FOOT SETP POWER GENERATION

PROJECT REPORT 2016-2017

Submitted by:

(Team name)
COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the Award of Diploma in ----------------------------------------- By
the State Board of Technical Education Government of TamilNadu.
On, Chennai.

Department:

College name:

Place
 DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2016-2017

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI Semester class
of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations, State Board of Technical Education, Chennai,
TamilNadu, On -------------- (date) held at the ------------ (college
name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed

our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to

the management of our college and our beloved

chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering

adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof………….,

for her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our

project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere

thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for

her/him kind guidance and encouragement during this project we

also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING staff of

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college

Name).
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER
TITLE
NO

4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12
 SYNOPSIS

FOOT SETP POWER GENERATION

ABSTRACT
 In this Electrical Power Generation Using Foot Steps Project, we are
generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or
running on the footstep. Non-conventional energy system is very essential at this
time to our nation. Non-conventional energy using foot step needs no input
power to generate the output of the electrical power. This project using a simple
drive mechanism such as rock and pinion assembles and chain drive mechanism.
For this project- Electrical Power Generation Using Foot Step the
conversion of the force energy into electrical energy. The control mechanism
carries the rack & pinion, D.C generator, battery and inverter control. We have
discussed the various applications and further extension also.
 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
 Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and
well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man
required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or
animals, which he hunted. Subsequently, he discovered fire and his energy needs
increased as he started to make use of wood and other biomass to supply the
energy needs for cooking as well as for keeping himself warm. With the passage of
time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to
the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him.

With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships
and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn the water for
sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water
wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all
the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only
renewable sources of energy.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 The complete diagram of the footstep power generation is given below.
Only one step is inclined in certain small angle which is used to generate the
power. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy by proper driving
arrangement. The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is fixed at the inclined step.
The spring is used to return the inclined step in the same position by releasing the
load. The pinion shaft is connected to the supporter by end bearings as shown in
fig. The larger sprocket also coupled with the pinion shaft, so that it is running the
same speed of the pinion. The larger sprocket is coupled to the small cycle
sprocket with the help of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to transfer the
rotation force to the smaller sprocket. The smaller sprocket is running the same
direction of the forward and reverse direction of rotational movement of the larger
sprocket. This action looks like a cycle pedaling action.

The flywheel and gear wheel is also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft.
The flywheel is used to increase the RPM of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear
wheel is coupled to the generator shaft with the help of another gear wheel. The
generator is used here, is permanent magnet D.C generator. The generated voltage
is 12Volt D.C. This D.C voltage is stored in the Lead-acid 12 Volt battery.

The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the
12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This working principle is already explained in the
above chapter. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the light, fan and etc.
By increasing the capacity of the battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is
increased. This arrangement is fitted in a shopping complex, college and wherever
the large people walking on the foot steps simultaneously.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
  Power generation is simply walking on the step
 Power also generated by running or exercising on the step.
 No need to fuel input
 This is a Non-conventional system
 The battery is used to store the generated power

DISADVANTAGES
 Only applicable in the particular place.
 Mechanical moving parts are high
 The initial cost of this arrangement is high.
 Care should be taken for batteries
 APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS
Power generation using foot step can be used in most of the places such as

 Colleges,
 Schools,
 Cinema theatres,
 Shopping complex and
 Many other buildings.
 DRAWING

DRAWING
BLOCK DIAGRAM
RACK AND PINION
RACK AND PINION

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears
which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the
pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion
applied to the pinion causes the rack to move, thereby translating the rotational
motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.

For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a

locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and pulls a train up a steep
slope.

For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic
rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. (I.e. a toothed
straight edge.)

A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and

dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper
cutter.
APPLICATION

Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear
actuator, where the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted
to linear motion.

The rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving
pinion is usually small, so that the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This
force, thus torque, may still be substantial and so it is common for there to be a
reduction gear immediately before this by either a gear or worm gear reduction.
Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving torque, than screw
actuators.
SPUR GEAR
SPUR GEAR

A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,

which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque, in most cases
with teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and often also with that shape
on the other gear. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission
and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be
considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and
direction of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with
another gear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part,
called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.

