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BIR considered the donation by Carlos Sr. as a transfer in Where statutes impose a personal liability for a tax, the tax becomes at least
contemplation of death so Carlos Jr. was assessed P191,591.62 as in a broad sense, a debt.
estate and inheritance taxes. Carlos paid P17,002.74 on June 22,
1955 as gift tax (includes interest and surcharge) which was applied
In our jurisdiction, the rule is settled that although taxes already due have
to his estate and inheritance tax liability. Petitioner paid P60,581.80
as interest for delinquency. not, strictly speaking, the same concept as debts, they are, however
obligations that may be considered as such. (Sambrano vs. Court of Tax
August 1958, Carlos Jr. filed again an amended ITR for 1955 Appeals, G.R. no. L-8652, March 30, 1957).
claiming the following: As interest deductions: P9,706.45 (as in the
original ITR) + P60,581.80 (interest on the estate and inheritance In a more recent case Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Prieto, G.R.
taxes); Net Taxable income: P5,400.32; Income tax due: P428.00;
No. L-13912, September 30, 1960, we explicitly announced that while the
claimed a refund of P20,624.01 (P21,052.01 – P428) Even before
BIR ruled on his claim, Carlos Jr. filed petition for review before CTA distinction between "taxes" and "debts" was recognized in this jurisdiction,
the variance in their legal conception does not extend to the interests paid on
CTA: BIR should refund Carlos P20,624.01 them, at least insofar as Section 30 (b) (1) of the National Internal Revenue
Code is concerned. Thus, under the law, for interest to be deductible, it must
ISSUE: be shown that there be an indebtedness, that there should be interest upon
it, and that what is claimed as an interest deduction should have been paid or
WON there is a difference between “indebtedness” and “taxes” to determine accrued within the year. It is here conceded that the interest paid by
the deductible interest
respondent was in consequence of the late payment of her donor's tax, and
HELD: the same was paid within the year it is sought to be deducted.
NO. The CIR seeks the reversal of the Court of Tax Appeal's ruling on the In both this and the Prieto case, the taxpayer sought the allowance as
aforementioned petition for review. Specifically, he takes issue with the said deductible items from the gross income of the amounts paid by them as
court's determination that the amount paid by respondent Palanca for interest interests on delinquent tax liabilities. Of course, what was involved in the
on his delinquent estate and inheritance tax is deductible from the gross
cited case was the donor's tax while the present suit pertains to interest paid
income for that year under Section 30 (b) (1) of the Revenue Code. CIR
urges that a tax is not an indebtedness. He adopts the view that "debts are on the estate and inheritance tax. This difference, however, submits no
due to the government in its corporate capacity, while taxes are due to the appreciable consequence to the rationale of this Court's previous
government in its sovereign capacity. A debt is a sum of money due upon determination that interests on taxes should be considered as interests on
contract express or implied or one which is evidenced by a judgment. Taxes indebtedness within the meaning of Section 30(b) (1) of the Tax Code. The
are imposts levied by government for its support or some special purpose interpretation we have placed upon the said section was predicated on the
which the government has recognized."
congressional intent, not on the nature of the tax for which the interest was
In view of the distinction, then, the Commissioner submits that the
paid.
deductibility of "interest on indebtedness" from a person's income tax under
Section 30(b) (1) cannot extend to "interest on taxes."
Thus, shares of stock; like the other securities defined in Section
20(t)[4] of the NIRC, would be ordinary assets only to a dealer in
securities or a person engaged in the purchase and sale of, or an
China Banking Corp. V. CA
active trader (for his own account) in, securities.
China Banking Corp. v. CA
Section 20(u) of the NIRC defines a dealer in securities thus" (u)
G.R. No. 125508 July 19, 2000
The term 'dealer in securities' means a merchant of stocks or
VITUG, J.
securities, whether an individual, partnership or corporation, with
Lessons Applicable: Capital asset, capital loss, inventory depends on the nature of
an established place of business, regularly engaged in the
the business
purchase of securities and their resale to customers; that is, one
Laws Applicable:
who as a merchant buys securities and sells them to customers
FACTS:
with a view to the gains and profits that may be derived
Petitioner China Bank made a 53% equity investment in First CBC Capital
therefrom."
