Notes:

Illness
1. diarrhea
-When you have diarrhea, your bowel movements (or stools) are loose and watery. It’s very
common and usually not serious.
-Most people describe bloating as feeling full, tight, or swollen in the abdomen. (bloating)
2. constipation
-constipation is infrequent bowel movements or difficult passage of stools that persists for
several weeks or longer.
3. Ulcer
-A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining or erosion on the surface of the stomach or even the
gastrointestinal tract, small intestine or esophagus. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a
gastric ulcer. A duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small
intestine (duodenum). An esophageal ulcer occurs in the lower part of your esophagus.
-commonly used as a pain reliever for minor aches and pains and to reduce fever. (aspirin)
4. Gallstone
-Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive
fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder
contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum)
-pain or discomfort in the stomach associated with difficulty in digesting food.(indigestion)
5. Gastritis
-Gastritis is an inflammation and irritation of the stomach because there is too much secretion of
gastric juices. It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).
part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to
injury or infection. (Inflammation)
(Buscopan). Relieves painful stomach cramps, including those linked with irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS).
(Antacid). A substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn,
indigestion or an upset stomach
Lactose intolerance is a common digestive problem where the body is unable to
digest lactose, a type of sugar mainly found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms of lactose
intolerance usually develop within a few hours of consuming food or drink that
contains lactose. They may include: flatulence (wind) diarrhoea.

http://bio.bsu.by/t/temp/holik/24%20Digestive%20System.pdf
Mouth. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion starts here when taking
the first bite of food.
Esophagus. Delivers food to your stomach.
Stomach. The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with
enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. (Gastric acid)
Small intestine(does most of the work, not stomach). Made up of three segments - the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum - the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using
enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. The duodenum is largely responsible for the
continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption of
nutrients into the bloodstream.
Pancreas. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small
intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin,
secreting it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.
Liver. Main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small
intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat.
In addition, the liver is the body's chemical "factory." also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals.
Gallbladder. Stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and
digest fats.
Colon (large intestine). Connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the
cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the
sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. Appendix is a small tube attached to the cecum. The large
intestine is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.
Rectum. The rectum (Latin for "straight") connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive
stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until
evacuation happens.
Anus. The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas,
or solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool.
When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until
reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.
Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in
the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is
swallowed. Concludes in the large intestine where water from the undigested food material is absorbed
into the bloodstream.