ABSTRACT

This document provides a guideline for the design of pile and follower driving heads.

The following aspects are addressed within this Engineering Guideline:

• Driving heads applied directly under impact hammers (Section 2.0).
• Driving heads applied in combination with followers (Section 3.0).
• Piles handled with an Internal Lifting Tool (ILT) (Section 4.0).

This Engineering Guideline EG-115 shall be read in conjunction with Engineering

Guideline EG-116 (Ref. 2) and Standard Criteria SC-117 (Ref. 3).

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
A driving head is a strengthened section at the top of a pile (section) or (front-) follower
driven upon by an impact hammer.

Two types of pile driving heads can be distinguished:

• Driving heads to be driven upon directly by an impact hammer.
• Driving heads to be driven upon via a (front-) follower.

The function of the first category is to resist eccentricities of the hammer blow and to
prevent local buckling at the pile or follower top due to driving (“mushrooms”).

The second category forms part of a gravity connection system. Their primary function is
to accurately mate with the stabbing point of the follower and to prevent the pile top
from splitting open.

It shall be noted that in general driving heads are accepted on North Sea projects. In other
areas of the world, however, driving heads are usually considered overdone. It is
recommended to be always critical on the use of driving heads. In case the usage of
driving heads is generating insuperable problems for the project then try to avoid driving
heads by finding solutions in:
• local shimming (eccentricities),
• relief with respect to energy losses (no fine machining) and / or
• remedial actions to the hammer.

Take also account of the expected number of blows on the pile section; this number is
often low. Always look critical at the application of driving heads and apply them
only when really necessary.

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2.0 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRIVING HEADS USED DIRECTLY UNDER A
HAMMER
This Section describes the criteria for the design of driving heads used directly under
steam and hydraulic hammers.

The driving head design is mainly determined by:

• The driving stresses in the pile head.
• The geometry of the hammer anvils, i.e. proper fitting of the hammer anvil in/on the
driving head.

2.1 Stress Check

The driving stresses near the pile head shall be checked against the following empirical
design rule. Heerema has developed this in-house stress check for driving heads based
upon experience in the past with “mushrooms” at pile heads. I.e. the pile wall at the top is
extending to the outside due to local buckling.

This check takes into account the pile inclination and the D/t-ratio of the pile section. The
following steps shall be followed:
Step 1 : Determine driving stress (fd) with the wave-equation program ‘DYNPAC’
for the specified hammer(s) and pile head wall thickness

Step 2 : Determine multiplication factor (α) for the pile inclination (φ)

α = 1.0 + 0.05 * φ with φ in degrees ..….(1)

Step 3 : Determine multiplication factor (β) for the D/t-ratio

β = 1.0 for D/t ≤ 7000 / Fyield ..….(2)

β = 1 /(1 − ( 1 - 7000/F
D /t
yield 2
) ) for D/t > 7000/ Fyield ..….(3)

Fyield denotes material yield stress (MPa)

Step 4 : Determine reference stress (fr)

fr = α * β * fd ..….(4)

Step 5 : Check reference stress against following criteria

fr ≤ 0.70 * Fyield ..….(5)

Deviation from the above given criteria is permitted, but shall only be done after
consultation of an experienced foundation engineer and/or based upon recently acquired
experience with the same or equivalent hammer-pile combination and taking into account
the expected number of blows per pile (section).

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2.2 Driving Head Geometry
Three types of driving heads can be distinguished in case the impact hammer is driving
directly on top of the pile or follower.
• Steam hammer (see Section 2.2.1).
• Free-riding hydraulic hammer (see Section 2.2.2).
• Slender hydraulic hammer (see Section 2.2.3).

2.2.1 Steam hammer driving head

The typical driving head for a pile (section) or follower directly driven upon by a steam
hammer is shown in Figure 1.0 (a).

Following items shall be minimally checked for a proper fitting of the steam hammer
anvil in the pile head:
• Check if the anticipated steam hammer and anvil have the correct pile diameter step.
• The driving head shall have a minimal height of 500 mm (2 ft) or more as determined
by Section 4.0.
• The minimum anvil-to-pile contact (∆tmin) shall be in accordance with the next Table.