(Asia) Ltd., a Hongkong Subsidiary of P 16,227, 851.80
In the hands, however, of another who holds the shares of stock
1906: with the approval of the Bangko Sentral, it wrote of as worthless
by way of an investment, the shares to him would be capital
investment for being insolvent in its 1987 Income Tax Return treated as
assets. When the shares held by such investor become worthless,
bad debts o ordinary loss deductible.
the loss is deemed to be a loss from the sale or exchange of
CIR contends it should be capital loss.
capital assets.
CTA and CA on Petition for Review on Certiorari: upheld CIR contention
Loss sustained by the holder of the securities, which are capital
ISSUE: W/N Capital loss (NOT Ordinary Loss)
assets (to him), is to be treated as a capital loss as if incurred from
a sale or exchange transaction. A capital gain or a capital loss
HELD: Yes. Petition is DENIED
normally requires the concurrence of two conditions for it to
Equity investment is a capital asset resulting in a capital gain or a capital
result: (1) There is a sale or exchange; and (2) the thing sold or
loss. A capital asset is defined negatively in Section 33(1) of the NIRC
exchanged is a capital asset. When securities become worthless,
(1) Capital assets. - The term 'capital assets' means property held
there is strictly no sale or exchange but the law deems the loss
by the taxpayer (whether or not connected with his trade or
anyway to be "a loss from the sale or exchange of capital assets
business), but does not include:
Capital losses are allowed to be deducted only to the extent of
stock in trade of the taxpayer; or
capital gains, i.e., gains derived from the sale or exchange of
other property of a kind which would properly be
capital assets, and not from any other income of the taxpayer.
included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at
the close of the taxable year; or
property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to
customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business;
or
property used in the trade or business, of a character
which is subject to the allowance for depreciation
provided in subsection (f) of section twenty-nine; or
real property used in the trade or business of the
taxpayer
PHIL. REFINING COMPANY V. CA (1996) giving the account to a lawyer for collection; and (4) filing a collection
Phil. Refining Company v. CA case in court.
G.R. No. 118794 May 8, 1996 The only evidentiary support given by PRC for its aforesaid claimed
REGALADO, J. deductions was the explanation or justification posited by its financial
adviser or accountant. Not a single document was offered to show that
Lessons Applicable: deductibility of bad debts, penalties of 25% surcharge, the Remoblas Store and CM Variety Store were burned, even just a
interest of 20, civil penalties are compensatory (not penal), civil penalties police report or an affidavit attesting to such loss by fire. The account
and interest are automatic of Tomas Store in the amount of P16,842.79 is uncollectible, claims
petitioner PRC, since the owner thereof was murdered and left no
Laws Applicable: visible assets which could satisfy the debt. Withal, just like the accounts
of the two other stores just mentioned, petitioner again failed to
FACTS: Petitioner Philippine Refining Company (PRC) was assessed by present proof of the efforts exerted to collect the debt, other than the
respondent Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Commissioner) to pay a aforestated asseverations of its financial adviser. The accounts of
deficiency tax for the year 1985 in the amount of P1,892,584 Aboitiz Shipping Corporation and J. Ruiz Trucking in the amounts of
PRC protested that the amounts are bad debts and interest expense P89,483.40 and P69,640.34, respectively, both of which allegedly arose
which are allowable and legl deductions. But, CIR ignored it and issued from the hijacking of their cargo and for which they were given 30%
a warrant of garnishment against PRC's deposits at City Trust Bank. rebates by PRC, are claimed to be uncollectible. Again, petitioner failed
PRC filed a Petition for Review with the CTA who reversed the to present an iota of proof, not even a copy of the supposed policy
interest expense disallowance but maintained the 13 bad debts regulation of PRC that it gives rebates to clients in case of loss arising
disallowance. from fortuitous events or force majeure, which rebates it now passes
PRC elevated the case to CA who dismissed the case for failing to satisfy off as uncollectible debts.
the requirements of worthlessness of a debt: Findings of the CTA having recognized expertise will not ordinarily be
(1) there is a valid and subsisting debt reviewed absent a showing of gross error or abuse on its part.
