
hl::.tor'j Never before nad man la\::w genetir.all'l identir,al anirnals
The si9nific.anc.e of thiS for our
suc.h a huge step. Watc.hed b'j mil\ionfl
soc.iet'! toda,! il'> tremendous.
of 1\1 viewers around the world, thiS
While the tel.hnil1ue ma'!
momentous event a benefit farmers and those
generation. It was a huge worl::ing in '\Ilimi:ll
al.hlevement for It was conservatton, the danger
also one of the most signifit.ant i&that sc.ientlsts Will be
events of the twentieth c.entul'{. tempted to do the sarne with
humans. That would c.hallenge all
our previous belief& about I'lnat it
means to be human.

I I Unit 7
3 Answer these questions about paragraphs A-C. 6 Decide whether adjectives a-j are positive.
a Which paragraph negative, or ne utral in meaning.

says w hy an event is still significant today? a sign ifica nt f momentous

• briefly describes an event? b beneficia) g ca tastro ph ic
• gi ves c.1 detail ed account of a n everu! c crucial h unforeseen
d devastati ng grave
b Whic h would probably be the first, middle and
c inspirational severe
las t paragraph of a competi tion entry?
c What do yo u notice about the tenses used in 7 Complete sentences a - e using the adj ectives from G.
each paragraph ? There ma y be more than one possible answer.
a The Asian tsunam i in 2004 had a(n) .
From your own knowledge, discuss the answers to
effec t on the live s of thousands.
a-f about the events in A-C.
b One of the most spo rting achievements of
a When and where did it tip th e last century wa s the first 'four-minute mile',
ha ppen? Make sure you know c No one can deny how a development
Example enough details before th e Intern et has been in our lives.
writi ng about a d Of the many incidents of the 20th
C 1996, Edinburgh. UK tactual tOP iC like this. century. Chernobyl's legacy has been one of the
b Who was involved? lo ngest.
c Who was affected by it? How ? e A(n) conseq uence of the splitting of
d How ha d things been before? the a tom wa s the development of weapons of
e How did th ings ch a nge afterwards? mass destrurt ion.
f Wha t e ffec t does th e event still have tod ay?
8 Write your competition entry. using yo ur notes
Choose an eve n t you could write about for the from 5 and some of the language in G and 7 whe re
exa m ta sk. Make notes on it answering th e possible.
questions in 01-£ above.

Unit 7
Review
1 Comp lete sentences a-e with the correct
prep ositions.
a The industria l revolution resulted . a releva nt
dra matic changes to the stru cture of so ciety.
b It is esse ntial for journalists to chec k th e source
.. ........ all th e information th ey receive.
c Overeat ing can lead health problems in
later life.
d Within days of taking th e ant ibiot ics, th ere was a
dram atic effect .. .. ...... her cond ition.
e The au tho rities a re keen to disco ver wh o was
respo nsible .. " .... .. th e dest ru ction of th e
a ncient monument.
Comp lete se nte nces a-h wit h phrasa l verbs with ill
or off in the correct for m.
a Th ere ha ve been a number of cases of bogu s
doctors in staff and pati ents an d
perform ing medi ca l exam inations .
b Non e o f th e lights a re wor king. Has so meo ne
..... ..... off the electricity?
r AI limes we felt like .... .. .. .. in bUI we ca rried on
an d managed to ach ieve our goal.
d Thi s year's festiva l will end with a displa y of
fireworks to be .... .... .. off at midn ight.
e The training centre isn't difficult to find -
off th e roa d at th e light s and follow the signs.
f Please don 't be off by Bella 's rat her
dista nt manner. She 's very frien dly once you get
to know her.
g What time will we have to off to arrive
in tim e for the cerem on y?
h It looks as if we shall ha ve to .. .. .. .. .. off our
decision to reloc a te un til we have found more
s uitab le premi ses.
For a-h, add a su itable negative prefix to make
a djectives with the opposite meaning.
d moral g suitable
b legal c capab le h logica l
c ho nest f decisive
,) For a -e, use the correct word in brackets in its
no un form to complete the sen tence,
a The re wa s insu fficient (acc urate/evide nt) to
con vict th e accused of th e crime.
b Our te nnis coach says we mu st improve the
(ad apt able/ accurat e) of our strokes .
c (Ambitious / Significant) is a quality polit icia ns
must have to achie ve success,
d Good driv ers have a n ac ute (awa re/significa rn)
of impending haza rds.
e The newl y formed country gained its
(independent/ a mbitious) only last yea r.
Repl ace the words in bra cket s with a su itable prefix.
a Could you (an op pos ite action ) .. ...... . .Iasten this
knot in my sho elace?
b (w ith) ... ... .operation between several coun tries
meant that eme rgency aid ar rived qu ickly.
c The (across) continenta l express is a
..
luxuriou s way to travel.
d If (here' s one thin g [ can' t sta nd it'S (too mu ch)
_...... .. .cooked vege tables.
e Police ha ve been (wrongly) inform ed
abou t th e wher eab ou ts of the s us pect.
London 's Heat hrow is one of the world 's bu siest
(be tween) nat ion..1 airport s.
g I think we have (too lillie) ..........es timated the
strength of th e opposi tio n.

, Complete th is review usin g the word s in b ra ckets

Find adjective forms of a -f w hich mat ch defin itions
in th e co rrec t form.
1-6.
Examp le A Iree open-air concert on an intcrnationat levcl. 'Live
8' WilS an 1 (inspire) _ event. Its aim WilS 10
tt4
help counteract the 2 (devastate) and
n- itHfd€t I corresponding
3 (catastrophe) effects of world poverty. a nd
b signify 2 sen sation al
to make a 4 (signify) Impact on its
c compare 3 widesp read
eradication. Some critics raised doubt s about whether
d extend 4 l>ked.'dlll
fi nancial aid is actually 5 (benehl) in the
e perceive 5 imp or ta nt drive to stam p out poverty, claiming thai it can often
f drama 6 observan t have 6 (lorcsce) ........ .. consequenc es. This made
little difference to the millions who tuned into watch
the concert and to pledge their money.

mUnit7
 The big issues
Lead in
1 Discuss why the issues below should concern us in the 21st century.
Which are the three most burning issues? Why?

priva cy cr ime and terrorism

• the Intern et • globa lisa tion
warfare the enviro nment
a n ageing society

2 For each of A, S, and C find one word which fits

all three gaps.

'Gover nment s should give as much foreign

.......... as possible to poorer countries.'
2 'In certain circumstances, emergency
.......... in the form of money should be
sent immediately.'
3 'The most successful long-term .
programmes encourage self-help.'

'A lot of people only appreciate school

after they leave full -time .'
2 'St at e should be more
academically based.'
3 'A practical makes it easier to
change jobs later in life:

'Few people could have predicted the huge

impact of information :
2 'No matter how advanced becomes,
machines will never be able to think like humans:
3 'It' s a waste of time for humans to do tasks that
modern can do.'

30 Listen to three people talking about 2. Check your answers

for A-C and tick the statement for the issues in each one that best
reflects the speaker's point of view.

4 Do you share any of the views in 2? Why /Why not?

Unit8 m
Rea din g Part 3 Multiple choice

1 What film s or books do yo u know that feature 3 Experts believe that protect ing us from
robots? What relati onsh ip do these ro bo ts ha ve with int el ligent robots would be difficult because they
humans? A can't he controlled just by programming.
B can 't be programmed to recogn ise adults.
2 Ma tch wo rds ,,-f from th e tex t oppos ite with C don' t respond to casual req ues ts.
m eanings 1-6 . D will never be able to obey orders.
•, gadget d programming 4 T he example of a robot taking foo d to Africa is
b mechanism c hum an oid used to show that
c art ificial intell igence f robot ics
A robo ts are capable of unselfis h actio ns.
a machine or creature with th e appearance and B Asimov 's laws require robots to th in k.
characteristics of a person C travel is a di fficu lt concept for robots.
2 a use ful, usu all y s ma ll, piece of equ ipmen t D robots can make mora l judgem ents.
3 the scie nce of des ig n ing and operat ing robo ts
5 Many exper ts th in k th at the dangers posed by
4 a group of moving parts in a machine
th e science o f robotics are
5 the process o f giving il co mpu ter instructions
6 the use of comp uters for human fu nctio ns such as A bei ng covered up by experts.
learning and making decisions B over-drarnatised by pressure groups.
C overestimated by th e pub lic.
D worthy of more discussion .
3 Read the text and di scuss
questions a - e.
Belote
tip 5 Discuss these questions.
a Why can' t shoppers buy th e the options, see if you
do mestic assistants me ntioned can answer the a Wha t so rt of jo bs do you th ink we sho uld lise
in the first pa ragra ph? questions or complete robots for? Th in k abo ut:
b Ho w are Isa a c Asimov's short the statements In • safety
stories different fWIlI th ose of your own words • health
h is contempo raries? • huma n lim ita tio ns
c Why do experts th in k tha t protecting us from b Are the re any jobs you thin k we should no t use
robots would be tHfficul t? ro bots for? Why?
d Why does the writer use the exa mple of a robot
ta king food to Africa?
e What do many experts th ink about the dangers
posed by th e science o f robot ics?

4 Read the text again and choose the best option (A, B,
Cor 0) to complete 1-5.
Shoppers can't buy th e do m estic assistants
mentioned in the first paragraph because th ey
A are not ye t in the shops.
B can on ly be acquired o nline.
C do n 't actually ex ist.
D are only available to filmgoers.
2 Isaa c Asimov's shan sto ries differ from those of h is
contemporaries because they
A were infl uenced by Ka rel Capek.
B are less imagina tive .
C describe a world ruled by robo ts.
o are mo re grounded in sc ience.

III UnitS
mean machines
ooking for a good dom est ic robot? Accordi ng t o one w ebsite,
t he w or ld's firs t fu lly automat ed,life-sized domesti c assista nt
is abou t to go on sa le. There 's just one catc h: the websi te
promoting thi s ama zing gadget is just a tease, a clever bit of
advert ising f rom zoth Cent ury Fox t o promot e its
movie, I, Robot. In th is scion acti on t h riller, detect ive Spooner,
played by Will Smith, invest igates t he mu rder of a scient ist
employed by a fict iona l robo t ics company. Despite the f ail-
safe mec hanism bui lt in to th e robo ts. which preve nts th em
If) from harming hu mans. the det ect ive suspects one of them
was responsible for the scientis t's dea t h. Further
investiga t ion leads him t o believe th at robot s may even be
planning to take over t he wo rld .
I, is loosely based on a coll ecti on of short stories by 50 and of th e actions of oth er robots, humans and an ima ls in its
I;' science-fic tion w rite r, Isaac Asimov. M ost of these revolve
around th e famou s 'th ree law s of robo tics'which he firs t
drew up in 1940. In those days, bare ly two decades after t he
word 'robot' had been coine d by play w righ t Karel Capek,
othe r w riters we re stil l slavishly reworking Capek's narrat ive
1U about robo t s t aking Over t he world. But Asimov's grasp of
science fa ct - he ga ined a PhD in chemistry - lent rigour t o
his science-fiction and he was already aski ng what pract ical
steps hu man it y m ight take t o avoid t hi s nasty fate . His
solution was t o program all robots to foll ow th ree law s:
,\1 A robot may not Inju re a human being, or. th ro ugh
Inact ion, allow a human being to come t o har m.
2 A robot m ust obey the orders given it by hu ma n beings,
except where such orders would confl ict wi t h th e First law.
10 3 A robot must protect it s own exi stence as long as such
protection does not conflict wi th t he First or Second Law.
Theset hree laws might seem like a good w ay t o keep robot s
in t heir place, but to a roboticist t hey t hrow up more
problems t han t hey solve. Expert s in t he fie ld of A.I. (artifi cial
mtelhge nce) have come t o the sobenng conclus ion t hat
15 preventing intelligent robots f rom harm ing humans w ill
requ ire something muc h m ore complex than simply
programming the m In fact. programmi ng a real robo t to
foll ow th e th ree law s would be a for mi dable u ndert akin g. fo r
a start, t he robo t would need to be able to recogn ise hu mans
40 and no t con fuse them wit h chimpa nzees,statues and
hu rnanord robo ts.Thi s may be easy for us humans, but it
poses conside rab te difficulty fo r robots. To follow rule tw o,
th e robot wou ld have to be ma de capable of recogni sing an
orde r and d i<;t ing u ishing it from a casual request - which is
4) beyond t he capa bility of conte mporary artifi cial int elligence.
To fo llow any of th e t hree laws, th e robot would have to
determi ne whethe r and t o what exten t any of them applied
t o t he current sit uat ion. This w ou ld invo lve complex
reason ing abou t t he fut ure consequ ences of it s own actions
vicinity. But why shou ld the robot restr ict It s actions to it s
own im medi ate vic inity? The first law, as state d above,
incl udes no clau se restr icting its scope t o the immediate
surround ings of th e robot. A robot standing in th e Arctic
ss might reason th at it could take food to Afr ica and thereby
save a child from starvation . If it rem ains in th e Arctic , th e
robot would, through inaction, allow a hum an to come t o
harm, t hu s cont ravening t he fi rst law.To enable robots to
avord gett ing caugh t on t he horn s of such dilemmas, t hey
ro wou ld need some capacity for mor al reasoni ng. Ensuri ng
robot s had such a capacity wou ld be h ideous ly comp lex
compared to Asirnov's th ree laws.
If t hese speculations seem far-fetched, t he day whe n t hey
becom e pressing Issues m ay be closer t han yo u suspect .
65 Comp ute r scient ist Bill Joy is not t he on ly expe rt w ho has
urged t he pub hc t o sta rt t hin king abou t th e dangers of
robo tics, and Greenpeace hac; bro ugh t out a special repor t
urging people to debate th e matter vigo rously We shou ld
not be too alarm ist. how ever. Whi le t he fi eld of roboti cs is
10 prog ressing rapidly, t here is st ill some way to go before
robot s become as intelligent as Will Smit h's ficti onal
adversary. As Chris Me lhui'h, a leadin g Brit ish roboticist
admits,'The bigges t th reat OU f robo ts curren tly pose t o
h umans is th at yo u can trip over them.'
UnitS II
Vocabulary Grammar
Big issues (and itiona Is GR p177-179

1 Discuss the a nswers to questions a-g. 1 Match sentences a-d with descrip tions 1-4.
o If 0 city is overpopulated, is it too big or are a If a virus attacks a computer, it prevents it from
there too many people living there? working properly. (zero conditional)
h What is the difference between a {amine and a b If the ir best side plays, Manchester United will
drought? probably come out on top. (first conditional)
c What is the difference be tween 0 natural c If 1 had enough money, I would buy a new
resource and a financial resource? digita l camera. (second conditional)
d Which one can erupt : a tornado or a volcano? d If you had told me tha t you needed some
e Can soil erosion cause a {lood or a landslide? advice. I would have helped out. (third
f Which is more serious: an earth tremor or an conditional)
earthquake?
I a hypothetical statement about the past
g Are epidemics caused by contagious or
2 a condition which is improbable/impossible in
coturoversial diseases?
the present
3 a statement of general tact
2 Match o ne word fro m eac h pair in 1- 5 wit h 4 a condition that is possible/probable in the future
defi nit ions a and b.
vital/triv ial 2 Underline th e correct verb fo rms in a-f.
a extremely important
a I'll give up/I'd give up my job and go
b not at all important
backpacking round the world if I'd houe/l had a
2 controversial/crit ical bit more courage.
.l very serious b Nobody iuauki {inrfjwolllrl have [ouud the
b I he subject of argument climbers if th ey hadn't mnnaged/didn't manage
to attract the moun tain rescue team.
3 momentous/momentary
a brief
c If you stayed out/stay out all night without
telling your mum. she probably kills/will
b very important
probably kill you.
4 principal/principle d If] realised/l'ti realised the first prize in the
a main ra ffle was a sports car, I would have
b rule or belief bought/would blly a lo t more tickets!
5 antisocial/unsocial e If yOll leave/you'll leave metal objects in the rain,
it annoying to others they generally rust/will rust.
b outside normal f She iuouldn't crash/wouldn 't have crashed the
car if a dog hadn't run out/wouldn't have run
working hours
OW in fron t of her car.

3 Exp la in the differences in m eaning o r function

between th es e pairs of sen te nces .
1a If you're finding it difficu lt to do your
homework, I'll give you a hand.
b If you find it difficult to do your homework, I'll
give you a hand.
2a Those swimmers could have drowned if passers-
by hadn't raised the alarm.
b Those swimmers would have drowned if
passers-by hadn' t raised the alarm.

ED Unit8
 3a Please let me know if you need any advice.
b Please let me know if you should need any
advice .
4a If you stayed in this country a bit longer, we
could spend more time together.
b If you were staying in this country J bit longer,
we could spe nd more time togethe r.
Sa If we offered you the posit ion, would you
acce pt?
b If we were to offer you the position, would you
accept?
4 Complete a- f by putting the verbs in brackets into
the correct form.
a If the bride groom' s friends (not/ tie) him
to a lamp post on his stag night, he
(not/end up) in a police station.
b If you (look) for something to do ,
(go) an d dig the garden!
c As a rule, coloured cloth es (fade) if you
..... ..... (leave) the m in the su n for too long.
d If you (wan t) to get rid of your old
football kit, (try) selling it on the Internet.
e We (arrive) sooner if the workmen
........ .. (nat/dig) up the road on our way here.
f (be) the manager to discover what has
bee n going on in the office, he (be)
horrified.
5 Complete sentences a-f with your own ideas.
a If I cou ld spe nd a roma ntic evening with anyone
I chose, ...
b I will be really disapp ointed if ... .
c If I could change one thing about my life, .. .
d It wou ld have bee n un believable if ..
e 1 would feel abso lute ly ecstatic if .
f If I could change places for one day with anyone
in the world, ...
I'll be raring to go tomorrow as long as 1 get a
good night's sleep tonight.
g There' s no hope of our team winning the League
unless we start to play better.
7 Complete gaps 1-1 2 in the pa ragraph below, usin g
the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.
I was kicked out of school at the age of 16 because I
was bone idle. If anyone (1 tell) me then that
I would end up making a living as a scriptwriter, I
.......... (2 never/believe) them. I admit that writing is
one of the few things I've ever been good at. At
school, if one of my mates (3 have) trouble
. writing up a project, I (4 do) it for them -
provided they (5 pay) me enough, of course!
. But write for a living? That was never on the cards.
After I left school, I drifted in and out of various
jobs. I wanted to travel the world but I knew I
.. (6 not/get) very far unless I (7 have) a
few dollars under my belt. So how to earn it? Afriend
of mine came up with a brainwave. Why not try
writing a TV screenplay? Supposing it (8 be)
good enough, it (9 may/earn) me enough
money to travel the world . lowe that friend a lot. If
he (10 not/urge) me on, I (11 never/get)
started as a writer. And instead of having homes in
Paris, Brisbane, and Los Angeles, I (12 still/work)
in a dead end job in my home town.

6 Underlin e the words used instead of if in these

conditional sentences, then correct any mistakes
you find.
a They would have ended up divorced unless the
intervent ion of their friends,
b "II marry you provided you don 't expect me to
get on with your mothe r!
c As long as you won the lottery, how would you
spen d the money?
d Jim will be allowed out of prison supposing he
reports to the police stat ion twice a week.
e Tonight's open-air concert will be can celled
provided the wea the r improves.

Unit 0 III
Listen ing
Part 3 Mu ltiple choice
1 Look at the advertisement below and discuss these
questions.
a Which co untr ies might volunteers be needed in?
b What reso urces m ight be lacking in places like
th ese?
c Wha t kind of professio nal s kills woul d be useful
in developing cou ntries?
d Why wou ld jobs like th ese be rew arding?
Volunteer jobs
Each year, hund reds of people start rewardi ng
jobs as volunteers in developing countries.
These countries need you to:
• use your professional skills to train and
advise colleagues.
• live and work wit hin the local community.
• work creatively and adapt to new
surroundings - often wit h few resources.
2 0 Listen tw ice to a radio
interview w ith Tom Davies. Make sure all th e
w ho spent a year as a Information 10 the
option you choose
volunteer in Nepa l, a nd
is correct. not j ust
choose the best answers some of it.
for q uestio ns 1-7.
1 Why did Tom go to live a nd work ab road?
A He was bo red with his rou tine .
B He wa nted to do so me th ing useful.
C He saw a n ad verti sem ent in a new spaper he
had boug ht.
D He wa nted to take ad vantage of every
op po rt uni ty in life.
m Unit8
2 How did he rega rd his expe rie nce abroa d ?
A He was worried about being away from home.
B He was apprehens ive abou t w ha t lay in store.
C He th o ught the time wou ld pass a ll too
quickly.
D He knew he wo u ld have very littl e time to
apprecia te his surroundi ngs .
3 What does Tom say was th e mos t importa nt
th ing offered by the organisatio n?
A enou gh money to make en ds meet
B paid tra vel and accom modation
C th e op po rtu nity to m eet fellow vo lunteers
D hel p to rea djus t on his return ho me
4 How did Tom feel initi ally abo ut the job he was
given?
A He knew he wo uld be well suited to it.
B He was surp rised by the role he had been
give n.
C He resented ha vin g to wo rk w ith so meo ne
else.
D He was ner vou s ab out the responsi bility.
5 What doe s Tom say abo ut the s now leo pa rds?
A Som e hu nting of th e animals is a llowed .
B Larger numb ers breed away from inhabited
a rea s.
C They are regarded as the most important
a nima ls in th e Himalayas.
o They have become mor e do mesticated.
6 How ha s the pro gramme Tom a nd his colleag ue
de vised he lped?
A Farm ers can be co mpensated for lost a nimals.
B Th e govern m ent runs a n insu ra nce scheme
for farmers .
C Farmers have th e fund s need ed to bu y more
land.
D Local gro ups have formed to protect the snow
tip leopard .
7 What does 'Ibm say he ca nno t do at the mom ent ?
A Give an exa mple of a profita b le loc al scheme.
S Pro ve that fewer snow leop ar ds have bee n
killed by hunt ers.
C Show th at the number of snow leop ards has
increas ed.
D Promise th at profit s from his sc he me will go
ba ck int o th e co m m un ity.
3 Wou ld you be interested in doi ng vo lu ntary wo rk
a broa d? If so, w here a nd doi ng w ha t? If not, w hy
not?
1
Spea ki ng Parts 3 and 4
1 Look at the pictures below. List en to the Part 3
task which accompan ies th em a nd note down th e
answers to a-c.
a Wh at do th e pictures show?
b Wha t do you ha ve 10 talk abou t?
c What do you have 10 deci de?
2 In pairs or gro ups of three, do the Part 3 task you
heard in 1. After four minutes, stop and compare
your decisions with those of another group .
4 Discuss your own thoughts on the questions in 3.
3 0 Read Part 4 questions a-c. Listen to six
students' answers a nd decide which of the
questions th ey are answering. How appropriate are
their answers ?
a What de cisio ns in life do you consider the most
difficult to mak e?
b Som e people believe th at a 101 of importa nt
decisions are out of our hands. Wh at do you
th ink ?
c What sort of decisions in life are influenced by
money?
Th ese words and ph rases might help you .

at st ak e sho rt term
in th e lo ng ru n ou t of th e blu e
on the sp ur of th e mom e nt ou t of our con trol

UnitB ED
English in Use Part1 Multipl e-choicecloze

1 How imp ortant in life are the four thi ngs below ?
Is th ere a ny thing e lse th at is more important?
how to dou
• he lping others • doing something to be remembered by Read the text quickly for general
• enjoying yourself • passing on your genes by having ch ildren sense, Ignoring the gaps.
Read the text again and think of il
2 Read the text below quickly. Is th e write r's ton e mainly possible answer for the gap before
you look at the options.
a humorous b philosophica l c pessimistic?
Try each option In the gap to check
your choice,
3 Read th e text ag ain and th e how to do it box a nd decide which word
(A, B, C or D) best fits ea ch sp ace 1- 15.

It is often 0 .. t hat a look at our origins will 1 . . . .. . . •. . .. us to the meaning

of life It cer tainly did not 2 that way for Dr Frankenstein 's creation.
Desperate to know where he had come from, unlike us he 3 the awful
truth. Yet what he found out did not 4 .. . .. •.. .. •. life's rnearung. it j ust upset him.
Perhaps instead of answering the question of why we are here by looking
backwards, we should look forwards. What future goal would 5 . . ... ... . ..• t his life
worth living? The problem with working towards goals was identified by the
philosopher of 6 •.•.•. .• . ... sense, Aristotl e. His 7 was that we do many
things for the sake of something else. We eat to live, work to pay the bills , st udy to
pass exams, and so on. But unless at least one act ton IS done for its own sake,
there IS no B In doing any of them . Not everythi ng can be a means to an
end: there must be ends which are 9 In their own r ight. There IS much
that makes life precious enough to 10 to and savour . So what gives
people's lives value? It might be 11 t he suffering of others, helping one's
children 12 their lives, or 13 a pro blem. But life is 14 .
and we are often thrown off course . The baSIC answer t o the questron of life's
meaning IS proba bly this : there are more 15 to live rather than die, and
they are to be found in the living of life itself.
Vocabulary
Expressions with end
1 Use 1- 8 to complete the expressions with end in a-h. 2 Match the expressions with end in I with
I loose 4 up 7 meet meani ngs a- h.
2 sight 5 means 8 at a finally
3 in 6 on b have nothing particu lar to do
a I got on the wrong train last night and ended c things are unlikely to change
... .... ... in the middle of nowhere! d eventually arrived
b My mum wasn't keen on lending me her car, but e as something finishes
...... .... the end she gave in. f uprigh t
c I' m at LI end this week . Do you fancy g manage financially
doing somet hing? h something done to achieve something else
d l'rn struggling to make ends .......... what with
three children to feed and all the bills to pay, 3 Discuss these questions.
£' I've been overwhelmed with work for weeks and
a Wha t advice would you give to a friend who is
there 's no end in . struggling to make ends meet?
The best thrillers have an unexpected twist right b Which films or books have surprised you right at
..... ..... the end. the end?
g Helping my bro ther move house was just a c Is an educa tion valuable in itself, or just a
.......... to an end; I want him to do an even means to an end?
bigger favour for me! d Have you ever ended up miles away from where
h We can make more space in the classroom by you wan ted to be? What happened?
putting the tables end and leani ng them
against the wall.

