Let’s play a game!
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Arithmetic
Assembly
Computer
Hardware
Input
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Words Found
Instruction Basic Structure of Computers
Logic  Computer Types
 Functional Units
Memory
 Basic Operational Concepts
Output  Memory Locations and Addresses
Software  Memory Operations
 Instructions and Instruction Sequencing
 Addressing Modes
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 Computer Types
Embedded computers
Personal computers
o Desktop computers
o Workstation computers
o Portable computers
Servers and Enterprise systems
Supercomputers and Grid computers
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Basic Operational Concepts
Register – stores data before they can be
processed
Instruction Register (IR) – holds the
instruction that is currently being
executed
Program Counter (PC) – contains the
memory address of the next instructions
to be fetched
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Functional Units
Input Unit
Memory Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Output Unit
Control Unit
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Basic Operational Concepts
General purpose registers – holds
operands that have been loaded from
the memory for processing
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 Memory Locations and Addresses
Memory can be organized in two (2) ways:
o One process the uses the entire space
o Each process gets its own partition in
memory
 Dynamic allocated memory – process of
allocating memory during runtime
 Static allocated memory – process of
allocating memory at compile time
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Memory Operations
Read - moves a copy of the specific
memory location’s contents to the
processor
Write operation – transfers an item of
information from the processor to a
specific memory location, overwriting
the location’s former contents
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Instructions Instruction Sequencing

Instruction – a sequence of smalls steps Instruction Cycle

Four (4) Types of Operation o Instruction fetching
o Data transfers between the memory and o Opcode decoding
the processor registers o Instruction execution
o • Arithmetic and logic operations on data
o • Program sequencing and control
o • I/O transfers
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 Instruction Cycle Addressing Modes
The different ways in which the location
of an operand is specified in an
instruction

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Types of Addressing Mode

Register addressing mode
Absolute addressing mode
Immediate addressing mode
Indirect addressing mode
Index mode
Auto-increment mode
Auto-decrement mode
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