(2) debt must be actually ascertained to be worthless and 2. YES.
uncollectible during the taxable year Sec. 248 and 249 of the tax code clearly provides that civil penalty is
(3) debt must be charged off during the taxable year imposed in case of failure to pay the tax within the prescribed time for
(4) debt must arise from the business or trade of the taxpayer its payment and deficiency tax or any surcharge or interest on the due
(5) uncollectible even in the future date appearing in the notice and demand of the commissioner. Thus,
(6) exerted diligent effort to collect penalties of 25% surcharge and interest of 20% shall accrue from April
ISSUES: 11, 1989.
1. W/N bad debts requirements are met to be deductible as Tax laws imposing penalties for delinquencies, so we have long held,
assessed by the CA are intended to hasten tax payments by punishing evasions or neglect
2. W/N PRC should be liable for penalties and interests of duty in respect thereof. If penalties could be condoned for flimsy
reasons, the law imposing penalties for delinquencies would be
HELD: petition at bar is DENIED rendered nugatory, and the maintenance of the Government and its
1. NO. multifarious activities will be adversely affected
Furthermore, there are steps outlined to be undertaken by the taxpayer
to prove that he exerted diligent efforts to collect the debts, viz: (1) BASILAN ESTATES, INC. v. CIR
sending of statement of accounts; (2) sending of collection letters; (3) G.R. No. L-22492 September 5, 1967
Bengzon, J.P., J.
Doctrine: then what the taxpayer would recover will be, not only the acquisition cost, but
The income tax law does not authorize the depreciation of an asset beyond its also some profit. Recovery in due time thru depreciation of investment made is
acquisition cost. Hence, a deduction over and above such cost cannot be claimed the philosophy behind depreciation allowance; the idea of profit on the
and allowed. The reason is that deductions from gross income are privileges, not investment made has never been the underlying reason for the allowance of a
matters of right. They are not created by implication but upon clear expression in deduction for depreciation.
the law.
FERNANDEZ HERMANOS, INC. VS. CIR- ALLOWABLE TAX DEDUCTIONS
Facts: Basilan Estates, Inc. claimed deductions for the depreciation of its assets Category: Income Taxation
on the basis of their acquisition cost. As of January 1, 1950 it changed the That the circumstances are such that the method does not reflect the taxpayer ’ s
depreciable value of said assets by increasing it to conform with the increase in income with reasonable accuracy and certainty and proper and just additions of
cost for their replacement. Accordingly, from 1950 to 1953 it deducted from personal expenses and other non-deductible expenditures were made and correct ,
gross income the value of depreciation computed on the reappraised value. fair and equitable credit adjustments were given by way of eliminating non-
CIR disallowed the deductions claimed by petitioner, consequently assessing taxable items.
the latter of deficiency income taxes.
FACTS:
Issue: Whether or not the depreciation shall be determined on the acquisition
cost rather than the reappraised value of the assets • Four cases involve two decisions of the Court of Tax Appeal s determining the
taxpayer ' s income tax liability for the years 1950 to 1954 and for the year
Held: Yes. The following tax law provision allows a deduction from gross 1957. Both the taxpayer and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, as
income for depreciation but limits the recovery to the capital invested in the petitioner and respondent in the cases a quo respectively , appealed from the
asset being depreciated: Tax Court's decisions , insofar as their respective contentions on particular tax
(1)In general. — A reasonable allowance for deterioration of property arising items were therein resolved against them. Since the issues raised are inter
out of its use or employment in the business or trade, or out of its not being related, the Court resolves the four appeals in this joint decision.