The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt

pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.

When two gears mesh, and one gear is bigger than the other (even though
the size of the teeth must match), a mechanical advantage is produced, with the
rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in an inverse
relationship.

In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles,

motorcycles, and cars, the term gear, as in first gear, refers to a gear ratio rather
than an actual physical gear. The term is used to describe similar devices even
when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not
actually contain any gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.

The earliest known reference to gears was circa A.D. 50 by Hero of

Alexandria, but they can be traced back to the Greek mechanics of the Alexandrian
school in the 3rd century B.C. and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath
Archimedes (287–212 B.C.). The Antikythera mechanism is an example of a very
early and intricate geared device, designed to calculate astronomical positions. Its
time of construction is now estimated between 150 and 100 BC.

Spur

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of
a cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not
straight-sided in form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive
ratio, mainly involute), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the
axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are
fitted to parallel shafts.

For Spur Gears

The number of teeth Z in the span is:

CHAIN DRIVE

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to

another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly
bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides
vehicles.

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear
meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls
the chain putting mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is
the Morse chain, invented by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York,
USA. This has inverted teeth.

Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be
used to lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the
power is recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are
often simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two
gears along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out
are generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and
output gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered, so that, for
example, the pedals of a bicycle can spin all the way around more than once for
every rotation of the gear that drives the wheels
 .

Use in vehicles

Bicycles

Chain drive was the main feature which differentiated the safety bicycle
introduced in 1885, with its two equal-sized wheels, from the direct-drive penny-
farthing or "high wheeler" type of bicycle. The popularity of the chain-driven
safety bicycle brought about the demise of the penny-farthing, and is still a basic
feature of bicycle design today.

Automobiles

Transmitting power to the wheels

Chain final drive, 1912 illustration

 Chain drive was a popular power transmission system from the earliest days
of the automobile. It gained prominence as an alternative to the Système Panhard
with its rigid Hotchkiss driveshaft and universal joints.

A chain-drive system uses one or more roller chains to transmit power from
a differential to the rear axle. This system allowed for a great deal of vertical axle
movement (for example, over bumps), and was simpler to design and build than a
rigid driveshaft in a workable suspension. Also, it had less unsprung weight at the
rear wheels than the Hotchkiss drive, which would have had the weight of the
driveshaft and differential to carry as well. This meant that the vehicle would have
a smoother ride. The lighter unsprung mass would allow the suspension to react to
bumps more effectively.

Frazer Nash were strong proponents of this system using one chain per gear
selected by dog clutches. The Frazer Nash chain drive system, (designed for the
GN Cycle car Company by Archibald Frazer-Nash and Henry Ronald Godfrey)
was very effective, allowing extremely fast gear selections. The Frazer Nash (or
GN) transmission system provided the basis for many "special" racing cars of the
1920s and 1930s, the most famous being Basil Davenport's Spider which held the
outright record at the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb in the 1920s.

Parry-Thomas was killed during a land speed record attempt in his car 'Babs'
when the chain final-drive broke, decapitating him.

The last popular chain drive automobile was the Honda S600 of the 1960s.

Inside motors
 Internal combustion engines often use a timing chain to drive the
camshaft(s). This is an area in which chain drives frequently compete directly with
belt drive systems, particularly when the engine has overhead camshafts, and
provides an excellent example of some of the differences and similarities between
the two approaches. For this application, chains last longer, but are often harder to
replace. Being heavier, the chain robs more power, but is also less likely to fail.
The camshaft of a four stroke engine rotates at half crankshaft speed, so the
camshaft gear has twice as many teeth as the crankshaft gear. Less common
alternatives to chain drives include trains of spur gears or bevel gear and shaft
drives.

Transfer cases

'Silent chain' drives inside a 1912 gearbox

Today, inverted tooth drive chains are commonly used in passenger car and
light truck transfer cases.

Motorcycles

Chain drive versus belt drive or use of a driveshaft is a fundamental design

decision in motorcycle design; nearly all motorcycles use one of these three
designs. See Motorcycle construction for more details.
SPRING
SPRING

A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are

usually made out of spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened
stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after
fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used including phosphor bronze and
titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium copper for springs
carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).

