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5 nm
Super-lens and Super-prism effects
x
n1 = 1 θ1
n2 = 1.5
θ2
n1 sin"1 = n2 sin" 2
crystal
Constant frequency contour in a 2D crystal
• At low frequencies, the constant frequency diagram approaches a circle, the photonic crystal
behaves as a uniform dielectric as far as diffraction is concerned
• With increasing frequencies, the constant frequency contour becomes more complicated,
leading to effects including superprism, superlens, negative refraction, and self-collimation.
Luo et al, Phys. Rev. B 65, 201104, 2002; M. Notomi, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10692, 2000
Super-lens and constant frequency
ω=0.165 2πc/a
Air
M
P. C.
Γ X
Source Image
Photonic crystal
• 3D photonic crystals.
• Photonic crystal slab structures.
• Omnidirectional reflectors.
band gap
3D photonic crystal with complete band gap
34 % when spheres are touching each other
Complete band gap observed in both air spheres and dielectric spheres
Refractive index ratio needs to exceed 2 in order for band gap to open
Optimal structure consists of connected dielectric and air networks.
Low-index materials
High-index materials
Ease of fabrication
In complete confinement in the third dimension
crystal slabs
Photonic band diagram for photonic crystal slabs
Light line separates the radiation modes from the guided modes.
Light-line
ω ω=ck/n
air
Radiation Guided
dielectric modes modes
air
k k
Below the light line, i.e. k > ω/c, electromagnetic field decays
exponentially away from the dielectric slab.
with period a
Uniform slab, repeated zone scheme with period a
a
1 2
"!%
2 ( dr ) (r )
* + H(r) ω
$# '& = 2
c ( dr H(r)
Upper frequency Guided resonance
cutoff
Photonic band gap
ω = 0.5*2πc/a
k
-π/a π/a
Photonic crystal LED
Pump wavelength
Photonic Crystal
20 1.0
enhancement
reflectivity
10 0.5
Uniform region
0 0.0
700 800 900 1000
wavelength (nm)
r=0.4a
Frequency (c/a)
W. Suh, M. F. Yanik, O. Solgaard, S. Fan, Applied Physics Letters, 82, 1999 (2003).
O. Kinic, W. Suh, S. Kim, A. Sudbo, M. F. Yanik, S. Fan and O. Solgaard, Optics Letters, (in press)
Photonic crystal LED
Pump wavelength
Photonic Crystal
20 1.0
enhancement
reflectivity
10 0.5
Uniform region
0 0.0
700 800 900 1000
wavelength (nm)
Magnetic field
Oxide
Si
0.40
Frequency (c/a)
0.30
gap
0.25 Slab modes
0.20
0.15
0.30 0.40 0.50 -1.0 0.0 1.0
Wavevector (2π/a)
multi-layer film
Omni-directional reflection from multi-layer film
parallel wavevector
n1 = 4.6, n2 = 1.6