used: Provided, That when the allowance authorized under this subsection shall • The taxpayer , Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. , is a domestic corporation organized
equal the capital invested by the taxpayer . . . no further allowance shall be for the principal purpose of engaging in business as an " investment company "
made. . . . wi th main office at Manila. Upon verification of the taxpayer's income tax
returns for the period in quest ion, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
The income tax law does not authorize the depreciation of an asset beyond its assessed against the taxpayer the sums of P13,414.00, P119,613.00, P11,698.00,
acquisition cost. Hence, a deduction over and above such cost cannot be claimed P6,887.00 and P14,451.00 as alleged deficiency income taxes for the year s
and allowed. The reason is that deductions from gross income are privileges, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1954, respectively. Said assessments were the
not matters of right. They are not created by implication but upon clear result of alleged discrepancies found upon the examination and verification of
expression in the law [Gutierrez v. Collector of Internal Revenue, L-19537, May the taxpayer's income tax returns for the said years, summarized by the Tax
20, 1965]. Court in its decision of June 10, 1963 in CTA Case No. 787, as follows:
Depreciation is the gradual diminution in the useful value of tangible property ISSUE: The correctness of the Tax Court's rulings with respect to the
resulting from wear and tear and normal obsolescense. It commences with the disputed items of disallowances enumerated in the Tax Court's summary
acquisition of the property and its owner is not bound to see his property reproduced
gradually waste, without making provision out of earnings for its replacement.
The recovery, free of income tax, of an amount more than the invested capital in HELD:
an asset will transgress the underlying purpose of a depreciation allowance. For
That the circumstances are such that the method does not reflect the taxpayer’s
income with reasonable accuracy and certainty and proper and just additions of JOSE GATCHALIAN ET AL. v. COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE, GR No.
personal expenses and other non-deductible expenditures were made and 45425, 1939-04-29
correct , fair and equitable credit adjustments were given by way of eliminating
non-taxable items. Facts:
plaintiffs are all residents of the municipality of Pulilan, Bulacan, and that
Proper adjustments to conform to the income tax laws. Proper adjustments for defendant is the Collector of Internal Revenue of the Philippines;... plaintiffs, in
non-deductible items must be made. The following non-deductibles , as the case order to enable them to purchase one sweepstakes ticket valued at two pesos
may be, must be (P2), subscribed and paid therefor the amounts as follows:... immediately
added to the increase of decrease in the net worth: thereafter... plaintiffs purchased... from... ne of the duly authorized agents of the
National Charity Sweepstakes Office one ticket bearing No. 178637... and that
1. Personal living or family expenses the said ticket was registered in the name of Jose Gatchalian and Company... as a
2. Premiums paid on any life insurance policy result, the above-mentioned ticket bearing No. 178637 won one of the third
3. Losses from sales or exchanges of property between members of the family prizes in the amount of P50,000... and... which check was cashed... by Jose
4. Income taxes paid Gatchalian & Company
5. Other non-deductible taxes
6. Election expenses and other expense against public policy Gatchalian was required by income tax examiner Alfredo David to file the
7. Non-deductible contributions corresponding income tax return covering the prize won by Jose Gatchalian &
8. Gifts to others Company and that... the said return was signed by
9. Estate inheritance and gift taxes Gatchalian... efendant made an assessment against... requesting the payment of
10. Net Capital Loss the sum of P1,499.94 to the deputy provincial treasurer of Pulilan, Bulacan...
plaintiffs, through their attorney, sent to defendant a reply... requesting
On the other hand, non- taxable items should be deducted therefrom. These exemption from the payment of the income tax to which reply there were
items are necessary adjustments to avoid the inclusion of what otherwise are enclosed fifteen (15)... separate individual income tax returns filed separately
non-taxable receipts. They are: by each one of the plaintiffs... defendant... denied plaintiffs' request... for
1. inheritance gifts and bequests received exemption from the payment of tax... in view of the failure of the plaintiffs to pay
2. non- taxable gains the amount of tax demanded by the defendant, notwithstanding subsequent
3. compensation for injuries or sickness demand... issued a warrant of distraint and levy against the property of the
4. proceeds of life insurance policies plaintiffs... plaintiffs,... through Gregoria Cristobal, Maria C. Legaspi and Jesus
5. sweepstakes Legaspi,... paid under protest the sum of P601.51... as part of the tax... and
6. winnings requested defendant that plaintiffs be allowed to pay under protest the
7. interest on government securities and increase in net worth are not taxable if balance... plaintiffs demanded upon defendant the refund of the total sum of
they are shown not to be the result of unreported income but to be the result of P1,863.44... paid under protest by them but that defendant refused and still
the correction of errors in the taxpayer’s entries in the books relating to refuses to refund the said amount... notwithstanding the plaintiffs' demands.