When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts is proportional

to its change in length. The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the
force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the
gradient of the force versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring
has units of force divided by distance, for example lbf/in or N/m. Torsion springs
have units of torque divided by angle, such as N·m/rad or ft·lbf/degree. The
inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it
has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is
additive, as is the compliance of springs in series.

Depending on the design and required operating environment, any material

can be used to construct a spring, so long as the material has the required
combination of rigidity and elasticity: technically, a wooden bow is a form of
spring.

Hooke's law

Main article: Hooke's law

As long as they are not stretched or compressed beyond their elastic limit, most
springs obey Hooke's law, which states that the force with which the spring pushes
back is linearly proportional to the distance from its equilibrium length:

where

x is the displacement vector – the distance and direction the spring is

deformed from its equilibrium length.

F is the resulting force vector – the magnitude and direction of the restoring
force the spring exerts

k is the rate, spring constant or force constant of the spring, a constant that
depends on the spring's material and construction. The negative sign
indicates that the force the spring exerts is in the opposite direction from its
displacement
Coil springs and other common springs typically obey Hooke's law. There are
useful springs that don't: springs based on beam bending can for example produce
forces that vary nonlinearly with displacement.

Simple harmonic motion

Main article: Harmonic oscillator

Since force is equal to mass, m, times acceleration, a, the force equation for a
spring obeying Hooke's law looks like:

The displacement, x, as a function of time. The amount of time that passes between
peaks is called the period.

The mass of the spring is assumed small in comparison to the mass of the attached
mass and is ignored. Since acceleration is simply the second derivative of x with
respect to time,
This is a second order linear differential equation for the displacement as a
function of time. Rearranging:

the solution of which is the sum of a sine and cosine:

and are arbitrary constants that may be found by considering the initial
displacement and velocity of the mass. The graph of this function with (zero
initial position with some positive initial velocity) is displayed in the image on the
right.

Theory

In classical physics, a spring can be seen as a device that stores potential energy,
specifically elastic potential energy, by straining the bonds between the atoms of
an elastic material.

Hooke's law of elasticity states that the extension of an elastic rod (its distended
length minus its relaxed length) is linearly proportional to its tension, the force
used to stretch it. Similarly, the contraction (negative extension) is proportional to
the compression (negative tension).

This law actually holds only approximately, and only when the deformation
(extension or contraction) is small compared to the rod's overall length. For
deformations beyond the elastic limit, atomic bonds get broken or rearranged, and
a spring may snap, buckle, or permanently deform. Many materials have no clearly
defined elastic limit, and Hooke's law can not be meaningfully applied to these
materials. Moreover, for the superelastic materials, the linear relationship between
force and displacement is appropriate only in the low-strain region.

Hooke's law is a mathematical consequence of the fact that the potential energy of
the rod is a minimum when it has its relaxed length. Any smooth function of one
variable approximates a quadratic function when examined near enough to its
minimum point as a result of the Taylor series. Therefore, the force—which is the
derivative of energy with respect to displacement—will approximate a linear
function.

Force of fully compressed spring

where

E – Young's modulus

d – spring wire diameter

L – free length of spring

n – number of active windings

– Poisson ratio

D – spring outer diameter

DC GENERATOR
DC GENERATOR

A DC generator is a mechanically commutated electric generator powered

from direct current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and

therefore so is its current. The current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to

also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and

rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum

torque.

DC generators have a rotating armature winding but non-rotating armature

magnetic field and a static field winding or permanent magnet. Different

connections of the field and armature winding provide different inherent

speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC generator can be

controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field

current. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field

circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC generators are often controlled by power

electronics systems called DC drives.

The introduction of DC generators to run machinery eliminated the need for

local steam or internal combustion engines, and line shaft drive systems. DC

generators can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive

power for the first electric vehicles. Today DC generators are still found in
applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel

rolling mills and paper machines.Construction and Working

Parts of a DC Generator

Armature

A D.C. generator consists of a rectangular coil made of insulated copper

wire wound on a soft iron core. This coil wound on the soft iron core forms the

armature. The coil is mounted on an axle and is placed between the cylindrical

concave poles of a magnet.