Unit 8 II!D
Writi ng Part 2 A magazine article
1 Discuss which categories a-e wo rds 1-15 cou ld
rela te to and talk about some of the de cisions
you ng people ha ve to make nowa days.
a lifestyle d money
b relationships e work
c accommodation
I location
9 cha llenge
2 satisfaction 10 commitment
3 responsibility 11 bills
4 promotion 12 dat ing
S health 13 free time
6 single 14 finance
7 property IS economical
8 budget
2 Read the exa m tas k bel ow and introducto ry
pa ragraphs A and B. an d answer these qu estions.
a What particular decision do bo th pa ragraphs
focus on?
b Which paragraph is more appropriate for the
exam task? Why?
An international maga zine fur students has
a sked read ers for a rticles about important
choices young people today have to make.
Write an article describing one such choice
and making sume recommendations.
A One of the biggest challenges faced by
people in this country in the present
century lies in the area of employment.
Given the current demand for a highly
skilled workforce, the desirability of
undertaking further education and gaining
the highest possible qualifications is
unquestionable. It is also the case that
many young people lack the financial
resources needed to pursue such a course of
action, whatever their aspirations.
B Given the choice, is it worth doing without a
salary for a few years and going to
university? And when it comes to choosing a
career or a course, how can you be sure
which is right for you? Ifyou are currently
wrestling with questions like these, don't
worry . You are not alone.
1m Unit8
WG p157
3 Dec ide which o ne of a-e wo u ld not be a ppro p ria te
for the a rti cle .
a clearly developed paragraphs
b a lively sty le
C formal regis ter
d bullet points
e addressing the reader directly
4 Wh ich of a-h are written in an appropriate sty le
for th e it rticl e?
a Student s should be advised against deciding on
a career or study path wi thout giving the matter
due thought and consideration.
b Remember that it's up to you and no -one else
what you decide to do .
c Talk to other people like older friends or
relatives - they may have been in your shoes
once!
d One way of approaching the prob lem might be
to compile a list of the posi tive and negative
aspects of the options available to you.
e Wha tever you decide, the future's in your hands.
so get ou t there and start enjoying ill
f Exp loit facilities at your d isposal in the vicinity,
such as your local library.
g Be advised against postponing making a decision
for so lo ng that eventually a choice is no longer
available to you.
h Before you make your mind up, make sure
you've rea lly though t things through.
5 Rew rite the inappropriat e se nte nces from 4 in a
less formal s ty le.
Example
a If you're a student. think long and liard before
you decide whether you 're better off working or
going 0/1 with YOllr studies.
6 Read th e mo del answ er to the exam task and
comp lete gaps 1-8 wit h phrases a- h , adding
capita l letters where necessary,
.1 the ti me has to be r ight
b unti l you're good and ready
c there are lo ts of factors to consider
d th ere's the question of
e is a major step
f weigh up th e pro s and COil S
g w ill also need to consider th ings
h bear in mi nd
Spreading your wings and leaving the nest
I , towards freedom fo r most young
people. But w hen is the right time to make
the move?
Clearly 2 befor e you decide to branch
out on you r own - and money is one of the
biggest. Wh ile living at home might cramp
your style, it's certainly economical. Renting
a flat can be an expensive business, so
.......... that you'll prob ably have less cash
to spend on yo urse lf. Sharing a flat can
reduce the costs and can be great fun, but it
isn't always plain sailing. If you fallout with
your flatrnate or he or she suddenly moves
out, yo u could be left to foot the bills.
7 Discus s these qu estions about th e model answer.
a Which maj or decision does th e w riter focus on?
b Which is the main topic of each of the tw o
middl e paragraphs?
c How does th e writer develop each of the two
middle paragraphs?
d What is the purpose of the fina l paragraph ?
8 Choose on e of the topic areas you di scussed in I ,
and make no tes fo llow ing a sim ilar plan to the
model answer. Then write your article i n abou t
250 w ord s.
Then 4 where exactly to live. M oving a tip
long way away from family and friends might If your article two
seem like an adventure, but it can be very main middle paragraphs,
lonely. You 5 like transport, and how your int roduction and
easy it would be to get to work or college. conclusion should be nu
more than 50 words
Getting a place of your own can be exciting each.
and few of us want to live at home forever.
But Before you pack up and go,
talk to older friend s and family. After all, they
wer e onc e in your shoes themselves. So
7 , and don't leave home 8 __ .
That way you 'll be able to savour you r new-
found indepe ndence to th e full.
Unit 8 1m]
Review
1 Write th e missi ng words in se nte nces a-I, Th e first
leit ers a re given.
., Heavy rain caused a I. a fter many trees on
th e hills ide had been felled .
b Coal is a n r whic h is often
uneconomica l to mine nowad ays.
c A severe f.. ......... in the so uth of th e count ry left
thousa nds sta rving .
d Dur ing the violen t storm, a L was
report ed tn ha ve caused exte nsive damage to
property in th e city cent re.
I' A f. d like tube rculosls ran he life -
threatening.
f Th e city has become 0 be ca use of all th e
'new hou sin g es tates wh ich ha ve sp rung u p over
the last few yea rs.
2 Circle th e correct word in itali cs to complet e
se nte nces a-f.
a Your suggestio n will provide only a sho rt-
hauljt prm/stay solut ion to our traffic proble ms.
b An all-round ed uca tio n alwa ys pays off in th e
long run/way/ time.
c We mus t act on globa l warming now - th e
future of our planet is at stake/ hand/ large.
d led didn't pla n his decision - he resig ned on th e
point/head/ spur of th e mo me nt.
e Th e a nno unce me nt th at th e co mpany was to be
sold shocked everyone as it carne co rupl erel y uut
of the question/blue/ordinary.
f I regret th at we can't he lp with your query. The
mail er is now out of ou r reach/ touch/con trol.
3 Decide which of the se adjectives be st collo cate
with the nouns in italics in a-g.
principa l trivial co ntroversial
momen tary mo me ntous a ntisocia l
u nsocia l
a The acc iden t is thought to have been ca used by
a lack of co nce ntra tion o n th e pa rt of the dri ver.
b Th ere is no doubt that ' not guilty' was a verdict
- there wa s wide spread disbelie f th at that the
accused was fou nd innocent.
c A board of di rectors mee ting is not the occasion
to discuss such a mailer. Details such as this can
be dealt with a t a much low er level.
d Ted mad e a decision whe n h e resigned from his
city law firm and reloca ted to a rem ote isla nd .
[IiIJ Unit 8
e His new job is interes ting bu t it will entail
working hours a nd some night s hifts .
f One of the causes of the dec linin g bird
pop ula tion is the dest ruct ion of their na tural
habi tat, but there are many other factors.
g Th e penalt y for beha viour s uch as va nda lism can
be a short spe ll in p rison .
4 Replace th e words in itali cs with a su itable
expression with end. Th e word s in brackets will
help you.
a lf you find yourself with nothing particular to do
(loose) thi s weekend . wh y not visit our new
depa rtme nt store?
b Proper ty pr ices have been risin g for months and
things arc unlikely 10 change. (sigh t)
c It's difficult 10 manage financially (meet ) when
you' re ou t of work.
d We were enjoying the film, but as it finished
(at) , there was a power cu t and we never found
out wh at h app ened !
I' Paul didn' t enjoy h is job - it was something he
did co achieve something else. (mean s)
f After dr iving for two hou rs. we evelltually
arrived (u p) right back whe re we'd sta rted from .
g Ja r k took his ma ths exam Iou r times bu t finally
(in) he passed it.
h If you put the de sk upright (on), it will go
through the doo r.
5 Complete gaps 1- 6 in the paragraph below. which
gives advice about finding a job.
There a re lots of factors to 1 if you're
young and looki ng for your first job. Before you
. 2 up your mind abo ut what career path to
take. get as milch advice as possible, and be advised
............... .l rushing into a decision without careful
research and consideration. Bear in 4 that
you could be making a choice that will affect you for
several years to come 5 up the pros and
cons of different jobs, how much they pay, where
they arc located, promotion prospects and so all . At
the end of the day, remember that it's up ....__ ......... 6
you to choose your own path.
 I s clme
•

Lead in
1 Read the information below about crime in the UK 2 Discuss the se questions.
and explain the mea ning of these words. J. Are you surprised by any of the statistics?

criminal damage Say which and explain why.

domestic violence
counterfeit b Why might the numbe r of crimina l incidents
mugging
robb ery fraud appear to have fallen in recent years?
c How do you think crim e sta tistics in your
country might compare with these?

Crime in Enuland and Wales
England and Wales have a combined population ofaround 53million.
In 2003 the total number ofcrimes in England and Wales was around
12.3 million.
Total crime numbers peaked in 1995, and have since fallen by 36%.
In 2003, 27%ofthepopulation were the victims ofcrime.
Plastic card fraud rose by 30%and payment fraud
by 66%between 2001 and 2002.
The rise in plastic card fraud comes from an
increase in the use ofcounterfeit cards and the
fraudulent useofcard details - not through the
misuse ofstolen cards.

In 2003, the number ofincidents ofcriminal

damage in England and Wales was 2.5 million.
More than half ofthese were against vehicles.
In 2003, seven out of10 households experienced
some type ofcriminal damage.
After a peak in 1993 of3.5 million incidents, In 2003, the number ofrobbery offences in England and Wales for
criminal damage continues to fall every yeat people aged 16orover was 300,000.

Astudy of2,000 police files found that:

22%ofrecorded robbery victims were between 11 and 15 years old.
23%were between 16 and 20.
• Unit 9 1m
Reading
Parts 1 and 4 Multiple matching
1 Do yo u enjoy crime stories in books or films? W hal wo uld you say
are the e le ments of a good crime s tory? Why do so many of us enjoy reading (fIlTV
and suspe nse fiction! The predic tab le
answers arc th at the books tell intriguing
2 Read the text opposite and suggest a headi ng o r h rie f s ummary fo r
sto ries and an: eXl: iting and easy to read.
each sectio n 10 s how yo u u nderstand the develu p men t of the text ,
s BUI if yo u don't read th e g<':ll l l' Or don 't
Compare your ideas wi lh .. part ner's.
ad m ire it, then you will find it wr y hanl t
wri te. Don't be misled into imagining thlll
3 Read th e text agai n a nd say in which a detective story is <1 simple matter bccaus
section of th e text (A-F) 1-13 are
men tioned. Answering the cesrest
• there are rul es to follow. In reality. the
HI crime writer achieves everything t h.it an

quesuons first and ordinary novelist does - but also has to

marking the releva nt ensure that the resu lt is intriguing, excitin,
part of the text Will .1Od easy to read, As fa r as content gOl'S, II
reduce Ihe amount you thai distinguishes cri m e tictio n is that the
have 10 read each lime. 1'1 novels fea ture criminality. And criminals

m ake good charac ters for fiction because

they arc active, no t passive. The y arc not
the importan ce o f und e rsta ndi ng ho w a ch aracte r thin ks 1 . the: st u pidest peop le, either. 10 commit if
inve nting an inte res ting p ro file fo r yo u r c ha ra c te r 2 3 . .. crime they have shown in it ia tive and
th e ch a ra cte r' s belief th ai he w ill go u np un is hed 4 .
'0 int elligen ce in th e plannin g and au dacitv
carrying it thro ugh, T heir m or al failing "
th e nec ess ity o f w rit ing a co nv inci ng plot S 6 ... in wanting to do it; their folly is in
well w ritte n s to rie s s po ile d by an im p robab le s to ryli ne 7 . believing they G 1I1 get away with it; and
their arrogance lies in doing it again.
using hu m an e mo tio n s as a basi s for a story 8 .. 25 Wh et her sto ries centre on crimi nals or
th e ris k o f bas in g c ha ra cte rs o n re ali ty 9 .. their victims, crime is rich ground for
w hy ki lli ng m a kes a good s tory 10 . no velists.
not u nderes tim a ting th e di fficult y o f writin g a cri me novel II .
a cruci a l que sti on to a sk about yo ur m ain cha ra cter
b
12 ..
The best way of learning about ilny kindI
th e di ffere nt wa ys (h at readers w ill see a no vel 13 . writing is to read good examples of it. fu
}() you cut from one author to another, notr
4 Co m p lete th ese ph ra se s w ith of or for a nd check yo ur a nswers in whether a writer who scores on s to ry and
the text , atmosp he re might be sloppy about pro'"
perha ps scattering adverbs and adjecti."
a to be ca pa ble . . . I" to be sco pe . ..
where one carefully chosen word would
b a so u rce .. . f co m pensation .. .
35 provide mo re effect, Or whetherone wh
c Ih e best wa y .. . g a view ... elegant confuses yO ll by an unli
is
d th e resu lt .. . h 10 bla me . .. twist of the plo t. A writer who serves up
th e rest in splend id fashion . ma y leave Ih,
S Do yo u ha ve a favourite fictional crimi na l .. rut /or detec tive? pr incipal characte rs loa shady for your
What makes them so a ppeali ng? '0 lik ing. Obviously, your verd icts will he
subjective. While you arc muttering abou
situatio ns no t being fully explained.
another reader may be enthusing ab out
subt lety nf the no vel. But you will be
, ; learning what can he achi eved within the
genre and what perceived failin gs you wi
to avoid in your 0 \ \'11 work.

[I Unit9
 Do you enjoy a good thriller or detective novel? Have you ever thought a b o u t w riti n g one?
Le sley Grant Adamson has so m e advice for aspiri n g writers.
e
II is acceptable 10 take actual people and
dS
the bavis fur fiction but the)' mus t
be distinctly altered. You wouldn't want to
libd anyone by having him .1p pCJT onl y
transparently d isguised 35 11 murderer ; and
certainly mustn't use genuine names.
Besides, the fewer fetters on y OUT creative
powers the bet ter, Even when you set out
thinking you arc going to use ,I real person ,
vou will rapidly drift from him as you dream
100 book
upways to enhance the character. There
might be mu re advantage for you .b;;( plotter
jflhe \ "1 changes career and becomes
doctor; the sem i-detached when' he lives is
so humdrum you might prefer him 10 move
into the haunted mans ion on the moo r. By
the time you have finb.lled pl.\ying with him .
)OU will hardlv recognise the vet. nnd mo re
In the point. neither will he.
Although the y are as vari ed a, the people
vbo write them. all novels arc based on
ronflh t, Characters will he in difficulties;
Ihrongh the course of the novel they will
struggle to cope; and. h>' the end, their
position will have cha nged. In crime fiction
the difficulty o r challcuge will he caused by.
or result in, a cr ime. Tha t crime is almost
nvariably murder because it's the extreme.
the one for which there is nu possible
compensatio n for the victim and no
t\ piJlion for the wrongdoer. To achieve a
bd'f\ .hle story. th e me th od sho uld be suited
10 the characte r who murders. Common
methods of dispatching victi ms include
shooting, stabbing, hill ing wit h a hlun l
instrument, poisoning, d rown in g or
contriving accidents. A habitual crim ina l
might reasonably produce a gun, but an
ddcrly housewife is more likely to br and ish
heavy pan . As the gen re examines human
ingvin extreme situ ations. th e sto ry you
e e devel oping must .1110 w sco pe for thi s. At
\1 one of your characters must be unde r
pressure, anti it will increase d urin g the
ij'mning of the yarn. Th e spr ingboard for
1{lUC story is mos t likely to be frictio n withi n u s become im patient an d close the hook.
a family, between neighbours or
colleagues. Trou ble in relationships, and
95 the excesses th at can result when
so meo ne becomes stu bbo rn, jealous,
obsessive or vengeful, is a bountiful
so urce of !!otnry ideas .
For some wri ter s, the idea for a who le
begins with th e appea ra nce in thei r
mind of an insistent character, Whether
he came to you as a gift oUI o f nowhere
o r as the result o f J real effo rt to create
him, you should po se :>Ol11l' searching
ill S questions about him. T hey boil down to
th is: is he strong eno ugh? Tha t does n't
m ean he h.b to be physically o r mentally
robust, me rely tha t he mu ..t he capabl e of
interesting the reader for the length of
lin the book. A good character always ha.. an
internal conflict. He might be burdened
with guilt. say, o r struggling 10 overcome
..1 per sonal failing. \ \,h ale\'er it is, the
problem co loors hi. view of life. If your
li S cha racter does no l in terest you very
muc h, you can he certain he will no t
interest anyo ne else. Get im ide yo ur
character's head. Find ou t whe the r he
enjo ys his own co m pa ny o r is lonely.
12U C heck wha t he thi nks abo ut hili parenl,
hi, siblings. hi, co lleagues. Maybe he
blames them for his problems!
If character or sto ry comes to you very
easily, be W"If)'. First ideas sho uld always
125 he challenged . If they arc good. scr utin y
won't damage them . When they don't
come up to scra tch. you will save you r..elf
much disappointm ent by dropping
them. Although a read er knows it's 'o nly
DO fiction'; h("11 cringe when your hero is
th um ped and !!oigh when your her oine is
sad . But he i!t no fool. He knows when
you are telling the Iruth about human
bei ngs. Wh en you are no t, he may
Vocabulary Grammar
Crime and punishment Passives GR p169- 170

1 Discu ss the di fference betwee n : 1 Underline th e pas sive ve rbs in a-g.

a murd er and mansl aughter a Viewers were appalled to he ar tha t the reality TV
b mugging and smuggling show is to be axed . 'TWo soap operas are also
c bribery and blackmail said LO be under threat.
d burglary and robbery b The idea that Mars could one da y be co lo nised
e arson and a ssa ult by human beings is no longer fiction .
f fraud and forgery e Loca l residen ts, annoyed a bou t the siting of
wind tu rb ines near their village, complained that
2 Complete the table w it h th e missing words. plan ning procedures are being broken.
d Environmental issues are the focus for
verb person act discuss ion a t the conference to be hosted by the
a mug United Nations.
b rob e Although experts are convinced that robots can
be made to think for themselves , their efforts
c burglar
have met wi th litt le success so far.
d murder f If governments want to clean up th e planet, they
e steal thi ef must act now. and more funding for res ea rch
will have to be made availab le.
3 Complete this paragraph about the Briti sh legal g All adults eligible to vote are required to
comp lete and return th e enclosed form.
system with th e missing prepositions.

with of on for against int o to 2 Complete rules a -c for forming the passive.
a We form the passive with the verb in an
If you are arrested 1 committing a crime. the appropriate tense + the participle of the
police must cau tion you immediately. You will be ma in verb.
taken to a police station and interviewed, and may b The object of an active verb becomes th e .
of the passive verb.
then be charged 2 a criminal offence and
c If the name of the agent needs to be mentioned,
taken 3 custody. For a serious crime, you will
we pu t the word' ' in front of it.
appear in court as a defendan t ancl be tried by a jury.
If you are found guilty 4 the crime. you ca n
3 Match these uses of the passive (a - c) with
appeal 5 the verdict. Yo u may be sentenced sentences from 1.
6 a number of years in prison, but cou ld be
a when the agent is unknown , unimportant, or
released 1 parole for good behaviour.
obvious, or is de libera te ly not men tioned
b to make repor ts and official do cuments more
Is th e leg al sy ste m in yo u r country s im ila r to th e impersonal, and to show tha t the ac tions are
description in 3? more importa nt than the agent
c to avoid the overuse of personal pronouns or
vague words, e.g. people. th ey

II!m Unit 9
4 Make thi s newspaper report more formal b y
puttin g th e italicis ed sec tions intu the passive.
Illey hove recently discovered a 2,OOO-year-old shoe in
Bntain in a disused well, on an area due to be quarried.
The 30 cm piece of leather is still flexible because
something has kept it damp and away from air for
thousands of yea rs. Experts are exci ted about the find
but warn that they need to do a lot more work before
they know everything about it. They have never found
anything like this before. They have found similar shoes
in bog sites in Ireland and on the continent but these
are undateable. Someonemay have placed It into the
well as part of a ritual, or someonecould hove simply
lost it. In the distant past, people often buriedshoes in
the foundations of new buildings as good luck charms.
5 Write th e pa ssive eq uiva lents of these sentences.
a In a crackdow n on ant isocial behaviour, police
are making teenagers re move neighbourhood
gra fittL
b They heard th e politician say under his breath
that' all journalists were trou blemakers '.
c They wou ldn't let anyo ne int o th e build ing until
firefighters said it was safe to do so .
d On the CCTV footage, we clea rly saw mon ey
change ha nds in return for a small pac kage.
6 Comp lete se nte nces a -d with yo ur own idea s.
a 1 woul d feel ashamed of myself if I was ever
heard ...
b As part of the act, the magicia n was seen ...
c In man y countries, unt il you arc 18 you are no t
allowed ...
d One thing ma ny kids hat e about
school is bei ng made .. .
7 Give advice for th e situations in a-e, usin g
lWlle/ ger somethi ng done. Try to vary the wa ys of
giving advice.
Example
I've been having splitting headaches recently and
can't read things clearly.
You should get your eyes tested ./Why don't you set
your eyes tested?
a Water has been comi ng in th rough your paren ts '
bedroom ceiling.
b I bough t a pai r of trou sers bu t they're too long
for me.
c Your pet dog has lost his ap petite rece ntly.
d I want to sell my hou se bu t it' s looking a bit
shabby.
e Your sister's ca r has been making strange noises.
8 A reporter ha s ga thered rumours and facts from
sour ces who don't wish to be named in print.
Rewrite the informa tion more form all y for h is
newspaper, us ing the reporting ver b in bra ckets
and beginning w ith th e words in itali cs.
Example
' l hear tile Prim e Minister is really angry with his
Foreign Minister' (report)
The Prime Min ister is reported to be furious with his
Foreign Minister.
a ' Don't quote me on th is, but I' ve hea rd that a
UFO has cras hed in Texas: (rumour)
b 'I' ve been told that Robb ie Williams is going to
do a no the r world to ur: (say)
c 'They reckon that scient ists have found a new
plan et : (be lieve)
d 'Appa rently factory bosses are plan ning to make
two h und red em ployees redundan t: (th ink)
e 'Everyon e imagines that the even t was cancelled
beca use of the singer's poor heal th: (ass ume)
Unit 9 1m
Listening Spea ki ng Part 2

Part 1 Sentence completion 1 Discuss the link between the three sets of photos.

1 What stories of daring robberies. rea l or fictional. 2 Think of a topic heading for each group of words
do you know a bout! A-C. Which photo does each phrase in A and B refer
to? Which photos might th e phrases in C match?
2 Discuss th e meaning of a- e. What do you notice A a co ntro lled parking zone
a bout how the words in italics are formed? a smoke-free env ironme nt
a hard hat ar ea
a getaway car d handcuffs
an airport check-in qu eu e
b ringleader e caught redliandea
a dep art ment sto re
c speedboat
a quiet env iron me nt

3 The words and phrases in 2 are from the recording B to preve nt inte rru ptions
about an attempted robber y. How do yo u think to prevent dam age to goods
th ey might relate to th e story? to maintai n a heal thy atmosphere
to prevent accident or injury
to avo id congest ion
4 Before you listen to part of a radio programme
to pro tect passengers and crew
about an att empted robbery at London 's
Millennium Dom e, read sentences 1-9 and think of C ha ving to pay a fine
another wa y of sa ying the word s in italics. being given a verbal wa rning
having you r prop ert y remov ed
be ing sa cked
being asked to leave the premises
The Millennium Dome robbery receiving a warni ng lett er
The presenter says the story of the attempted robbery
was similar to one in a 1 fi lm, 3 Read the instructions below. In pairs or threes,
choose different sets of photos and do the task.
The thieves had been plotting for ._...._........ 2 to break
into the Dome.
'You will each have two different pictures to
Their target was c1 priceless collection of twelve 3. look at. They show situation s in which rules
The thieves were going to use a 4 to make their and regulations apply. I' d like you to compare
getaway. and contrast these pictures, saying why the
rules and regulations have been applied in
The string of robbenes the thieves had planned up to these situations, and what the penalty might
then had been 5. be if people ignore them :
The 6 used in the robbery were provided by one
of the ringleaders.
4 Look at all the pictures again and discuss in which
The thieves had 110 idea that what they were about to situation you think the rules and regulations are
steal were 7.
the most important.
Police dressed as 8 were lying in walt for the
thieves.
The thieves received a total of 9 in prison.
how to cia it
Remember that lor this part of a shared task you only have
one minute for pairs and two min\ltes for groups 01 three.
Give reasons for yo ur opinions.
5 0 Listen twice a nd do the exam task in 4.
Talkabout all the pict ures before you make your decision
6 Compare your ideas in 3 to what actuall y happened. Remember that it is not necessary to agree on a conclusion.

mJ Unit9
 Mobiltelefone gehihrden
die Sicherheit der Patienten.

NO SHARP
OBJE CT S

.'

I I
"I ..

1MmY. . . . . . ._

Unit 9 lID
Engl ish in Use
Part 2 Open doze

You are at work. A message pops ...'!P..... 0 on your

computer Screen. It is from the police. 'Your car has
been recorded by a roadside camera 1 having
exceeded the speed limit at 8.31 a.m. today. The
camera images were checked wit h the national facial
recog nition system and 2 has bee n con lirmed
1 What mea ns 01 lde utlftcanon a re co m mo nly used that you we re the driver: It sounds a bit far-fetched but
nowada ys ? In your op in ion do th e y restri ct o r technology 3 this is already in place or under
p rot ect o ur personal freed om! deve lopmen t. This increasing interference 4 our
private lives will lorce us to consider the delicate balance
Z Read the tex t opposite, igno ring th e ga ps, a nd ............ 5 our personal freed om and the power of the
find examp les 01 how our privacy ma y be at ri sk. state. Some believe that the rilles and regulations
............ 6 have pro tected peopl e's privacy up to now
3 Rt'olll the how to do it box be fore choosing the best will go 7 Tining so. Others take a 8
op tions be lo w lor gaps 1-5 in th e text , then pessimistic view. They believe that the freed om of the
co mp lete 6- 15. individual is already in danger of 9 seriously
weakened . But surely, you might argue, we do still have
Exampl e
some privacy in ou r personal life? Apparently we have
a out/ lip 3 like/as very little. You might not want your ba nk accou nt to be
1 while/as 4 in to/ inside pub lic knowledge, but if you look at the num ber of
2 th ere/it 5 a mong/ be tween people, 10 the police to credit card companies.
who now have the right to look at your financial details
............ 11 your knowledge , you soon realise that
how to do it privacy as we once knew it no longer exists.
Unfortunately, there are 12 easy answers to the
Read the text once lor overall meanmg, then again
ques tion of how much privacy we should be entitled
sentence by sentence.
. 13. Ilow ever, 14 peopl e are tu accept
l ook at the words belore and alter each gap
even m ore invasions of their pe rsonal privacy, th ey will
Don't always choose your hrst idea - consider some need to be lieve that they really are for their benefit and
other option'),
............ '5 for some sinister purpose.
II ChC'<k your completed text for sense and grammar.

4 Do yo u ag ree with thi s sta te me n t? Wh y/Why not?

'II you a re n 't doing a nyth ing wrong, there 's no
rea son to object to bei ng chec ked up on:

1m Unit9
Vocabulary
Phrasal verbs with out and over GR p181- 182

1 Identify the object of the phrasal verbs in (l-e if
there is one. Then co mplete the se nte nces to
illu strat e the me anin g of th e phrasal verbs .
a The last album that my favourite band brought
out . ..
b J can' t gel over the fact that I came top in my
exams. lt must ...
c Hea ring a stra nge noise from the engine, the
driver pulled over to ...
d Take a look a t these figures . Can we go over
them once more because ...
e As soon as the lights were put ou t ...
3 The phrasal ve rbs in 2 cha nge their meaning when
used with or without an objec t. Match them with
their two possible me anings in a-e below.
Example
start a journ ey - arrange/display ..
a ma nage to wait - extend (e.g.
your hand)
b succeed - calculate
c stop working - distribute>
d escape - take from somewhere
e leave a hotel - investigate

2 Complete sentences a-f using phrasal verbs with

4 Complete sentences a-c in an appropriate wa y.
out in th e correct form . a All of a sudden there was a ghostly noise from
the cellar so I got out ... .
a Our TV has been faulty for weeks, and finally
b If you're staying at that hotel. you should check
.......... out at the weekend .
out . .. .
b We should have ou t on our trip much
c At th e> recent film premiere, some of the fans
earlier but we overslept.
he ld out .. ..
c Guests are req uest ed to ou t of the hotel
by midday at the latest.
d I'm desperate for a cup of coffee. I'm not sure
that I can out for much longer!
e Signs on the door show you where to out
in an emergency.
It see med like such a ridiculous plan that I'm
abso lutely amazed it out.

Unit 9 1m
Writi ng Part 1 A report WG pl 60

1 Discu ss which of a-t arc tru e of a report .

Areport:
a should begin and end like a letter
b usually focuses on past events
c should be chatty in style
d IS usually divided into sections with clear headings
e may contain bullet-pointed lists
doesn't need an in troduction or conclusion

2 Read the exa m task and inpu t. Then read the

model an swer opposite and discuss what the writ er
does correctly. and what he/she does wrong.

Whi le studying in Britain, ynll jnin a drama group.

Recently you helped 10 organise a trip on a Murder
Mystery Weekend. The secretary of the group has
asked you for a report saying what the group
enjoyed, outlining any problems, and recommending
improvements for future trips. Read the comments
on the Timetable below and write you r report.

Timetable
Friday
100 earl'l! _ - - - 5.30 a m Depart London Victoria Coach station on one of our
luxury coaches.
8 nOUN> on w achll I I
r.. h. nol 11'17\ _ _ · 1.30 pm Arrove Edinburgh Scotland Lunch at hotel. _ _ great C au
\ "1 •1 =--------- centre
10

3.30 pm Walklllg t8!!r of crime scenes of Edlllburgh

-' inlere&1ing but
greal fun Mystery Game WIth buffet dinner. tiring

Saturday
9 a m VISit a forenSIC cnrne lab rat - out about the
latest techruques used In detectmq crime.
1 pm Lunch In hotel
didn'1 see enough!
2pm Talks hy lora1crime Writers.

(more lime 1here7\
'I

4 pm Free time to explore mu

7.30 pm Return to hotel. Dinner. --- - -------- G.reat cnoice of wri1eN>.
- - - Lovel'l cil'j - 1015 10 looy. .11.
9 pm (oach departs (or London Victona.- -- \7ollng travelling in Ine dary..
(arotner nignj in nOle\?)

lID Unit9
 3 Complete a -f with one of th e preposit ion s below, then
sa y whether a- I introduce or co ncl ude ,1 report.
in into up to of on

a The aim th is report is 10 .

b co nclusion, I would say .
c our group felt that .
d Th e following repor t rela tes .. ........
e laking everyt hing .. .. .. .. .. consideration, .. .
f ...... .. .. bala nce, we Me of the opi nion tha t ...