indebtedness Issues:
Whether the plaintiffs formed a partnership, or merely a community of property
without a personality of its own
Ruling:
There is no doubt that if the plaintiffs merely formed a community of property
the latter is exempt from the payment of income tax under the law. But
according to the stipulated facts the plaintiffs organized a partnership of a civil Whether or not the petitioners had indeed formed a partnership or joint venture and
nature because each of them put up money... to buy a sweepstakes ticket for the thus liable for corporate tax.
sole purpose of dividing equally the prize which they may win, as they did in Held:
The Supreme Court held that the petitioners should not be considered to have formed
fact in the amount of P50,000 (article 1665, Civil Code). The partnership was
a partnership just because they allegedly contributed P178,708.12 to buy the two
not only formed, but upon the organization thereof and the winning of... the lots, resold the same and divided the profit among themselves. To regard so would
prize, Jose Gatchalian personally appeared in the office of the Philippine Charity result in oppressive taxation and confirm the dictum that the power to tax involves
Sweepstakes, in his capacity as co-partner, as such collected the prize, the office the power to destroy. That eventuality should be obviated.
issued the check for P50,000 in favor of Jose Gatchalian and company, and the As testified by Jose Obillos, Jr., they had no such intention. They were co-owners
said partner,... in the same capacity, collected the said check. All these pure and simple. To consider them as partners would obliterate the distinction
between a co-ownership and a partnership. The petitioners were not engaged in any
circumstances repel the idea that the plaintiffs organized and formed a joint venture by reason of that isolated transaction.
community of property only. *Article 1769(3) of the Civil Code provides that "the sharing of gross returns does
Having organized and constituted a partnership of a civil nature, the said entity not of itself establish a partnership, whether or not the persons sharing them have
is the one bound to pay the income tax which the defendant collecte a joint or common right or interest in any property from which the returns are
There is no merit in... plaintiffs' contention that the tax should be prorated derived". There must be an unmistakable intention to form a partnership or joint
venture.*
among them and paid individually, resulting in their exemption from the tax.
Their original purpose was to divide the lots for residential purposes. If later on they
Principles: found it not feasible to build their residences on the lots because of the high cost of
construction, then they had no choice but to resell the same to dissolve the co-
G.R. No. L-68118 October 29, 1985 ownership. The division of the profit was merely incidental to the dissolution of the
JOSE P. OBILLOS, JR., SARAH P. OBILLOS, ROMEO P. OBILLOS and co-ownership which was in the nature of things a temporary state. It had to be
REMEDIOS P. OBILLOS, brothers and sisters, petitioners terminated sooner or later.
vs. They did not contribute or invest additional ' capital to increase or expand the
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE and COURT OF TAX properties, nor was there an unmistakable intention to form partnership or joint
APPEALS, respondents. venture.
AQUINO, J.: WHEREFORE, the judgment of the Tax Court is reversed and set aside. The
Facts: assessments are cancelled. No costs.
On March 2, 1973 Jose Obillos, Sr. bought two lots with areas of 1,124 and 963
square meters of located at Greenhills, San Juan, Rizal. The next day he transferred
his rights to his four children, the petitioners, to enable them to build their
residences. The Torrens titles issued to them showed that they were co-owners of the All co-ownerships are not deemed unregistered partnership.—Co-Ownership who
two lots. own properties which produce income should not automatically be considered
In 1974, or after having held the two lots for more than a year, the petitioners resold partners of an unregistered partnership, or a corporation, within the purview of the
them to the Walled City Securities Corporation and Olga Cruz Canada for the total income tax law. To hold otherwise, would be to subject the income of all
sum of P313,050. They derived from the sale a total profit of P134, 341.88 or Co-ownerships of inherited properties to the tax on corporations, inasmuch as if a
P33,584 for each of them. They treated the profit as a capital gain and paid an property does not produce an income at all, it is not subject to any kind of income
income tax on one-half thereof or of P16,792. tax, whether the income tax on individuals or the income tax on corporation.