Commutator

A commutator is used to reverse the direction of flow of current.

Commutator is a copper ring split into two parts C1 and C2. The split rings are
insulated form each other and mounted on the axle of the generator. The two ends

of the coil are soldered to these rings. They rotate along with the coil. Commutator

rings are connected to a battery. The wires from the battery are not connected to the

rings but to the brushes which are in contact with the rings.

Brushes

Two small strips of carbon, known as brushes press slightly against the two

split rings, and the split rings rotate between the brushes.

The carbon brushes are connected to a D.C. source.

Working of a DC Generator

When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature.

The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn

towards the right, causing rotation.

When the coil turns through 900, the brushes lose contact with the commutator and

the current stops flowing through the coil.

However the coil keeps turning because of its own momentum.

Now when the coil turns through 1800, the sides get interchanged. As a result the

commutator ring C1 is now in contact with brush B2 and commutator ring C2 is in

contact with brush B1. Therefore, the current continues to flow in the same

direction.

t will be easier to understand the operation of the DC generator from a basic

diagram that shows the magnetic interaction between the rotating armature and the

stationary field's coils. Figure 12-4 shows three diagrams that explain the DC
generator's operation in terms of the magnetic interaction. In Fig. 12-4a you can

see that a bar magnet has been mounted on a shaft so that it can spin. The field

winding is one long coil of wire that has been separated into two sections. The top

section is connected to the positive pole of the battery and the bottom section is

connected to the negative pole of the battery. It is important to understand that the

battery represents a source of voltage for this winding. In the actual industrial-type

generator this voltage will come from the DC voltage source for the generator. The

current flow in this direction makes the top coil the north pole of the magnet and

the bottom coil the south pole of the magnet.

The bar magnet represents the armature and the coil of wire represents the

field. The arrow shows the direction of the armature's rotation. Notice that the

arrow shows the armature starting to rotate in the clockwise direction. The north

pole of the field coil is repelling the north pole of the armature, and the south pole

of the field coil is repelling the south pole of the armature.

BEARING
BEARING
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion and reduces
friction between moving parts to only the desired motion. The design of the
bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or
for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the
vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Many bearings also
facilitate the desired motion as much as possible, such as by minimizing friction.
Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions
allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear"; a bearing being a machine
element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings
are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over
the form, size, roughness and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate
devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings
for the most demanding applications are very precise devices; their manufacture
requires some of the highest standards of current technology.
COMMON
By far, the most common bearing is the plain bearing, a bearing which uses
surfaces in rubbing contact, often with a lubricant such as oil or graphite. A plain
bearing may or may not be a discrete device. It may be nothing more than the
bearing surface of a hole with a shaft passing through it, or of a planar surface that
bears another (in these cases, not a discrete device); or it may be a layer of bearing
metal either fused to the substrate (semi-discrete) or in the form of a separable
sleeve (discrete). With suitable lubrication, plain bearings often give entirely
acceptable accuracy, life, and friction at minimal cost. Therefore, they are very
widely used.
However, there are many applications where a more suitable bearing can improve
efficiency, accuracy, service intervals, reliability, speed of operation, size, weight,
and costs of purchasing and operating machinery.
Thus, there are many types of bearings, with varying shape, material, lubrication,
principle of operation, and so on.
Principles of operation
 Animation of ball bearing (without a cage). The inner ring rotates and the
outer ring is stationary.
There are at least 6 common principles of operation:

 Plain bearing, also known by the specific styles: bushing, journal bearing,
sleeve bearing, rifle bearing
 Rolling-element bearing such as ball bearings and roller bearings

 Jewel bearing, in which the load is carried by rolling the axle slightly off-
center

 Fluid bearing, in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid

 Magnetic bearing, in which the load is carried by a magnetic field

 Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element which

bends.

Motions
Common motions permitted by bearings are:

 axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation

 linear motion e.g. drawer
  spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint

 hinge motion e.g. door, elbow, knee

Friction
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and
to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature
failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its
shape, by its material, or by introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or
by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic field.

 By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers, or by forming

flexure bearings.
 By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example
would be using plastics that have low surface friction.)

 By fluid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant or

as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts from touching, or by
reducing the normal force between them.