Steam Pile Outside Diameter

Hammer 30" 36" 42" 48" 54" 60" 66" 72" 78" 84"
MRBS-1800 0.75” 1.00" 1.00" 1.25" 1.25"
MRBS-3000 1.00" 1.00" 1.25" 1.25" 1.25" 1.25"
MRBS-4600 1.25" 1.50" 1.50" 1.50" 1.75" 1.75"
MRBS-5000 1.25" 1.50" 1.50" 1.50" 1.75" 1.75"
MRBS-8000 1.50" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75"
MRBS- 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75"
12500

• The actual minimum required wall thickness is determined by the stress check (Ref.
Section 2.1). If the required wall thickness exceeds the maximum possible wall
thickness of an anvil step, machining of a recess is required as per Figure 1.0 (b).
• The clearance between the ID of the driving head and the diameter of the appropriate
anvil step (ODstep) shall be approximately 8 to 12 mm.

IDmin > OD step + 8 to 12 mm ...... (6)

For ID min take care of pipe tolerances and longitudinal weld cap. If the driving head
is too narrow, grind the long weld smooth over anvil step height + 25 mm.
• The driving head edges shall be machined / grinded with a 10 mm radius at the inside.
• Small shim plates have to be used in order to centralise the anvil in the driving head
in case the clearance between the anvil step and inside of the driving head is
considered too big, i.e. resulting in a sloppy fit of anvil on driving head. (Ref. Figure
1.0 (c)).
• In case the driving head material is of higher quality than steel ST-52 or TStE500,
verify that the hardness of the driving head material is less than that of the anvil
material.
• Driving heads used directly under a steam hammer anvil have no specific machining
requirements.

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 2.2.2 Free-riding hydraulic hammers driving head
Normally the top section of the pile or follower has sufficient strength and a driving head
is not required. In Figure 2.0 (a) a typical example is shown of a pile head with the
minimum required tolerances.

In case the stress check (Ref. Section 2.1) indicates that the top section is insufficient, a
driving head shall be applied. The typical driving head for a pile or follower directly
driven upon by a hydraulic free-riding hammer is shown in Figure 2.0 (b).

Following items shall be checked for both cases:

• Check if the outside diameter of pile and driving head fits in the hammer sleeve. If
the pile outside diameter is close to the maximum diameter of the hammer sleeve, it
could be considered to grind all outside weld caps flush over a length equal to the
hammer sleeve length, taken from the pile top.
• The driving head shall have a minimum height of 500 mm (2 ft) or more as
determined by Section 4.0.
• The minimum anvil-to-pile contact (∆tmin) shall be in accordance with the next Table.

Hydraulic Pile Outside Diameter

Hammer 24" 30" 36" 42" 48" 54" 60" 66" 72" 78" 84" 96" 108"
MH-195 0.75" 0.75" 1.0" 1.25"
S-400 1.25" 1.25" 1.25" 1.25" 1.5" 1.5" 1.5" 1.5" 1.5" 1.5" 1.5" 1.5"
MHU-600 1.5" 1.5" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75" 1.75"
MHU-1700 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0"
MHU-2100 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0"
S-2300 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0" 2.0"

Notes:
Minimum contact value for hydraulic hammers are minimum wall thicknesses, as anvils
are flat.

• The minimum required driving head wall thickness is determined by the stress check
(Ref. Section 2.1).
• The pile head shall be perpendicular within 1 mm to the best fit axis through the
driving head. This can be achieved by machining the pile head.
• The driving head edges shall be machined / grinded with a 10 mm radius.
• The piles shall be provided with vent holes to bleed off the entrapped water during
driving (Ref. SC-117) in case of submerged driving.
• No fine machining is required (smoothness).

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2.2.3 Slender hydraulic hammers driving head
A typical pile driving head for a pile directly driven upon by a slender hydraulic hammer
is shown on Figure 3.0.