In April, 1980, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue required the four petitioners to As compared to other cases:
pay corporate income tax on the total profit of P134,336 in addition to individual Commissioner of Internal Revenue, L-19342, May 25, 1972, 45 SCRA 74, where
income tax on their shares thereof. The petitioners are being held liable for after an extrajudicial settlement the co-heirs used the inheritance or the incomes
deficiency income taxes and penalties totalling P127,781.76 on their profit of derived therefrom as a common fund to produce profits for themselves, it was held
P134,336, in addition to the tax on capital gains already paid by them. that they were taxable as an unregistered partnership.
The Commissioner acted on the theory that the four petitioners had formed an This case is different from Reyes vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 24 SCRA
unregistered partnership or joint venture The petitioners contested the assessments. 198, where father and son purchased a lot and building, entrusted the administration
Two Judges of the Tax Court sustained the same. Hence, the instant appeal. of the building to an administrator and divided equally the net income, and from
Issue:
Evangelista vs. Collector of Internal Revenue, 102 Phil. 140, where the three Facts:
Evangelista sisters bought four pieces of real property which they leased to various Julia Buñales died leaving as heirs her surviving spouse, Lorenzo Oña and her
tenants and derived rentals therefrom. Clearly, the petitioners in these two cases had five children. A civil case was instituted for the settlement of her state, in which
formed an unregistered partnership. Oña was appointed administrator and later on the guardian of the three heirs
who were still minors when the project for partition was approved. This shows
EVANGELISTA V. COLLECTOR that the heirs have undivided ½ interest in 10 parcels of land, 6 houses and
money from the War Damage Commission.
Although the project of partition was approved by the Court, no attempt was
made to divide the properties and they remained under the management of Oña
who used said properties in business by leasing or selling them and investing
the income derived therefrom and the proceeds from the sales thereof in real
properties and securities. As a result, petitioners’ properties and investments
gradually increased. Petitioners returned for income tax purposes their shares
in the net income but they did not actually receive their shares because this left
with Oña who invested them.
Based on these facts, CIR decided that petitioners formed an unregistered
partnership and therefore, subject to the corporate income tax, particularly for
years 1955 and 1956. Petitioners asked for reconsideration, which was denied
hence this petition for review from CTA’s decision.
Issue:
W/N there was a co-ownership or an unregistered partnership
W/N the petitioners are liable for the deficiency corporate income tax
Held:
Unregistered partnership. The Tax Court found that instead of actually
distributing the estate of the deceased among themselves pursuant to the
project of partition, the heirs allowed their properties to remain under the
management of Oña and let him use their shares as part of the common fund for
their ventures, even as they paid corresponding income taxes on their
respective shares.
Yes. For tax purposes, the co-ownership of inherited properties is automatically
converted into an unregistered partnership the moment the said common
properties and/or the incomes derived therefrom are used as a common fund
with intent to produce profits for the heirs in proportion to their respective
shares in the inheritance as determined in a project partition either duly
executed in an extrajudicial settlement or approved by the court in the
corresponding testate or intestate proceeding. The reason is simple. From the
moment of such partition, the heirs are entitled already to their respective
definite shares of the estate and the incomes thereof, for each of them to
manage and dispose of as exclusively his own without the intervention of the
other heirs, and, accordingly, he becomes liable individually for all taxes in
LORENZO OÑA V CIR connection therewith. If after such partition, he allows his share to be held in
29JAN common with his co-heirs under a single management to be used with the intent
GR No. L -19342 | May 25, 1972 | J. Barredo of making profit thereby in proportion to his share, there can be no doubt that,
even if no document or instrument were executed, for the purpose, for tax REYES v CIR
purposes, at least, an unregistered partnership is formed. GR No. 163581, 27 January 2006
For purposes of the tax on corporations, our National Internal Revenue Code
includes these partnerships — Facts: By virtue of a sworn affidavit for reward by one Abad, an investigation
The term “partnership” includes a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture or other was conducted by BIR on the estate of the deceased Maria Tancinco who died in
unincorporated organization, through or by means of which any business, 1993 leaving a residential lot and old house in Dasma. Without submitting a
financial operation, or venture is carried on… (8 Merten’s Law of Federal Income preliminary finding report, an LOA was issued and received by Reyes, one of the
Taxation, p. 562 Note 63; emphasis ours.) heirs on 14 March 1997.
with the exception only of duly registered general copartnerships — within the
purview of the term “corporation.” It is, therefore, clear to our mind that Then on 12 Feb 1998, a PAN was issued against the estate, and a FAN as well as
petitioners herein constitute a partnership, insofar as said Code is concerned, demand letter was issued on 22 April 1998. For the assessment of P14.9M for
and are subject to the income tax for corporations. Judgment affirmed. estate tax of the estate of Maria Tancinco. On March 11, 1999, the heirs
Reyes v CIR proposed a compromise settlement of P1,000,000.00.
