APUNTS ANGLÈS 2n Batxillerat

1. Grammar:
Present simple:
Afirmatiu:
I/you/we/they +infinitiu
He/she/it +infinitiu + -s

Negatiu:
I/you/we/they + don’t +infinitiu
He/she/it + doesn’t + infinitiu

Interrogatiu:
Do I/you/we/they +infinitiu ?
Does He/she/it + infinitiu ?

Utilitzem el Present simple per parlar:

 De fets i estats:
I Love pizza
 D’hàbits i accions que es repeteixen:
I go out every Saturday.

Present continuous:
Afirmatiu:
I Am
He-she-it Is + ing
You-we-they Are

Negatiu:
I Am not
He-she-it Isn’t + ing
You-we-they Aren’t
Interrogatiu:
Am I
Is He-she-it + ing ?
Are We-you-they

Utilitzem el Present continuous per parlar:

 D’accions que passen ara:
She is watching Tv
 De situacions temporals:
My dad is working in London this week.

Past simple:
Afirmatiu:
i/you/he/she/it/we/you/they + past (2a columna) or -ed

Negatiu:
i/you/he/she/it/we/you/they + didn’t + infinitiu

Interrogatiu:
Did i/you/he/she/it/we/you/they + infinitiu ?

Utilitzem el Past simple per parlar:

 D’accions o esdeveniments que van acabar al passat:
Did you do your homework last night?
 D’estats del passat:
He was very ill a few years ago.
 De coses que passaven repetidament al passat:
We had a test every month.
Past continuous:
Afirmatiu:
I- He-she-it Was
You-we-they Were + ing

Negatiu:
I- He-she-it Wasn’t
You-we-they Weren’t + ing

Interrogatiu:
Was I- He-she-it
Were You-we-they + ing ?

Utilitzem el Past continuous per parlar:

 D’accions que tenien lloc en un moment concret del passat:

Yesterday morning we were sitting outside.
 D’accions del passat que són interrompudes per una altra acció:
He was talking to his girlfriend when I saw
him.
En una mateixa frase:

WHILE: PRESENT CONTINUOUS

WHEN: PRESENT SIMPLE

Used to:
Afirmatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + used to + infinitiu

Negatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + didn’t used to + infinitiu

Interrogatiu:
Did i-you-he-she-it-we- + used to + infinitiu?
 you-they
Utilitzem el Used to per parlar:
 D’accions del passat, de costums o de situacions que han canviat i que ja
no són igual que abans.
We used to go to the same school (But now we don’t)
Abans anàvem al mateix institut (però ara ja no)

Future forms: will

Afirmatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + will + infinitiu

Negatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + won’t + infinitiu

Interrogatiu:
Will i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + infinitiu ?

Utilitzem el will:

 Per predir o opinar sobre el futur.

We won’t arrive in time.
 Per expressar decisions espontànies que fem al mateix moment de parlar:
I’ll introduce (presentar) my sister.

Future forms: going to

Afirmatiu:
I Am
He/she/it Is +going to + infinitiu
We/you/they Are

Negatiu:
I Am not
He/she/it Isn’t +going to + infinitiu
We/you/they Aren’t
Interrogatiu:
Am I
Is He/she/it +going to + infinitiu ?
Are We/you/they

Utilitzem el going to:

 Per parlar de plans i de les intencions que tenim.

What are you going to wear to the party?
 Per fer prediccions basant-nos en l’evidència que tenim en el moment de
parlar:
They are going to be late.

Future continuous:
Afirmatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + will +be + ing

Negatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + won’t +be + ing

Interrogatiu:
Will i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they +be + ing ?

Utilitzem el future continuous per parlar d’accions que:

 Omplen un període específic de temps en el futur:

We will be working on our project all evening.
 Tenen lloc al llarg d’un període de temps:
I can’t go ou tat seven. I’ll be finishing my homework (no podré sortir a les
7 pk estaré acabant els deures)
 Ja han estat planejades
This time next week, she’ll be taking her exams.
Future perfect simple:
Afirmatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + will +have + passat participi

Negatiu:
i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they + won’t +have + passat participi

Interrogatiu:
Will i-you-he-she-it-we-you-they +have + participi passat

Utilitzem el future perfect simple:

 Per parlar d’allò que estarà acabat en un moment en concret del futur.
Utilitzem by per indicar quan serà exactament aquest moment.
We’ll have left school by this time next year.

PERFECT TENSES:

Present perfect simple:

Subjecte + have/ has + participi passat

 Accions o situacions del passat que afecten al present.

 Accions que van comensar al passat i que continuen al present.

Present perfect continuous:

Subjecte+ have/ has + been + ing

 Per emfatitzar la durada d’una acció que va començar en el passat i que

encara dura.
 Per parlar d’una acció que ha acabat fa poc i que afecta al present.
Past perfect simple:

Subjecte+ had + participi passat

 Per parlar de situacions del passat que van tenir lloc abans que unes altres
situacions.
 Per parlar d’accions que van tenir lloc abans d’un moment concret en el
passat.
 Amb l’expressió it was the first/second/third time.

Past perfect continuous:

Subjecte +had + been + ing

 Per emfatitzar la continuïtat d’una acció que arriba fins al moment just
abans de començar-ne una de nova.
My parents had been looking for a House for over six month when they
found this House.

CONDITIONALS:

1st conditional:

IF+ PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL+INFINITIU

 Esdeveniments possibles o probables

 Fer promeses i advertir

2nd conditional:

IF+ PAST SIMPLE, WOULD+INFINITIU

 Per parlar de situacions hipotètiques (imaginaries o improbables)

3rd conditional:

IF+ HAD+PARTICIPI, WOULD HAVE +PARTICIPI

 Per parlar d’hipòtesis del passat.

REPORTED SPEECH:
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Past simple Past perfect simple
Can Could
Will Would
Must Have to

MODAL VERBS:

 POTSER: may, migth

 SEGUR: must
 PODER: can
 HAURIES: should, ougth to
 OBLIGACIÓ: must, have to
 PROHIBICIÓ: mustn’t
 NO CAL...: don’t have to
 CAL QUE...: need to

RELATIVE CLAUSES:
WHOSE I WHO’S
 Which: que
WHOSE: pronom relatiu que indica
 That: que
possessió.
 Who: qui
 Whose: la qual WHO IS: El qual és...

 Where: on
 When: quan
THE PASSIVE:

Present simple Is/are + participi

Present continous Is/are + being + participi
Present perfect Have/has + been + participi
Past simple Was/were + participi
Past continous Was/were + being + participi
Past perfect Had + been + participi
Going to Going to be +participi
Can take Can be taken
Will Will be + participi

SUBJECTE VERB OBJECTE

SUBJECTE VERB COMPLEMENT