In addition to the checks, as specified for a free-riding hydraulic hammer (see Section
2.2.2), the following should be investigated:
• Outside diameter shall be preferably equal to the outside diameter of the single step
hammer anvil.
• The outside and inside diameter shall full fill to the following tolerances:
Outside O.D. ± 3 mm
Inside I.D. ± 1 mm
These criteria only apply for the top 250 mm (1 ft) of the driving head.
• No vent-holes for water relief are required as the hammer anvil is provided with
vent-holes.
• Recommended dimensions for the existing 72” and 84” OD standard anvils are
tabulated in Figure 3.0.

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3.0 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRIVING HEADS USED UNDER A FOLLOWER
Two types of followers can be distinguished:
• Moment resistant followers.
• Non-moment resistant followers.

Figure 4.0 shows some typical examples of moment resistant followers, i.e. the follower
stabbing point transfers a bending moment to the pile head. A typical example of a
driving head, which can transfer a bending moment is shown on Figure 5.0.

Non-moment resistant followers are supported by guides attached to the jacket, which
will eliminate the bending moment. The follower - pile head connection has to be
regarded as a hinge. The bottom spacer plates have to be omitted and the follower
stabbing point is shorter.

It is recommended to always request the as-built survey results from the pile driving
heads in order to check if the follower stabbing point will fit in the pile head.

3.1 Stress Check

• Eccentricities from the hammer blow are to a great deal eliminated by the follower.
Moreover the stabbing point of the follower keeps the driving head "in shape". A
stress check shall involve the driving stress (fd) from the wave equation program:

fd ≤ 0.90 Fyield ....... (7)

• Should the driving head transfer shear load and / or bending moment, then a design
check shall be carried out for the pile driving head with respect to the static
circumferential stresses (ROARK), as outlined in Attachment A. This is specifically
required in case:
• the follower/pile is under a batter and / or
• the applied follower is longer than 10 m.

Reference is made to Engineering Guideline EG-116 (Ref. 2).

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3.2 Driving Head Geometry
A proper fit between follower and pile is essential, because a poor fit causes energy
losses. Energy losses will result in an increased fatigue damage. Moreover, for the
transfer of the bending moments a tight fit between follower and pile is important for
realising a spreading angle of 90˚ to 120˚ (see Attachment A)

• Check fitting dimensions ID1, ID2 and Lp to comply with Figure 5.0.
ID1 = (Ø1 + 8 mm) ± 1 mm …… (8)
ID2 = (Ø2 + 8 mm) ± 2 mm …… (9)
Lp = Lf …… (10)

• In principle the follower stabbing point is tapered, and

ID2 ≈ ID1 – 10 mm …… (11)

If ID2 > ID1 – 10 mm, extra attention shall be paid to the follower stabbing point and
pile top tolerances over a depth Lp, to ensure a proper stabbing of the follower into
the pile.

• All weld caps and wall thickness transitions at the inside of the pile top are to be
ground smooth over a depth Lp + 100 mm.

• Verify the overall square ness of the gravity connector in view of tolerances
Ø1 - ID1 and Ø2 - ID2 (Figure 5.0), in order to ensure that the driving planes of
follower and pile are not obstructed from closing during driving.

Note: It can not be avoided that the driving plane of a moment resistant gravity
connector will open when loaded in bending.

• Verify that the radius from driving plane to inside diameter (rp) can not damage the
radius rf from driving plane to stabbing point in the follower.

• Verify that the hardness of the driving head material is not harder than that of the
follower driving shoulder.

• The minimum height (h) of the driving head has to be:

• for non-moment resistant gravity connectors:
h ≥ 500 mm (2 ft).

• for moment resistant gravity connectors:

h ≥ R (see Attachment A, formula (A.7) for R).

• The driving plane and radius rp to be machined to a surface roughness of

3.2 µm, according to ISO 1302-1978 (E) (Ref. 1).

• The inside diameter (ID1) to be fine machined to a surface roughness of

6.4 µm, according to ISO 1302-1978 (E) (Ref. 1).

• The shim plates at a depth Lp below the driving plane may be machined to meet the
tolerances as per equation (9), but do not need fine machining.