During those dates, RA 8424 Tax Reform Act was already in effect. RA 8424
stated that the taxpayer must be informed of both the law and facts on which
the assessment was based.The notice required under the old law was no longer
sufficient under the new law. First, RA 8424 has already amended the provision
of Section 229 on protesting an assessment. The old requirement of
merely notifying the taxpayer of the CIR’s findings was changed in 1998
to informing the taxpayer of not only the law, but also of the facts on which an
assessment would be made; otherwise, the assessment itself would be invalid.
Due to failure to pay tax on the deadline BIR notified on June 6, 2000 that the
subject property would be sold at public auction on August 8, 2000. Reyes filed
a protest with the BIR. Hence the petition for review filed by Reyes in CTA and a
TRO to desist and refrain from proceeding with the auction sale of the subject
property or from issuing a warrant pending determination of the case and/or
unless a contrary order is issued.
CIR filed a motion saying CTA has no jurisdiction since the assessment against
the estate is already final and executory; and (ii) that the petition was filed out
of time
CTA – Ruled in favour of CIR ordering Reyes to pay the estate tax amounting to
19M. CTA ratiocinated that there can only be a perfected and consummated
compromise of the estate’s tax liability[,] if the NEB has approved [Reyes’s]
application for compromise in accordance with RR No. 6-2000, as implemented
by RMO No. 42-2000.
ISSUE: WON whether the assessment against the estate is valid; and, second,
whether the compromise entered into is also valid.
HELD: No. Under the present provisions of the Tax Code and pursuant to Marubeni Corporation is a Japanese corporation licensed to engage in business
elementary due process, taxpayers must be informed in writing of the law and in the Philippines. When the profits on Marubeni’s investments in Atlantic Gulf
the facts upon which a tax assessment is based; otherwise, the assessment is and Pacific Co. of Manila were declared, a 10% final dividend tax was withheld
void. Being invalid, the assessment cannot in turn be used as a basis for the from it, and another 15% profit remittance tax based on the remittable amount
perfection of a tax compromise. This was clear and mandatory under Section after the final 10% withholding tax were paid to the Bureau of Internal
228. Revenue. Marubeni Corp. now claims for a refund or tax credit for the amount
which it has allegedly overpaid the BIR.
Reyes was not informed in writing of the law and the facts on which the
assessment of estate taxes had been made. She was merely notified of the Issues and Ruling:
findings by the CIR, who had simply relied upon the provisions of former 1. Whether or not the dividends Marubeni Corporation received from Atlantic
Section 22913 prior to its amendment by Republic Act (RA) No. 8424, otherwise Gulf and Pacific Co. are effectively connected with its conduct or business in the
known as the Tax Reform Act of 1997. Philippines as to be considered branch profits subject to 15% profit remittance
tax imposed under Section 24(b)(2) of the National Internal Revenue Code.
To be simply informed in writing of the investigation being conducted and of
the recommendation for the assessment of the estate taxes due is nothing but a NO. Pursuant to Section 24(b)(2) of the Tax Code, as amended, only profits
perfunctory discharge of the tax function of correctly assessing a taxpayer. The remitted abroad by a branch office to its head office which are effectively
act cannot be taken to mean that Reyes already knew the law and the facts on connected with its trade or business in the Philippines are subject to the 15%
which the assessment was based. It does not at all conform to the compulsory profit remittance tax. The dividends received by Marubeni Corporation from
requirement under Section 228. Moreover, the Letter of Authority received by Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Co. are not income arising from the business activity in
respondent on March 14, 1997 was for the sheer purpose of investigation and which Marubeni Corporation is engaged. Accordingly, said dividends if remitted
was not even the requisite notice under the law. abroad are not considered branch profits for purposes of the 15% profit
remittance tax imposed by Section 24(b)(2) of the Tax Code, as amended.