4 Which of the se phrases wo uld be suitable for making

recommendation s in yo ur report? What is wrong With
the othe rs?
a If I were you I'd .
b I' d like 10 suggest .
c It m igh t be a good idea to ...
d How ab out ... ?
e You cou ld co nsi der .. .
f Why don' t yo u ... !
g One possible so lution would be ...

5 Read th e task and inpu t again and make notes for a-c.
a positive feat ures o f the tr ip
b negat ive fea tures of the trip .
c reco mm endati ons for futu re tnps

6 Writ e your report in a bo u t 250 wo rds.

Dear Sir or Madam

I am wriring this reporr abour our recen t visir to Edinburgh fo r a 'M urder Myst ery
Weekend '. I will ourline rhe good and bad poi ms of the visit and make
recommenda tions for future trips.

There were many enjoyable aspec rs ro the rrip. Firstly. rhe hor el was excellent, being
conveniently locared near rhe ciry centre. The mai n evenr, the Mu rder Mysrery Game
irself, was excellent and exrremely enjoyable. and the loca l write rs chosen ro ra lk on the
Sarurday were superb. Finally. Edinburgh is an arrracrive city. offeri ng visitors plenry of
sightseeing, so our free time for explori ng was very welcome.

Unforrunarely, rhere were a few problems with the visit, To starr with, Our de parture
rime was extremely early, a nd ro make ma rters worse. t he journey by coach ro o k e rgh r
hours. The fac t thar ir was a luxury coach did no r make up for rhis. a nd I wou ld
recommend rha r in futu re we go by p lan e insread. Secon dly, while the tou r of crime
Scenes was engaging. it was qui re exhausring, and could therefore be shorte r, O n rhe
other han d . t he excursio n to rhe crime la bo ratory was so fascina ting th ar , in m y
opi nion we ha d insufficienr rime th ere. so I wo uld sugges t extend ing rhis . Fina lly. We
mad e Our reru rn jou rney ro Londo n overnighr, which was ra rher d u ll. It would have
bee n preferable to spend th e nigh, in Edinburgh and tr a vel in the d aylighr (or bet ter
still to ha ve flow n!)

All in a ll. ir was a posi rive experience, and I hope t hat my rep ort will ena b le yo u to
make even greater Improvement s for future trips.

Unit 9 1m
UL _
Review
1 Join sentence halves a-h wi th 1-8 using of or for. 4 Replace the words in itali cs wit h p hras••1 verbs
with Ollt or o ver.
a Richard is a quiet man and certainly not capable
b Please accept this cheque as compensation a When he got a burst tyre. Bob drove o nto the
c I think there is scope hard shoulder of the rnotorway,
d You need to have a clear view b After so many problems, we were de lighted
e When you see Ihe res ult when our plans were successful.
f The audience was intrigued by Ihe sudden c We left the house so late that we got caugh t in
appea rance the rus h hour.
g I'm afraid the children were to blame d After working round the clock. the new spaper
h Thl' writer's view staff ma naged to ptuduce the specia l ed ition.
e If you can maTlage to wait another ten minutes,
I till' da mage to your property. we' ll stop at the next service statio n.
2 how you r story is going to end . f Don 't forge t to switch off the lights.
3 a ny kind of violent behav iour. g The paintings in the exhibi tion we re arranged in
4 ea ting all the icc-crea m in the freezer, a circle rou nd the room.
S improvemen t in this pro ject. h Do you think Jaso n will ever recover [tom the
6 all you r hard wo rk, you' ll realise it was worth it. sho ck of not being chosen 10 play in th e match !
7 one of the actors in their midst. Th e Prime Minister extended her ha nd 10 eac h
8 life a t that time is rat her in teres ting. member of the win ning tea m.
II's advi sable to investigate all the facilities
2 Divid e a-m int o three gro ups of crimes co nnected before decid ing 10 join a gym .
with: k Didn 't you gel the factsheet that I distributed?
I By dedu ctin g the bo tto m figure from the top one,
1 violence we ca n caicula te how much mo ney we've gOI.
2 ob ta ining mo ney, goods or othe r adva ntage
3 da mage 10 propert y
5 Fill in the mi ssin g prepositi on s in th ese extracts
a arson f fraud j assault from .1 report.
b robbery g burglary k blackma il
a The aim ...... this report is to .
c murder h forgery I mu gging
b The following report relates the ma tter ...
d br ibery i smuggling m theft
c To sum ... .. . , everyone felt that .. .
e man sla ughter
d conclusion , I wou ld have no hesitation in ...
e ba lance, we are of the opinion that ...
3 Ma tch se nte nce ha lves a-g wi th 1- 7.
f Taking everyt hing .. .... considera tion ...
a A co nvic ted crim inal can appeal
b You mus t be read your rights if you are arrested 6 Use o ne word in each ga p ( J -10) to complete this
c If you are a suspect, th e police may take YOII ex tra ct from a report about a trip.
d With enough evidence, you may be charge d
e A pr isoner released on th e prom ise of good 1 were many positive aspects 2 the
behaviour is trip. Firstly, the accommoda tion itself was excellent ,
f If you' re found gu ilty 3 .. .. .... _conveniently situated between the town
g for serious offences you may be sen tenced cen tre and the beach. Unfortunately, a few 4 .........
did occur. To start S .. .. . .... , the hotel was situated
1 Into cus tody. next to a night club which was 6 .. .... ... noisy that it
2 10 se veral years in prison .
was difficu lt to sleep and , to make matters 7 ... ...... ,
3 against their se ntence. it didn 't close until the early hours of the morning.
4 of some o ffences you may get a suspended 8 ...... ... , the rather restricted mealtrrnes mean t that
sentence. we could nOI enjoy a leisurely meal beyond 10 p.m.
S for co mmitting a crime. However, all in 9 ......... , my experience was a
6 on pa role. positive one. I hope that my report will 10 ..... ....
7 with an offence , you to improve facili ties for the future.

1m Unit9
 Buying and selling
Lead in
1 Answer these quest ion s abo ut th e photos.
a Have yo u ever bought something from a
place like these?
b What kinds of things are so ld here?
c How might the experience differ from how
you usually buy things?

2 Discuss w ha t you alrea dy buy or would

co nsider buyi ng in th ese ways, a nd why.
• from a catalogue • through an agent
• online • recycled
• in a market • at an auction
• second-hand • charity sho p

3 Put th ese in order of how much money you

sp end on the m on a verage each month.

• cinema • bo oks/magazines
• clothes • music
• accommodatio n • eating out

4 Disc uss th ese questions.

a What else do you sp end your money on?
b Do you spend too mu ch on an ything?
c Have you ever bought an ything jus t
because o f a n advert? What was it and
how did the advert persuade you to buy it?
 Read ing Part 2 Gapp ed t ext

1 Qu ickl y read the text bel ow to find out how e ba y 3 Read th e text a gain . th en match para graph s A- G
wa s sta rted. a nd what it em th e w riter bought. with gaps 1-6. Th er e is o ne ex ira pa ra graph.

2 Discuss Ihe mean in g of th ese phra ses from th e te xt. 4 Have yo u or a nyone you know hough t or so ld
.1media coverag e (1. 7) something on e ll,ly? What was it ? Is there a nythi ng
b major corpora tio ns 0 .1 6) YO U'd like to buy or se ll on e Ba y?
c unwanted s tock ( 1.16)
d successful e ntre pre neurs (1. 39)
e Ca reer ad vancemen t (1.58)

The history of the Internet is littered with tales of businesses

that were set to take ove r the world and then failed to live
up to the hype. With eBay it is the oth er way round. The
online auction house is now the biqq est e-cornrne rce
5 business in the wo rld, a stag gering success slo ry that just
keeps on growing. Yet it was the grapevine that ensu red its
success rather than advertising or media coverage.

1
The sto ries that have go t eBay talked about reinforce the
message that when it comes to picking up a bargain, or
10 making a few qu id ou t of somethi ng you though t was worthy
only of the dustbin, the rich and fam ous are no different from
the rest of us. Tony Blair's wife . Che rie, bough t a Winnie the
Pooh alarm clock on eBay for her son Leo; Robbie Williams'
bed sold for £15,400 and millionairess [ernirna Kh an used th e
rs site to acquire a seco nd- han d designer dress.
2 5
Major corporations use eBay to shed unwanted stoc k but it's
the private individual who really gives th e site its characte r.
Transactions put strangers in touch with each othe r. Emails are
exchanged . There are on line discussion boards and, crucially.
20 eBay operates a feedbac k syste m whe reby buyers and sellers
rate each other's honesty and efficiency. It pays to do right by
your fellow eBayers. If your rating falls mu ch below
100 per cent - 98 per cent is barely good enough - then you
will lind that people simply wo n't deal with you.
3
11 Wi th such a range and speed of sales - and a com mission on
each - it is hardly surprising that the business is now a global so to do so I'm going to need a digital camera in orde r to post
giant. It was laun ched in 1995 and was the brainchild of Pierre
Omidyar. Born in Paris to Iranian pare nts who emigrated to the
US when he was six, he go t a deg ree in compute r sciences and
JO moved to California, where eBay was born . In those days it was
called Auctionwe b.
A revelatory moment 500n followed. Omidy e r owned a broken
laser pointer, and rath er than take it back to the sho p, he
decided he wo uld try to sell it on the site he had set up. To his
JS amazeme nt, a buyer came forwa rd, who said that he li ked
playing around with things and fixing them . He paid $14 . If .
broken laser pointer cou ld sell, wha t could n't? Seeking to
answer that question turned Omidyar into one of to day's most
successful entrepreneurs .
40 More typical, perhaps, are users such as Victoria Eg an, a 30 ·
year-old hou sewife who estimates tha t she makes £ 100 a
month dea ling on eRay, which il handy when you have a
young fam ily to support. 'I started e-Baying after we had ou r
first child: she says. 'To be gin with, I laid a few things just to
4\ free up space at ho me. J also bou ght but the sellinq is mo re
addictive. For me and my husband , it's also an environm ental
thing . It's about recycling things.'
6
A friendly exchange of emails with the seller completed my
entry into the eBay commu nity. Now I plan to start selli ng, but
photog raphs of my item s on the website. When I explained
this to Pau l Witte n, he said to me, 'Well, you know where the
best place to buy a digital ca mera is, don't you ... ?'

lID Unit 10
AHe is not alone in seeing the money-making possibilities
that eBay offers. There are those who claim to make a 55
healthy living just by selling on the site. In particular,
women at home with young children - in circumstances
otherwise incompatible w ith career advancement - seem to
have picked up on the opportunities on offer. For example,
[ulie King, a 32-year-old form er IT consultant, earns £70,000 IiO
a year buying shoes and bags wholesale and selling them
on. Her ' Killer Heels' com pany has now taken off beyond
her wilde st dreams.
B This personal evaluation clearly works. Oth er online auction
houses have tried to get in on th e act, but eBay's statistics b,
dwarf them. At any given time some 25 million items are up
for sale, in more than 50,000 different categories - from
cars and computers to antiques and books. It is listed in the
top 250 companies on New York's Nasdaq exchange. On an
average day on eBay UK, someone buys one mobile phone 70
every minute; a football shirt every five minutes; a vehicle
every four minutes; and a laptop every two minutes.
( As one inveterate observer of social trends put it: '1 hadn't
seen it on the telly and wasn't aware of having seen it
advertised. I only knew about it through friends when I first 75
started using it: Many of the millions of people who are
registered users of eBay like to th ink of themselv es as part of
a community brought together by a shared love of buying
and selling and of th e items that really interest them,
whether that's 1920s clothing or teddy bears. 80
oThe inspiratio n behind the project came not from the
company's found er but from his wife. She was an avid
collector of sweet dispensers, commenting to her husband
that it would be great if she were able to collect them via
the Internet and interact with oth er collectors. As an early 85
Internet enth usiast, he realised that people needed a central
location to buy and sell unique items and to meet other
users with similar interests.
E The beauty of the idea lay - of course - in its simplicity. 'It is
in a complete class of its own ,' says Witten. 'We have a very 1I0
low cost base and unlike other online retailers we have no
product of our own, so we have no storage. It's a virtuous
circle. The more users come, the more follow.'
F The experiences related by these women were intriguing
and so, in the interests of research, I registered on eBay. I 95
was qui ckly hooked . After a while I began scrolling through
a category of interest to me - cycling memorabilia. I soon
spott ed something I really wanted in the form of a vintag e
Soviet Union cycling jersey, bidding for whi ch stood at £ 11.
There was a day and a half to go unti l the conclusion of the 100
sale and I started bidding. When I got the news that I had
won the auction, I was elated. The jersey cost me £36.01 ,
not an absolute bargain but a price I was very happy to pay
for something I could never have found elsewhere.
G You probably wouldn't find any of those people standing ' OS
next to you at a car-boot sale on a Sunday morning, but
in the virtual auction house, social barriers disappear. 'To
me, it 's been like a gr eat social experiment,' says Paul
Witten, who joined eBay.co.uk a few years ago and
became head of events and education. 'The challenge 110
was, how do yo u bring peopl e together in a venture like
this and maintain a level playing field? I think we've
succeeded, yet a lot of people find It hard to believe that
we treat everybody equally.'
UnitlO 1m
Vocabulary
Expressions with business, and
words connected with sho pping
1 Complete expressions a-e with the correct
preposition be low, th e n discu ss what eac h of th e
expressions means.
out of in to on
a I just nee d a few tools to fix the car, th en we 're
.......... bus iness .
b I do n 't th ink you should inter fere. It's none
.... ...'" you r business rea lly.
c I'm afra id th e the Managing Director is away
... ....... business until the end of the week.
d Our local shop went of business when a
new out -of-town superstore opened.
e Right . Let's get down business and start
ma king some decisions.
2 Read the definitions for the expressions in a-h and
decide if they are correct. If not. give the co rrect
definit ion.
a The star was arrested for shoplifting des igner
clo thes. (stealing goods Irou i a shop)
b In some countries, you are expected to haggle
over the price of goods. (pay the full price)
c I' m going on a shopping spree at the weekend
because Friday is payday! (buy one or two
necessary thin gs)
d My sis ter loves to go window-shopping when
s he 's on holiday. (looking at goods in a shop but
not bu ying anything)
e Sometimes it' s J good idea to shop around
before buying anything. (compare th e price or
qua lity of goo ds in differe nt shops)
lts advisable to keep the receipt when you buy
something . (piece of paper that shows wha t was
purchased and for how much money)
g I absolutely love shopping. I admit I'm a real
sl iopaliol ic s (someone who likes to go shopping
now and again)
h i-lave you seen Tom's new ca r? It was so
expensive he had to buy it on credit. (an
arrangement to pay for something a t a la ter date)
1m Unit 10
Gramm ar
Mixed conditionals and
wishes GR p178- 179
1 Form mixed conditional se ntences by putting the
verbs in bracke ts in to the correct tense.
a Our firm (not /be) in debt today If we
......... . (listen) to our accoun tant's past warnings.
b If our parents (not/lend) us the money,
we (not/live) in our own flat now.
c I (be) a lot be tter off th is year if my last
tax bill (nut/be) so high.
d If he (not have 10) leave early tomorrow
he (come) out tonigh t.
e li e (not misread) that las t road sign if his
eyesight (not be) so poor these days.
f If you (not/ listen) just now, you
.... .. .... (have) trouble us ing the equi pmen t la ter.
2 Add conditional clauses as show n in brackets to
form mixed conditional sentences in a-e.
a We wouldn't know as muc h about the universe
as we do now if ... (3 rd conditiona l)
b If email hadn't been inve nted ... (2 nd
conditional)
c If we haven't discovered intelligent life on other
planets by now ... (l5t co ndi tional)
d I'd be a lo t better off today if ... (3 rd conditional)
e Venice wouldn ' t have become such a popular
tourist destination if . .. (2 nd conditional)
3 Correct the mistakes with verbs in four of these
sentences.
a I wish I had a bit more mo ney. I ha te having to
bo rrow from my pa ren ts.
b My sister wis hes her boyfriend will propose.
She 's cra zy about him.
e Do n't you wis h English grammar would be a bit
easier to understand?
d Is there anything in your life you wish you had
done differently?
e I wish I would affo rd to buy a car.
f I wish the rain stopped .
 4 Com plete the rul es below a nd find an exa mple for 7 Com plete the text by p ut ting the verbs in brackets
each point from 3. in to the correct tense.
a wish/ If only + is used for situatio ns in
the present which we wo uld like to be d ifferen t As a chi ld, Sue Matthews us ed to watch the birds
but wh ich ca n' t change. in the sk y and wish that she (l be able to)
b wish/If only + , is use d for situa tio ns fly like they did. ' If onl y I (2 have) wings',
that co uld cha nge in th e futu re, a nd for she would sigh. ' then my life (3 be)
criticis ing curren t situa tions. perfect: By the time Sue was 18, her childhood
c Whe n th e subject of both ve rbs is th e sa me we dream was long forgotten. She ha ted her job and
use inst ead of would . wished she (4 stay) on at school. ' If only
d wish/ If onl y + is use d for reg rets something (5 happen) to change Illy life:
a bo ut th e past. she moaned to her friend s. 'If things .
(6 con tinue) like this, I th ink I (7 go)
crazy! ' What happened nex t was a pure stroke of
5 Talk a bout your wish es ab ou t th e past. p resen t a nd
luck. Sue wasn 't a keen reader and if she .
future, giving reaso ns.
(8 not/be) forced to sit in the doc tor 's wailing
Examples room for an hour, she (9 ma y/never/pick)
up the local paper and no ticed the ad that was to
I wish I hadn 't stayed OUl so late last n ight. If I'd
ch ange her life. A group of enthusiasts planned to
galle to bed a bit earlier, / wouldn 't feel so tired th is
set up a skydiving school at the tiny airpon
morning.
outside town and were looking for new members.
I wish I had a good voice. If I were a better singer, I If en ough people (10 appl y), Ihe ad sa id ,
could be in a band. cla sses (11 start) ill d fortnight' s lillie.
Fortunately, Sue was not the onl y person to rush
6 Comp lete th e ga ps in a- k in I n appropr iate way. to the phone tha t da y a nd the skyd iving school
a If onl y I go out ton ight. Th e football Cup was soon in business. And as she stepped out of
Final is on TV. the plane for he r first free fall and saw the rolling
b I do wish you more carefully. I've said green hills below her, Sue knew tha t he r
th e sa me th ing th ree tim es already. childhood dream really had come true.
I
c 1 bet your friend wishes he that girl his
ph on e number. She just won 't leave him alone!
d If only so meo ne me not to buy that
mobil e phon e. It 's been noth ing but trouble
since th e day I bou ght it!
e I wish th e su n ! Th en we co uld go to the
park and play tennis.
f If only plasma TV:; so exp en sive. There's
no wa y I can afford one.
g Like most of th e other stu de nts , I wish we
.... ... ... exa ms at the end of this course.
h If only yo u ne arer! Then I cuuld see yu u
every single da y.
Sue reall y wi shes sh e go on th e trip but
sh e has too much work to do he re.
I wish I all those prawns. They've given
me stomach-ache .
k I wish so me thing exciting .......... to me in the
next few da ys.

UnitlO 1m
J _
Li stening Part 3 Multiple choice
5 What does she conside r to be th e se cre t of
continuing succe ss?
A constantly searching for in novat ion
1 What. for you, m akes a n adve rt good or bad? B bui ld ing up a reliab le netwo rk of co ntacts
Do yo u have an y favourite adverts? C conce ntra ting not on the past or futur e but
on the present
2 0 Listen twi ce to an in te rview wit h Paula Stuart , D havi ng the courage to carryon wi th wha t you
the managin g director of a n ad vert isin g ag ency, a nd arc doi ng
cho ose th e correct a nswer for 1- 6. The how to do it
6 Paul a sums up the advertising in dustry as being
box will help yo u.
one in wh ic h
how to do it A long-est ablis hed bran ds a re beginn ing to
reassert th em selves.
Read the task and questions lor general meaning.
B newcom ers are find ing it di fficu lt to ma ke a
Remember that the questions lollow the order 01 the living.
listening text
C the number of e mp loyees is co ns tantly
• Mark your answers but check them on the second listening. shrinking .
Check that the option you choose answers the question D the average age of e mp loyees is younger than
accurately. it used to be.

3 Do yo u agree that all adverts shou ld be ' lega l.

Paula feels draw n to the world of ad verti sing decent , honest and truthful '? In what ways mi ght
because she is they not be?
A a hard -hi lli ng bus iness pe rson .
B a creative person .
C a talkat ive person .
D a persuasive perso n.
2 Wha t comment does Pa u la make about her
career in advertis ing?
A It's been a long and difficu lt struggle.
B She has succeeded despite the se tbacks.
C There ha ve been more ba d tim es tha n goo d
ones.
D She q uickly gut tu the top o f her profession.
3 Wh at does she feel a re th e dif fere nc es be tween
working in adve rtising a nd working in othe r
ind us tries?
A Yo u ca n make your reput at ion overn ight.
B You ca n buil d on past suc cesses.
C Success dep end s exclusively on futu re
ac h ieve me nts .
D One in venti ve idea will gua ra ntee your
profi ta bility.
4 Pa u la says tha t if you look back U ll past
adve rtising ca mp aign s, you find tha t
A a ca mpaign whic h lasts too lon g ca n be a
disast er,
B b ra nd Hames ben efi t from high-profile
campa igns .
C people never forge t a successful campaign.
D a rejected campa ign ca n be reinv e n ted la ter.

1m UnitlO
Spea ki ng Parts 3 and 4
1 Discuss which of the di ffere nt way s of advertising
show n here and on pa ge 122:
• sho u ld reach the widest a udience.
• would be the most / Ieas t expe nsive.
• might irritate people.
• wou ld have the most visu al impac t.
3 Discuss (in four minutes) how effectively these
4 Discuss th ese Part 4 qu estions.
2 0 Listen to four pairs of students discussing
cu lve rts for a new range of leisurewear, In which
conversation 11 - 4) does someone
a explain a n opinion
b not expand on the ir an sw er
c disagree impolitely
d interact well with the ir partner
e as k an inapprop riat e question
f paraphrase unknown vocabulary
ways of advertising might persuade people to buy
the leisure wear. Decide on two for the promotion
and explain your choices.
a What kind s of things do you think shou ld not be
advert ised ? Why?
b Some people say th ere is too much advertising
nowadays. Wha t' s your view ?
UnitlO 1m
Engl ish in Use
Part 3 Error correction

1 Look at th e p i ctures and di scuss what ' blin g'

m ean s. Docs it appeal to yo u? Why/Wh y not?

2 Read th e text b elow to find out who is wearing

' bl i n g' and who i s making money from it.

3 Read th e how to do it and tip bo xes, then fi n d the

lin es i n the text w h i ch have an unnecessary word.
They may be gramm aticall y incorrect or n ot fit th e
sense of the text.

Example: 0 who
o ,/

THE aUSlnESS

o
o
It was a New Orleans rapper who named 'BG' that firs t coined the
term 'bling bling' to describe his taste in flashy jewellery. Since Look carefully at these
•
01 then, it has never become t he byword for a glamorous. extravagant items in this task:
articles
02 lifestyle . The term is 50 widesp read tha t It' S even been entered English
auxiliary verbs
03 di ctionaries. Bling means big money, so it's a li ttle wonder prepositions lind particles
relative pronouns
04 t hat even the most tradit ional jewe llery compa nies are being keen
subjectsand objects
05 on experimenting with blin g When Iootballer David Beckham wanted a gilt
06 for his wife, he turn ed out to a New York designer. Beller known
07 to his clients as 'j acob th e jewell er', he sent a pink diamond ring
08 to Spain so much Beckham could surprise his wif e with the present. It
09 meant jacob could add up celebrities to his list of customers. But he
10 isn't the only one cater ing for celebrities. Other New York jewellers
11 have client lists overflowing wit h hip -hop and R&B stars. The value of
how to do it
12 hip -hop as a music and lif estyle th e industry is pu t at $10bn
Read the text once for general sense.
13 annuall y. As wi th the world of fashion , hip-hop stars have to now Read it aga m sentence by sentence.
14 begun creating jewell ery lines of their own. They face with fierce Look ca refully at the end of each hne,
competit ion from tho se in the rap world . It seems everyone is into Check the sense of each sentence
without the word you have removed.
16 fashionable jewellery. Perhaps th e era of bling it is only just beginning.
Remember that there are usual lv three
to five correct lines.

1m UnitlO
Vocabulary
Easily confused words (2)
1 Choose th e correct wo rd in ita lics to complete each
se n te nce.
1II n some co untries the economic/ecotunnical ra te
of growth has been slowing in recent years.
b It is company policy that the personal/personnel
manager attends all interviews.
c One of my co lleagues gets to work by wa lki ng o r
cycling on altcruative/altemate days.
d At the monthly farmers' ma rket they sell only
locally grown ptoducts/ptoduce.
e Mos t inte rn a tio na l businesses promote equal
apport unities/possibilities for all employees.
2 Decide which of the words not used in 1 are
defined in a -c.
a something tha t is private to you
b goods that have been manufa ctured
c the chances that something may ha ppen
d something that saves you money
e another way o f doing something
3 Use the correct form of the wonts yo u defined in 2
to co m plete sentences a -e.
a According to the forecast, the re is a of
local ised showers tomorrow afternoon.
b It is often more to buy goods in bulk.
c I' m not ha p py w ith the idea, bu t th e .
so lu tion is eve n worse!
d Although your details will be stored on
our ce nt ral co m puter. th ey will no t be revealed
to anyone else.
e My sister spends a fortune on hair and beauty
.. .. .. ... . every week.
4 Choose the most suitable adverbs for 1- 7 to
complete the paragraph below.
It is 1 barely/hardly/marginally surprising that
Tricia Black, one of the country's leading
businesswomen, is now a multi-millionaire. She
puts her success down to honesty and claims
that people will Z purely/plainly/simply stop
dealing with you if there is no trust. And when
it comes to her employees, she treats everyone
3 fairly/adequately/moderately. She has worked
tirelessly/thoroughly/totally for charity and has
ra ised money for many good causes. Black tries
to deal in products that are environmentally
5 friendly/suitable/sensitive. It seems that what
she 6 realtytpositivelvtunerl» wants in life is to
become a 7 decidedl}//highly/exceptionally
regarded member of the community.
UnitlO 1m
Writi ng Part 2 A report WG p160

1 If you could choose to do work experience in

any job for six weeks, what would yo u like to
do and why?

2 Read the exam task and model answer. Make

brief notes on who the writer worked for and
what he did. How did he feel about the
experience?

You are studying abroad. Recently your college

sent you to do six weeks' work experience. Now
your college principal has asked you to write a
report. You should say
who you were working for and how you spent
your time there
whether your experience was positi ve
whether you would recommend the experience
to other students.

Introduc.tion
111e aim of thi5 report if> to desGribe and e.valuote.
mi sir- weeKfl' worKexperience wiih \2.YC MUfliGtlnd
to make rewmmendation", for the future,

About the. c.ompan'i

\Z.YC Musil. is one of ihe olde",t record cornpanes 111
the world, dtltJn9 btlGK to Iq40. It emplO'{f> around
7,000 emplO'{ees worldwide and is represented In
over So countries 111e Gompani records tlnd
publiflhes music of all i'{pes and represents mani of
the besi -Known rec..ording artists in ihe world.

M'i esperlence

During m'{ 5ir- weeKs wiih \Z.YC Musil., I waf> af>Slgned

to three different departments.
YubliGitj
M'{ firf>t piacernem waf> in the publiGit'{ department
Here I learnt howCDf> are promoted and helped
write promotional literature for music magaLines
I aleo helped to f>et up a 1\1 intervie« with one of
\Z.YC..'s beet-kncvn rOGK arliflis.

1m UnitlO
 3 Think of a job you know enough about to base the
exam task on. Make notes on:
a who you wou ld be working for
b what tasks you migh t do as work experience.

tip
If you don', have anv work experience, vou
cou ld use your imagination to answer an
exam task like this, but plan your answer
first to check you know enough information.

4 Compare your notes from 3 with a partner, and

discuss the positive and negative experiences you
might have. Think about a-e below.
a working hours d dress code
b location e variety of tasks
c fac ilities available

5 Plan your introduction and conclusion then write

your report in abou t 250 words.

'Z>alef>
I spent two wee\:.I'> in the \'>aIel'> department where I
helped t:.hu..1e stot:.\:. and iearnt howto prow:,s
orders.

During m'l fiml fortnight I wor\:.ed in the del'> ign

department where I helped to ilrrange photo snoots.
I helpu\ deSign a cover for a new CD.

beneral comments
On the whole, I found m'l time with \2-'Pc. Musit:.
benefit:.ial. Tne staff were vef'{ helpful and
I obtained a good underl'>tandinl) of how eM.h
department funcrions However, I believe \ would
have benefited more if m'l wor\:. espertence had
bun for a longer period.

