Basic PDF

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 18ELEL17/27
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRIAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY LAB MANUAL
(18 ELEL17/27)
I/II-SEMESTER
FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 -2019
NAME: ___________________________
USN : ____________________________
Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83
1
PREFACE
The significance of the Basic Electrical Engineering Laboratory, is

renowned in the various fields of engineering applications. For an
Electrical Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical ideas about the
Basic Electrical Concepts, Electrical Machines. By this perspective we
have introduced a Laboratory manual for Basic Electrical Engineering
Laboratory.
The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the
fundamental aspects of Basic Electrical Engineering in practical. The
manual prepared very carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in
executing an experiment. And validation by means of observation,
Development of theory/hypotheses, by experimental validation.
2
Laboratory Safety Rules

Read ALL of the following rules carefully, and remember them while working in the laboratory.
1. Never hurry. Haste causes many accidents.

2. Always see that power is connected to your equipment through a circuit breaker.
3. Connect the power source last. Disconnect the power source first.
4. Never make wiring changes on live circuits. Work deliberately and care-fully and check your
work as you proceed.
5. Before connecting the power, check your wiring carefully for agreement with the wiring
diagram for an accidental short-circuit and for loose connections.
6. Check out the supply voltage to make sure that is what you expect. For example: AC or DC,
230V, OR 415V
7. Do not cause short-circuits or high currents arcs. Burn from arcs may be very severe even at a
distance of a few meters. Report all electrical burns to your instructor. Be careful to keep
metallic accessories of apparel or jewelry out of contact with LIVE CIRCUIT parts and loose
articles of clothing out of moving machinery.
8. When using a multiple range meter always use the high range first to determine the feasibility
of using a lower range.
9. Check the current rating of all rheostats before use. Make sure that no current overload will
occur as the rheostat setting is changed.
10. Check the current rating of all rheostats before use. Make sure that no current overload will
occur as the rheostat setting is changed.
11. Never overload any electrical machinery by more than 125% of the rated voltage or current
for more than a few seconds.
12. Select ratings of a current coil (CC) and potential coil (PC) in a wattmeter properly before
connecting in a test circuit.
13. Do not permit a hot leg of a three phase 415V supply, or of a 230V supply to come in contact
with any grounded objects, as a dangerous short-circuits will result.
3
DO’S & DON’Ts IN THE LABORATORY

DO’S:-
1) Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Shoes and Blazer)
2) Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
3) Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram.
4) Student should be aware of operating equipment.
5) Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is restricted.
6) Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the Lab
Store Room.
7) After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab Instructor.
8) The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
9) Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the Connectionsare removed.
10) All patch cords and tools should be placed at their original positions.
DON’Ts:-
1) Don’t come late to the Lab.

2) Don’t enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3) Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
4) Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5) Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
6) Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.
4
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Verification ofKCL and KVL for DC circuits.
2. Measurement of current, power and power factor ofincandescent
lamp, fluorescent lamp, and LED lamp.
3. Measurement of resistance and inductance of a choke coil using 3
voltmeter method.
4. Determination of phase and line quantities in three phase starand
delta connected loads.
5. Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method.
6. Two way and three way control of lamp and formation of truth table.
7. Measurement of earth resistance.
8. Study of effect of open and short circuit in simple circuits.
Demonstration Experiments
1. Demonstration of fuse and MCB separately by creating a fault.
2. Demonstration of cut-out sections of electrical machines (DC
Machines, Induction machines and synchronous machines).
3. Understanding ac and de supply. Use of tester and test lamp to
Ascertain the healthy status of mains.
4. Understanding of UPS.
5
COURSE OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. To provide exposure to common electrical components such as Resistors, capacitors and
inductors, types of wires and measuring instruments.
2. To measure power and power factor measurement of different types of lamps and three
phase circuits.
3. To explain measurement of impedance for R -L and R-C circuits.
4. To determine power consumed in a 3 phase load.
5. To determine earth resistance and explain methods of controlling a lamp from different
places.
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course the student will be able to
1. Identify the common electrical components and measuring instruments used for
conducting experiments in the electrical laboratory.
2. Compare power factor of lamps
3. Determine impedance of an electrical circuit
4. Determine power consumed in a 3 phase load.
5. Determine earth resistance and understand two way and three way control of lamps.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES(Pos) PSO