 By fields, exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, to keep

solid parts from touching.

Combinations of these can even be employed within the same bearing. An example
of this is where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which
reduce friction by their shape and finish.
Loads
Bearings vary greatly over the size and directions of forces that they can support.
Forces can be predominately radial, axial (thrust bearings) or bending moments
perpendicular to the main axis.

Speeds
Different bearing types have different operating speed limits. Speed is typically
specified as maximum relative surface speeds, often specified ft/s or m/s.
Rotational bearings typically describe performance in terms of the product DN
where D is the mean diameter (often in mm) of the bearing and N is the rotation
rate in revolutions per minute.
Generally there is considerable speed range overlap between bearing types. Plain
bearings typically handle only lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster,
followed by fluid bearings and finally magnetic bearings which are limited
ultimately by centripetal force overcoming material strength.

Play
Some applications apply bearing loads from varying directions and accept only
limited play or "slop" as the applied load changes. One source of motion is gaps or
"play" in the bearing. For example, a 10 mm shaft in a 12 mm hole has 2 mm play.
Allowable play varies greatly depending on the use. As example, a wheelbarrow
wheel supports radial and axial loads. Axial loads may be hundreds of newtons
force left or right, and it is typically acceptable for the wheel to wobble by as much
as 10 mm under the varying load. In contrast, a lathe may position a cutting tool to
±0.02 mm using a ball lead screw held by rotating bearings. The bearings support
axial loads of thousands of newtons in either direction, and must hold the ball lead
screw to ±0.002 mm across that range of loads

Stiffness
A second source of motion is elasticity in the bearing itself. For example, the balls
in a ball bearing are like stiff rubber, and under load deform from round to a
slightly flattened shape. The race is also elastic and develops a slight dent where
the ball presses on it.
The stiffness of a bearing is how the distance between the parts which are
separated by the bearing varies with applied load. With rolling element bearings
this is due to the strain of the ball and race. With fluid bearings it is due to how the
pressure of the fluid varies with the gap (when correctly loaded, fluid bearings are
typically stiffer than rolling element bearings).

Service life
Fluid and magnetic bearings
Main articles: Fluid bearing and Magnetic bearing
Fluid and magnetic bearings can have practically indefinite service lives. In
practice, there are fluid bearings supporting high loads in hydroelectric plants that
have been in nearly continuous service since about 1900 and which show no signs
of wear.

Rolling element bearings

Rolling element bearing life is determined by load, temperature, maintenance,
lubrication, material defects, contamination, handling, installation and other
factors. These factors can all have a significant effect on bearing life. For example,
the service life of bearings in one application was extended dramatically by
changing how the bearings were stored before installation and use, as vibrations
during storage caused lubricant failure even when the only load on the bearing was
its own weight; the resulting damage is often false brinelling. Bearing life is
statistical: several samples of a given bearing will often exhibit a bell curve of
service life, with a few samples showing significantly better or worse life. Bearing
life varies because microscopic structure and contamination vary greatly even
where macroscopically they seem identical.
L10 life
Bearings are often specified to give an "L10" life (outside the USA, it may be
referred to as "B10" life.) This is the life at which ten percent of the bearings in
that application can be expected to have failed due to classical fatigue failure (and
not any other mode of failure like lubrication starvation, wrong mounting etc.), or,
alternatively, the life at which ninety percent will still be operating.The L10 life of
the bearing is theoretical life and may not represent service life of the bearing.
Bearings are also rated using C0 (static loading) value. This is the basic load rating
as a reference, and not an actual load value.

Plain bearings
For plain bearings some materials give much longer life than others. Some of the
John Harrison clocks still operate after hundreds of years because of the lignum
vitae wood employed in their construction, whereas his metal clocks are seldom
run due to potential wear.

Flexure bearings
Flexure bearings rely on elastic properties of material.Flexure bearings bend a
piece of material repeatedly. Some materials fail after repeated bending, even at
low loads, but careful material selection and bearing design can make flexure
bearing life indefinite.
Short-life bearings
Although long bearing life is often desirable, it is sometimes not necessary. Harris
describes a bearing for a rocket motor oxygen pump that gave several hours life,
far in excess of the several tens of minutes life needed.