C-onGlu:iion
To sum up. (Z.'PC are an ideill (.ompan'l with whic.h to
do worle espertence. I have no hesitanon in
ruommending that we send other studerns to the
Ulmpat1'{ in future.

UnitlO 1m
Review
1 Co mplete the dial ogues w ith s uita ble res ponses 4 Complete sentences a-] wit h 1- 10 be low.
usin g ex press ions wi th the word bu sin css, a I ... __ can' t understa nd how you cou ld do
A: Do you know why the store closed? suc h an unkind thi ng!
B: The nu mber of peo ple dow nloadin g music b It takes an brave person 10 risk their life
from the Intern et pU I It . to save o thers.
c The law states that it is illegal to d rive
2 A: I haven ' t seen much of you recently - have
when drun k.
you been away?
d No ne of us we re dressed for such a co ld
B: I' ve been abroad for a couple of weeks
night.
I' They we re as tonished to lea rn that their
A: Wh y wo n't you tell me what happ en ed? ne ighbour had been arres ted for spying .
H: It' s rather pe rsona l a nd . f It is surprising tha t Gemma became a
4 A: Have you go t everything for the gym? scientist. She was always doing experime nts as a
child .
B: I'll jus t get my trainers a nd th e n we ' re
g In a recent survey, ha lf those
interviewed co uld co rrect ly na me th e cap ital of
5 A: Do n 't you thin k it's time we began our end- the USA.
of-term pro ject? h Many tha nks to all those who have wo rked
B: Abso lute ly. Let's meet to mo rrow a fternoon .. .. .. .. .. . 10 orga nise this very special event today.
a nd get . Mr Westfield, who die d recently, was a .
regarded member of o ur com munity.
2 Write words which match th e definitions in a - h . Ill' may be a strict teacher, bUI he treats all the
Th e first letter of each word is gi ven. st udents .
a look 011 but nOI bu y goods: w s . I plain ly 5 bare ly 8 highly
b buy a lot of things you do n' t rea lly need : go o n 2 hardly 6 fairly 9 adeq uately
J s S . 3 utle rly 7 exceptionally 10 tirelessly
c so meo ne who is alway s shoppi ng: as . 4 simp ly
d pay for so me thi ng .11 a later date: buy 0 .
c .. 5 Choo se the correct words for 1-9 to co mp lete thi s
e arg ue ove r the price of so mething: h .. extrac t from a report.
f a p iece of paper sho wing pro of of pu rchase: a
r . The 1 ambition/aim/goa l of this report is to evaluate
g compare t he prices of goods in different shops: the IT course I recently attended. Throughout the
s a . course, I was 2 selected/assignedk liosell to a
h stea l goods from a shop: s . personal tutor. As pan of my studies. I was asked to
3 tum/put/set up an d conduct an interview with
3 Choose the cor rect words to co mplete sent ences a -e. ot her students. I 4 passed/spent/filled several hours
a All the o rga nic pro d uce/prod uc ts at th e weekly doing this an d 5 all/in/over the whole. I found it.
ma rket is grow n by local farmers. and mdeed the COurse itself. extremely useful.
b Buyi ng in bulk is mu ch more However, I would like to 6 do/advise/make one
economical/economic tha n purchasing recommendation for the future. The course would
indi vid ual items. have been of more 7 good/benefit/advantage If it had
c Person nel/Perso nal will be issued with an been for a longer 8 period/interval/span. Despite
iden tity pass for entry to the premises. this. I have no 9 doubt/hcvtationtuncertainty in
d We wer e extre mely relucta nt 10 wa lk ho me, bUI recommending the course to others.
we had no alterna te/alterna tive.
e My cousin 's jus t emigra ted to Australia , so I've
got a f.lntast ic opportun ity/possibility to visit her.

1m UnitlO
 - m -
Entertainment or art?
Lead in
1 Which of these do you consider to be 'a rt '! Why!
What do you thi nk makes 'good' ,l rtl

2 Which of ,1- d do you think art should dol Does it

have any other role! Give examples where possible.
l' entertain c provoke
b stimulate d inform
Read ing Part 3 Multiple choice

1 Read th e text to find out what ty pes of art a re ,.

mentioned and what the artist th in ks of them . yuu may nut need to understand
them to do the task.
2 Read th e text again a n d choose the correct answer (A, the context may help vou to work
B, C or D) to quest ions 1- 6. out the meaning .
they may be used in a clearer
What do we lea rn about Danny McCarthy in th e first context elsewhere.
paragraph?
there may be an example
A He's rather ecce ntric. showing the meaning.
B He's down on his luck.
C He's not what he seems.
D He's a recen t imm igra n t.
2 The writer implies tha t most ad ults w ho sec
McCa rthy
A don't comprehend what he's doing.
B are in trigued by his performance.
C take time to understand what's going on.
D react better if they 're culturally aware.
3 According to Rose Lee Goldb erg, ar tists took to
performance art because
A they were bored with tradi tional form s of arlo
B it was a way to evade the tax sys tem.
C traditio na l forms of art didn' t afford them a
living.
D they though t ar t should be a more active process.
4 What troub les the writer mos t abou t performan ce
art?
A It is less au thent ic than conven tiona l ar t.
B It isn 't as memorab le as conventional art.
C It appears to less enduring.
o It is wo rth less if viewed alone.
5 The wri ter adm ires artis ts like Chris Burd e n a nd
Orla n beca use they are
A ready to suffer for their an.
B unconcerned abou t the reaction of their audience.
C Wi lling to experiment wi th art.
o able to attract the public back to ar t.
6 What final co nclusion docs the writer reach abou t
performance a rt?
A Its effects a re hard to pred ict.
B It asks too much lror n all audience.
C It prom ises more than it gives.
D It is likely to be arou nd for a long time.

3 What's the most unusual piece of art you 've seen or

heard of?

mil Unit 11

Just before he swerves into the kerb and falls over, the
little boyan the bike is screarnmg-He's a nutter! He's
wearing tights on his headl' But Danny Mt.Cdrthy
walks on, his round glasses poking through the
black stockings that cover his face , a battered
suitcase in one hand, a brown paper parcel in
the other. Around his neck hangs a blank
wooden plaque. What the screaming child
doesn't realise is that he is w it nessing
p rformance art. McCarthy, who lives in
Southern Ireland, is w alking - and standing still -
arou nd the str eets of So ut hw ark, South o ndon, as
pa rt of an ongoing performance work entitled Whot
Do You Do When YouGet There and There is No There
15 There. w hich centres on the Irish experience of em igrati on.
T e stall holder emits a nervous coug h 01 lau gh er as he
co ntem pla tes McCarthy. ' Loopy ... must be: He walks away,
twnnng hiS finger in his ear to indicate untreatable idiocy.
McCarthy says later that ordinary people otten catch on to
his meaning better than members of the fashionable art set.
He says it doesn 't bother him when people call him a nutter,
because they'll take away the image and think about it later.
I'm not sure that I believe him . It's all very well bringing art
to the people, but what if the people don't want it?
II Thankfully. McCarthy has removed the tights and is walking
back up the road when the first police car shrieks up. It's one
of six,including a local bomb patrol. He tells them it was a
piece of street theatre . He is gently admonished for wasting
police time. It is interesting, I conclude, that tlgnts-over-face
had different resonances for McCarthy than they did for the
police and the general public.
According to author and critic Rose lee Goldberg
performance art became accepted in the 1970s, when
conceptual art was in its heyday. Conceptual art demanded
an art where ideas were more important than the finished
product. Performance became the demonstration and
execution of those ideas. In her book, Performance, Goldberg
charts how artists turned to performance as a weapon
against convention, as they broke free of the dominant
media of painting and sculpture and the constraints of the
traditional gallery system. Performance artists see the
movement as a means of taking their art directly to a public
forum, eliminating the need for agents, tax accountants or
any other aspect of capitalism. They believe that looking at
something on a wal! in a gallery has an adverse effect on
people because it puts them in a passive position. Art, they
claim, should be about being, living and doing. Performance
art, therefore, is live, is not for sale, has no rules, and may
entertain, shock or provoke . It can include painting, music,
dance, video, blinking lights, and much, much more. It is art
because its creator says it is.
what I find most confounding about performance art is the
fact that there is no product - nothing that one can point to
afterwards and say: 'I made that.' Can art have value if it
SS doesn 't exist any longer? I'm very familiar with Bruegel's
Icarus, but have never seen it in the flesh. Compare that with
a performance piece which I watch alone . The Bruegel lasts
whether I see it or not. while the performance piece lasts
only in my memory. But maybe I have a false idea about
60 what is 'lasting'. Perhaps I shouldn 't consider something has
an objective worth only if it is reproduceable and its
existence can be confirmed by other peop le at another time.
Other questions I ponder are what value provocation has in
art, what difference th e presencg of the artist makes to a
65 piece of art and the ar t ist becomes the artwork.
Performance art ists use their boi1ies as material. Over the
deca des, artists like Chris Burden (who lay under a sheet of
glassi 6 [ two weeks) or Orlan (wh o has undergone a series of
cosm et ic surgeries to turn her. tac int o a composite of
featu res from famous wor ks of a rt) have pushed their flesh
al ost beyo nd endurance. I a mire the fact that this is. as
Goldbe rg puts it, 'a dissi de nts' form', attempting to find other
ways t o evaluate art expenepce in everyday life, but who is it
for ? The public aspect is key, insists Goldberg. 'It's a
75 way of appea ling direct ly to a large public, as wel l as
shock ing the audience into reassessing their own notions of
art. It's also breaking down that notion that art should be
separat ed from the publi It 's been the cry throughout the
zoth century - how do we bring art and life together?' But
80 when I followed McCarthy around, parents pulled children
out of his path. Someone even called the police. The
unwitting audience found it alienating.
Unlike a conventional painting or piece of sculpture,
performance art doesn't present an audience wit" a finished
85 storyline. Rather, it requires them to construct their own
narrative on the basis of the cues it gives. Perhaps that boy
on the bike will make up a story about the time he saw a
nutter with tights on his head. Maybe the story will make
him a new pal at school. or impress a girl. Maybe he's already
go forgotten all about it. Maybe it'll stay with him for ever.
Maybe that's the mystery.
Vocabulary Grammar GRr179181

Art and entertainment Comparatives and supe rlatives

Find the odd one out in word groups a-g. What is Correct th e errors wi th co mparative a nd
the the me of t he new group? supe rlat ives in se n tences a-i .
a soundtrack subtitles easel a Michael Schumacher invariably drove more
b canvas plot chapter lastl y than the other Grand Prix drivers.
c lyrics tune ske tch b The longer ' live in this city, more' like it.
d clip premiere gallery c The Pyra mids are among the ancientest
e stage landscape rehearsal structures in the world.
f palette cast extra d My job interview wa sn't nearly as rigorou s than
g performance show watercolour I had expected.
e W ha t an awful film! It had by far th e less
2 Choose the most suitabl e word to com p lete a -f. convincing ending I th ink I've ever seen.
d This stunning self-portrait was painted in oil on f Summers in Australia tend to be much more hot
palette/canvas /easel, than in Britain.
b Do you know who wrote the g He din a great deal more bad ly in the athletics
ex tras/ lyrics/ chapter for this musical? competition than his teachers had expected.
c Some people aren 't keen on films with h You may th ink you know the answer but I'm
soundtracks/subtittes/speciat effects because they afraid you couldn't be wronger.
find them distracting. Both of my brothers are considerably elder than
d A convincing thriller needs a strong me.
land scape/ wile/plot.
c A new gallery/ landscape/ sketch is planned to 2 Correct the spelling errors with the adj ectives in a-e.
showcase local artists' works. a Repairing my motorbike was slightly trickyer
f A bad dress shour/rcnearsat /perforniance could than I'd anticipa ted .
foretell a successful opening night. b Many of us would like to be a bit slimer but
die ting too strictly can be dangerous.
3 Discuss th e following q uesti on s. c Th is year has already been much weter than the
a Which is more lrnportant. the lyrics or the tune whole of last summer.
of a song? d Meteorologis ts say that this summer has been
b How important to a film is the soundtrack? dryer than any other summer on record.
c What kind of films often need extras? e Joshua was already feeling seasick and his face
d Would you consider a career in the turned several degrees paleer when the boat left
entertainment industry? Why/Why not? the harbour.
e What significant changes have already happened
or are likely to happen in the entertainment 3 Discuss th e a nswers to a-d , using comparat ive and
industry? supe rla tive fo rms of the words in bracket s.
a Put these planets in order of distance from the
Earth : Mars, Venus, Jupiter (far/near)
b Put these inventions in order of age: transistor
radio, electric guitar, portable calculator
(old/recent)
c Put these oceans in order of size: Paci fi c, Indian,
Atlantic (large/small)
d Put these in order of number of calories they
co ntain: bread , chocolate, lettuce (lillie/much)

Unit 11
 Ma tch a -d with a se nte nce of similar meaning Complete sentences a-e usin g as or like.
from 1- 4.
a I' ve bee n working a vo lu nteer in th e
a l t's slightly safer. local hospital.
b It's [at safer. b Wh a t o n earth's the matter? You've go ne as
c It's just as safe. w h ite a s heet!
d It isn' t nearly as safe. c You loo k a film star in tha t ou tfit.
1 It's no more da ngerous. d I' m no t so much a ng ry disappointed a t
2 It's much more da ngerous. w ha t the council have decid ed .
3 It's nowhere near as da nge ro us.
e Mrs Lyons was bu ilt a bus but her son
4 II is n 't quite as da ngerous. wa s s ma ll a nd rather weedy.

Which itali cised wo rds a nd expressions in 4 above Compare two places in you r country, using a
co uld be replaced w ith a-e? va rie ty of compa rati ves and superlatives. Use the
prompts to help you .
a <I bit d a lot
b a grea t dea l pop ula rity wi th tourists att ractions
e nothing like
c a litt le weat her cos t
w hich yo u wou ld ra the r vis it
6 Complet e th ese se n te n ces using the expressions
from 4 a nd S.
a Th e sta nda rd of living in Northern Euro pe is
..'" ..... high er th an in most African countr ies.
b As you can imagi ne, crossing th e con tine nt in a
bu m py old tru ck is as comforta ble as
travellin g by plane.
c I th o ught things wo uld be ch eaper in th e ma rket
bu t th e trainers I bo ug ht th er e were as
expensive as the o nes in th e shop.
d A five-sta r ho tel sho u ld be lux ur iou s
than a four-star hot el.
e Tempera tures in Ihe sou th of my co untry are
... ....... war mer th an in the nort h bu t the
differe nce is n 't very great.

Choose the correct word to complete each of a-g.

a The film was CTIOUgh/so/coo scary that my litt le
bro ther ha d nightma res a fter wa tc hing it.
b I like th e idea of bu ngee jum ping bu t r don 't
know if I'd be brave so/such/eno ugh. to do it.
c Th e pa inting had to be rest ored becau se it was
in enough/so/such a bad sta te of repa ir.
d Elaine has very/so/too little tal ent for si ngi ng th a t
it's no wo nder she was dr op ped from the cho ir.
e Tim had coo/so/such grea t a s hock when
light ning s truck his pla ne th at he swore ne ve r to
fly ag a in .
My ne ighbo ur a udi tioned fo r a big mu sical bu t
they said he was enough/too/so old for th e pa rt.
g Our loca l b us service is very/such/so unreliable
that I prefer to wal k.

Unitll 1m
Listen ing
Part 2 Sentence completion
Why do you think animated films appeal to
hoth children and adults?

2 Read the exam task below about Pixar, a film

studio which makes animated films , and
decide what types of words arc missing, c.g.
nouns, adjectives, numbers, etc.

3 0 Listen once to the radio programme and

complete sentences 1-8.

4 What do you think makes an Oscar-winning

film? Is it always the ' best' films that win
Oscars?
The pixar animated film studio
'Renderfarm' is the name of a 1 at the Pixar film studios
in San Francisco.
Pixar's rivals have found the film studio's success 2.
Pixar studios have been awarded 3 Oscars since 1995.

The qualities needed to produce good animated films are

childishness and a lot of 4.

Pixar has found that it is not worthwhile trying to make animated

characters which are 5.

It seems that Pixar have found a 6 for their films .

The most surprising thing in The Incredibles is the 7.

Occasionally. the B in t he films are not

understood by younger audiences.

1m Unit 11
Spea ki ng Part 2

1 Discuss what a-f have in commo n. Say which ones

ca n be used 10 1.11k about eac h photo. and wh en you
wou ld use each of the others.
a spectator d witness
b aud ience e observer
c onlooker f viewer

2 0 Listen 10 the exa m task based on the pictures and

make hrief notes. Compa re you r notes with a partner's.

3 0 Listen to part of what one ca ndidate sa id while

doi ng the task in 2 and note down all the link words
she uses.

4 With a partn er. eac h choo se one of the pictures talked

about in 3 a nd one othe r. so that you eac h have
differen t pictures. Take it in tu rns to do the task in 2,
talkin g for a minute each .
Engl ish in Use
() Gaoped te t
Read the art icle below quickly. ign oring th e gap s,
to find out what unu su al use mu sic is being put to
at a rail way station and with wha t results.
Choose the best phrase (A- J) to complete the gaps
in the articl e. There a re three extra phrases.
A and there was no dam age app arent after the
music had been played
B but these young people may be waiting for buses
C and the authorities responded
D but the mu sic cont inu es by popular demand
E and the necessary licence to play mu sic
F and provide them with som eth ing more
stimulating
G but they also no longer feel uneasy when
travelling
H but engaging in anti -social beh avio ur
I and move away from it
.1 and feelin g int im idated by a group uf noisy
youths
Would the idea described in the text work where
you live? Why /Why not ?
Read sentences a-f about train travel. Using lexical
clues, decide which of 1-6 below gives extra
information about. or contrasts with , each of a-I.
a Passenge rs have com plained about the lack of
choice in the buf fet car.
b We don 't have a problem with vandalism on this
statio n .
c We tried installing Internet cafes a t so me of our
stations .
d Passengers can purchase tickets from the station
ticket machines.
e A few pass engers have criticised the design of
our new high-speed train.
f The sta tion newsag en t's sells daily newspap ers.
1 They weren 't as pop ular as we 'd hoped.
2 We have had a few cases of property theft.
3 They can book in adva nce online.
4 Most peo ple have been very positive about the
look of it.
5 They seem quite happy with the rest of the
o nboard service.
6 It offers a wide variety of snacks and hot drinks .
J Link the pairs of sentences in 4 usin g a-f.
a in addit ion d furthermore
b how ever e as well as
c nevert he less f on the other hand

-,- CJ -r +-+ -e: I F=I

I he experience of standing at a bus stop or on a railway station platform ...."!.... 0

is not uncommon. Avariety of expensive solutions to this problem have been
tried but now the idea of playing classical music is gradually being adopted as a
low-cost answer. All that 's needed are a few speakers 1 and the problem
seems to disappear. One railway station had been experiencing problems with
youths hanging around, not getting up to criminal activities 2 li ke using
bad language and annoyi ng passengers. Passengers complained 3 by
introducing classical music, which completely eliminated the problem. Music is
an important part of our identity. If we are forced to listen to music we don't
li ke, we wi ll react to it 4. Predictably. the youngsters loathed it and went to
hang out elsewhere. It was a win-win situation. The passengers not only say they
don't see youths ha nging around any more 5. The trouble-makers may
have disappeared 6 because passengers say it helps to brighten up the
time spent waiting for trains.
Vocabulary 2 Form three-part phrasal verbs in a-I using out, up.
in or Oil and complete the sentences appropriately.

Three-part phrasal verbs GR p181-182

a You'll have to wa lk , r can ' t keep .
with you .
b What's got in to Clare? She came with a
1 Complete the three-part phrasal verbs in a-g with very remark a t b rea kfas t thi s morning.
the missing particle. then match them with similar c If Jack 's w ife keeps going at him all the
meanings 1-7. tim e he 's likely to .
d If yo u don 't stick for your rights , people
a I don't want to {all with you but I really
w ill you.
can' , agree with wh at you' re do ing .
e His w ife wa lke d on h im . leaving him to
b I th ink the reaso n th e car's sto pped is th at we've
.... .. .... on his own.
nm of pe tro l.
Th e rea son Tina' s so is th at her pa rents
c We had to put __...__... with the noise in o ur hotel
give co her a ll th e time.
because now he re e lse had any roo ms ava ila ble.
d Sam bough t me a bunch of flowers to make
.......... for h urting my fee lings. 3 Correct any mistakes with the phrasal verbs in
e My fathe r doesn't get with h is new boss these sentences.
so he's looking for anothe r jo b. a Ben fell down wi th h is father some years ago
f On e of the ma rketi ng team has come with and they ha ven 't spoken tu each other since.
a good idea for a ne w ad verti sement. b Do you kn ow which writer fi rst ca rne away with
g T he factory has decided to do with the th e term ' robo tics'?
old compu ters and ins ta ll a new system. c Co u ld you ta lk more slow ly please? I can 't keep
1 tole rat e lip to wh at yo u' re sayi ng .
2 ge l rid of d I'd like 10 fin d a solu tion bu t I'm afra id I' ve run
3 have a good rela tio nsh ip with aw ay of ideas.
4 argue e Do n 't let a nyone bully you - stick up to yo urself!
5 compe nsate for f My paren ts kee p go ing o n w ith me to study
6 lise a ll of somet hing h a rder.
7 think o f

Unit 11 1m
 Writi ng Part 2 A review WG p159
What is the most recent film you have seen? Wha t
made you decide to see it?
')
Which of a-e might be included in a film review?
a <1 summary of the plot
b comments on special features
c iI biography of the lead actors
d a descr iption of the costumes
e a recomme nda tion abou t whe ther or not to see
the fi lm
Read the exam task and the mode l answer and
answer these questions.
a Does the answer address all par ts of the task?
b Does the information given help you decide
whether you would wan t to see the films?
Ii Unitll
___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L
Find adjectives in the model answer which mean
the same as a-f. The re may be more than one
answer.
a very exciting d very interes ting
b brave e very attractive
c very good violent
You write for an international student
magazi ne. The editor has asked you lor a 250-
word review recommending two action I
adventure films, one for adults and the other
for a younger audience. You should comment
on the plot and the acting and explain why the
film s are suitable for each age group.
Pirates of the Caribbean and Kill Bill Volume 1are both highly
enjoyable action/adventure films. They are, however, aimed at
rather different audiences.
Pirates is a gripping action movie that contains adventure,
horror and comedy. Pirate captain Barbosa and his crew of
skeletons are in search of the gold coin that will release them
from a curse. When they kidnap the local governor's daughter
(Keira Knightley], courageous Will, played by the gorgeous
Orlando Bloom, sets out to rescue her, assisted by Jack
Sparrow, whose ship has been stolen by Barbosa. The acting
in Pirates is superb throughout, with all the actors turning in
enthusiastic performances, but Johnny Depp is outstanding
as the sly,rather crazy Sparrow.
Kill Bill, on the other hand, is a much more bloodthirsty affair,
whose plot is as straightforward as its title . Uma Thurman IS
The Bride, who wakes from a five-year coma determined to
wreak revenge on the former associates who turned her
wedding day into a massacre. The movie's breathtaking
climax sees a steely -eyed and sword -wielding Thurman
confront a hundred masked assailants. Kill Bill could be the
bloodiest movie ever made, and with all the action, there's
little time for dialogue. However, the acting is tremendous
from both Thurman and adversary Lucy Liu, whose character
is perhaps more engaging than The Bride.
Either of these films would make for a great evening's
entertainment. Pirates is a superb family film with something
for everyone , but Kill Bill , with its adult rating, is definitely
not for the fainthearted!
Tell a partner what you th ou ght of the last film Decide whether adverbs a-i are strong, 'med iu m ' ,
you saw. using some of th ese ideas. or weak adverbs. Th en sa y wh ich of the adjectives
yo u chose in 5 they can modify.
a It' s J gripping/slow-mo ing/ action-packed story.
b The plot is fa r-fetched / int riguing / predictable. a ra ther d extremely g co mpletely
c The final scenes are thrilling/ spine-ch illing/ b slightly E' really h tota lly
spec tacular. C utterly f absolu tely fairly
d The script is witty/na tural/awkward.
e T he acting is wooden /uninspired/ Choose two suitable film s to re vie w for the exam
unconvincing. task. For each one make notes on :
The lead actor/ ac tress gives a tremen dous/
mediocre / fan tastic performance. • th e plot and the ac ting
g The special effects are a mazing/stu nni ng ! • any other no table aspects
disappo inting. • who they are suitable for and why .

Write your review including:

a an introduction naming the films and their genre
b a conclusion summarising who they are suitable
for.

Unit 11 1m
Review
1 Complete sent ences a-g using the verb in brackets d Please don 't gel / pill / go on at me for forgettiog
in th e pa ssive form a nd an a ppropr iate e nd ing to buy d inner. We ca n always go out for a pizza.
fro m 1- 7. e Everyone lorgot my birth day bu t th ey
Example made/ did/ came up for it by taking me out for
dinner.
A plot is thought up by an author.
f I agree that chocolates aren 't a very exciting
a 1\ pit t (lhinh ur) presen t but can yon do/com e/keep up with a
b A soundtrack Call (hear) be tter idea!
c Extras (often /hire) g There 's no po int in trying to get/put /Slick up for
d Tunes an d lyrics (write) Joh n. What he did was unforgivable.
e An easel can (find) h My gra nd pa rents ar e amazin g in th e way they
f A premiere (o rganise) llla nage to make/keep /come up with all the
g Rehea rsals (a lways / ho ld) lat est tech nology.
The supermarket had completely
1 on a film
run /fallen /made ou t uf but tled wa ter yes terday
2 for crowd scenes in films
bu t they will be gellillg some in to morrow.
3 l=Jy .1R t1l.-Jthl-Jf
4 to pu blicise a film
5 before a s how's first night Rearrange th e lett ers in brackets (i - 7) to torm
6 for m usica ls adj ecti ves to co m plete th is newsp aper art icle abo ut
7 in a ll a rt ist's studio a musical.

When Alexandra Dumas wrote his (thingrill)

Complete th e wo rds in a - f w hich refer to people
. .. .. . . .. . . . 1 classic, The Man in the tron Mask, he said
looking or wa tc hing . Th e first lett e r of each one is
it combined two driving forces of life: love a nd
given .
action. The musical based on the novel, however,
a A crowd of curiou s 0 had gathered a rou nd captu red none of its charisma a nd turned a
the st reet perfo rmer. (pingprig) 2 story into a (spaceratculj
b I d id n' t ac tua lly ta ke pa rt in the debate as I'd .......... . 3 failure. The critics hated it. In addition to
simp ly been sent al on g as an 0 .
slamming its (wardkaw) 4 lyrics and
c Police are appealing for w to th e accide nt (ringsumuni) 5 music, they criticised
to co me for ward and give sta tements.
members of the cast for their (nedoow) 6
d At th e end of th e match th e pla yers th an ked th e
acting. Visually, the production may have looked
s for the fantas tic su pport they had given
att ractive and no doubt entertained some of the
throughout the tournamen t.
audience, even if for all the wrong reasons. The
e I ga ther there's some a pa rtici pa tion in
show's producers blam ed (pointingpasid) 7
th is play, so if you don' t wa nt to join in , don 't
sit near the fronl o f the stage! atte nda nce hgures throughouttheatreland, but the
f TV contro llers despera te 10 w in back v . real reason for its sudde n end, just two days after its
have vowed 10 cut th e number of repea ts as premie re, were some of the most scathing reviews of
ratings reach an all-time low. recent times.

3 Choose th e correct phrasa l verbs to com plete a -i .

a 'H ave you he ard that th e government is thinking
of coming/doing/mak Ing aw a y with inco me
ta x?' ' Now th at would be fantastic , wo uldn ' t it?'
b Sam must have run /fa llen / left out with Sally. He
says the y aren 't on spea king term s at the mo ment.
c After yea rs of IlOlding/ doing/ putting up wilh the
liaise of th e traffic in the cit y, th ey retired to a
small village.

[tIl] Unitll
 II
Achangingworld
Lead In
1 Read the extract below and discuss these questions.
" What argu me nts do you th ink those in the energy indus try and
env ironme ntalists wo uld use for and aga ins t ope ning lip th e
Wildlife Refuge?
b 0 0 you think decisions like th ese are inevi ta ble in the long run ?
c Wha t th reats are th ere to other areas of outs ta nd ing beauty?

.... ., .
: I • I

,.