SUBJECT
COs PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PSO -
CODE PO -9 PO-10 PO -11 PO -12 PSO -2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
CO 1 3 3 1 1 1 1
CO 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
18ELEL17/27 CO 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
CO 4 3 3 1 1 1 1
CO 5 3 3 1 1 1 1
PEO
SUBJECT
PROGRAM OUTCOMES(Pos)
CODE
PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PO - PEO-
PO -1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PO -10 PO-11 PO -12 PEO-1 2 PEO-3
18ELEL17/27
3 3 1 1 1 1 1
6
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Sub: Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Subject code: 18ELEL17/27
Scheme of Evaluation
Two experiments are to be performed in 3 hours
Description Marks for first Marks for second
experiment experiment
Write up:
Formula, Tabular column and 4+2+2=8 4+2+2=8
circuit diagram/Ray diagram
Experimental set/Circuit
connection 05 05
Conduction and reading 20 20

Graph, Calculation, Result and
Accuracy 2+4+2+2=10 2+4+2+2=10
Viva-voce 07 07
Total Marks = 50 + 50 = 100
Minimum passing parks: 40
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab(18ELEL17/27) 2018 - 19

Internal Assessment Marks
Branch - Batch –
S USN Card Conduction of Viva - Reduced IA
No No Write up experiment voce Total for Record Marks
Expt 1 Expt2 Expt 1 Expt - 2 20 M 100 30 10 40
(10) (10) (30) (30) Marks Marks Marks Marks
1
7
EXPERIMENT NO: 1 DATE:
Verification of KCL and KVL for DC circuits.

AIM:
To verify Kirchhoff’s Current law and
To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Regulated DC supply 0- 30 V 01
2 Voltmeter 0- 30 V 03
3 Ammeter 0- 2A 03
4 Rheostat 50Ω/2A 01
7 Connecting Wires - -
THEORY:
THEORY:
Kirchhoff’s laws are particularly useful (a) in determining the equivalent resistance of a
complicated network and (b) for calculating the currents flowing in the various conductors.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
It states that “the algebraic sum of p roducts of currents and resistances in each of the conductors
in any closed path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the e.m.f s in that path is zero”. In other
words, IR + e.m.f. = 0
It should be noted that algebraic sum is the sum which takes into account the polarities of the
voltage drops.
Following sign convention is suggested:
Sign Conventions a) battery e.m.f.: A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a fall in
voltage a –ve sign. Keeping this in mind, it is clear that as we move from negative terminal of
8
source to positive terminal, there is a rise in potential, hence this voltage should be given a +ve
sign. If, on the other hand, we move from +ve terminal to–v terminal of voltage source, then there
is a fall in potential, hence it is to be considered as –ve.
Sign of IR Drop: - Whenever we move in the direction of current there is a drop in voltage, since
the current always flows from point at higher potential to the point at lower potential. Hence
Voltage drop in the current direction is taken as –ve. However, if we go in a direction opposite to
that of the current, then there is a rise in voltage.
OR
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
It states that “in any electrical network, algebraic sum of the currents meeting a point is zero”. In
another way, it simply means that the total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current
entering that junction. It is obviously true because there is no accumulation or depletion of current
at any junction of the network. Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at a node as in fig.
9
Some conductors have currents leading to node whereas some have currents leading away
from node. Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents negative,
applying KCL at node we have,
I1 + I2 - I3 - I4 – I5 + I6 =0 or I1 + I2 + I 6 = I3 + I4 +I5
VERIFICATION OF KVL:
Circuit diagram
R1-50Ω R2-100Ω
+ - + -
V V
V1(0-10V)(MC) V2(0-10V)(MC)
V3(0-10V)(MC)
Regulated +
R3-150Ω
DC 0-30V
power -
V
supply
FIGURE-1
TABULAR COLUMN:
Applied V1 (volts) V2 (volts) V3 (volts) V1+V2+V3 (volts)

Voltage
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
V
(volts)
10
15
20
25
10
FIGURE 2
TABULAR COLUMN:
Applied V1 (volts) V2 (volts) V3 (volts) V1+V2+V3 (volts)

Voltage
V
(volts)
10
15
20
25
Verification: V= V1+ V2+ V3, if satisfied, KVL is verified.
PROCEDURE:
To Verify KVL
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.