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3.3 Standard Driving Heads
A number of "standard" gravity connectors/followers are regularly used by Heerema. It is
recommended to consider the driving head details from previous projects, where the same
standard gravity connector has been used.

Vertical skirt piles of 60" to 108" O.D. are commonly driven with a standard “heavy
duty” front-follower. Standard driving heads mating with these front-followers have been
developed and should be used. The applicable Drawings are attached in Attachment B.

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4.0 CHECK PROCEDURE FOR PILES HANDLED WITH INTERNAL LIFTING
TOOLS
This Section describes the general rules to be applied in case the pile (section) or follower
will be handled with a hydraulic Internal Lifting Tool (ILT).

Within the Heerema equipment pool ILT’s are available which can handle 24” O.D. up to
108” O.D. piles.

The following shall minimally be checked for each driving head:

• The wall thickness of the driving head/pile falls within the wall thickness range of
the anticipated ILT’s.
• The driving head length is sufficiently long, such that the gripper units grip over
their full length. This can either be gripping on or below the driving head. Note the
possible taper near the circumferential welds.
• Check if the ILT can pass through the minimum inside diameter of the driving head
in case the ILT grips below the head.
• Check the driving head material strength. The driving head shall withstand the
(lateral) upend forces, especially considering the total pile length and weight. I.e. the
wall thickness and yield strength shall be sufficient. This has to be done in
collaboration with an installation (project) engineer, i.e. ROARK calculations may
be required.

Note that at an early stage of engineering the ILT, which will actually handle the pile
(section), is unknown. Therefore, check all possible Heerema ILT’s.

Be aware of the fact that the ILT lay-out can change in time and they can be exchanged
between the vessels. It is therefore strongly advised to consult the latest detailed drawings
and check the latest status of the tool. If any doubts still remain, consult the Equipment
Department and / or the Operations Department.

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5.0 REFERENCES
1) International Organisation for Standardisation,
"Technical Drawings – Method of Indicating Surface Texture on Drawings", 2nd
Edition, Ref. No. ISO 1302-1978 (E).
2) Heerema Marine Contractors
“Follower Design, EG-116”, Latest Edition.
3) Heerema Marine Contractors
"Design of Vent Holes in Piles and Followers, SC-117", Latest Edition.
4) Heerema Engineering Service B.V.
“Design Brief for 96 O.D. Front Followers and Gravity Connectors”, Revision 0,
September 1989.
5) W.C. Young
“Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain”, 6th Edition 1989, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York.

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6.0 LIST OF FIGURES
1.0 Steam Hammer Driving Head.
2.0 Free-riding Hydraulic Hammer Driving Head.
3.0 Slender Hydraulic Hammer Driving Head.
4.0 Typical Examples Moment Resistant Followers.
5.0 Driving Head under Followers.

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7.0 ATTACHMENTS
Attachment A - Calculation Procedure
Attachment B - Standard Driving Head Drawings

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 Attachment A

Calculation Procedure
Static Circumferential Stresses in Pile Head and Gravity Connector

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A1 CALCULATION PROCEDURE
This calculation procedure deals with static stresses in the gravity connector and or pile
head, not with driving stresses and accelerations as a result of pile driving. The latter
stresses occur in other zones of the gravity connector, and are subjected to another design
procedure. An example of such a procedure is described in Reference 4 of the main text.

A1.1 External Forces on Driving Head

The external forces (axial, shear, bending) on the driving head are computed, taking into
account:
• theoretical pile inclination
• jacket out of levelness
• additional rotation of pile due to clearance in pile guides
• additional rotation of follower due to clearance in gravity connector
• bending of the pile / follower string, including second order effects, under the loading
of dead loads, hammer, wind, waves, current and vessel excursion.

It is recommended to model and analyse the pile / follower / hammer system using the
Heerema finite element program "BMCOLM".

The axial force is small and usually neglected. The shear force (S) and bending moment
(M) are input for the design calculations of the driving head.

A1.2 Transfer of External Forces in Driving Head

The bending moment M is transferred to the top of the pile via two opposite forces.
M
Q = .......... (A1)
L
One at the top of the driving head and the other one at the bottom of the stabbing point
(see Figure A1).