2 Read these ideas for saving energy then discuss questions a-c
below.
• Turn down your thermostat by one degree.
• Replace an ordinary lightbulb with a low energy one.
• Tu rn off TVs ins tead of leaving th em on stan dby.
• Turn off ligh ts in unoccupied rooms.
• Only bo il eno ug h water ill a kettle to mee t your need s.

a Whi ch of th e above have you ever done, or d o you do regu larly?

b 0 0 you th in k the suggestions co uld make a sig nificant
difference?
c Wh o s ho uld be respons ible for protecting our reso urces -
governments or the individual?
Unit12 1m
Read ing Part s 1 and 4 Multipl e matchin g

1 Read the text opposite about five places under threat (A -EJ, and ma tch
them with areas 1- 5 on the map below.

2 Under line the key wor ds in qu esti ons 1-12 in the exam task belo w.
Where pos sible th in k of ot her ways of expressing the same informat iun.
Example increase ill plan t life = flourish of vegetation (line 20).

In whi ch section, A - E. ar c the following mentioned ?

a possible increase in plalll life in certa in places I .

an area tha t was once entirely under water 2 .
,1system which relies on the direct effect of temperature on wa ter 3 .
the potential disap peara nce of huge numbers of pla nts a nd animals 4 .
a geographical feat ure that may face almost total destr uction S _
a substance whic h prov ides vita l nourish men t for sea crea tures 6 .
an area where extreme temperat u res pro tect the eart h 7 .. .. 8 .
a har mful effect equiva lent to decades of ma n- made pollu tion 9 .
the damagi ng effect that ra infall cou ld have on temperat ures 10 .
a possible increase in the num ber of destructive insects II ..
an area wh ere evide nce of its past ca n be seen at certain altitudes 12 ..

3 Read ea ch section A-E ca refu lly one a t a time. Ide ntify wh ich uf 1-12 a re
mentioned in each, leaving any difficult ones until last.

4 Do you th ink we have a duty to preserve the earth as it is? Wh y/ wh y not?

1m Unit 12
 HANGING PLAC
Five parts of the world whereglobal warming could have dramotic consequences for the environment.
AThe Amazon Forest
The size o f western Europe. the Amazon forest
is one of the mos t biodive rse regions on Earth.
Models suggest that with global warming will
come a drop in Amazonian rainfall, leadi ng to
5 the gradual death of the forest and subsequent
collapse of the myriad ecosystems it supports.
The extinc tion of species is only one
consequence of a warmer planet. Carbon
dioxide is a gree nhouse gas and scientists have
10 long warned about the leve ls produced whe n we
burn fossil fuels. As the trees o f the Amazon die
off, they will fall and rot, and they too will
release ramon dio xide . In the worst-case
scenario. the Quantities of gas emitted could be
IS of the same order of magni tude as from the
twentieth century's total fossil fuel ou tput.
BThe Schare Besert
Occupying some 3.5 million square miles of
northern Africa, the Sahara desert is expected to
shrink wi th global warming as more plen tiful
10 rain brings a nourish of vegetation to its
southernmost reaches. For those on the edge of
the desert, the fertile land will undoubtedly be a
boon, but the Sahara plays a broa de r role in the
health of the planet. The dry dust that is
" whipped up from the desert by strong prevailing
winds contains crucial nutrients that seed the
Atlantic and may even help fertilise the
Amazon. As the Sahara turns from brown to
green , the nux of these nutrients into the ocean
lO is expected to drop, restricting food availab le lor
plankton, the smalles t of links in the marine
food chain. As the number of plankton falls, so
does food for aquatic crea tures furth er up the
food chain. Tha t's not the on ly knoc k-on effec t.
" Plankton lock up the greenhouse gas C02 from
the atmosphere and so help cou nter global
warmi ng. With fewer plankton. the oceans will
take less 01 the gas from the Earth's
atmosphere. W hen and if rains return to the
., Sahara. disease and crop damage from pests
could soa r too.
CGreenland
The Gree nland ice shee t holds about 6% of the plane t's supply of
fresh water and it is imperative that this water remai ns frozen. If
global warming sees temperatures rise by more than abo ut 3°C,
" Greenland ice is likely to begin to melt, steadi ly releasing all that
water - currently resting on land - into the North Atlantic Ocean.
Climate models suggest that a more drastic temperature increase
of some 8°C could see the Gree nland ice sheet all but disappear,
caus ing a dramatic rise in sea level. And this is not the only
so da nger posed by the melting of the world's frozen wastes. The
Arctic tundra is a s toreho use for decayi ng vege tation that has
been buried for thousan ds of years. If the permafrost melts,
carbon and methane stored in this vegetation will be released . As
these are green house gases they will cause a further acceleration
ss in the increase of temperatures .
oThe North Atlantic
The No rth Atlantic current is one of the strongest ocean currents
in the world. It works like a conveyer belt. Surface water in the
North Atlantic is first coo led by westerly winds from Nort h
America, making the water more dense and salty so it sinks to
60 the ocean floor belore moving towards the equa tor. Driven by
winds and replacing the cold water moving south, warm water
from the Gulf of Mexico moves upward into the Atlantic. The
effect of the current on climate is dramatic. It brings to Europe
the equivalent of 100.000 large power stations' worth of free
" heating. Global warming could change all that . Computer models
predict that as global warming increases, so will rainfall in the
North Atlanti c. Gradu ally, the heavier rains will dilute the sea
wa ter and make it less likely to sink. a process that co uld bring
the whole conveyer belt to a gradual halt. Collapse of the North
70 Atlantic current would hit Iceland. Scotland and Norway most.
whe re temperatures could drop 1 ace or more.
[ The Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan plateau spa ns one quart er 01 China 's entire
landmass and re aches 6,000 me tres above sea level.
Four of the world 's 10 highest mountains st raddle its
7S southern border. Many millions of years ago the entire
region Jay benea th the sea - fossils o f marine animals can
be found in mountain ridges now standing mo re than 4.000
me tres above sea level. The area is of global ecological
import an ce, be ing the highest ecosyst em on the planet as
80 well as one of its last remaining great wildernesses.
Permanently buried under snow and ice. the region acts ;:IS
a giant mirror. reflecting the sun's rays back into space.
The effect is to keep a lid on global warming. at leas t
locally. In a warmer world the white of the Tibetan plateau
85 will slowly turn to brown and grey as the snow retreats to reveal
the gro und benea th. As well as contribu ting to a rise in global
temp eratu res, these cha nges could effect global je t streams,
disrupting weather patterns right across the world.
Vocabulary
Expressions with earth, world
and ground
1 Comp lete se nte nces a-i w ith earth, wor ld or
ground.
a Carmen's designer shoes must ha ve cos t th e
..... ... .. ! Where did she get the mo ney, I wonder?
b Now I' ve pa ssed my d riving tes t I feel on top of
the .
c T he government hoped a lo t of people would
vo te in the electio n but they we re very thin on
the .
d My gran dfa ther is always tellin g me th a t if I
graduate fro m u niversi ty I will have th e
at my fee l.
e I fell beh ind at college last term and now [ have
a lot of to make up.
Not hing on __ wou ld pers uad e me to sw im
with a sha rk
g My sis te r's boyfriend's a bit borin g - I don 't
thin k he' s going to se t the o n fire.
h Now tha t my dad 's new husi ness has go t off the
.. .... .... , it's b ri ngi ng in good profits.
Politicians are a lways trying to se t th e
rig hts.
2 Complet e se nte n ces <l-f to illustrat e th e m ea ning of
the phrases in itali cs.
a The food in that hotel is out oittiis world . I
rea lly .. .
b A holiday would do him a world of good. He's ...
c Jane's ill a world of her own toda y so .. .
d Believe me. I wouldn 't h urt you for th e world.
On th e co nt ra ry, .. .
e Her hu sb and chinks (he world of her. Rece ntl y . ..
f Where on eanli have yo u bee n? You ...
3 Discu ss these qu estions.
a Have you ever bo ught a nyth ing that cost the
ea rth ? Was it wort h it?
b If you were a politi cian fo r a da y. w ha t wou ld
you do to se t the wo rld to righ ts?
Grammar
Emphasis GR p181
1 Use a n a pp ropriate word to complete the inversions
in a- h .
a No sooner ..... ,.., the firemen extinguished one
forest fire tha n a not he r st a rted,
b Neuer before I been so petrified as w hen I
did a parach ute jump.
c [ s us pect that oniy much lat er from no w .. .... . ..
we find out the ca use of the ex p losio n.
d Uttle we know at th e momen t w here th e
abi lity to clone huma ns m igh t lea d .
e Under no circumstances passengers
permitte d to smoke on the nig ht.
.
f At 110 time ..... .... yo u leave your luggage
u nattend ed at a irpo rts .
g Rarely a nyo ne ha ve wi tnessed s uch a n
a mazing sig ht as th e view from space.
h Not un til th ey were sure tha t everyo ne was safe
. . .. .. .. . th e so ld iers leave the building.
Z Correct th e erro rs with word ord er in a- h. You may
need to cha n ge mo re th an o ne as pect of th e
to se n te nce.
a Sca rcely th e band had anno unced th eir world
to ur when th ey we re fo rced to ca nc el it.
b Th e pla net no t o nly is beco ming polluted but it
is getting wa rmer too.
c In no way th e lo rry driver was to blam e for the
cra sh .
d No soon er th e prin ce a rr ived in th e ski resort
than he was besieged by repor ters.
e Little Sh akespea re 's con temporari es ca n have
guessed ho w en duri ng his plays would prove 10
be.
f Now here in th e world th ey serve such de liciou s
food as in Ital y!
g No t un til a few years ago a nyone knew ab out
the existe nce of the bur ied treas ure.
h Bot anists onl y by ch an ce d iscovered the rare
plant gro wing und er a rock.

1m Unit12
3 Rewrite th e in forma tion in a -h usi ng th e
emp hasisi ng structures from I and 2.
a We drove off to the co as t a nd go t a puncture
almos t im medi a te ly.
b I co uld n' t find a p encil a nywhere in th e ho use.
c When s he we nt to wor k that day she di d n ' t
kno w what lay in st o re.
d It was pu re luc k th at we we re pa ssing by as th e
boy fell d ow n th e cliff.
e The m ista ke wa sn ' t yo u r fault at a ll.
f Th is noll is dam p and d raught y as well .
g It' s on ly rec entl y that we fou nd ou t hi s tru e
ide ntity.
h Th ey 'd o nly ju st go t to th e s ummit w hen a th ick
fog descend ed .
Talk about things curren tly in th e n ews , using a-g
for e m p hasis.
a Ir s a real sha me .. .
b It ca me as so methi ng of a shock ,..
c It wasn' t mu ch of a sur prise .
d It will be in ter esting to see .
e It isn't th e first time ...
f It anger ed a lot of peo ple . . .
g It was e m ba rrass ing ...
It wa sn't me wh o upset yo ur mother. lt wa s yo u,
Th e person . ..
g I ha d to leave work earl y tod ay. l'rn holding a
dinn er pa rty for twenty p eopl e tonight .
My rea son ...
h You ne ed a go rilla suit fo r the fancy-dress
to m o rrow ? You wo n' t ge t o ne a ny w he re but a
jo ke s ho p.
The only ."
Complet e di a logues a-e with your o w n id ea s ,
a I really like gett ing o ut a nd abo u t at we eke nds.
Reall y? All I ,..
b My fav o urite film s tend to be ro ma ntic
comed ies,
Actually, what I . ..
C I' m learning languages because I wan t to travel.
Are you? Th e reason . ..
d I'm going to vis it sa m e old frie nds thi s evening.
That so unds good . What I' m ...
e I quite e njoy doing homework,
Really? Doing ho m e wo rk " ,

5 Jo in the pa irs of senten ces in a-h sta rting with th e

information sh o w n .
Exampl e
I love visiting foreign countries. I port icularly like
trying OW exotic [ood .
What I particula rly like about visiting foreign
countries is trying out exotic food.
a I kn ow yo u w ent to th e disco last night. I' m
cur io us to know who yo u went with .
Wh at I'm curio us to know is .. .
b I don 't like gardening in ge nera l. Th e job I hate
most is mowing the lawn .
Mowing th e la w n . "
c I thi nk John an d Cla re are to o young to ge t
married. I' ve s uggested that they wait for
another year.
Wh at ...
d Of co u rse a crui se wo u ld be wonderfu l. I'm just
worried about how much it would cost.
All .. .
e You told me Eng lis h wa s a useful la ngu age , You
d id n 't tell m e th e gra m ma r would be so hard.
Th e thing ...

Unit 12 (I
Listen ing Part 4 Multiple matching

1 Discuss th e advantages and disadvantages of producin g ene rgy in

th e four different wa ys show n. Th in k a bo ut:
cost safety
• renewable energy local residen ts

2 0 Listen to five people talking about n uclea r power. Which of the

adva ntages or disadvantag es yo u discussed in 1 do they mention?

3 0 Listen a ga in twice a nd do the exam task s belo w.

For 1-5 , choose from A -H how th e people felt initiall y about the
building of nuclear power stations.
A I was determined to fight to stop them building one. SPf'J ker 1 [TI]
B I felt that research had proved it was a cleaner form of energy.
C I felt I knew too lillie about it to form an opin ion. Speaker 2 OIl
D J regarded it as an unavoidable necessity.
E I believe the alternatives wou ld not produce enough energy.
Speaker 3 rn
F I wasn 't bothered w here my power supply came from.
G [ felt we already had more nuclea r power s tat ions tha n we need.
Speaker 4 rn
H I strongly objected to it. Speaker 5 em
For 6-10 . choose from A-H what concerns th e people have now about
nuclea r pow er sta tions .
A Local people aren't kept up to date w ith developments. Speaker 1 em
B They put people off moving into an area .
c They crea te ver y few jobs in an area.
0 They are too costl y a method of provid ing energy.
Speaker 2 rn
E They pose a threat to the very existence of the planet.
Speaker 3 [E]
F We still don't know what their long -term effec ts m ight be. Speaker 4 [TI]
G There are alternatives we should explore first.
H They eventually become a health and safety hazard. Speaker 5 [TIQ]
4 What action could you take to protest aga inst something you disagreed with?

1m Unit 12
Spea ki ng Part 3

1 Imagine that the re is a large disused area of la nd
in your town . Look at the pict ures . then sugges t
three more ways to deve lop th e la nd to be nefit the
local community. Th ink ab out :
• you ng people • fam ilies • th e elderly
2 Look at the pictures on page 1S4 to see how they
compare with yo ur ideas.
4 0 Listen to the Part 3 task and two candidates
doin g pa rt uf it, a nd com me nt on thei r performance.
5 In pairs or sm all groups, do th e exam task in 4 ,
then decid e wh ich two ide as would be the least
effective. Use some of th e phrases below.
Suggesting alternatives
Vou have a point but .. .

3 Use a -h and 1-8 to comment on the benefits and That' s true . but don 't you thi nk . .. ?

drawba cks of the ideas here a nd on page 154. I'm not sure I agree with you. What about .. . ?

a provide more I differ ent tast es I can see what you mean but . ..

b wor se n 2 us e of public tra ns por t Yes, bu t on the othe r hand . ..

c crea te 3 visitors to the area I agree with you U!J to d point ...
d encourage 4 bu siness opportunities
e gene rate 5 resid en tial accom mo datio n
f promote 6 traffic conges tion
g cat er for 7 a wildlife area
h cause 8 noise pollution

Unit 12 1m
Engl ish in Use
Part 5 Register transfer

1 Wha t do you think the pieces of art shown Me mad e from ?

2 Read the memo below about a recycling project, then do a-d.

a Write a hea ding or sho rt summa ry for each bu llet point.
b Withou t looking at the me mo agai n. write as much
infor mation und er eac h headin g as you ca n remember.
c Compare wha t you wro te with the memo.
d Com pare you r headings with those in the lea fl et oppos ite.

3 Read the leaflet oppos ite and use the information in the memo
to co mplete gaps t - 12.

We want to prOOIJl.e a leaflet foe resi<lents telling them about ouc new
art pcojut. L<luld have a go at W...tlng one? We nee<! to rnennon these
things:
people ace prodlJl.lng more n.bbisn at home - and iI's getting
more and more diff,wlt to get rid of SO mutn
10e positive things about - wtting down on landf,\\ sites
and dOing less narm to our surroundings We don't use so mu, h and
With wt down on pollution too. that we're to use
'rubbish' to eu iting and different art. Mention the of things that
can - magazines. newspapers. gift wrap. disnes,
even old And people have a ,nanGe to maee something great from
them themulves
can get involve<! in the new for art projut l uming trash into

treasures' happening now in their area. that it is a ,heap of
treating new art, mosai,s and wllages, from old bits and pieces. 10e
programmes aren't the same in all areas but can jOin in.
{l.emind them about our website (put tne address at the bottom) wniw tells tnem
ihe latest details about the uneme and how to get involve<!.

mil UnitlZ
 Recycling with 0 difference
Aload of rubbish?
The amounts of household waste produced .. a are on the increase.
As a result, ] of su ch large amounts is in creasingly becoming a 2
we have to address.

Why recycle?
Recycling has many 3. such as saving landfill space and limiting 4
damage. This leads to a 5 both in energy use and in pollution leve ls,
but it also encourages people to be creative. Paper, magazines and broken
pottery and glass can all be recycled. Our main 6 recyclin g mat erials
like these is that they can be 7 into exciting new creations.

Tum trash into treasure

Our recycling for art programme 'Turning t rash int o treasures' is 8
taking place in your ne ighbourhood. This is a great way of producing orig inal
works of art such as mosaics and collages, which are no t 9 to make.
Projects may 10 area to area , but everyone is eligible to 11.

Further information
Our website (see be low) will keep you 12 of the progress of our new
venture.

Vocabulary
Adverbs and their meanings (2)

1 Put th e adverbs below into pairs w ith simila r 2 Which of b-i in 1 have th e sa me meaning as a- I
meanings, Choose one ad ve rb from each pair and below? There may be more than on e possible
us e it in J sentence to illustrate irs meaning. answer.
Exa mple
a now an d then
a annually j yearly
b from time to lime
Clastonbury is a famous m usic [estivol hetd c hardl y ever
annually in Bri tain . d more and more
a a nllually r rare ly e almost never
b increasingly g occ asio nally f at the mom en t
c infreq uently h presen tly
d curre ntly progressi veIy
e irregularly

Unit 12 1m
Writi ng
Part 1 A two-part task with proposal \VCJ p162
1 How 'g ree n' is your school or workp lace? Does it
en co urage rec ycling o r energy-sa vin g measures?
2 Read th e memo and notes below then co mp lete
these instructions for the writing task.
You work for a large company wh ich the 1
wan ts to be more enviro nmentally awa re. Read his
.......... .. 2 a nd your notes with suggestions below.
Using the info rmatio n given, write an email to
..... ....... 3 in about 100 words, and a .4 for
the managing d irector in about 150 words.
MEMO
We are an xious to ensure that our company shows
more concern for the environment. Could you write
me a proposal? See where we are not being
environm entall y aware , and suggest what
improvements could be mad e. Also send a n email to
all staff, rem inding them what the y can already do to
be more environmentally aware at work .
'T Davif,$
Ma naging Director
People never switch off lights; photocopiers get le ft
on at end of day - it's a waste of energy!
Pu1 up posters?
No green spaces to relax in. It's a concrete jungle!
MaICe \oJildl.fe area£o? Plali1 more 1rte£o?
Traffic queue s awful in and out of work . And
parking's a nightmare round here.
wr-$nare fll.neme? Mort, room for
Cans and bottles thrown uut with rubbish .
Cardboard and paper too.
F-emind &1aff about ru.id 09 bins t'rovide more
Windows and doors get left open when the
heating's on . It's a waste - and our bills are so high!
$olar panels m roof?
We get through so much paper - think of the tre e s!
BUi rte.,/c.\ed paptr?
m!1 Unit12
how to do it
For a two -part Writing task, make careful notes for each task
befor e writing.
Note down the formal, register and length 01 each task.
• Read t he input informati on: make separate li sts of the key
point s for each task and deude how to orde r them .
Som e poin ts may be in bot h tasks, but with a different purpose.
Check you haven't missed any in format ion from the input.
Con centrate on wr iting one task at a ti me.
3 Disc uss these quest ions.
a Should the em ail be informal, se m i-for ma l or
forma l?
b Should the prop osal be informa l, semi-for mal or
fo rma l?
c In which text are you more likely to use
sentences in note form and b ulle t po ints?
d Do yo u need an in troduct ion or conclusion for
both tasks, on e of th e tasks, or ne ith er task ?
4 Dec ide whether points a-I are more appropriate for
th e e ma il ur the proposal.
a switch off lights a nd photocopiers
b put up posters
c make wildlife areas
d plan t more trees
e walk or cycle to w ork
f introduce car-sh are scheme
g use recycling bins
h provide more recycling bins
shu t windows and doors in cold w eather
j solar panels in roof
k don't use too much paper
I buy rec ycled paper
5 Decide how best to group together the points from 4
th at you w ill include in the email. Then w rite the
ern ailv using some of the prompts given below.
• I have bee n asked to . . .
• whenever/wherever possible .. .
• remember/don't forget to .
• (not) turning off ... will .
• (no t) closing/ shutting . . . will . ..
• always/neve r use .
• try nut tu wast e .
• thank yo u for .. .
6 Rea d the mo de) proposal . in which the writer has
m en too man y wa rns, a nd do th e followi ng.
J Calcu late the total number of words an d how
many need to be cut.
b Find th ree places where irrelevant informa tion
co u ld be cut.
c Calcu late the to tal number of words agai n.
1 Rewrite the information fro m a- c, included in
an other st udent's proposal. Try to use as few words
as possibl e without los ing any key information.
Example
Wild life areas and trees would be a great help when
it comes to improving ri le iuorki ng environment for
all the people who work here. (24 wo rds)
Wildlife areas and trees would greatly improve
iuorking environment. (10 wo rds)
a If we enco ura ged staff to use the recycling bins
th at are provided, we cou ld cut dow n o n the
amo unt of un necessa ry was te tha t is produ ced.
b We could put up so me posters. These cou ld
remind staff that they o ught to be more ene rgy-
conscious.
c Solar pa ne ls, which we co uld install in the roof,
wo uld prov ide an ideal solutio n to the problem
of our bills, wh ich are extremely high.
8 Writ e a first draft of the proposal in yo ur ow n
words, then cut ou t any unn ecessary informati o n
until it is th e right len gth .
the

This pro posal will where we are not sufficiently

environmenta lly aware, and steps t o improve the
situation Sta ff have already been sent an email remi nding
them of the pract ical steps th at can be taken at wor k to
create a 'gr eener ' environment.

Firstly, recyclable materials are not being disposed of

approp riately. I have remmde d staff to use the existing
recycling bins available. I propose that we install additiona l
facilities and encourage staff to make usc of t hem, as well
as considering purchasing recycled paper

Secondly, posters could be used to rem ind employees not

to leave lights and photocopiers on unnecessarily. Wasted
heat is another cont r ibuti ng factor to our excessively high
bills; the insta llation of solar panels could r educe these.

An unacceptable number of cars are currently being used

to trave l to and fr om wor k; the creation of a car-share
scheme and increased space for bikes would benefit t his
situation . Many staf f members experience problems with
parking, and are freque ntl y delayed because of t he long
traffi c Queues on the way into and out of wor k.

Finally, the work ing environment could be made more

pleasant if we were Lo establish some wildlife areas, and
provide more green space by planting t r ees.

I believe that th e above r ecommendat ions offer achievable

solutions for improving our wor king enviro nment.

Unit 121m
Review
1 Complete th e phrases in sentences a- I w ith ea rth. 3 Rewrite sen tences .1-1' usin g more formal lan gua ge,
world or g roulld.
a There a re a 101 of good things abo ut win d power.
a Tha t new restauran t was excellent but the place Wind power has many .
never rea lly got off the . b We sho uld try 10 do less harm to our
b That out fit I bought for the wed ding was surro un di ngs.
stunning but it cost the . We sho uld try to limit damage.
c The stud io's 1.1 lest film is uninspiring. It's c We are trying to cut down on the amou nt of
certai nly not goi ng to se t the on fire. petrol we use.
d After my illness last mo nth I had a lot of We hope to achie ve a in petrol
.......... .. to ma ke up at work. co nsumption .
I' The mounta in wa lks in this area a re out of this d The reception on my mobile phone isn't the
...... .. .. .. . You'll love them. same in every pa rt of the country.
f Everyo ne ha d hop ed for a hug e turnout at the The reception a ll my mob ile phon e .
film premiere bu t fan s were thin on the . from one pa rt of the co u ntry to a no ther.
g I su ffer from vertigo , so nothing on . e You ca n find a new edition of the dict ion a ry in
would make me go bungee ju mping! boo kshops now.
h A few days' rest w ill do you a of good . A new ed ition of the diction a ry is ..
You haven 't been your usual cheerfu l se lf lately. available in booksh ops.
I felt on 101' of the when I got e ngaged
bUI the wedding day was a disaster : 4 Write adverbs with the sa me mea nin g as phrases
It's the te nn is final this weekend and I wou ldn' t a- e. Some letters a re give n to he lp you,
miss it for the .
k What on have you don e to your hair ? It a mo re dud more: inc ... pro ...
looks abso lutely dread ful! b from time tu lime: irr ... occ .. .
Wha t' s on your mind ? You seem to be in a c hardly eve r: fa ... in...
......... ... of yo ur own at the mom ent. d eve ry twelve months: an .. . y ...
I' at the mo me nt: pre ... cur ...
2 Replace th e words in italics in a-h w ith verbs 1- 8
be low in the co rrect form. 5 Rew rite the informa tio n in a and b usi ng as few
words as possible, beginn ing w ith the words shown .
a Police are hoping the witness will make
available more information abo ut the robbery. a It wo uld be a very good idea to try and
b A radical cha nge of imag e is needed if we a re to persuade people to recycle thillgs like old
help sell th e rock hand 's new tour. mob ile pho nes they do 1I0t want allY more.
c Does an yon e know wha t led to the accident last
nighI? People ...
d Tha nks to th eir new advertising ca mpaign, they b II would reall y mak e a lot or differen ce to
have produ ced huge interest in the product. create so me park s and it would mak e the
I' Susa n's parent s mad e eve ry effort to persuade whole area a mu ch more pleasant place for
her to go 10 uni versity. local inhabi tan ts to live in.
f Will scie ntists ever really fi nd ou t how the
Creating ...
uni verse was form ed ?
g Wha t was already a difficult situa tion was
nega tively affected by media inte rfere nce.
h We nee d to provide materiai to be used by
peo ple with d ifferent lea rning styles,
1 ca use 4 wo rse n 7 ge nerate
2 pro vide 5 promu te 8 e nco urage
3 cate r for 6 create

1m Unit 12
 Appendix
Unit 1
What are you like?
Lead in
2 Add up your points for each separate section: a = 1, b = 2, C= 3.
Then look below to see which category you are in.
Head or Heart: If you got 3-5 points you 're Head ; 6-9 points you 're Heart.
Extrovert or Introvert: 3-5 points you're Introvert : 6-9 points you 're Extrovert.
facts or Ideas: 3-5 points yuu 're Fads; 6-9 points you 're Ideas.

Now find your combination of answers in the table (e.g. Head , Introvert, Ideas )
to see what it says about your personalit y and the careers that might suit you .

Combination Personality type Possible careers

Heart. Introvert. Facts methodi cal, conscientious, friendly and sensitive nurse. teacher. doctor, librarian

Heart. Extrovert. Farts energetic. fun-loving, sociable and caring teacher, designer. child -care worker, office manager

Heart, Int rovert, Ideas commi tted, faithf ul, sceptical and inventive psychiatr ist, write r. artist, entertainer

Heart, Extrovert, Ideas fun-loving, optim isti c, passionate and facil itative writer, musician, editor, designer

Head, Introvert , Facts dependable. practical, realistic and analytical accountant, IT, engineer, mecharuc

Head. Extrovert, Facts adventurous , high-energy, tough, ambi tiou s marketing manager. supervrsor, purrhasmg agent

Head. Introvert. Ideas independent, clear-thi nking, logical and insightful architect. lawyer, judge, manager

Head, Extrovert, Ideas flexible , innovative. decisive, energetic photographer, journalist. doctor, adminis trator

Appendix ml
Unit 6 Unit 12
Would you believe it? A changing world
Lead in Speaking
1 a T 2
b F Th e word simply comes from 'new'.
..." ......
c T
d F It ta kes no longer to d igest tha n any th ing else,
i.e. a few hours.
e F The n umber of people a live today is es tima ted
at 6.5 billio n. 6 billion are es tima te d to have
lived since the buildi ng of the Pyramids, a nd
pro bably abou t 60 billion in tot al in the
40 -4 5,000 yea rs hu ma ns ha ve been aro u nd .
T A 20 ern stalk conta ins abou t six calories.
More are burn t off duri ng d iges tion - not
chewing - bu t you wou ld have to ea t a lot of
ce lery to make an y real difference to yo ur
we igh t.

