Thomas Uhlig •

Florian Sellmaier •

Michael Schmidhuber
Editors

Spacecraft Operations

£i Springer
Contents

1
1 Overview Space Segment
The 1
1.1 Space Environment
1.1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.2 Launch Vehicle 2

4
1.1.3 Spacecraft Operational Environment
13
1.2 Space Systems Engineering
1.2.1 Definition of System Engineering 13
15
1.2.2 Objectives and Requirements
1.2.3 Drivers and Trade-offs 18
Design
21
1.2.4 Concurrent Engineering
1.3 Fundamentals of Space Communications 21

1.3.1 Introduction 21

1.3.2 Baseband 22

1.3.3 Carrier 30

References 34

Mission 35
2 Operations
2.1 Mission Operations Preparation 35

2.1.1 Introduction with Examples 36

2.1.2 Factors 38
Driving
42
2.1.3 Personnel, Roles, and Responsibilities
and Tools 46
2.1.4 Required Data, Products,
2.1.5 Activities, Tasks, and Schedule 48

2.1.6 Review Process 50

2.2 Mission Operations Execution 54

Execution 54
2.2.1 Various Phases During
of the Flight Control Team 60
2.2.2 Staffing
2.2.3 Interactions within the Flight Control Team and Flight
Procedures 64

Concept 68
2.2.4 The Mission Type Defines the Operational
74
2.2.5 Summary

xxvii
xxviii Contents

2.3 Flight Experience 75.

2.3.1 Statistics 75
77
2.3.2 Interpretation of Telemetry
2.3.3 FailureProbability Vs. Operational Experience 80
81
2.3.4 Contingency Handling
TV-SAT 1 84
2.3.5 Mission Example
References 89

3 Communication and Infrastructure 91

3.1 Control Center Design 91

3.1.1 Infrastructure 93
3.1.2 Control Center Network 97

3.1.3 Control Center Software 100

3.1.4 Outlook 106

3.2 Ground Station Network 106

3.2.1 Station Selection 107

3.2.2 Station Communication Ill

3.2.3 LEOP and Routine Operations 115

4 Flight Dynamic Operations 119

4.1 Orbital Dynamics 119

4.1.1 Introduction 119

4.1.2 Theoretical 120

Aspects
4.1.3 Flight Dynamics Tasks 133
4.2 Attitude Dynamics 144

4.2.1 Introduction 144

4.2.2 Disturbances 147

4.2.3 Attitude Determination 148

4.2.4 Attitude Propagation 153

4.2.5 Attitude Control 155

4.2.6 Tasks of AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control System) 159

References 165

Mission 167
5 Planning
167
5.1 The Planning Problem
5.1.1 Introduction 167

5.1.2 General Overview of a Mission Planning System 168

5.1.3 Techniques for Timeline Generation 171

5.1.4 Summary 185

5.2 Mission for Unmanned Systems 185

Planning
5.2.1 Introduction 185
5.2.2 Mission Planning System Example 186

5.2.3 Considerations on Designing a Mission Planning System . .

188

5.2.4 Mission Planning at Various Time Scales 189

5.2.5 Conclusions and Outlook 190
 xxlx
Contents

Missions 192
5.3 Mission Planning for Human Spaceflight
5.3.1 Introduction 192
5.3.2 Basic Considerations 195

5.3.3 Teams 196

Planning
197
5.3.4 Concept of Crew Flexibility
198
5.3.5 Planning Phases Overview
199
5.3.6 Planning Products and Processes
209
5.3.7 Planning Tools
5.3.8 Conclusion 210

References 210

213
6 Spacecraft Subsystem Operations
213
6.1 Telemetry, Commanding and Ranging Subsystem
6.1.1 Definition of Subsystem 213

6.1.2 Characteristics 214

Signal
6.1.3 216
Design
6.1.4 and 222
Monitoring Commanding
Situations 225
6.1.5 Operational
228
6.1.6 Developments
Outlook to Future

6.2 On-Board Data-Handling Subsystem Operations 228

6.2.1 Definition of Subsystem 228

6.2.2 Fundamentals 228

6.2.3 Ground Data Streams 234

Space to

6.2.4 OBDH Management 240

6.2.5 and Outlook 249

Summary
6.3 Power and Thermal Operations 250

6.3.1 PTS 250

Design Aspects
265
6.3.2 Operations
6.3.3 Contingency Operations 274
276
6.4 Propulsion Subsystem Operations
276
6.4.1 Principle of Propulsion
279
6.4.2 Configurations of Propulsion System
6.4.3 Real-Time Operations 282
287
6.4.4 Off-line Operations
6.5 Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem Operations 290

6.5.1 Introduction and Overview 291

292
6.5.2 Subsystem Description
6.5.3 AOCS-Related Ground Operations 302

6.5.4 from Previous Missions 307

Experience
6.5.5 311
Summary
311
6.6 Repeater Operations
312
6.6.1 Repeater Subsystem
316
6.6.2 Repeater Operations
322
References
xxx
Contents

7 325.
Special Topics
7.1 Human Spaceflight Operations 325
7.1.1 Introduction 325
7.1.2 Manned and Unmanned Missions 326

7.1.3 From a Satellite to a Living Place 326

7.1.4 Crew: Another Subsystem to Operate 333

7.1.5 Ground Support Operations 336

7.1.6 Future 339

of On-Orbit Servicing Missions 340

7.2 Operations
7.2.1 Introduction 340
of On-Orbit Servicing Missions 342
7.2.2 Examples
Robotic OOS Missions 350
7.2.3 Challenges Operating
7.2.4 Satellite Rendezvous 352
Satellite 364
7.2.5 Capture
7.2.6 Verification and Test Facilities 368

7.2.7 and Outlook 369

Summary
370
7.3 Interplanetary Operations
370
7.3.1 Types of Interplanetary Missions
7.3.2 The Challenges of Interplanetary Flight 373

7.3.3 Mission Control Approach 378

390
7.3.4 Special Operations
7.3.5 Conclusions 394

7.4 Lander Operations 395

7.4.1 Overview 395

399
7.4.2 Landing Insertion
7.4.3 Various Landing Strategies 400

7.4.4 Surface Operations 407

7.4.5 Conclusions 413

References 413

417
Index