Figure A1
Transfer of Forces in Driving Head

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A1.2 Transfer of External Forces in Driving Head (Cont'd)
The shear force (S) is transferred to the pile at the top of the driving head.

The combination of bending moment and shear force is transferred via two radial
concentrated loads on the pile:

M
Q1 = + S ...…... (A2)
L

acting at the top of the driving head and

M
Q2 = …...... (A3)
L

acting at the bottom shim plates.

Due to "action = reaction", the same forces act in opposite direction on the stabbing point
of the follower.

A1.3 Ovalisation Stresses

The forces Q1 and Q2 tend to ovalise the top of the pile, as well as the stabbing point of
the follower. This ovalisation causes plate stresses (normal, shear and bending) in
tangential direction in the pile wall (circumferential stresses).

Formulae for the calculation of circumferential stresses are provided in Reference 5 of the
main text. The specific load case of one pipe transferring a concentrated reaction to
another pipe is developed from the superposition of ROARK basic load cases number 12
and 20:

Figure A2
Composition of Load Case

The two basic load cases are described in Formulae 12 and 20 of Table 17 in Reference 5
of the main text. These formulae can be re-worked into:
Mc = K [m, Ø]* Q * R ...... (A4)
for circumferential bending moment

Nc = K [n, Ø] * Q ...... (A5)

for circumferential normal force

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A1.3 Ovalisation Stresses (Cont'd)
Vc = K [v, Ø] * Q ....... (A6)
for circumferential shear force

in which:
Q = radial concentrated load
R = pipe mean radius
K [m, Ø], K [n, Ø], K [v, Ø] = coefficients for circumferential stress
computed from Ref. 5, Table 17,
Formulae 12 and 20.

Figure A3
Definition of Angles

The coefficients for circumferential stress are dependent on the support angle (Ø) over
which the stabbing point is making contact with the driving head, and on the
circumferential angle (θ), i.e. the angle between the centre line of the load and the
position in the pipe where the stress is computed.

Table A1, at the end of this section gives values for K [m, Ø], K [n, Ø] and
K [v, Ø] and circumferential angle θ (Top: θ= 0º ; Side : θ = 90º ; Bottom θ = 180º). The
ovalisation diagrams have in principle the following configuration:

Figure A4
Ovalisation Diagram

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A1.3 Ovalisation Stresses (Cont'd)
The circumferential stresses are computed from the circumferential forces by assuming a
certain effective width over which the plate is loaded:

Figure A5
Effective Widths in Tubulars

The mean radius (R) is computed as:

R = ½ * (D – t) ....... (A7)

in which D = outside diameter

t = wall thickness

The effective widths in the pile at the top of the driving head are:

- for bending:

B1 = R ...... (A8)

- for shear and normal force:

B2 = 0.78 R*t ...... (A9)

The spreading widths in the pile opposite the bottom of the stabbing point are:

- for bending

B3 = 4*R .......(A10)

- for shear and normal force:

B4 = 1.56 R * t .......(A11)

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A1.3 Ovalisation Stresses (Cont'd)
The circumferential stresses in the pile driving head are now computed as:

bending stress:

K [m, Ø] * Q1 * R
σbc = ...... (A12)
1/6 B1 * t 2

normal stress:

K [n, Ø] * Q1
σnc = ....... (A13)
B2 * t

shear stress:

K [v, Ø] * Q1
τvc = ...... (A14)
B2 * t

Similarly, the circumferential stresses in the pile opposite the bottom of the gravity
connector are computed as:

bending stress:

K [m, Ø] * Q 2 * R
σbc = ....... (A15)
1/6 B 3 * t 2

normal stress:

K [n, Ø] * Q 2
σnc = ....... (A16)
B4 * t

shear stress:

K [v, Ø] * Q 2
τvc = ...... (A17)
B4 * t

Criteria for the spreading angle ф are given in Section A2.0 .