Ii Appendix
 Writin Guid
Formal letters
An. international TV company is planning to make a
of programmes. in English, about issues of
phrase bank
Starti ng your lette r
int ere st to yo un? people around the world. Cou ld yo u
Dear Sir/Madam
help to present It? If so , write and tell us
I am Writing to apply for .. .
• which three issues you think we should include I am writing 10you about/with regard to
and wh y ,
Giving personal informatio n
• wh y we should choose yo u to present the series. I've been studying ... for Ihe past two years
I currently work as a . . so I am used to
Write your letter of application.
Concluding
1 Begin ' Dea r ... ' and LIse 'Sir/ Madam' or 'To
w ho m .It may concern' if you don' t know th e
person s name.
• I hope my application will meet with your approval.
I look forward to hearing from you.
I hope you will find this information of use
Yours faithfu lly/Yours sincerely
2 Give your reason for writing.
3 Use link ing phra ses where appropria te.
4 Close your letter with a se t phrase.
S Finish with ' Yours faithfully' if you don 't know th e
person's name or ' Your s sincerely' if you do.
6 Star t a new pa!'ag,:aph when you change top ic.
7 Letters of applica tion requi re a formal style.

Dear Sir or Madam (1)

I am writing to apply for the post of presenter for your forthcoming series . (2)

I am twenty years old and for the past two years I have been working as a journalist for a local
newspaper. As the w rite r of the 'Yout h Today' section . I spend a lot of time interViewing young
people on Issues they find important In my fr ee time , I belong to a drama group and have played
major roles in various show!'; so I would be very much at ease m front of an audience. Language
would not be a problem since (3) my mother is English and I am bilingual.
The three Issues I believe we must cover in this ser ies are r elat ionships. health , and caree rs . In
the relatIOnships prog ramme , we coul d deal with possib le areas of conflict such as with family
and friends, as well as (3) girl or boyfriends Most young people have difficulties with re tauonships
at some time, therefore (3) I am sure they would enjoy a focus on this issue. As regards (3) health ,
most young people worry about how they look . guaranteeing that a programme giving advice and
suggestions in this area would go down well. Finally (3). on the issue of careers. I know a lot of
young people worry about what kmd of protessron they should enter, so a programme that gives
them advice and information about tlus would , I th ink , have a strong appeal.
I hope you will see me as a suitable presenter and that you hkfl my ideas for the programmes.

I look forward to hearing from you. (4)

Yours faithfully (5)

Mifal'lt1a :nmw t z.

Writing Guide Em
Information leaflets
You work for the local touri st information centre and have been asked to
produce a leaflet , in English , that will attract more tourists to your town or
city. You should describe some of the major cultural and leisure attractions,
a nd highlight any special events tdkillg place over the summer months.

Writ e the text for the leaflet.

i ntrod uction (3) leisure attractions (3)

Barcelona is one of the most exciting and
cosmopolitan cities in Europe. Situated on the
coast, there are beaches and large areas of forest
nearby. Summers here are warm so life is
conducted in the open air. Although it is a large
city, it is easy to get around because of the
excellent metro, bus and taxi services.
Maremagnum is a popular shopping and
leisure centre close to Las Ramblas. Here
you can find shops, the (max cinema, and
a wide variety of restaurants, bars and
discos. Night life begins at around 11 pm
and goes on until the early hours.

special events (3)

what to visit (3)
The Festival of 'el Grec',which begins at
Las Ramblas is one of the most famous boulevards the end of June, has something for
in the city. Stroll under the trees, listen to the everyone, including:
buskers and admire the amazing living statues and
(1)
street theatre. (2) There are colourful ma rket stalls
• music
selling flowers and vegetables, galleries, terraced
• theatre and dance
cafes and famous theatres. The boulevard leads to
• jazz
the harbour, dominated by the statue of
• flamenco
Christopher Columbus, which can be climbed for a
• contemporary music
fantastic view over the city. (4)
There are also sports tournaments and
1:1 Ensanche is the modern centre of Barcelona,
competitions throughout the season.
where you can find the awe-inspiring cathedral of
Sagrada Familia, designed by the modernist
architect Antoni Gaudi. Elsewhere you can find
works by other great names in modern art and
architecture, such as Salvador DaH, and Picasso.

Use bu llet poi n ts if it he lps to make th e information easier to find.

2 Use imperatives to give in structions or s trong ad vice.
3 Divide your leaflet into sec tions with clea r headings so that it is easy to
follo w.
4 Divide sectio ns int o pa ragraphs where approp riat e.
S Informat ion lea flets ar e usu ally wr itten in an im personal style.
6 Keep th e in formati on clear by avo id ing very lon g a nd co m plica ted
se nte nces.

[I Writing Guide
Articles
You read this notice in a stude nt magazine.

Are cities th e best places to live or is Iil e in the countryside a

better option? II you could choose. where would you prefer to
settle clown? Write us an article outlining your preference and
giving the reasons for your choice.

Write th e article.

Urban jungle or country retreat - which is best? (1)

Imagine the scene. (2) You wake up every day
to the sound of birdsong. Throwing open your
bed room window. you look out on a vista of
green fields and rolling hills. There are no
housing estates, no shops, no cinemas - in
fact, apart from a few cottages , there is
noth ing but open coun tryside. (4)
Does this sound idyllic? (3) Well. not to me. Of
course. living in the middle of nowhere might
appeal if you're elderly, or if you're a writer
looking for inspiration. And 'getting away from
it all' can be quite relaxing in the short term.
But if you think life is for living. the last thing
you should do is go and live in the
cou ntryside.
So what makes city life any better? Well, let's
start with the people. Where else can you meet
such an interesting mix of races and
nationalities? Then think of the job
opportunities. Where but in a city will you find
such a range of choice? And when you want to
relax, just think how much culture and
entertainment is waiting for you , often just a
short bus ride away.
I've spen t most of my life in the city and I
wouldn't live anywhere else. I've been able to
mee t an inc redible mix of peop le, see the best
shows and en tertainers. and keep up with the
latest trends and fashions. Life is never dull -
in fact there's too much to do. Would I
exchange all that for life in the country? Never
in a million years! (6)

1 Give your a rticle <In eye-catch ing title.

2 Start your ar ticle in an interesting way to make the reader want to
read on .
3 Ask q ues tio ns and address the rea der to invo lve them .
4 Appeal to the reader's imagin ation .
S Start iI new paragrap h when you change top ic.
6 Finish with ,111 interesting conclusion .
7 Use an informal. lively tone for most magazine a rticles aime d a t
young adult readers.

Writing Guide 1m
Competition entries
You have seen th is compet ition in a n international lifest yle maga zine.

Are you addicted to your mobile phone? Cou ld you survive without you r
computer and your digital camera? Write and tell us which two items of
modern technology you fin d most indispensable and why. and win
yourself an iPod.

Write your competition entry.

Over the past century, technology has changed people's lives beyond
recognrtron Who, now, can imagine life without a televislon? How on earth,
we wonder , did our grandparents cope without microwaves or
dishwashers? (1)

Now, of course, we have a new generation of technology. Plasma TVs and

top-of-the-range portable media centres have joined the 'must-have' list for
those who can afford them. Although (2) I regard some of these new
gadgets as luxuries, there are two that I just couldn't do without - my
computer and my mobile phone.
Let's start with the computer. As a student, I need to access a lot of
mforrnatron What better way (2) IS there to do this than on the Inter net?(1)
I need to write essays and projects too, which I also do on my computer .
And when I want a break, I can use the same computer to play games,
download mUSIC, go to a chat room, or email my friends. And all 111 the
comfort of my bedroom.
The second it em I absolutely rely On IS my mobile phone. I use it all the t ime
- to hea r what my friends are up to, to t ext them Jokes and messages, and
to let them know I'm running lat e. With my latest model (2) I can even take
photos and make short Videos.
There are many items of modern technology that I could manage without.
but without a computer and a mobile phone, I'd be really lost. These, for me
at least, have become an indispensable part of mode rn life.

1 Use questions to hold the redder 's intere st.

2 Vary your sentence patt erns by using a range of linking words/ph rases.
3 Divide your entry into paragraphs, wi th a clear introduction and
conclusion.
4 Use a lively tone bu t don't be too informal - reme mber who will read
your entry!

1m Writing Guide
Reviews
The editor of a local newspaper has asked you to write a review of two
qu ite differen t places when' yo u ng people can m eet up for a drin k or a
meal in your town .

Write your review.

h e re ar e m any places for young My se co n d visit was to Gigi 's, a

people to ea t together and
socialise in ou r town but two have
become very popular. Keen to discover
wh e ther th ey live up to th eir
repu tatio n, I wen t along th is week to
sa m p le wh at wa s o n offer.
l'h e first on my list wa Hollywood
Rock, Step inside th is restaurant and
you feel as if you've been transpo rted
in to the past. Th e interior is a seri es o f
small rooms, each dedi cated to
legendary rock performers like Elv is or
tilt' Beat IE'S. The walls are decorated
wit h rock gu itars and record covers
a nd o ther memorabilia. (3) As you eat,
rock music booms out around you .
'Fh e m enu is predi ct able (I) - the usual
ch o lce o f piz zas , burgers and fries - but
it offers good valu e for money.
riversid e cafe in the student quart er.
This is a very co sm opolitan venue,
attracting students from all VN the
world . In good weather, customers can
eat outside and en joy t he marvellous
river v iews. T he men u is limi te d (1),
with an emphasis o n seafood, b ut it is
reasonably priced and the quality is
good. T here is live music at weekends,
but noise lev els arc kept low.
$0 which o f the two restaurants sho u ld
you choose? While J-Jo/lFlI'ocuj Rock is
o rigina l and w ill appeal to certain
music fans, it is no isy, which makes
conversa ti on difficu lt. (1) If yo u prefer
to socia lise outdoors or in a slight ly
quieter setting, I suggest you try Gigi's.
(4) But go ea rly - tables fill up q uic kly,
especiall y a t weekends.

1 Re me mber tha t reviews can include criticism as well as praise.

2 Divide yo ur review into parag ra phs w ith a clea r introdu ctio n and
conclus io n.
3 Give a clea r. concise descrip tio n of the plac e yo u are reviewing.
4 Kee p your opi n ions /reco m menda tio ns for the fina l parag raph.

Writin Guide 1m
Reports
You a re on the student committee at your college.
This yea r you he lped the Eng lish Departmen t
organ ise trips to Britai n for stu de nts wan ting to
MEMO
improve their lan guage ski lls and lea rn mo re ab ou t to: The student committee
British culture. The Principal of the college has now from: John Wolf, Principdl
se nt you a memo asking for a report on this year's
re: This year's trip to Britain
tri p. Read the mem o from the Principal. the broch ure
abou t the trip , an d the commen ts from studen ts who
went on it. The n w rite your report. Before we decide whether to repeat this trip next
year, I need ,to know if our stUdents enjoyed the
expenence and if they think they benefited
rom It. I would also like to know whether they had
any problems and. il so whether the
h ' ' y ca n suggest
ow to aVOId these next time Would ,
1/ . . you p ease get
ie views of all those students wh .
h 0 went on the trrp
and t en wnte me a report?

• Fly to London on a chartered flight

HVt9'e ai a,/"peds . - - - f,l,he6u\ed i\'9htf> more
reliable?

• Live as part of a British fa m ily

t 0s t Ira.,v.,ly nee, wt t fl ii-e« 7 e/ _s . 35\: for iout1ger 11051
fam lhe5?
• Enjoy a full cultural programme
roo fV\l1J1ij fV\(,( 5 elAMS! ,&r ttllJ! _ _- - - mdude- 1he-a1re
and live mU5i()
• Attend optional language classes
I M d-'pf"l t/ f n ef'{,(IIj wt rlas se:. ,Cd-fl' t more
rea.llIj help vtS cope CMt ,de the cla. ssrUtM
• Sports and social programme based
at a London college
_ _ _ t'J'.tend thlf,?
Ey.ce((eflt - gr eat wa.y t o flll€et
Brd t5h too

1 Use appropriate linking words.

2 Use appropriate phrases to make recommenda tions and
suggestions if appropriate (also see page 163) .
3 Organise your report into sec tions with headings.
4 Include a clea r introduct ion and conclusion.
S Write clear a nd concise sente nces .
6 Use a formal style.

[I Writing GUide
 Introduction (4)
The aim of this report is to assess the success of
this year's study trip to Britain and to
recommend any changes.
Travel (3)
Students experienced long delays at the airports
on both the outgoing and return flights. As
scheduled flig hts are more reliable, it might be
advisable (2) to use these in future .
and include visits to some of the t op shows in
the theatre, rock and pop events and other types
of popular culture.
Language classes (3)
While most students got on well with their
teachers, t hey didn't find the classes very
relevant to their stay. For next year, I suggest we
request that more class time is spent on oral
work.

Accom modati on (3) Sports and social programme (3)

Although (1) the families that students stayed
w ith were very hospitable, they were rather
elderly. It would be preferable (2) if younger host
famil ies could be found for our next trip.
Cult ure (3)
The cultu ral programme had a very serious
emphasis and included a large number of visits
to museums. Students found there were too
many such activities. I suggest that (2) the next
trip should offer a w ider variety of cultura l visits
Students were highly enthusiastic about this
side of the trip so (1) I propose (2) we extend the
programme next year.
Conclusion (4)
To sum up, (1) this year's trip appears to have
been enjoyed by most students despite the
reservations mentioned above. If the suggested
changes are implemented, I have no hesitation
in recom mending (2) that we send other
students on the t rip next year.

phrase bank
Introductions
The aim of this report is to ...
This report describes/outlines/deals with .. .
• This report is based on .,.
Making recommendations

• It would be a good idea to ...

It might be advisable to .
It would be preferable to .
I suggest/propose/recommend that we (should) ...

• ..
In conclusion, .. .
• I have no hesitation in recommending ...

Writing Guide 1m
Proposals
Your college has been awarded a large sum of money. Your college
Principal, Anne Taylor, has asked the student committee to consult
staff and students and then write her a proposal, suggesting how
the money should be spent. Read the memo from the Principal,
together with the comments you have gathered and your notes.
Then write your proposal.

MEMO
to: Student committ ee
from: Ann Taylor, Principal
subject: Improvements to the college

rhi s financial award will allow us to mak

number of h ' ea
muc -needed rrnprovements to the
college. COLJI.d you Consult the other students
and· then Write me a proposal outlirrun g the
h
t mgs people are unhappy with and wh d
suggest in h • y, an
g ow we should spend the money?

• The computers are ancient and

they're always breaking down! ne\'l wmpulw;? more pnnlerr,?
Why do we have to share printers?

• It's scary walking round the grounds better Ilgloting?

at night - it's so dark.

• The whole place looks so shabby. redewrate?

There's graffiti everywhere.

• Why have we still got blackboards? replac.e wifo \"loiteboardf,1

They're so old-fashioned!

• The drama stud io is minute! We can't ne\'l bUilding?

stage any big productions .

1 Use appropria te lan gua ge for ma king sugges tions and recommendations
(also see page 161).
2 Use linkers to seq uence points.
3 Set out your text so that it looks like a proposal and not a letter.
4 Divid e your proposal into sections with headings.
5 Include a se parate introduction and concl us ion.
6 Be clear and concise.
7 Use an imp ersonal tone.

1m Writing Guide
 Introduction (5)
The purpose of this proposal is to outline areas which need im proving and to
make recommendations as to where money should be spent.

Equipment (4)
There we re two main areas of concern regarding the state of equipment in t he
college. First, (2) many students pointed out that t he comp uters current ly in use
are becoming dated and are apt to break down quite frequent ly. I wou ld
therefore recommend (1) that we buy new, state-of-the-art computers. For the
same reasons, I propose (1) we should replace all our old printers with new ones.
Secondly, (2) it was felt tha t blackboards were very outdated. I t herefore propose
t hat we invest in modern whiteboards.

Buildings (4)
Many students are unhappy with the size of the drama studio which is too small
to house major productions. I suggest (1) we consider a new building as this
would allow us to provide much better facilities and to stage much bigg er
shows.

Decoration and Light ing (4)

Several students pointed out the fact that the college is badly in need of
redecoration . Othe rs were worried about their personal safety due to t he fact
that the college is poorly lit . My recommend at ion is (1) that we redecorat e the
entire prem ises, inside and out, and that we install effective light ing in the
college grounds.

Conclusion (5)
In conclusion, (2) I believe that t he areas identified in t his proposal are the ones
that are most in need of improvement. If the recommenda tions above are
followed , I believe they would have the support of all our students.

phrase bank
Introductions Conclusions
The aim/purpose of this proposa l is to _.. To sum up, I believe that ..•
This proposal relates to .. . In conclusion, I would say that
This proposal describes/outl ines ... On balance, we are of the opinion that ...
Suggestions and recommendations
I rccommend /propose/suggest/believe
(that) we (should) ...

We could also ...

• If we .. . , we could ...

Writing Guide 1m
•
Grommor Reference
Present and past tenses
Present simple
Use the presen t simple:
1 to talk abou t ha bitu al even ts and fixed truths:
Most autliots write abo ut 1000 words a day,
Violins have four string .
2 to talk a bou t ho w of ten you do something.
Frequency adverbs (always, usually, often,
sometimes, never) are often used:
Carla checks her text messages every few minutes.
3 for states tha t imply permanence or fo r those that
are true for a lo ng tim e:
TIle President of the United States works in the
White House.
Present continuous
Use the present co ntinuous:
1 for tempora ry states:
He is acting as manager while his boss is away.
2 to ta lk abo u t a n ac tivity tha t is ta king place wh en
yo u speak or a ro u nd the lime of spea king:
Listen! This computer is making a strange noise.
He's studying at evening class at the motuetu,
Past simple
Use the past sim ple to express an event that took place
a t a defi nite pas t tim e. Past lime words a re often used
( 0 fix the ac tion or state in th e pas t. For exam ple,
when, yesterday, last week , three months ago, etc:
- When did you last write a letter by hand?
- I think it was about a year ago.
When there are no pas t time words, the context often
places the ac tion or event in the past (ei ther the recen t
past or the more remote pas t):
Where did you learn to do those magic tricks?
Karl Benz invented the first motor car.
The ac tio n can ei ther last for a period of time in the
past o r finish at a fixed time in the past :
Hen ry ran 15 kilometres every day {or sixty years.
He gave IIp running in June and died in July.
Past continuous
Use the past continuous:
1 to talk abo u t things that were in progress in the
past. They may ur may 11 0 1 be finis hed:
Last week, the police LUere watching the house on
the comer.
2 to ta lk a bou t a backgro u nd ac tivity :
We were lying on our backs looking at the stars.
A si ngle past event of ten interrupts the background
ac tivi ty, so th e pas t co ntinuous and the past simple are
used together:
We were lying on our backs looki ng at the scars
when a comet flew across the sky.
But w he n I WO o r more past eve n ts happe n
consecutively. th e pa st sim p le is used for bot h:
The Tita nic hit an iceberg atul sank a {ew hours later.
No te : Don 't use the past contin uous to ta lk about past
habits or to say how often something ha ppened in the
past. Use the past simple:
They pho ned tile zoo three times yesterday.
(No t: Th ey we re phoning ... )
Present perfe ct simple
Use th e presen t perfect simple:
1 when th e re is a connection between the past and
the present. The connectio n can either be implied
or obvio us . T he exact tim ing is not importan t:
Tile explorers have just reached the North Pole.
He's lost a lot of weight in the last [eiu months.
2 for things tha t ha ve just happened or when the
event is still releva nt or is still 'news':
011. no! The wheel has {allen of{!
Grammar Reference lm
 You must use the present perfect simple form when
you mention the number of times:
Tluu train has broken down three limes so [ar thi s
week.
Th e even t might ha ve started a t some time in the
pas t an d sti ll co ntin ues:
I have knoiun about the problem {or a long time,
but I haven 't done anything about it }Iet.
3 to give general news or information . This is
followed by more detail using the past simple:
A new zoo {or endangered species has opened in the
Lake District. It took five years to bui ld and runs
ent irely on solar energy.
Present perfect continuous
Use the present perfect continuous:
for events tha t began in the past a nd con tinue into
the present. Like the presen t perfect simple, it is
often used wi th since ( + starting po int), {or
(+ period o f time) an d how long:
They have been going out wul: each other since
Ch ristTTl as.
Ttuu dog has been chasing its taii for about ten
minutes.
2 to talk abou t lo ng or repealed ac tio ns that have just
finished, but where the consequence is still clear:
- You're Late for the meeting!
- Sorry! I've been try ing to park m y car.
Past perfect simple
Use the pas t pe rfec t to talk about wh at happened
before a certai n point in the past :
The robber had run away by th e time the police
arrived.
Past perfect continuous
Use the past pe rfect con tinuous to em phasise a lon ge r
actio n . This ac tion co ntinues up to the time of the
main ac tion (expressed by the verb in the past s imple):
I wasTz 'c surprised tha t Dave and Amy emigrated.
They had been chinking about it for years.
Bu t use the past perfect simple to say ' how many
times' :
By the time he was twenty-five. he had al ready been
married twice.
1m Grammar Reference
Used to and would
Use used to ( + infinitive) to ta lk abou t past habits:
Believe it or not, but people used to unite letters
by hand and send them to their friends.
To ask questio ns . u se did + name/prono un + use to
(not used to) :
Did your parents use to allow you co ride a
motorbike?
The negative form is didn't use to (not didn 't used co):
Policemen didn't use to carry firearm s.
It is sometim es possib le to use would in stead of used co
wh en talki ng a bo u t past personal habits, bu t usually
on ly in the positive. Wou ld is q uite a litera ry sty le and
is of ten fou nd in con tin uo us narrative:
When we were young we iuould go to the river and
throiu stones in the scream, then go co a little
teasliop and bu» some cakes.
Use used co for past situations and s ta tes that no longer
exist or are no lo nger tr ue. (Wo uld cannot be used.)
In the 1930s that bar llsed co be a very [anious
little theat re.
Did Shakespeare use co live in London ?
Note: Do n' t use used to to say how long something
lasted in the past. Use the past simple:
I did the national Lottery for a long lime. but / didn't
have any luck. (Not: I used to do ...J
Future forms
Present simpl e
Use the p resent simple to express fut ure events tha t are
timet a bled or part of a calendar:
The Directors' meeting starts at 3 o'clock on Friday.
Hun)' up. The plane lea ves in hal{ an hour.
The present simple is used w hen the timet a bling or
arrangemen t is impersonal (someone e lse has made
them or they are part of a natura l law):
The next college term. starts on 8th September.
For personal arra ngements, whe re the speaker or
another per su n has ma de the decision, th e present
co ntin uo us is usu all y used:
I'm starting a new course in biology next term.
Present continuous But when there is clear evidence about wh at is going
to happen , use going to:
The present continuous is used to express the future
when definite plans or arran gements have been made: Th e builder looked at th e old house and said , 'I' m
sorry, but it' s going to fall dOWTl.'
- What are you doi ng next Saturday?
- I'm taking m y dri ving test.
Future continuous
You can use th e present co ntinuu us tense with verbs of
motion , even if no fixed arrangements have been made: Use the future continuou s to ta lk about an event that
will be in progress a t a certain lime in the future:
YO ll had better hurry up and get ready, because
we 're leaving very soon . Thi s tim e next week I'll be lying on a beach.
Future time phrases are common with thi s ten se:
Going to and will In a few months' time
Use going to: Before long we'll be tra velling
1 when you have made a decision to do someth ing: This time next year around South America.
Could yOll please let me know if yOll are going to B}' December
accept th e job ?
2 when yo u have made some basic plans: Fut ure perfect sim ple
I'm going to bu y an old bam and do it up . Use the future perfect to talk abollt things th at will
But when mor e definit e plans are in place, use th e have happened by a certain time in the future. It is
present co ntinuo us : often used with a phrase starting with by to emphasise
completion be fore a certain future time:
We' ve signed th e contracts and we 're moving into
the building on Monda y. By Monday
3 to say what so meone is jus t about to do: By lunchtime he will have fin ished
1 won't be a minute. [ ' TTl just going to say good bye to By this time next year his report.
my colleag ue. By th e time you read thi s
4 for predictions when th ere is clear evidence that an
event is about to take place: Future perfect continuous
Based OIl th e first page, 1 think I'm goin g to enjoy Use the future perfect continuous to talk about how
reading chis book. long things will have been happening by a certain time
For 'neutral ' predictions th at are based on personal in the future (and perhaps beyond that time) . It is
belief, rather tha n clear ev ide nce, see will bel ow : often used with a phrase starting with for to emphasise
duration:
Use will and won't:
Nex t month he will ha ve been working at the factory
to ask fo r and give information about the future,
{or twenty-five years.
which is often a simple matter of fact :
The train stand ing at platfomz 3 will stop at Oxford. The question form of the future continuous is often
used for polite requests as it avoids the urgency of
'The work won 't take long ,' the builder said.
other tenses:
2 to express the near future when there ha s been no
Will you be checking out of your room by noon ?
conscious planning or premeditation. Fur exam ple,
o n-the-s pot decisions:
I'll have a mushroom omelette and a green salad.
- Will you marry m e?
- No, [ won't.
3 to predict what yo u think will happen in the future,
based on what you believe or guess will happen :
Soon, we will all pa y our bills b}' mobile phone.
Video machin es won 't be availa ble in a few years.

