6.

Design of Threaded and Welded Joint

It is spreadable joint of two or more machine parts that are held together with the
help of threaded fasteners.
Advantages
1. These are convenient to assemble and disassemble.
2. Highly reliable in operation.
3. Screw joint are adopted in various operating conditions.
4. Screw are relatively cheap to produce due to standardization.
5. Easy to manufacture.
6. Small overall dimension hence it has a compact construction.
7. The thread is self-locking hence can be place any position.
Disadvantages
1. the stress concentration in the thread portion and strength is less than welded or riveted
joints. Due to required hole in machine parts.
2. Threaded joint become loose when subjected to vibration.
Types of screw fastening
Bolt
1. Through bolt: - It is a cylindrical bar with the threads at one end for the nut and another
end for head. The cylindrical part is called shank it is passed easily through the drilled
holes in the two parts to be fastened together and clamped them securely to each other
as nut is screwed at the threaded end. The bolt is put under tension along it axis, when
tightened. They are also known as machine bolts, carriage bolt, eye bolts.
2. Tap bolts: - A tap bolt suffers from through bolt since of has threads throughout the
length it is screwed it’s the tapped hole of one of the parts to be fastened.

Give the example where screwed joints are preferred over welded joints
1. Cylinder hand of the engine.
2. Machine foundation.
3. assembly of fan, couplings.
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4. Connect two bogies of the train with the turn buckle.
5. Structural bridges.
6. pressure vessel.
7. Fly press.
8. Assembly of crank shaft and connecting rod.
9. In braking system of an automobile because screw joints arc convenient to assemble
and disassemble and arc relatively cheap to produce due to standardization.
Advantages and Disadvantages of ‘V’ Thread Over Square Thread
Advantages
1. 'V' threads offer greater frictional resistance of motion than square thread and are thus
better suited for fastening purpose.
2. Thane are stronger than square thread.
3. These are cheaper because of easy to cut by die or on machine.
4. These are used to tighten the parts together in bolts, nut, stud and nut, tap bolts etc.
because they prevent the nut from slacking back due to high frictional resistance.
Disadvantages
1. ‘V’ threads are not suitable for power transmission. They have a component of force
which acts perpendicular to the axis causing bursting action on the nut and increasing
friction. But square thread is ideal for power transmission because they don't have any
component of force perpendicular to axis.
Bolt of uniform strength

Consider as ordinary bolt as shown in fig the diameter of shank ‘d’ and core
diameter is ‘dc’ when this bolt is subjected to tensile force then these are two district region
of stress.
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1. The diameter of threaded portion ‘dc’ is less then shank diameter ‘d’ the threaded
portion also subjected to stress concentration hence stress induced in threaded portion
is more than the stress in shank portion.
2. The diameter of shank is more than the core diameter of threaded portion also there is
no stress concentration in the shank portion hence the stress in the shank portion is less
then stress in threaded portion.
From above its observed that the threaded portion of the bolt is weakest parts and
maximum amount of energy is absorbing in this path the ideal bolt will be which is
subjected to same stress level at different cross section along the bolt it is called as bolt of
uniform strength. This can be done by reducing the shank diameter to core diameter of
threaded portion.

Eccentric loading bolt joint in shear

There are many application of the bolted joints which are subjected to eccentric
loading such as machine foundation bolt, wall brackets, pillar crane etc.

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The eccentric load classified into two types
1. Primary shear stress
2. Secondary shear stress
Considering a group used to connect two part all the bolt is identical and are symmetrically
plate.
G= center or gravity of the bolt the load ‘P’ is eccentric with ‘G’ at distance ‘e’ this load is
imaging to act ‘G’ which result in primary shear load (force). P1ˈ, P2ˈ, P3ˈ, P4ˈ……. etc
𝐏
As given as P1ˈ= P2ˈ= P3ˈ= P4ˈ =
𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐭 (𝐧)

The moment [P × e] above G result in secondary share stress or load.

P1ˈˈ, P2 ˈˈ, P3 ˈˈ, P4 ˈˈ…………. etc
Let’s r1, r2, r3, r4……..etc this the redial distance of the bolt distance from ‘G’ then
P×e = P1ˈˈ r1 + P2 ˈˈ r2 + P3 ˈˈ r3 + P4 ˈˈ r4
Its assume that secondary shear at any bolt is proportional to its distance from ‘G’
P1ˈˈα r1 or P1ˈˈ= C × r1 similarly P2ˈˈ= C × r2
There for: -
Pe = (C × r1 × r1) + (C × r2 × r2) +(C × r3 × r3) +(C × r4 × r4)
Pe = C (r12+ r22+ r32 r42)
But r1= r2 = r3 = r4 = r
P×e = C×4×r2
𝐏×𝐞
Therefor 𝐂= (for 4 no of bolt)
𝟒×𝐫 𝟐
𝐏×𝐞
Therefor 𝐂= (for ‘n’ no of bolt)
𝐧×𝐫 𝟐
Therefor resultant shear force is given by

𝑷𝑹 = √(𝐏𝟏 ˈ)𝟐 + (𝐏𝟐 ˈˈ)𝟐 + 𝟐 × 𝐏𝟏 ˈ × 𝐏𝟏 ˈˈ × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Shear stress induced in the bolt is given by
𝑃𝑅 𝟒𝑷𝑹
𝜏=𝜋 2 ∴ 𝝉=
𝑑 𝝅𝒅𝒄 𝟐
4 𝑐