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A1.3 Ovalisation Stresses (Cont'd)
The follower stabbing point is to be checked for the opposite forces of Q1 and Q2:

Figure A6
Ovalisation Forces on Stabbing Point

However, the position where Q1 applies has the character of a continuous pipe, in which
B3 = 4 R. The average wall thickness over B3 is generally more than the wall thickness of
the pile, whereas the steel quality of the driving shoulder is usually better. Only in case of
doubts, the top of the follower stabbing point is to be checked.

The bottom of the stabbing point, where Q2 applies, is to be checked when the stabbing
point ends in a chamfered pipe end. Formulae (A8), (A9), (A12), (A13) and (A14) are to
be used with R and t adapted for the stabbing point pipe properties and Q2 instead of Q1.
In most cases checking of the bottom of the stabbing point can be omitted if the stabbing
point ends in a cone.

Table A1 - Coefficients for Circumferential Stress

Load Circumferential K [m, Ø] K [n, Ø] K [v, Ø]

Support Angle (θ)
Angle (Ø)
90º 0º 0.0631 0.2046 0
90º (-) 0.0732 (-) 0.2500 (-) 0.0454
180º 0.0833 (-) 0.4117 0
120º 0º 0.0500 0.1758 0
90º (-) 0.0576 (-) 0.2500 (-) 0.0166
180º 0.0462 (-) 0.4645 0

Note:
All though a minus sign is shown in the above table, the stresses shall be summarised
regardless of the sign.

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A1.4 Strength Design of Driving Head
Commonly, the strength of the driving head is governing the strength of the gravity
connection. The strength of the gravity connection can be increased by the following
measures:
• Increase the length L of the stabbing point. Where Q1 is restricted by the strength of
the driving head, the moment capacity:

M = (Q1 – S) * L .......(A18)

The moment capacity can be improved by increasing L. L shall not exceed 3.5 * D,
as otherwise the weight of the stabbing point becomes too high.
Moreover, the longer the stabbing point, the more it bends, and the more the driving
faces of follower and pile are opened. This gap causes the driving energy to be
transferred via a small sector of the circumference, inducing high driving stresses in
the fillet of the gravity connector. A stiff, not too long, stabbing point is
recommended.
• Take high duty steel for the driving head. Weldable steels are available with a yield
stress up to Fy = 410 Mpa (TstE500) or even higher.
• Increase the wall thickness of the driving head. However often, the inside diameter of
the driving head is limited by the requirement to use existing followers, and the
outside diameter by the fact that the pile should be able to pass through guides or
jacket leg.
• Shift the contact plane between stabbing point and driving head downwards. If the
shift is ∆, the effective width B, is improved to (R +1.5 ∆), provided that ∆ ≤ 2R. The
shift can be realised by machining of the stabbing point or the driving head, or by
welding shim plates at the desired contact level. Mind that the parameter L will be
influenced by this measure.

A2.0 CRITERIA

A2.1 Combined Circumferential Stresses

σbc + σnc ≤ σall ...... (A19)
Ƭvc ≤ Ƭall ...... (A20)
(σ bc + σ nc ) 2 + 3 τ
2
σi = vc
≤ σi, all ...... (A21)

A2.2 Combined Axial and Circumferential Stresses

σ1 = σbc + σnc ...... (A22)
σ2 = σax ...... (A23)
σi (σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 1 σ 2 + 3 τ 2 ) ≤ σi, all
2 2
= ...... (A24)

A2.3 Allowable Stresses

The allowable stress is a function of the spreading angle Ø and the hammer. The
allowable stresses are summarised in Table A2.

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 Table A2 - Allowable Stresses

Hammer Spreading Allowable Stress

Angle (Ø) σall Ƭall σi, all
Largest expected
Hammer
- cage down 90º 0.80 Fy 0.53 Fy 0.88 Fy
- cage up (*) 90º 0.60 Fy 0.40 Fy 0.75 Fy
Contingency Hammer

- cage down 120º 0.80 Fy 0.53 Fy 0.88 Fy

- cage up (*) 120º 0.60 Fy 0.40 Fy 0.75 Fy

(*) Hydraulic hammers have no offshore cage. Use full weight of hammer here.