Grammar Reference 1m
The futu re in the past
Use the foll owi ng ' futu re in th e pas t' struc tures w hen
you are ta lking a bout the past, and want to say th at
something was still in the future at tha t time:
past continuous or was/were going to (+ infinitive)
Danny waited outside the station. He was meeting
his dau...ghter at 2 o'clock and they lUere going to
watch the Cup Final.
The pla nned or expected future ac tion of ten does n't
happen :
He wa... planning to sell the house, until it caught
fire.
2 would (+ infi nitive)
None of us thought the exam would be so easy.
3 was/were to (+ infinitive)
A politician was to give a speech, but she d idn't
tum up.
Use was/were just about to in th e same way :
They lUere just about to disappear round the comer
when they saw me waving.
Time clauses in the future
Use the prese nt te nse in many futu re s ubo rd ina te
clauses, Use a fu tu re form in the mai n cla use:
He is goinl{ to Barcelona, when he gets a ticke t.
(No t: 'when he wi ll get")
As soon as he arrives he's going to buy a weekly
travel licke t. (Not: 'As soon as he w ill arrive')
Cu njunct ion s th at introd uce these cla uses include:
as soon as when once by the time
Use the presen t perfect after as soon as or when 10
express co mpletio n :
James is going to have a party as soon as his
parents have gone away.
I'll check your work for you when you have finished.
Use th e presen t continuous a fter wh ile to s how th at th e
action still co ntin ues :
I'll stop drilling while you are trying co work.
II Grammar Reference
Non-continuous verbs
Many English ve rbs exp ress a state ra the r tha n ac tivity,
so they are no t normally used in any of the co n tinuous
tenses. These verbs fall in to severa l groups:
Ve rbs that describe wants and likes and prefe rences.
e.g. want, like, prefer, hope, wish.
2 Verbs th at descri be thought processes and op in ions ,
e.g. think. believe, know. remind, understand,
3 Verbs for the senses, e.g. hear, see, taste, smell,
touch, feel. But 'se nse' ve rbs that describe an active,
d eliberat e use of th e senses a re used in th e
co ntin uo us tenses, e.g. watch, look, stare, listen .
4 Verbs for be lo ng ing an d co nta ini ng . e.g. own.
possess, belong.
Man y o f the ve rbs above and other 'stative' ve rbs can
sometimes describe ' ac tions', w ith a change of
mean ing. With th e new meani ng it is usu all y possible
to use co n tin uo us forms. Remem ber that co n tin uo us
forms imply a tempor a ry ac tion:
She is usually quite honest. (a perma nent
characte ristic)
She isn 't being very honest. (a tem porary co nd ition)
I think you' re un reliable an d over-am bitious.
(= have th e o pinion)
I'm thi nking of changing my solicitor. (= consider)
He appears to be qu ite mature, but he's actuallv
quite the opposite. (= seem)
Several comedy acts will be appearing at Tlze Palace
Theat re during the sum mer. (= ta ke pa rt in)
I don't expect you 'll like this, but I'm leaving the
company. (= think)
I've been expecting you to arrive since 8 o'clock this
morning. (= anticipa te)
1 don 't ha ve much experience of negot iating prices,
( = possess)
I'm having dinner with the Prime Minister after the
meeting. (= eat)
This is how you should present your Cv. Do you see
wha t 1 me an? (= unde rsta nd)
How long have you been seeing a psychiauistl
(= co ns ult)

Passives
Form and struc tures
Most active se nte nces hav e a correspon ding passive.
All tran sitive ve rbs (verbs that ta ke a direct object)
ca n have a passive form. In tran sitive verbs like
die , arrive, sleep, etc. cannot have a passive form.
The object of a n active sentence is the subject of the
correspo nding passive se ntence:
Active: We have counted all the votes, and we
call flOW ar111011TICe tile winners. (all the votes an d
the winners are th e objects)
Passive: All the votes have been coullted an d the
winners can be announced. (all th e votes and the
wi nners are the sub jects) .
You can fo rm passives from all tenses, future form s
and also modal suc h as can, must, etc. A passive is
formed with th e a ppropriate tense of be + the pas t
partici ple:
present simple: People who wan t a visa are requi red
to complete long application forms .
present continuous: The plane is being prepared
for take-oi].
p rese n t perfect: 1 can't phone you . My phone has
been stolen,
past simple/past perfect: Th e man wasn 't allowed
to see his solicitor until after he had been
interviewed by the police.
past continuous: The child ren were being taug ht
how to use a computer.
th e future: You are going to be taken to prison,
where you will be given a haircut and overalls.
medals: Credit cards can be used to confirm the
hot el booking.
The evidence mustn't be tou ched after it has been
put in to the plast ic bags.
The prisoners should be allowed to m ake a phone
call to their solicitors.
All/he rilles here have to be obeyed.
There are various passive struc tures tha t use th e
infin itive and are often used in news reporting. For
example:
The ringleader of the gang is thought to be Span ish.
Plans for the new sports centre are said to be under
threat .
Negotiations are believed/rumoured to be com ing co
a conclu sion .
Use have + past participle in th e past:
The ringleader of the gang is though t to have fled
to Spa in .
Plans for the ne w sports centre are said to have
been shelved.
Use to + in finitive in the passive st ru cture afte r the
ver bs see, hear, make a nd allow:
Three very suspicious men were seen to leave the
building carrying black sacks.
A young boy at the back of the hall was heard to
la ugh during the Prime Minis ter's speech.
One thin g he Iiated about prison life was being
m ad e to peel pota toes.
The passengers were not allowed to get off the plane.
Note: When the ver b let is used in an active se ntence.
allow must be used in th e equivalent passive se ntence:
(ac tive) The police didn't let him phone his
la wyer.
(passiv e) He wasn 't allowed to phone his lawyer.
When more tha n one verb is used in the passive, the
auxiliary verb be does not have to be repeat ed:
Forensic evidence will be collected. sent to a
laboratory and analysed .
You ca n ch an ge the subject of a passive sentence
midwa y throu gh th e sente nce. Again , the verb be do es
no t have to be repeated:
Fingerprin ts are taken and tile results (are) fed into
a com puter.
When to use t he passive
Passive structures a re used when the ac tion is more
im portant tha n wh o did it (the 'age nt') . The most
imp ort a nt information in English o ften co mes at the
beg inning of a se ntence, and new in forma tion or more
detai ls come at the en d.
The passive is o ften use d:
1 in advertising, bec a use the pro d uct beco mes the
focus of atte ntion:
Our sportswear is tested by robots and worn by
world champions.
2 in forma l, im personal texts:
Your application ha s been received and you will be
informed of our decision in du e course.
3 in scie nt ific texts, official writing and newspa pe r
headlines:
Many breakthroughs in the fight against cancer have
been made over the past few years.
Grammar Reference 1m
4 when the agent is unknown or is not important or With many verbs, an object comes before to:
is obviou s from the context: The Sales Director asked the Editor to give an
The wheel was invented about 5000 years ago. outline of the proposal,
5 to avoid the overuse or repetition of personal
pronouns or vague words such as people: verb + object + to - infinitive
The M 25 l1l0tonvay is being repaired and should be Tile verbs that lise this construction fall roughly into
avoided for the next two weeks. two groups:
You can mention the agent in a passive structure if it is 1 Verbs that convey the idea of asking, telling,
important. Use by + name or noun: compelling, allowing, forcing:
The boxer was knocked out in the first round.
advise allow ask expect
(The agent is not named, so we assume it wasn't
forbid force permit persuade
an ything remarkable.)
teach tell warn
The boxer was kn ocked out in the first round by
a rock thrown from the spectator's area. 2 Verbs that convey the idea of wanting. needin g, etc:
want need prefer would like
have/get something done
Use the structure ha ve + noun /pronoun + past Note that 'that clauses' are not possible with the verbs
participle when someone else does something for you. in this group:
For exampl e, your car needs a service, your eyes need
I really don 't want ()tt:if t:ifl )Hlt:: RtL twt4t!F.itl1ThL m e.
to be tested, etc:
Sony, I can 't talk. I'TTl just ha ving my hair cui.
verb + infi nitive
You can LIse this structure to refer to thing s that are
don e by someone else and are beyond your control: The infinitive without to is used after:
The boy had his locker broken into and his cam era had better and would rather
stolen. There 's a storm coming. We fwd better go home.
You can often use get with the same structure, but it is I would rather not sit in the back of the car.
often more informal or more urgent: 2 the verbs make (meaning 'force') a nd let (mean ing
I must get those documents signed. 'allow '):
You can't make m e do an ything that I don 't waTlt to do.
If you let me borrow your car, will yOIl expect me to
pay for the petrol?
Gerunds and infinitives Note that make in the passive is followed by to +
infinitive:
verb + to + infi nitive The soldiers wcre made to stand for hours in tile sun.
3 the objects of verbs of perception (see, hear, etc.):
Certain verbs are often followed by to + infinitive of
another verb: When she was walking through the car park, she
heard someone call her name.
deserve expect hope
manage offer promise
refuse threaten want verb + -ing form
Certain verbs are only followed by the -ing form of
It's a pity he lost th e race, bemuse he deserved to win. another verb. (That is, the -ing form of the second verb
What did you expect to find when you opened the box ? acts as a gerund, the object of the first verb.) Verbs
that take -ing forms often conv ey likes and dislikes:
To can stand alone to avoid repeating the verb or
phrase: can't stand detest don't mind
fancy feel like enjoy
I'm not sure I'm going to pass my driving test first
time, but I certainl y hop e to.

I!I!l Grammar Reference

Oth er verbs convey (he idea of saying. thinking.
describ in g:
admi t consid er deny describe
imagine suggest
Other common, mi scellan eous verbs a re al so foll owed
by a n -ing form:
avoid deny finish
miss practise risk
Not e th at ve rbs th at foll o w prep ositions a re a lw ays in
the -ing form:
Don ' apologise lor arrivi ng early. It's great to see you.
He would probably get more done if he wa s better at
worki ng at night.
verb + infinitive/-ing form
A few verbs ca n be followed by an infinitive or an -ing
fo rm. w ith little or no cha nge o f meaning. For example:
begin continue sta rt
When th e limousine d rove past the crowd. some
people began to throw/ began throwing {lowers onto
the roof
Some common verbs can be folIowed by an infin itive
o r a n -i ng form, but w ith a change of meaning. e.g.
remem ber: / don't care how busy you are. you must
remember to pay yo ur credit card bill. ( = remember
to do something in the future)
1 remember going fishing a lot when / was a buy, but
/ don 't remem ber catching many fish. ( = remem ber
doing something in the past)
regret: / regret to inform you that / am resigning as
company secretary. ( = be sorry (or a present or
fut ure action )
Neither of my parent s regret gelling married when
they were so YOUT/g. ( = regret doing something in
the past)
stop: 'Come on,' said the ma n in the museum. 'If
you stop to look at all the paintings, we'll never get
round . ( = stop one thing to do anoth er)
He went to China last month and he hasn 't stopped
talkin g about it since. ( = give IIp doin g something)
try: She tried to reach the book on the top shelf, but
it was too high. (= ma ke an effo rt)
Have y Oll ever tried doing a martial art? ( = try out
as an experimen t)
mean : Oh, I meam to tell you som ething. But l've
forgotten what it was. ( "" intend)
Buyin g thi s hous e means paying a higher mo rtgage.
( = become necessary)
Relative clauses
Defining relative clauses
Defin ing relative clauses are a vital part o f the meaning
of a sentence. They identify the subject or object or
add vital in form atio n about them. T here fo re you can 't
lea ve them out. They define who or what yo u a re
talking about. The vital information can co me in the
middle of a sentence o r a t the end:
The children that he knew would succeed were those
who were motivated.
Can you give me a good reason why yOll need to
borrow so much money?
Relative pronouns:
wno/tha! for people when for tim e
that/which for things where for place
wnose for possession why for reason
Who, that, which are of ten omitted when they refer to
the objec t of th e sen te nce (not the subject).
Have you ever had on e of those da ys that starts bad
and gets worse? (that refers to th e subject: 'one of
those da ys ')
Have you ever tliouglu (that) things couldn't get
worse? (that refers to the object: 'things')
You can 't omi t whose. You CJn omi t when if it refe rs to
the o bject:
Sit down and tell me the exact time (w hen) it
happened.
You can omi t where, bu t on ly if you add an appropriate
prepositio n:
The old fisherman 's hilt (w here we stayed ) we
staved in was sm all and warm and it smelt of fish.
Yo u ca n omi t why when it refers to th e object:
Tell me the exact reason (wh y) you want to leave.
You can omit the relati ve pronoun and the au xiliary
verb, but only when the rela tive pronoun refers to the
sub jec t:
Buildings (that were) constructed before 1960 will be
demolished.
Grammar Reference lID
Non-definin g relati ve clauses 'We ha ve beeu He said they had been
planning the trip planning the trip for a
'Non-defining' relative cl ause s a re quite formal and
for a long time.' long tim e.
mostly fou nd in written or literary styles. They add
extra information that is not vital to the meaning of a 'l was travelling in She said she had been
se nte nce. Th ey ca n usu all y be o m itted withou t losing Thailand when / heard travelling In Th ailand
the sense of the main sentence. This extra information the news.' when she heard the
fl ews.'
can co me in the middle o f a se nte n ce or a t the end :
Manatees, which are sometimes called 'sea cows', If you move back the ten se, then the speaker's words
can be found in th e warm wat ers around Florida. we re true when they we re spoken but n ot ne cessaril y
true when they were reported. Don't move back ten ses
The trees were [ull of la rge, black birds, all of which
made a tremendous noise. if th e situation is still tru e or still relevant:
'Bob and Anna are - He said that Bob WId
learning Russian ,' AnTla are learning
Relative pronouns:
he said . Russian. {they are still
who for people when for time
which for things (not that) where for place learning it]
whose for possession He said that Bob and
A n na were learn ing
Whom is a formal relative pronoun tha t refers to the Russian. (they m ay
object: have stopped )
The young artist, whom we had heard so milch A reponing verb can be in th e present tense (e.g, says).
about, stumbled onto th e stage to collect the prize. in wh ich case the speaker's verb ten se does not
change:
To identify a certain number of people or th ings from
a group use: none/one/tiuo/most of whom which: 'The medicine is - My doctor says the
working.' m edicine is work ing.
She walked into a room that was [ull of teenagers,
none of whom look ed up from their work.
Modal verbs
You cannot omit relative pronouns in non -defining
relati ve clause s. T hese modal verbs change for reported s peech:

Di reet and ind ireet speech
Tense changes
When you report what someone said, you o fte n 'move
ha ck ' the speaker's verb te nse:
't feel dreadful.'
't am swim m ing about -
10 ki lometres a week.'
'l was the athletics
captain at srhool.'
'I ha ve just becom e - She said that she had
a vegetarian .'
will would
may might
can could
must had to
' )1JU will feel better - The doctor said / would
by Frida y.' feel better by Friday.
'You won't lose weighc - She said 1 would n't lose
He said he felt dreadful. unless yOll do some weight unless l did
The girl said she was exe rcise.' some exercise.
swimming aboLll 10 ' You must train every He said J had to train
kilom etres a week. day if you want to be eve ry da y if / iuanted
He said he had been a champion.' to be a champion.
the athletics captain These modal verbs do not change for reported speech:
at school.
would could might should
ought to used to had better
just become a vegetarian.
'You should/ought to - He said] should/ ought
see a good sports to see Q good sports
psych ologist.' psychologist.

oa Grammar Reference
Other changes Questions
When reporting, make logical changes to pronouns and Repon ed questions are not real questions. The word
poss essives: order is the same as for statements. They do not have
'My personal trainer She said her personal question marks. Verb tenses, medals. etc, change in
has helped m e build trainer had helped liet the same way as reported statements.
up m y confidence.' build up her confiden ce. Yes-No questions are usually introduced by if (or
' I sometimes speak He said that he sometimes whether):
to m yself.' sometimes spoke to 'Have you ever worked He asked m e if [ luui
himself abroad?' ever worked abroad.
Make logical changes 10 ' place' words : (not: He asked me
had I ever ...)
'I'm coming over there - She said she's coming
to see YOll.' over here to see us. 'Would you like a The taxi driver asked
hand with your me if [ would like a hand
The words this. that , these, those are usually reported luggage?' iuitli my luggage. (not:
as ' the': The taxi driver asked
'This diet doesn 't seem • She said the diet didn't me would I like . ..)
to be working.' seem to be working.
To report wti-questions. use the iuh -word followed by
When this or tnat. these or those are used as subjects, the reported clause:
the y usually change to it or they: 'How long have you - He asked me how long
'This/that is an • He said it was all been working in the I had been working in
incredible amount incredible amount sports centre?' the spores centre. (not:
of money.' of money. He asked me how long
'These/Those are very • He said they were had I been . -.J
diffiClllt problem s to very difficult problems 'When did you first Tlie doctor asked me
solve: to solve. feel a pain in your when [ luui first felt a
Make logical changes to 'time' wo rds: back?' pain in my back . (not:
The doctor asked me
an hour ago - an hour before/previously
when had I ...)
last year the previous year
yesterday • the day before Summarising verbs
tomorrow - the day
There are a large number of verbs wh ich summarise
in a week 's tune - a week later wha t people say. ra ther than report the exact words.
next month - the following ttunuli These verbs are followed by various constructions .
'Iliad a heart attack He said he had had a Some verbs have mo re than one construction.
a coupl e of years ago.' heart attack a couple For example: suggest is not used wi th all object
of years before. (I suggested him to go). It is followed by an -ing
'I'm going to cake up He said he was going form or a that clause:
yoga sometime next to take up yoga He suggested training hard and running the London
niotuh:' sometim e the [ollounng marathon.
month. His coach suggested that she should rest for a couple
of days.
verb + that
admit mention protest complain
realise explain suggest

verb + obj ect + that

advise warn remind
persuade tell

Grammar Reference JD]

verb + object + to-infinitive Use was able to/ were able to for one particular action
concerning ability in the past:
beg order advise
forbid warn ask They had to travel first class because they weren't
remind persuade tell able to get cheap tickets.
Use couldn't for specific or general lack of ability in
verb + to-infinitive the past :
When I asked Professor Smith what his name was,
threaten refuse agree
he couldn't rememb er.
promise offer
Use will be able to for ability in the future:
After six months of intensive training you will be
verb + -iug form
able to fly a helicopter.
deny recommend suggest
Note: You have to use a form of be able to after verbs
admit propose
or phrases that a re followed by the infi nitive or -ing
form:
verb + preposition + -ing form I would like co be able to swim every day. but I don't
apologise (for) insist (on) speak (of) have time.
boast (about) congratulate (on)
Permission: can/could
verb + object + preposition + -ing form Use call to ask for and give permission in the present.
In formal situa tions. may can also be used:
accuse (of) blame (for)
praise (for) discourage (from) Can I ask you a personal ques tion?
You can now tum over your examination papers
and you may start.
Could is also a polite way of asking for permission. But
can is used in replies:
Modals - Could I use your dictionary for a mometu l
- Yes. of course you can.
There are ten modal verbs:
Could and was/were able to are used to talk about
(all could should ought to permitted activities in the past:
must will shall would The schoolchildren could/were able co wear casual
may might clothes on the last day of term .
Will be able to is used for the future:
These five verbs and expressions act in the same way:
I'll be able co drive with out 'L' plates wlieti I pass
be ableto have to need to m y test.
had better used to
Possibility: might, may
Ability: can/could/able to Use either m ight or may to express possibility in tile
future:
Use call to describe an ab ility in the present:
If we leave before m idnight. we m ight/ may arrive
Professor Smith call speak five langu ages /Jilt he
ill time for break fast.
can't remember his name.
Present possibilities ca n also use migh t/may when you
Don 't use can [0 describe ability in the past or futu re.
are making a deduction based on cur rent knowledge;
Use could or a form of be able co for the past and be
able to for the future: Due to the heavy defeat ill the recent election , sotue
party m embers might/m av now be unhappy with
Use could for general ability only in the pas t: their leader.
Max could write before he could read .

[fIJ Grammar Reference

Use might/may + past participle to talk about a
possibility in the past. It implies some uncertainty
about whether the action happened or not:
I'm not sure , bill 1 might/ma y have read this book
when I was young.
Necessity: need (to)
Although need is often used as a normal verb. it can
also act like a modal verb to express a necessity
(usually one that the speaker feels) . In the present
positive use need to + infinitive to express present or
future necessity:
You need to apply {or a new passport, if you've lost
yours. You can't simply get a replacement.
Use needti 't/don't/doesn 't need to to say that
something is not necessary in the present or future or
wasn't necessary in the past:
You needn't/don't need to put your seatbelts on yet.
We have to wait for one more passenger.
Advice and recommendation : should/ought to
Use ought to and should for strong advice and
recommendations. They are very similar in meaning:
Wizen you go skiing on your own you should/ouglIt
to tell someone where you're going, in case you luiue
an accident.
If you're not a strong swimmer yOll-
shouldn't/oughtri 't to go out of your depth.
Assumptions/Deductions: must be/can't be; must
have/can 't have
Use must for a logical deduction about the present,
when you want to express certainty:
It must be very boring to live 1T1 a small village
where notfling happens.
The opposite of must in this case is can't:
The letter can't be {rom your Aunt Harriet. It's got
(L Chinese stamp ott it.

III the past, there Me two negative forms. Use must have + past participle and can't have + past
participle to make logical deductions about the past:
didn't need to ( + infinitive)
The burglars must have got in through the Little
1 didn't need to send my cv. (perhaps I did send a
kitchen window.
Cv, but it wasn't necessary, or I didn't send it and
it didn't matter. Dave can't have played football yesterday. He broke
his Leg last week.
needn't have ( + past participle)
Use may haue/might have/could have + past participle
1 needn't have sent my cv. (J sent it, bur it wasn't
to make assumptions that you are not entirely sure
tiecessatv.)
about:
I was expecting a package today, but it hasn't
Obligation: must/have to arrived. 1 suppose it may/might/could have go:
Use must or have to to express a positive obligation in lost in the post.
the present or future. Must is often used when the
speaker feels an obligation himself/herself:
1 must lose a bit o{ weight before I go on holiday.
Have to is used when the speaker feels an obligation
from outside (a rule, law, regulation) or is just
expressing a fact :
We have to put the paper to be recycled in the green
box .
MusH,'t is used to express negative obligation (an
obligation not to do something):
You mustn't park on the side streets during normal
working hours.

Grammar Reference 1m

Participle clauses
Use participle clauses:
to simpli fy sentences:
Whe n the mnner finished the race he was gasping
for breath.
The runner finished the race gasping for breath .
2 to red uce two se ntences to o ne se ntence:
He's broken his arm. He'll have to iuatcli the match
from the sidelines.
Having broken his arm, tie'll ha ue to watch the
match from the sidelines ,
Sen tences w ith participle cla uses ca n often so und
quite formal. Som e uses wou ld no t nor ma lly be
used in everyday spo ken English:
Being the richest person there, Fiona paid for the
meal. (formal)
Fiona was the richest person the re, so she paid for
the meal. (infottnal and usual)
When you use partici ple cla uses like adverbs they
give more informat ion abo ut th e main verb. For
example: they may describe the wa), so meone
walked. how someone acted. someone or
so meth ing's general manner or beh avio ur, etc.
The main clause wou ld norma lly come first:
The marathon ru n ner came in to the stadium waving
at the crowds.
3 in written dialogues:
'You' re just in tim e to check in: he said. looking at
the clock on the wall.
4 to talk about two things happening at the sa me time:
Sam and Millie sat OTl the jett» talking about their
future.
If o ne long ac tion is ' inte rrupted' by anoth er shorte r
ac tion, th e longer ac tion usually comes at the en d
of th e sentence, The word while (mean ing 'when'
or 'a t the time') ca n often be used :
The aid worker died peacefull» in a remote African
village. (while) doiTlg the job he loved most.
S to ta lk about two actions that happen within a short
time period:
The fire swept througli the Australian town , leaving
burnt out houses behind it.
Often the second action is a direct consequence or
result of th e first action:
The film has been a ruTlaway success, paving the
way for five or six sequels.
1m Grammar Reference
Sometimes there is an obvious sequence - o ne
ac tion th en a no ther action . Th e pa rticiple clause
would nor mall y come at the beginning:
Taking off his heavy overcoat, he sat down all the
red leather sofa.
G to imply a reaso n:
Not knowing where he was, he stopped and checked
the map. (= because he didn 't kno w where he was)
Note: verbs that can 't nor mally be use d in co ntinuous
ten ses can have a prese nt participle form.
Prep ositions ar e al ways followed by the present
participle:
On hearing the news, they started to celebrate.
Before getting on the plane. the President and his
wife waved and smiled at the small crowd.
Participles after a 1l0WI give more info rmation about
the noun, They a re like s ho rtened relative clauses in
w hich the relat ive pronoun and th e aux iliary verb have
bee n omitted :
Ruov Stone. smiling atui wa ving to the crowds.
got out of the limousine. (who was smiling and
waving ... J
Note th at th e st ruc ture noun + present participle
indicat es an ac tivity in progress:
The man sitting over there wearing " ,
If there is no activ ity in progress. you can 't use a
partici ple cla use:
The scien tist inventing the robotic iuaslung machine
will iuit: a prize. The scientist who in vented the
robotic washing machine will Will a prize.
With passive relati ve clauses, use th e past particip le:
The meeting. scheduled for 10 o'clock . has been
cancelled. (that was scheduled)
These can often im ply a cond ition:
Watered once a day, the plant will grow really well.
(if it is watered)
Conditionals Second conditional
If-clau se Main Clause
Zero conditional Past Simple iiouldnuouidn ': + infinitive

If-clause Main Clause In the second conditional the past tense refers to 'unreal'
Presen t Simple Presen t Simple or 'hypothetical' conditions in th e present or future:
If I had a daughter, I wou Ld teach her Russian .
Use th e zero co nd itio na l to ta lk a bout scie n tific facts, (u nrea l present)
cons tant la ws of nature, u nc ha ng eab le rul es , custo ms
If I sta rted my ow n business. I would n't iuork on
and personal routines. Eith er if or wh en can he used
Friday afternoons. (hypot hetica l future)
in th e if-clause.
Don 't use iuo uld/iuo uldn't in the if-clause:
If/Wh en it is lunchtim e in London, it is breakfast time
in New York. If I H'GHl a sfart my own business, I wouLdn't work
on Frida y afternoons..

First conditional Use the second cond ition al to give advice to other people:
If th e solicitor was tude to you, I'd complain to his
If-clause Main Clause manager.
Present Simple w ill/ won't + infinitive
You can use the pas t continu ou s instead of the past
In the first conditional th e present tense us ually refers s imple:
to possible/probable conditions in the future : Lf th ey were looking out way, th ey would see us.
If th ere is milch more rain. the whoLe village will The past tense in second conditionals distances
probablv get flooded. meaning from rea lity (in the same way that the past
If Real Madrid 's captain doesn 't play, they won 't is distanced from the presen t). Compare first a nd
win th e game. seco nd co nd itiona ls:
Do n ' t use Will/WOlI' t in the If-clause: First conditional: If I become Presid ent , I will
in crease taxes for high earne rs. (spoken by a
ee
If th ere IPill much more rain, the wh oLe village
Preside ntial candida te)
will probably get flooded.
Second conditional: Tf I became President I wou ld
Use the firs t cond itio na l for threa ts or warnings spend more money on after-school clubs . (spoken
involving direct ac tion :
by a sc hoolgirl)
Tf you don't go away, I'll call the police, (= Go
away or I'll call th e police.)
Third conditional
You can use an imperative in the main clause:
If-clause Main Clause
If you hear th e fire alarm, walk quickly to th e
Pas t Pe rfect wouLd ha ve/would n 't have
nearest fire exit.
+ past participle
If you are [tightened of heights, don 't go up there.
You can use the present continuous or the present Use the th ird conditional for past eve nts tha t are untrue:
pe rfect instead of the presen t sim ple: If you had li stened to the in structions, you would
If you are doing YOll r violin practice, I'll phone later. nave known wha t to do.
If you have read my Cv. yOll will know all about me. If there hadn't been an eart hq uake, there wo uldn't
have been a tsunami.
Don 't lise wo uld tuive/uoukin ': have in the if-clause:
If th ere 'lo'lt171 '[ hdFC eeell an earthquake, th ere
wou ldn't ha ve been a tsunami.
You ca n use th e pa st perfect contin uous inst ead of th e
past perfect:
If they had been Looking more careiully, th ey would
ha ve seen th e signpost.

Grammar Reference 1m
You can use could (not) ha ve instead of would ha ve to
express possibility: Mixed conditionals
If Sally had been a centimetre taller, she could have
Mixed conditional sentences a re formed from two
become a police officer.
clauses with different time references. The most
You can us e might (not) have inst ead of would have [Q comm on ' m ixed' conditionals in volv e a clause
express 'p erha ps/ pe rha ps not': from a second conditional and a clause from a third
If he tuu: ktunun the film wasn't very good, he might conditional. The if-clause ca n s ta te the o r
not have gone to see it. ' rea son ' and refers to the past (third conditio nal ), with
the ' res ult' in the main clause referring to the present
(second conditional) :
Formal forms
(3I'd) [Znd)
In first conditionals, you can lise should before the If Sally hadn't tun ed her violin .. it wouldn 't sound
infinitive in the II-clause to ad d uncertainty or increase very nice.
politeness:
(3rd)
If he has a problem 2 If Tom had read the instructions more carefully, ,.
with his visa. I'll sort it out for him. (2nd)
If he should have a he would ktun u what to do.
problem with his visa, These co nd itio na ls answer the question ' w hy?'
If you need any help, Why does Sally's violin sound okay? Because she
If you should need I'll be in that office.
tuned it.
an y help, 2 Wh y doesn 't Tom know what to do? Because he
In second co nd itio nals , you GlO use wcre to like didn't read th e instruction s l!ery carefully.
should. above: Mixed conditionals of this type often express regret
If we complained (or satisfaction) in the present for so mething that
about the lack of happened in the past:
clean water, what would }lOll do If I hadn't married Tom, t iuouldn 't be living in
If we were CO com plain about it? Australia.
about the lack of
They can express present possibilities based un pa st
clean water.
events:
If you had kept the receipt, we would give you
Alternatives to if }/our money back.
You can usuall y use provided (or providing) and a s
The modals might or could can be used:
long as instead of if:
If I had started my own business ten years ago.
Jim will land safely on the groun d provided/a s long I might be better off by TlOW.
as his parachute opens.
If she had studied languages at un iversity, size
Supposing (or suppose) me ans 'what if', 11 can repla ce could be a translator.
if in questions and co mes first in the sentence:
The time reference of the clauses can be reversed. The
Supposing you missed the plane, what would
i{-c1ause (the cause or reason) can refer to th e present
you do?
(second conditional), the main clause (the result) can
Unless can be used to mean ' if ... not': refer to the past (third co nditional) :
can't join if you can 't/ sw im 100 metres (2nd) (3rd)
the swimming unless you can in less than If his eyes weren 't so bad. he would have seen the
team 75 seconds. road sign.
Don't sell yo ur I if there isn 't/ a sharp fall in (He didn 't see the road s ign because his eyes are bad.)
shares unless there is prices, (2nd) (3rd)
You can sit in if nobody else/ wants it. If Anna wasn't so clever she wouldn 't have known
a first class seat unl ess someone how to tak e my blood pressure.
else (Anna knew how to take my blood pressure
because she is clever.)