BATTERY
BATTERY

Plates (Electrodes)

Plate construction is the key to producing a good battery. Recognizing this,

Power-Sonic utilizes the latest technology and equipment to cast grids from a lead-
calcium alloy free of antimony. The small amount of calcium and tin in the grid
alloy imparts strength to the plate and guarantees durability even in extensive cycle
service. Lead oxide paste is added to the grid to form the electrically active
material. In the charged state, the negative plate paste is pure lead and that of the
positive lead oxide. Both of these are in a porous or spongy form to optimize
surface area and thereby maximize capacity.

Separators

Power-Sonic separators are made of woven glass fiber cloth with high heat and
oxidation resistance.

The material further offers superior electrolyte absorption and retaining ability, as
well as excellent ion conductivity.

Electrolyte

Immobilized dilute sulfuric acid: H2SO4.

Container

Case material is either ABS, a high-impact proof plastic resin, styrene, or a

polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer with resistance to chemicals and
flammability.

Leak-proof Design & Operational Safety

Power-Sonic batteries have been approved for shipment by air, both by D.O.T. and
I.A.T.A.. U.L.’s component recognition program for emergency lighting and power
batteries lists Power-Sonic under file numbers MH14328and MH14838.

Terminals

Depending on the model, batteries come either with AMP Fast on type terminals
made of tin plated brass, post type terminals of the same composition with
threaded nut and bolt hardware, or heavy duty flag terminals made of lead alloy. A
special epoxy is used as sealing material surrounding the terminals.

Relief Valve

In case of excessive gas pressure build-up inside the battery (usually caused by
abnormal charging) the relief valve will open and relieve the pressure. The one-
way valve not only ensures that no air gets into the battery where the oxygen
would react with the plates causing internal discharge, but also represents an
important safety device in the event of excessive overcharge. Vent release pressure
is between 2-6 psi; the seal ring material is neoprene rubber.

Case Sealing
Depending on model, the case sealing is tongue and groove with polyurethane,
epoxy, or heat seal.

COST ESTIMATION
 COST ESTIMATION

AMOUNT
SL.NO PARTICLES
Rupees Paisa

1 Labor cost

2 Lathe

3 Drilling

4 Welding

5 Power hand saw

6 Gas cutting cost

7 Overhead charges

8 Material cost
 9 Manufacturing cost

TOTAL COST

BILL OF MATERIALS

MATERIALS AMOUNT
PHOTOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION
CONCLUTION

In this paper power was generated at speed breakers by using rack and
pinion mechanism. This type of power generation is identified to be cheaper than
many other alternatives and the model has less number of parts and the assembly
would cost very less with all the components being available regularly and no
model specific parts are to be manufactured.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES

[1] M.U.H.Joardder,Md.Mamun Kabir,Ranjoy and B,Md.Emdadul Hoque, Loss to

assets:production of power from speed breaker, ICMERE, 2011

[2] Aswathaman.V and Priyadharshini.M Every speed breaker is now a source of

power, IPCBEE, VOL1,2010

[3] Md.Saiful Islam, Syed Khalid Rahman,Jakeya Sultana Jyoti Generation of

electricity using road transport pressure,IJESIT, Vol 2 ,Issue 3, May 2013

[4] Shakun Srivastava , Ankit Astana Produce electricity by the use of speed
breakers Journal of engineering research and studies, Vol 2 No. 1, April-Jun 2011

[5] A.K.Hossain and O.Badr,Prospect of renewable energy utilization for electricity

generation in Bangladesh,Renewable and Sustainable Energy,Review 11,1617-
1649,2007 [

6] Principles of renewable energy systems, Sharma.P.C,2003.

[7] Power system Dynamics and control, K.R.Padiyar, Interline Publishers,

Bangalore.

[8]AmanpreetKaur, ShivanshKumarSingh, Rajneesh, Parwez, Shashank, Power

generation using speed breaker with Auto street light,,IJESIT, Vol 2,Issue 2,
March ,488-491

[9] Akshay Tank,Prof Chandni V.Shah ,Keyur Shah Ecofriendly energy generation
through speed breaker,IJEDR,Vol 2, Issue 1