P 65.0o Section 24(b)(1) of the NIRC seeks to promote the in-flow of foreign equity
x 15% -- Reduced dividend tax rate investment in the Philippines by reducing the tax cost of earning profits here
P 9.75 -- reduced dividend tax and thereby increasing the net dividends remittable to the investor. The
foreign investor, however, would not benefit from the reduction of the
P 65.00 -- dividends remittable Philippine dividend tax rate unless its home country gives it some relief from
- 9.75 -- dividend tax withheld at reduced rate double taxation by allowing the investor additional tax credits which would be
P 55.25 -- dividends actually remitted to P&G USA applicable against the tax payable to such home country. Accordingly Section
24(b)(1) of the NIRC requires the home or domiciliary country to give the
investor corporation a “deemed paid” tax credit at least equal in amount to the a foreign loans which shall be subject to 15% tax), dividends, premiums, annuities,
20 percentage points of dividend tax foregone by the Philippines, in the compensation, remuneration for technical services or otherwise emolument, or
assumption that a positive incentive effect would thereby be felt by the other fixed determinable annual, periodical ot casual gains, profits and income,
investor. and capital gains: xxx Provided, still further that on dividends received from a
domestic corporation liable to tax under this chapter, the tax shall be 15% of the
CIR V. WANDER PHILIPPINES INC.-DIVIDENDS, WITHHOLDING TAX dividends received, which shall be collected and paid as provided in sec 53 (d) of
this code, subject to the condition that the country in which the non-resident
The dividends received from a domestic corporation is liable to a 15% withholding foreign corporation is domiciled shall allow a credit against tax due from the non-
tax, provided that the country in which the foreign corporation is domiciled shall resident foreign corporation taxes deemed to have been paid in the Philippines
allow a tax credit (equivalent to 20% which is the difference between the 35% tax equivalent to 20% which represents the difference between the regular tax (35%)
due on regular corporations and the 15% tax due on dividends) against the taxes on corporation and the tax (15%) dividends as provided in this section: xxx."
due to have been paid in the Philippines.
Facts: While it may be true that claims for refund construed strictly against the
Wander is a domestic corporation which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Glaro claimant, nevertheless, the fact that Switzerland did not impose any tax on the
S.A. Ltd.,a Swiss corporation not engaged in trade/business in the Philippines. In dividends received by Glaro from the Philippines should be considered as a full
two instances, Wander filed its withholding tax return and remitted to Glaro satisfaction if the given condition. For, as aptly stated by respondent Court, to
(the parent company) dividends (P222,000 in the first instance and P355,200 in deny private respondent the privilege to withhold only 15% tax provided for
the second), on which 35% tax was withheld and paid to the BIR. under PD No. 369 amending section 24 (b) (1) of the Tax Code, would run
counter to the very spirit and intent of said law and definitely will adversely
Wander now files a claim for refund of the withheld tax contending that it is affect foreign corporations interest here and discourage them for investing
liable only to 15% withholding tax pursuant to Section 24. B.1 of the Tax Code. capital in our country.
The BIR did not act upon the claim filed by Wander so the corporation filed a
petition to the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA). The CTA held that the corporation is In the case, Switzerland did not impose any tax on the dividends received by
entitled to 15% withholding tax rate on dividends remitted to Glaro, a non- Glaro thus it should be considered as a full satisfaction of the given condition. To
resident foreign corporation. deny respondent the privilege to withhold 15% would run counter to the spirit
and intent of the law and will adversely affect the foreign corporations’ interest
Issue: Whether or not Wander is entitled to the 15% withholding tax rate. and discourage them from investing capital in our country.
Section 24 (b) (1) of the Tax code, as amended by PD 369 and 778, the law
involved in this case, reads:
sec. 1. The first paragraph of subsection (b) of section 24 of the NIRC, as amended
is hreby further amended to read as follows:
(b) Tax on foreign corporations - (1) Non resident corporation -- A foreign
corporation not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines, including a
foreign life insurance company not engaged in life insurance business in the
Philippines, shall pay a tax equal to 35% of the gross income received during its
taxable year from all sources within the Philippines, as interest (except interest on