1m Grammar Reference
In mixed conditionals of this type, the refe ren ce to the You ca n often use if only instead of I wish. But the
present makes it clear that [he situation exists now. In res u lt is more a th ough t tha n a voiced regret:
'pure' third conditiona ls, the time reference on ly refers I didn't have to commute to work
to the past. every da y.
(2nd) (3rd) 1 wish/ 1 could get a job in ad vertising.
If Jack wasn 't interested iTI people, he wouldn't have
If only English spelling was easier.
studied sociology at university.
credit card companies wouldn't keep
(Jack was and still is interested in people)
sending me their offers.
(3rd) (3rd)
If Jack hadn't been interested in people, he wouldn't
have studied sociology at university.
(Jack was interested in people, perhaps he still is ,
but we are no t sure) Comparatives and
su perlatives
Comparatives
Wishes and regrets
Use as _. . as _.. to say tha t two elem ents are equal in
Use wish + past simple for situations in the present
so me way . Th ere are severa l structures you can
that you wo uld like to be different: LIse. The words just and nea rly often come before
I wish I didn't get so many unwanted emails. the first as :
You can often use were instead of was, pa rticu larly in adjective
form a l English: as adverb as
The young man is so unhappy that he often wishes milch/many + noun
he were somewhere else. H e pla ys tenn is nearly as well as his girlfriend,
Use wish + the past modal could (no t would) to I get paid just as mucli money as you.
express a regret about a personal lack of ability:
There are just as many cafes in London as (there
I wish I could swim further without taking a rest. are) in Paris.
Use wish + th e past modal didn't have to to express Object pro no uns, nouns and clau ses can follow the
lack of ent husiasm about an obliga tio n: second as:
[ wish [ didn't have to cuny my identity papers with That car is nearly as old as me.
me everywhere I go.
The food in Le Select is just as good as it was ten
You can use wish + would to criticise other people years ago.
or an aspect of th e present situation tha t you are Walk ing in London is often just as fast as taking
un happy wi th: a bu s.
[ wish she wouldll't keep tal king about her children. Use th e opposite struc ture no t as .. . as ... to talk about
[ wish this computer lVould stop crashing. two elements that are unequal in some way.
You can also use wish + would to talk about fut ure Th e words nowhere near, nothing like and not quite
situa tions that you wan t to cha nge: often corne be fore the first as:
[ wish someone would fix the central heating.. The sports car was nowhere near as fast as 1 had
expected it to be.
You can use wish + past perfect to express regrets
I can play the piano. but not quite as well as (I can
about the past :
play) the guitar.
I wish the advertising agency had thought of a better
Flying in a hot air balloon wus nothing like as
brand name.
frighten ing as I thought it wou ld be.

Grammar Reference 1m
Use comparatives to compare people. groups and Degr ee: enough , too, so, SUCh, as, like
thin gs. Use a comparati ve adjective (healthier, more
en ou gh
exciting. etc. ) or adve rb (earlier. more carefully , etc.):
Use enough (with the meaning of
YOll IVan tile silver m edal lnu Emma Dean beat you
'sufficient/sufficientl y') after adjectives a nd adverbs:
with a ui ucli fas ter time.
His exam results were okay, but th ey we ren't good
Would you like to have your interview where there is
enough to gel him his universit y place.
a greater degree of pri vacy?
l'cw're playing well enough to be in th e team, but
Use than to make comparisons between two differen t not well enough at the moment to be team captain.
thin gs of tile' sa me type:
You often use to + infini tive after enough:
The weather in man y countries IS now warm er and
wett er than it used to be. J know you 're physically {it but are you resilient
enough to ke ep going?
Fiats arc less ex pensive than Ferraris.
too
You can qualify the comparative with these words and
expressions: Use too (with the meaning ' more than enough ') before
adjectives and adverbs:
a bit a little much a great deal
Sall y auditioned for a part in a Broad wa y pla y, but
slightly a lot far
th ey said she was too small for the pan.
Drivin g in a Merced es is a great dea l more He tried ro take a ph oto of (he Tour de France riders,
comiottablc than riding a scooter. but tlley rode past far too quickly.
Book 2 in the series is slightly longer than Book J.
You often use too . .. to + infiniti ve:
Sh e a lways does a bit better at English than ttuuhs.
lt was 38 degrees in the shade yesterday. Fa r too hot
You ca n also use the expre ssion no (more) . .. than in to sunbathe.
the sa me way as jus t as . . as: J ran out uf time. J wrot e too slowly to finish all the
Th e film was flO more frighten ing than the book. qu estions .
Th e book was just as frighten ing as th e film .
so and such
You can use the following structure to talk about two Use so before adjectives or adverbs, but not when a
things that happen together: noun follows:
the + compa rative clause + the + comparative clau se There probably are other pla nets, but th ey are so far
Th e bigger the tuave s th e better it is for surling. away that astronomers can't see them .
Tile hea vier the boxer the slower he moves round Th e tra ins are so unreliable (chat) it's 110 wonder
th e ring. com m uters get angry.
Note that you can use so much or so man y with a noun:
Su perl ati ves ' You 've got so many problems: said tile psychologist,
Use superlatives to compare one member of a group 'J hardly know where to start.'
with the wh ole group. Always use the with a Use such before a noun (with or without an adjective):
superlative: I ha ven't been to th e cin ema for such a long time
th e best film th e m ost ex citing journey (that) I can hardly remem ber the last film I saw.
You can qualify a superlative with these words and Advertisers al ways wa n t us to think th ey ha ve such
expression s: uondeiiul products, whereas most of it is such rubbish.
among one of two of as and like
Use as as a prep osition to mean 'in the role of':
Sha ne Walker is among the best young write rs in Mr Pouer ha s been working as an accou nt aTIC for
the country. twenty years.
Crossing the icy ridge was one of the m ost diffimlt
But use lik e as a prepo sition when it means 'similar to':
pa rts of th e ex ped ition .
Mr Potter doesn 't look lik e a n accountant, He's built
more like a profession al athlete.

II Grammar Reference
You also use as with adjec tives to make comparisons: Emphat ic structures wi t h it and what
Nothing seems as Itiglueuing th e second time yOIl
YOLI can use It is .. . , It was . ., etc. tu emphasise a
do It.
pa rticular part of a sentence:
There were five members of the climbing team, but
it was Bill who reached the summit first.

Emph asis It was very disappoin ting that I didn't reach the top.
Use What is ..., What was .. . to emphasise the subject
or object of a sentence:
Inversiun
W ha t they saw when they reached the summit was a
Use the word order you usc for questions La give French flag fluttering in the wind.
emphasis:
There are various other expressions tha t can be added
I have never heard such a frightening noise.
to th e start of a se ntence for em phas is:
Never have [ heard such a [tightening (wise.
The reason l'm. here today is co cell yOll about our
You can use inversion: new products.
after certain ' negative' adverbials: The thing I like most about Harry is his generosity.
never hardly scarcely All he could talk about was his wurk .
rarely little not for one minute
not since not until never before -ing forms as subj ect of a sente nce
You can use an -ing form as the subject of J sentence
Hardly had he sat down iuhrtt he starred to calk.
10 give emphasis:
Scarcelv had she got home when the phone rang,
Arguing with traffic wardens is a iuaste of tune.
Litt le did th ey expect so many supporters to wnte
to them.
2 after expressions wi th only or no:
only when
the only
not only
in no way
Phrasal verbs
on no account under no circumstances
at no tim e no sooner Adverbial phrasal verbs
Adverbial phrasa l verbs are ma de from a verb + all
The only way to xct anywhere quickly is to fly. adverb. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive (they have
Although the trip wasn 't very pleasant, at no time no object) :
did I feel in any da nger. The witness broke down when he was asked about
You can use inversion to replace if in condi tional her husband.
sentences that include should, were or had: He packed his rucksack arid set off
If yaH should need an)/ help with your bags. please Transi tive phrasal ve rbs (those wi th objec ts) a re
let the receptionist know. 'separable'. If the object is a nou n , it can go:
Should you need ' " ] between the verb and the pa rt icle:
If you were co scop messing around with your mobile The police broke the denionstratioti up.
phone, you might learn a bit more. Can yOll set your ideas rlown in writing?
Were you to stop., . 2 or after the particle:
If yOll hadn 't tried to du three things at once, this The police broke up Ole demonsi ration .
would never ha ve happened.
Call yOll set down your ideas in writing?
Had you not tried " _
But if the object is a pronoun, you must put it between
the ver b a nd th e pa rticle:
The police broke it up.
Please set your ideas douni in uniting.

Grammar Reference II!D

Prepositional phrasal verbs Three-part phrasal verbs
Prepositional phrasal verbs are made from verbs A few phrasal verbs have three parts: verb + particle
+ J preposition . The verb and the preposition are + preposition. You cannot separate the verb from the
'inseparable', so all objects whether they are nouns other parts. All objects must come after the
or pronouns must follow the particle: preposition:
YOlL should film off the tuotonuay at junction 2. - 'He's going to do away with all his uhf mobile
We've received your complaint and we'll look into it, phones:
Adverb particles CJn have several different meanings. - 'is he going to completely get rid of them?'
For example. off can suggest: I've just run out of time.
I a beginning of some kind:
Go to bed early because we are setting off at dawn.
2 finishing or delaying:
We're going CO finish off the lesson with a quiz.
I'm busy. I'll have to put tile meeting off until
tomorrow.
3 some kind of separation or disconnection:
Workmen closed off the road to do maintenance
iuork .
Come in and rake off your wet jacket.
My phone lias been cut off because I didn 't pay
the bill.
The particle in can suggest:
I some kind of participation:
Bob never joins in the fun.
2 some kind of deception
She was too clever to be taken in by the solesnuin's
smooth talk.
3 some kind of collapse/ret irernent clue to pressure
'Do you give in?' asked the wrestler. twisting the
man's arm .
Some phrasal verbs change their meaning when used
with or without an object. For example. the particle
ow can suggest:
1 failure:
Myoid car made a horrible noise and gave our five
kilometres from the garage.
2 distribution
She stood in the market and gave out leaflets about
her new shop.

1m Grommor Reference
OXFORD News l>apers l.nnited 2004 p136 'Mu sic 10 deter yo bs' by Jackson fro m
www.bbc.co.uk , Reproduced by permissio n 1'14 1 'The o il unde r this wi tderness
" III
wrll la st th e US six m onths. Bu t soon Ihe dnlling WI ll begin' by John Vidal. Th,
Great Clarendon Street. Ox ford OX2 60r Guardian. 18 Mat ch 2005 Ii) Gu ardian News papers Limi ted 2005. pl 43 ' Pre" ur e
Oxford Unive rsity IS a depa rt ment ofl ht· University of Oxford . points by Ian Sam ple . 1111' Guardian. 14 Oct obe r 2004 © Gu;m li:lO Newspapers
It furthers the Ilniverslty's objective ofexcellence in research. scholars hip. and Limn ed 2004 .
educ ation by pub l "Ill ng worldwi de in $ourus: p28 Ct-'W'lphiCIII: pS6 www.shipwreck.. xplorer.mm;plOS
Oxford fl:ew Yllrk wwwrrimesransucs .org.uk
Anckland Cl l'e Town Dar Salaam Hon g Kong Karachi Thel'uh li<hl'J'll1lu',1hk.. to thallk the!<!IllJI<1n'=!(lr theIr k1nd 10 n'produ('e
Kual a l.umpu r :>I,ul nd Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi AAP (Ausl ra li<ln Associated Press) p79bc (D,IVe Hurul; Alamy pp14r
t'<'w De llu Sh.IIlj\I",i Taipei Toronto (Ch ris LcschinskYIGlass hollse hn al:l's). 28b (Sue Cunrungham Pho tograptuc), 33bl
Wllhomeesin ( like Ifill /l m ageSla te). 33 t l (Fra n k Kr.lhmer/lmageSta rel. 33 1r (Paul Gibbs) . 38 1
Arge n lln " Austrin Braz il Ch ile Czec h Republic France Greece (Ma r k Il.li geml. 39b&1Jc Uac ky Ch apman/Jani ne Wiedel Phom libra ry ], 4'lIMike
Cu.uerua la Hungary Ita ly Japan Poland Po rtugal Singa pore I h llflmageSta te). 451x: (David Flee tha m ]. 45c1 (Steve 11100111 Images). 4S1r
Sou th Ko rea Switzerland Thaila nd Turkey Ukrame Vietnam (profimed la.CZ 5.1', 0.) , 51 d (Pau l Doyle fPhorofu slo n Picture Lib ra ry]. 5 t cr (p ixe l
shepherd). 5111Uetf Crcenberg). 54bl (Robc l1 Slade) . 54 11(Bildagc ntu r lranz
OXfORD and OXFORD ENGlIS Ii a re It'g b u: n: d trade m a rks of Wa ldhaeusl). 54tr (Ma rt in Ru"gne r/ln l.lgeS t"rel, 5Se (Christian Hauc. /f10nlinel, 551'
Oxford Ilni ve i, ily Press 111 the UK .Ind in certain other countries Ua n Baks], 56 IStc ve Bloom Images]. 59 [Ra n u lph Ficnnesjkoyal C",ographical
4') Oxford Univers ity Press 200(> Society]. 63d (lo hn Powell Photographer]. 6311 (Den n is Ma('Dnn ,1Id ). 641 [Dc n m »
The moral rig hts of the aut hor have been asserted Kunk c ljf'hutotake lnc.], 75br (I'o pperfo tc ], 75 tr (He n ry w cs tbeim ), 87bl illy Ian
Pictures). 98 MOI'g;m). 105 [Den nis 111hr (I'k'nn ls
Database right Oxford U mversity (ma k er ]
111t1 (pla mpll'tu re /Curnh lfix) , l 111r IT Gn llllll /pl,lInpictu re ), 112tl
FilOt pub lishe d 2 006 [David Stares). 116 (Den n is 11" IIiIl.m). 1171 (Pete; Adam. Phot ography), 122b (Ace
:lU llJ 201)<) 200fl 20 07 2006 Stock Lim lied). 123cl fV&A lrnagc s). 128 (Peter Adams Pho togra phy) . 135t1 (Ro n
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Su t he rlall d(nle Ga rde n Picture Library], 1431Uim Zuckerman], 1461r (G I'
No unauthorized photocopying !lowill..r ], 147br(A. T. Wi llen). J49C (Cra ig Lovell). 154b &c Uustll \ Kase); Blue WaleI'
Recoveries 1'86.-;C101er.\ Press pp22/23&23 1('lim n Latronch e/Garnrna]: Corbi UK
All reserved. No pan o f ti n pubhration may be reproduced. stored 111 a
Ltd. p pt-tcr (Geo rge 0 , Ie pp), 19b [Steve Preza nt ], 19t (Rick Gomez). 2 1b IReu le n.l.
retrieval ';}'Stem. or tra ns mtrtcd, rn ,1 ny fonn or by an . means , without the pnor
26 . 27bc (Reu lers). 27 1 IReutelO ). 27tc. 30bc (Pillli A. Souders), 30bl (Free Agcrus
permlsslon ill writing of Oxfor d Un iversity Press ,
I.im ite d ), 30b. ,. 31 (Pau l Stet'l ). 31bc (pa l je rrold ; Pa piliu ), 3Jbr tMich:Je] Pole ), 33«'
or n, exprc.. Iy perm uted by 1,l\Y. Or under terms agreed ..,..ith the appropriate
(SIe ve 1I0yle /NewSporl ). 34 [Mich ael S. Yarnashi ta l, 38 1 (l.indsay Hebbcrd). 391
reprograp hics rig hts organization. Enqur ries concerning reproducuon ou ts ide the
(DiMaggio/Killish), 391C(Ph ili p Gou ld). 45 b l (Pau l A. Souders). 4Sbr(Sleve
«01""' of t he abo ve shou ld be sent to t he
Kaufm an ). 45cr (W. Pe rry Conway). 15tl [Martin Harv ey: Ga llo Im ages). S Ib (Eal l &
ElI Rights D"pan men l. Ox ford University Press. at Ihe addl...s\ abov!"
Nazi m:t KO\va ll). 51 h (Tom & Dee AllU McCa rlh y). 55 1(Niall Rc·nvil'l. 58e IDou!!Ja.o;
You m us t not (Unll.He th is book m an}'other bind in/; or cover l'e eblt'S). 58 1(Rick Doyle), 58r (Lu cy Pemon i/Rl'UlelO). 63bl (Tom Stewan ), 63br
a nd you mu sl lmpose Ih is Solmecondition on a ny ,' ('q u ire r
(David PollOlck l, 63e r (Eric K. K. Yul. 63 1r Uam es 64r 011'/ Dcimosl.
Any ,...ferred to in t hi, publication are in I he publi.... 67 (Simon Tapl in). 70t (Ma rve l Ch"''iletcrs.lnc .), 7l b IMa rve l Charatlers,ln('.I. 75bl
dom alll ,lIld Ihe ir ;Ire p rovided by Oxford University Pres> (K.:-.1. Wes te nnaun l. 75 1c (Helen Atk in onjRelJt"",). 7St l (Fr.lI1k T',l pper) . 811x'
fm mfonnalion only. Oxfo rd Un iverS ity Press di scla im s an y respollSlblhly 101'Ihe (Archivo Iconogr.lfico. SA ). lll111 (Roge r Wood). 81 br (Hube n 81c(A1inan
con tent Arc hives), HIn (Tim P"ge l. 81 t (Mimmo Jod ice ). l\7b r (Mich:tl'i f rt'eman ), 87c1
(RI('h ard T. Now ilz). 87cr Wm Cornfield). 87[1'(Roge r De Ll Ha r pe/Ga llo Images).
IS8tH 3: 9711 0194577:150 8llb (lloja n Ilre t'e lj l, fl8t (Ch ar les & josette len a r..). 89 1Arc hivo lconogralico. SA),
ISBN-tO: 0 19457725 2 90br INaj l:Jh SARAl. 9 11(Be tt m an n). 92 (Huhe t1 Sta d ler). 107 (Ima " e'.co m),
Pnllled m Chma Ill c l {A1a n Schein Pho lo!,'l'aphy). 112lr (V.m e/ All), 114/115 (De re k Cro uche l !. 117b
Uohn 0 Norma n) . 117c (Richard Bic kd). 1 191'(Kim Sayer). 1221 (llru ee Conn olly ),
123bl (Robe n Hol mes). 123cr (Caroline Penn). 123 t (Cam e lo n). 125 Uul io Donoso
ACKNoWLF.DGEMt:NTS SYGMA). 126b (Enriljue Marc;lri"n/ReUleP.i), 126t (Gary fl o lllde r), 127b ljohn
11," lIuthors lind publisheraIL' t:TllujiJl l() wIl(l h"VC l'fnlllSSlnn tn rfl 'm"" I ' th,' Gress /Relllers). 1271 (Sa m ShillJlC). 1291x:nony Gen tile/Reu lers ), 1291(lmages.com),
follm.1n!!: I'xlrn rts lind orlo/,lol iom Ilf (0l'y,;g I1l '""1<'",": p9 'What are yo u IIkeT by 129t (f ra nn s G. Mayrr). 130/13 1 (Ru ne He llI'SI,ld l. 135h l( l\.hmmo jodicc). 1351>1'
(Gu m ..r Phol(lgr., phYI. 135cr (Greg 1·1Ullle/NewSp on ). 140 (I mages.com ). 141 b
Rache l Poner. DnilyExp''Css1 Seplemher 2004 . 1'10 Rawd 0 11 a ll article by Mnu r" en
Rin' ,'m illed 'Wh at a lC' you like7' © Mauree n Rice. nil' GuordUln 28 Marc h 2004. (I.o well I<lll (Pa u l A. Sllud"I S). 14 11 (I.o we ll Geo!b'1;'l). 141 1C (l'i1 ul A.
R" proclucc'<! by pl'n 11lS,\lon o fM"ureen Rke. p22 'The remot"st fesl ivnl on e,lr lh hy SOllde rs). 142 (Ra be n va n M I HIISt). 1431'(Cra ig I.o ve ll). 1461'(Owak; - Kulla ), 147ht
Sue a nd Paln('k Cu n n ing hilm . Geogml'hicnl. june 2004. p34 'Hohd "y 20 1lYl' hy Mark (RIch a r d Chull ,,"1 eP.i). 14711(RlCki Rmen SABA). 147 tr (KC'lly 'MoOJ\e y
152 1I.owe II Georgia). 1541 (Terry W. EggelOl; p47 ; Emp lCS
Huilion. Thl' Sunda)' 'rimes. 3 October 2004 V NI Syn dicatio n Limited . p38 ·R.lidl·r., of
tli .. Ul t City' by Jo nat h an Clantey. nl" Cuordllln. 2 1 !"ebma!)' :.!llO5 ([)GUilrdlan pp27b . 7 9b l (EPAI, 79b,' (AMCA I. 79tc IPA PflaroiEPA). 7911(1'/\ I'I IOfO/EPA).79\r
r;e....'Spapers Unll led 2005 1>40 ·Shh . your real age IS an eCl'el ' by Sar.lh·Kate (EPA), 831 IEPAjUm ve rslly o( New I:ng );lIlll/PA). 111cr. 130 ([ PAfP.lOlo
·re lllp!clOn. 111f SunllnyTIIlII'S. 24 Octohel2004 © NI Syn d icat ion l imite d . 1>46 ' Mort' 135lr; Getty Im ages 1'1'2111(Robe rt EarnestfStone), 32 IRo\)en ..).
Ihan j u<t .1 pn:lty face ' by joh n Elliolt and john The Sunday Trnll'S, 28 CO\'('I'. br (Digil.,1Vision). Cove r.c Goavec(fhe Bank), over.cl
I\o\'cml>cr 1004 © I'll Syn d ic'at ,on lim ited 1'50 'Do you wa nt ro bl':1 prof,'ss io na l (Nlt'k Daly/photonica l. Cove r_cr (Mic hae l R<mlL,/Sto ne ). CClvcr. tCUJC I:>"p""ykflbe
wildlife photoj::r.lp het1" by Iidn, M..rtc m© Ha n s Mane ns. W ild picl ul e.co m . p53 Im age Rank ), Cove r_t1 (Ph OlOd isc Co llectlon{pholOdlSCBlue). He III l'ra Technologic,
Will th ese o ne day '1 ,llk Ihe Eart h?' hy Jo hn DUllyI'xJlros. 26 pp76. 118 . 119( , 1191; iSlllCkp ho lO p I411x' (DOIvid Fre u n d ): NAS/\ p90bl : N;tllll nal
August 2004 . p57 ' 100 wnys 10 I:l'l lit" by An dy Dar ling. The Guardum, 1<;Ja nuary Ma l'ilime Muse u m . London p861: Nal ure Pictu I'C Library 1'1'21111(l'rl'maphorn<l . 28tr
2005 €I GU.lfdi .. n Newsp" I"''' I imiled 200 5. p 59 ' Is II possible 10 be tOOfit?' By (Pl'elllapholos): Oxfo rd Unr\,ersllY Pr" ..., Cover_be ; I'hnro lihra ly.com pp 16/17 (Mike
David Ada m ,"11I0ilV ld Munk. 1111' Guorrfia n 10 ju ne 2003 © Guardian New'Spapcrs Lorrigl. 136 (\Vorkbollks llll'k.Colll (,o /'Op SlTVlCe): t.reen
limited 1U05 1162 '110\\1 10 I'UI your back into a bliss I'llI ni g ht"s sleep' hy Jo Re.. p65 ; RI'X Features p p Jo1 h l (Im:rge 14t1 (Sip.lPresS). 2ltr (ChlislOphe
TheOhSClw r 28 M.lrch 2004 © Guardian fl:ew papers Lim iled 2004. pM '00 we lIe('C! 54 br [fed Illolckbrow). 66 tSipa Press) . 70b) (c.Co lu m b '''I Evc n: ll l. 70br
10 wony 'Ihou t malana?' by Alok j h n. 11" Gunrdwn. 18 S<·pkmber 2004 €I Gu.ud ,an (EverNt Co llection). 901 (Sipa Press). 911'(Ma l kus Ze ll1er l. 94/95
New'pap,: .--I imi [ed 2004. 1'70 Th l' Sc.e llce o f Supe rhe roes' by Ma rk Pe pl ow from (c.20thC Fox/E\·e re tl j. 95b Ie 20 thC. fo, [verell). 111 hI INicho lilSBailey ). 112b
hl lp :/Iww...,.bhc .co,u k/sl'le nce/h o tlo pics/sup e rh er oes/ in de x,shl m!. Repro<\ut' l'd hy (Action Press). 12311r fAn d l'e w DrySda le). 124 Uim Sme<llfBEI), 129br (Pl'ler
p76 'Wll:1l's left? NOI These W ho ppers. Ap ril Fool' IAll' Angdes Tlilles. 2
Rroo ke r). 129tc (Sipa 1310.II11esI r,,,er). 139 1('.MimmaxJEveretl l. 146hr
Apri l l\IlJll. Reprodut'ed by permiSSion. p82 ·Arc h ,."" lol;is ts dismve r re.ll ho m" of (Sip" 148 100h n Wngh r). 148r (Tony KYJiaco ul , 1'1% rress Pen il. 1491 (Ch ris
lhe h um,lIl hobb ll' hy Mar k lIem leP.ion,l1ll·Tllnrs.lll Oct ober 2004 ([) I'll Hellier): Ro n ald Gr an l Arch ive I' p7 11 (Un ive rsa l l' ict Ules). 112 (I'll' \\' Line Cinem;l).
Syndll"alion [j lllited 1'95 ' Mean m achi ne,' by O)'I" n EViln,. n",Guardian 29 July 87 [1.9Sl (20th Ce nl ury fox). 134h Plxar). 1341. 134 t (Bue n.. Vista). 1311
2004 Gu,mlia n fl:ew,p.llxTS LimIted 2004 p98 You th volunteenll);!rum :>cien ce Phoro Liblill)' pp3 5 /Victor Hab brck 14611Co lln

W\vw.vw ,OI'g.lIk Reprnd llt'ed by pcmlission . p 100 'Revealed - Ih e m ea mng oflifc' CUlhben): Supers[oc k Ltd. 1'1411: Th" Future is Wi ld ppS2b . 52t. 53h. 531: Tickle
hy julian 111" GIIIl"!' '' " 20 Seplember 2004 .g Gu"rdia n NewspapeP.i Inc. p p lO/ 11&111&b: UnrversHy ofWollongoll1: p83b (Courtesy o f th e dIti>1. Pete,
I.lIn iled 200 4. pl IO "The MllIenn ,um Dam.. Hei st' from www.bbc.<'O ulL illfd t he N,llio nal GeOb'Taphic Socie lY).

by pe rmission p11 2 ' II'S a ll for yuu r own good ' hy Pall l L1shmll r. 'Ilir 1U1IStratiorrs I'}': Gill BUllon pp l 3. 49 . n. 99 .100. 12 1:J o Goodbeny/NH IIIUSll'i,t ion
Cunnliall. 25 Sep le mbl'r 2004 © Gu ;u di.1O l.im ill'lI 20(H . r> 118 p1-l2; 1111.,111 Gnmwood pp69. 80 ; Sa r.. h Naykr/NB llJustrat ion pl 7
Everyt h ing m lhl go by Simon O·H.lg,m, Bnhd, Ainmys flu,m ess life. October 2004
Rcsl1Irdlrd IUustrulioru by: Rod Clarkfnll' Art Mar ket P1'93. 104, 15 1; Melvyn Evans
RepHxlun-d by 1'122 ' Do n 't brand us with heritage' by j oh n Hq,r.lrly.
pl Ot : OlrvcrGaiger pp41. 77 . 96 . St"phane 1'57, 68; Bna n
111,1' GUlln/ian, 24 lan uary 2005 (!) Gu ar dian Newlipapers IJm lled 2005. 1'124 Rim!':· Gri m wood 1'1'9 . 20: l im MmTSp74: Sar ah p p2 9 (hens),
111111): by [kow Esh u n . Bn tlSh /l1L<i1lt'<S life. Octolx'r 2004 . Reproduced by
42-13; Ali PeUnlt ppl5. 25 . 29 (wom a nl, 37. 6 1. 85. 97 . 103, 109. 133 .145: DaVIt!
l>ermlsslOn. p 130 'An exhibitinn o f your ... W by Lllldy RmoJo.". n teClIlInlin n. 27
T.1ZZ)'lllantpVUK 1'113 . 137
Or to be r 200 t ([)Gliardi,1JI l.im iled 2Ulll 1'134 ' How Pixarconljuered
III.. planer by Olive r Bur keman . ·n.. GlIunli llll, 12 NoVt'm ber 2004 Ii) Gua ldlan Grumnlllr Rl:rrnll (Chy. Ken Sing le to n