2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage (say 5V) and note the voltmeter readings.
4. Sum up the voltmeter readings (voltage drops), that should be equal to applied voltage.
5. Thus KVL is verified practically.
11
VERIFICATION OF KCL:
Circuit diagram
FIGURE 3
TABULAR COLUMN:
Applied I (A) I1 (A) I2 (A) I1+I2 (A)

Voltage
V
(volts)
10
15
20
25
12
FIGURE 4
TABULAR COLUMN:
Applied I (A) I1 (A) I2 (A) I1+I2 (A)

Voltage
V
(volts)
10
15
20
25
PROCEDURE:
To Verify KCL
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.
2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage (say 5v) and note the ammeter readings.
4. Sum up the Ammeter readings (I1 and I2), that should be equal to total current (I).
5. Thus KCL is verified practically.
RESULT:
PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is current?
2. What is voltage?
3. What is resistance?
4. What is ohm’s law?
5. What is KCL and KVL?
POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by junction?
2. What directions should be assumed for KCL?
3. What are the positive and negative signs in KVL?

13
Measurement of current, power and power factor of

incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, and LED lamp.
AIM: To Measure Power, Current and Power Factor in

i) Incandescent lamp ii) Fluorescent Lamp iii) LED Lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 DPST 300 V,10A 01
3 Ammeter 0- 1A 01
4 Wattmeter 350V/10A 01
5 Incandescent Lamp 60W 01
6 Fluorescent Lamp 8W 01
7 LED Lamp 9W 01
8 Power Factor meter - 01
9 Connecting wires - -
THEORY:
THEORY:
1. Incandescent Lamp
An incandescent light bulb or incandescent lamp is an electric light with a

wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light ( incandescence).
The filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is filled with inert
gas or a vacuum.
Of the power consumed by typical incandescent light bulbs, 95% or more is converted into heat
rather than visible light. Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of
1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt- amperes) are
equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually chosen according to the electrical power consumed.
This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn
depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material. However, because of their
relative inefficiency and s hort life spans, they are more expensive to operate than newer lighting
types such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light- emitting diodes (LEDs).
2. Fluorescent Lamp:
A fluorescent lamp, is a type of electric lamp that uses ultraviolet rays emitted by mercury
vapour to excite a phosphor, which emits visible light. There are two general types, traditional
fluorescent and compact fluorescent. A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low -
pressure mercury vapour and argon, xenon, neon, or krypton. The pressure inside the lamp is
around 0.3% of atmospheric pressure. The inner surface of the lamp is coated with
a fluorescent (and often slightly phosphorescent) coating made of varying blends of meta llic
and rare-earth phosphor salts. The lamp's electrodes are typically made of coiled tungsten and
usually referred to as cathodes because of their prime function of emitting electrons. For this, they
are coated with a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides chosen to have a low thermionic
emission temperature. Fluorescent lamps are negative differential resistance devices, so as more
current flows through them, the electrical resistance of the fluorescent lamp drops, allowing for
even more current to flow.
3. LED Lamp:
A LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces light
using light- emitting diode (LED). LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are
several times greater than incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than
most fluorescent lamps.
Advantages:
 Reduces energy costs — uses at least 75% less energy than incandescent lighting, saving on
operating expenses.
 Reduces maintenance costs — lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent lighting and about
2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No lamp -replacements, no ladders, no ongoing
disposal program.
Reduces cooling costs — LEDs produce very little heat.
Is guaranteed — comes with a minimum three-year warranty — far beyond the industry
standard.
Offers convenient features — available with dimming on some indoor models and automatic
daylight shut- off and motion sensors on some outdoor models.
Is durable – won't break like a bulb.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure with incandescent lamp.

2. Apply 230V, 50Hz 1 -φ supply.
3. Measure the voltage from vol tmeter, current from ammeter, power from wattmeter and
Power factor from power factor meter.
4. Repeat the procedure for fluorescent and LED lamps and tabulate the readings in the tabular
column.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. Lamp Volts Amps Power Power