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A3.0 NOMENCLATURE
B1 = effective width for circumferential bending at "end" conditions
(m)
B2 = effective width for circumferential normal and shear force at
"end" conditions (m)
B3 = effective width for circumferential bending at "continuous"
conditions (m)
B4 = effective width for circumferential normal and shear force
at "continuous" conditions (m)
D = outside diameter (m)
∆ = distance from load contact point (Q1) to top of pile (m)
Fyield = yield stress (MPa)
Ø = load spreading angle (degrees)
K [m, Ø] = coefficient for circumferential bending (-)
K [n, Ø] = coefficient for circumferential normal force (-)
K [v, Ø] = coefficient for circumferential shear force (-)
L = distance between load contact points (Q1) and (Q2) (m)
M = external bending moment (MN.m)
Mc = circumferential bending moment (MN.m/m)
Nc = circumferential normal force (MN/m)
Q = radial contact force (MN)
Q1 = radial contact force at top of driving head (MN)
Q2 = radial contact force at bottom of stabbing point (MN)
R = mean radius (m)
S = external shear force (MN)
σall = allowable uni-axial stress (MPa)
σax = axial stress (MPa)
σbc = circumferential bending stress (MPa)
σi = tri-axial stress (MPa)
σi, all = allowable tri-axial stress (MPa)
σnc = circumferential normal stress (MPa)
σ1 = uni-axial stress in direction 1 (MPa)
σ2 = uni-axial stress in direction 2 (MPa)
t = wall thickness (m)
θ = circumferential angle (degrees)
Ƭ = shear stress (MPa)
Ƭall = allowable shear stress (MPa)
Ƭvc = circumferential shear stress (MPa)
Vc = circumferential shear force (MN/m)

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 Attachment B

Standard Driving Head Drawings

Drawing - Title
HI-132-10-1 - Top of 60” O.D. Skirt Pile
HI-132-11-1 - Top of 72” O.D. Skirt Pile
HI-132-12-1 - Top of 84” O.D. Skirt Pile
HI-132-13-1 - Top of 96” O.D. Skirt Pile
HI-132-14-1 - Top of 108” O.D. Skirt Pile

Revision 0 EG-115 Attachment

 APPROVED APP’D
REV. DATE DRAWN DESCRIPTION
ENGINEERING OPS.

PROJECT

SUBJECT

Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V.

MARINE
CONTRACTORS
CLIENT’S DRAWING NO.

SCALE ( A1 FORMAT ) JOB NO. DRAWING NO.

DISCIPLINE IDENT. NO. SUBJECT NO. SHEET NO. REVISION
 APPROVED APP’D
REV. DATE DRAWN DESCRIPTION
ENGINEERING OPS.

PROJECT

SUBJECT

Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V.

MARINE
CONTRACTORS
CLIENT’S DRAWING NO.

SCALE ( A1 FORMAT ) JOB NO. DRAWING NO.

DISCIPLINE IDENT. NO. SUBJECT NO. SHEET NO. REVISION
 APPROVED APP’D
REV. DATE DRAWN DESCRIPTION
ENGINEERING OPS.

PROJECT

SUBJECT

Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V.

MARINE
CONTRACTORS
CLIENT’S DRAWING NO.

SCALE ( A1 FORMAT ) JOB NO. DRAWING NO.

DISCIPLINE IDENT. NO. SUBJECT NO. SHEET NO. REVISION
 APPROVED APP’D
REV. DATE DRAWN DESCRIPTION
ENGINEERING OPS.

PROJECT

SUBJECT

Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V.

MARINE
CONTRACTORS
CLIENT’S DRAWING NO.

SCALE ( A1 FORMAT ) JOB NO. DRAWING NO.

DISCIPLINE IDENT. NO. SUBJECT NO. SHEET NO. REVISION
 APPROVED APP’D
REV. DATE DRAWN DESCRIPTION
ENGINEERING OPS.

PROJECT

SUBJECT

Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V.

MARINE
CONTRACTORS
CLIENT’S DRAWING NO.

SCALE ( A1 FORMAT ) JOB NO. DRAWING NO.

DISCIPLINE IDENT. NO. SUBJECT NO. SHEET NO. REVISION