No. Factor
1 Led lamp-9W
2 CFL Lamp-8W
3 Incandescent Lamp-
60W
17
RESULT:
1. Comparison of power consumption:

i. For a lumen output of ____________ the power consumed by incandescent lamp
is ___________.
ii. For a lumen output of ___________ the power consumed by fluorescent lamp is
____________.
iii. For a lumen output of ____________ the power consumed by LED lamp is
____________.
2. Comparison of power factor:

i. Power factor of by incandescent lamp for ____________ lumen output was
observed as _____________.
ii. Power factor of by fluorescent lamp for ____________ lumen output was observed
as ____________.
iii. Power factor of by LED lamp for _____________ lumen output was observed as
_____________.
As far as power consumption is concerned _______________ lamp is economical but its

power factor _________ indicates ________________.
Viva Questions:
1. Define lumen.
2. Define real power, reactive power and apparent power.
3. State the definition of power factor.
4. Draw the power triangle.
5. Tell the disadvantages of lower power factor.
18
Measurement of resistance and inductance of a choke coil using 3

voltmeter method.
Aim: To measure the Resistance and Inductance of a choke coil using 3 Voltmeter method
APPARATUS REQUIRED :

1 Voltmeter (Moving Iron) 0- 300 V 03
2 Rheostat 470Ω/1.2A 01
3 1ph Autotransformer (0-230)V/20A 01
4 Choke coil 2A 01
5 Connecting wires 01
THEORY:
Power consumed in any circuit can be measured without a wattmeter by using with 3
Voltmeters.
Three Voltmeter method: In this method, three voltmeters and a known non inductive resistance
is used. This resistance is connected in series with the load i.e. choke coil.
The supply voltage Vs, voltage V R across the resistance and voltage V L across the load (choke)
are measured using voltmeters as shown in the circuit diagram of fig2.
Fig1: Phasor diagram
19
From the phasor diagram:

Voltmeter reading across the resistance V R= IR
Voltmeter reading across the choke coil VL= I ( r 2 + ( wL ) 2 )
Vs2 = VL2 +VR2 +2VLVR cos
cos = (VS 2 -VL2 -VR2 )/ (2VLVR)
Also I= VR/R
Z= VL/I
Now, Coil resistance r = Z cosΦ
And Coil reactance ωL = Z sinΦ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 1
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Set the Auto Transformer at zero position.
3) Apply different voltages with the help of Auto transformer in suitable steps and note the
readings of VR, VL, and VS
4) Calculate the coil resistance (r) and Inductance (L) for each readings.
5) Calculate the average value of r and L.
20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl. VS (Volts) VR (Volts) VL (Volts) cosØ r(ohms) L( Henry) I (Amps)

No.
1
2
3
CALCULATIONS:
Voltmeter reading across the resistance V R= IR

Voltmeter reading across the choke coil VL= I ( r 2 + ( wL) 2 )
Vs2 = VL2 +VR2 +2VLVR cosØ
cosØ = (VS 2 -VL2 -VR2 )/ (2VLVR)
Also I= VR/R
Z= VL/I
Now, Coil resistance r = Z cosØ
And Coil reactance ωL = Z sinØ
ω=2Πf
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS.
1. What is Inductance?
2. Define Power Factor.
3. What is Mutual Inductance?
4. Why Current is lagging In Inductor?
5. What is Coefficient of Coupling?
6. Why Inductance is not consuming power?
21
Determination of phase and line quantities in three phasestar and
delta connected loads.
Aim: To determine phase and line quantities of voltages and currents in three phase star and delta
connected resistive load.

2 Ammeter (Moving Iron) 0- 10A 01
4 3ph Resistive Load Bank - 01
THEORY:
Star Connection
Fig.1
22
Fig 2: Star connection and line, phase values
How Star Connection is made?
From Fig 2, three are three coils a1- a2, b1-b2, c1-c2 respectively.
From Fig 2 , When either a2,b2,c2 or a1,b1,c1 are joined together there will be common
point or neutral point formed at the junction o f coil ends a2,b2,c2 or a1,b1,c1.
From Fig 2, The other 3 terminals namely a2, b2, c2 or a1, b1, c1 are brought out to connect
to the load.
In the Star Connection, the similar ends (either start or finish) of the three windings are
connected to a common point called star or neutral point. The three line conductors run
from the remaining three free terminals called line conductors.
The wires are carried to the external circuit, giving three phase, three wire star connected
systems.
Sometimes a fourth wire is carried from the star point to the external circuit, called neutral
wire, forming three phase, four wire star connected systems.
What are line and phase values of voltages and currents?
The current flowing through each phase is called Phase current Iph
The current flowing through each line conductor is called Line Current IL.
The voltage across each phase is called Phase Voltage E ph
The voltage across two line conductors is known as the Line Voltage E L.
23
Relationship between line and phase values of currents and voltages in star connection.
The Phasor Diagram of Star Connection is shown below
Draw ENR , ENY and ENB at 120 Degrees with respect to each other.
Important Points to Remember
Line Current is always equal to Phase Current in a Star Connection.

Line voltage is 3 times Phase Voltage.
24
Delta connection:
How Delta Connection is Done?
There are 3 coils with the terminals names ‘S’(start) and ‘F’(Finish).[SR FR, SY FY, SB
FB].
Connect SR and FY, SY and FB, SB to FR and shortedends are brought out, which forms
delta connection.
There will be no common point or neutral point in Delta Connection.
25
In delta connection Points to remember
Line current is equal to √3 times phase current,IL = √3 IPH

Line Voltage is equal to phase voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STAR CONNECTED LOAD
FIGURE 1
26
DELTA CONNECTED LOAD
FIGURE 2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. With all the resistive loads switched off, Switch on the 3 phase supply switch.
3. Now vary the auto transformer to rated voltage 415 V (star)/230V (delta).
4. Load the circuit in steps (equally in all phases) for balanced load.
5. Note down all the readings and compare the phase and line parameters
6. Switch OFF the load in steps and switch OFF the 3 phase supply.
7. Repeat the same procedure for Delta connection as in circuit diagram
27
TABULAR COLUMN:
FOR STAR CONNECTED LOAD
PRACTICAL THEORETICAL
SL.NO = =

1
2
3
4
FOR DELTA CONNECTED LOAD
PRACTICAL THEORETICAL
SL.NO = =

1
2
3
4
RESULT:
28
Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method..
AIM: To measure three phase power and power factor in a three phase circuit by using two
Single-phase wattmeter.
APPARATUS :

1 DPST 300 V,10A 01
3 Two way Switches 5A 02
4 Intermediate Switch 5A 01
5 LED Lamp 9W 01
THEORY:
PM=W1+W2 (PM = Measured Power)
Pc=3*Vph*Iph*cos Φ (PC = Calculated Power)
As it is a balance load condition VR=VY=VB=Vph(phase voltage)
IR=IY=IB=Iph (phase current)
For resistive load, power factor cos = 1; So, PC = 3 ph ph
29
RB= BY = YR =Line voltage

1= RB R cos(300 – ) = 3 ph ph cos (300 – )
2 = YB Y cos (300 + ) = 3 ph ph cos (300 + )
1+ 2 = 3 ph ph(2 cos 300 cos ) = 3 ph ph cos = 3 L L cos
The above equation shows that the sum of the two wattmeter readings gives the total power
consumed in the three-phase balanced system. We can also calculate the load power factor
angle from the measurement of W1 and W2.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
For Star Connected Load
30
For Delta Connected Load
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. With the auto - transformer position at zero, the supply switch voltage is closed. Using
the auto-transformer, a line voltage of 415V (star)/230V ( delta) is applied.
3. Load the circuit in steps (equally in all phases) for balanced load
4. Take the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter’s connected in the circuit.
5. Total power measured is given by (w1+w2) watts.
6. Calculate the power by formula P= 3∗ * *CosØ

7. Compare the two results.
8. Repeat the experiment for different loads.
9. Switch OFF the load in steps and switch OFF the 3 phase supply.
10. Repeat the same procedure for Delta connection as in circuit diagram.
31
TABULAR COLUMN:
FOR STAR CONNECTED LOAD
SL.NO
1 2
PRACTICAL THEORITICAL
+
1 2 = 3 ∗ ∗ Ø
TABULAR COLUMN:
FOR DELTA CONNECTED LOAD
SL.NO
1 2
PRACTICAL THEORITICAL
1+ 2 √
= 3∗ ∗ ∗ Ø
RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1. Is it possible to measure reactive power in a three phase circuit using this method?
2. What would be the readings of two watt meters in this experiment, if the load is purelyresistive?
3. What would be the readings of two watt meters in this experiment, if the load is purely inductive?
4. If one of the wattmeter reads zero, what is the power factor of the load?
32
Two way and three way control of lamp and formation of truth table.
AIM: To conduct an experiment to realize two way and three way control of lamp and form the
respective truth tables.

2 Two way switch 0-5A 2
3 Intermediate switch 0-5A 1
4 Connecting Wires - -
THEORY:
A switch as we know is an electrical component that can "make" or "break" an electrical circuit,
interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch
removes or restores the conducting path in a circuit when it is operated. It may be operated
manually, for example, a light switch or a keyboard button, that may be operated by a moving
object such as a door, or may be ope rated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or
flow. Now, the switches can be operated in various combinations to perform a certain task. The
experiment below demonstrates a two way and three way Control of lamp.
Some examples of different type s of switches in use for controlling the lamp from one or more
locations are one way, two way and three way switches.
One way switch: It is used to control the lamp from one location.
Two way switch: Is used to control lamp from 2 different locations. There will be two switches
for one light. The classic two examples of this are either when a room has two different entrances
(like a through room) or a light for a landing, where there is a switch at the top of the stairs and
one at the bottom.
Intermediate Switch:
There are four terminals in intermediate switch by which it changes the flowing of current from
one circuit to another circuit (fig1). It’s ON and OFF the supply by two ways. The four terminals
of intermediate switch is shown in fig 1 label as A, B, C, D. In some cases, the terminal contacts
of switch establishes contact of terminal A with terminal C and terminal B with terminal D as
shown in fig 1 a.
In other cases , the terminal contacts of switch establishes contact of terminal A with terminal B
and terminal C with terminal D as shown in fig 1 b.
When the knob of the switch is UP, then the vertical contacts are meeting (i.e. AC and BD as
shown in fig 1a). And when the knob is DOWN, then the Horizontal contacts are meeting (i.e. AB
and CD as shown in fig 1b).
This kind of switch is used in a hall, big rooms or Godown where different lamps are require to be
ON/OFF from different places. In a multistory building, the lamp at ground floor, in car parking
shade can be controlled or ON / OFF from any floor by using intermediate switch circuit.
Two way Control of lamp:
A Two way switching means having two switches in different locations to control one lamp.
They are wired in such a way that the operation of either switch will control the light(s).
A typical 2 way control circuit is shown below with 4 possible states.
34
Fig.1 Fig.2
Fig.3 Fig.4
The switches must create a complete circuit for the current to flow and the bulb to light. When
both switches are up, the circuit is complete as in Fig.2. When both switches are down, the circuit
is complete as in Fig.4, the bulb glows ie bulb ON. If one switch is up and one is down as in Fig,1
and Fig,3, there is no closed path for the current to flow , no current flows and the bulb is OFF.
Fig.5. Example of Controlling lamp from 2 places
35
Three way Control of lamp:
A three way switching means having three switches in different locations to control one lamp.This
requires an intermediate switch. An intermediate switch is a three way light switch. It is used when
you have three or more switches controlling one light, the middle switch needs to be an
intermediate light switch.
The typical example of this is on a landing in a house as in Fig.6, when perhaps there is a switch
at the bottom of the stairs, one at the top of the stairs and one at the end of the landing. On this
circuit there is a need of the middle switch to be an intermediate switch.
Fig.6. Example of Controlling lamp from 3 places
A Three way switching means having three switches in different locations to control one lamp.
They are wired in such a way that the operation of either switch will control the light(s).
A typical 3 way control circuit is shown below with 8 possible states.
36
Fig.7. various states showing three way control of lamp
Off On
The switches must create a complete circuit for the current to flow and the bulb to light. This is
possible through eight states as shown in the above figure.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Two way control).
PROCEDURE: (Two way control)
1. The circuit connection as made as shown in figure.

2. Give supply to circuit by closing main switch.
3. By operating two way switches 1 & 2 and observe the condition of lamp.
4. Verify the truth table given below.
5. Open DPST and remove all connections.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Three way control).
PROCEDURE: (Three way control)
1. The circuit connection as made as shown in figure.
2. Give supply to circuit by closing main switch. By operating two way switches 1 & 3 and
intermediate switch 2 then observe the condition of lamp.
3. Verify the truth table given above.
4. Open DPST and remove all connections.
TABULAR COLUMN : ( Two way control)
Sl. No. S1 S2 Condition of Tracing the path

lamp
1 A C
2 A D
3 B D
4 B C
39
TABULAR COLUMN : ( Three way control)
Sl. S1 S2 S3 Condition of Tracing the path

No. lamp
1 A C EF, GH
2 A D EF, GH
3 B D EF, GH
4 B C EF, GH
5 B C EH,GF
6 B D EH,GF
7 A D EH,GF
8 A C EH,GF
RESULT:
40
EXPERIMENT NO – 07 DATE:
Measurement of earth resistance.
AIM: To Measure the Earth resistance
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Earth Tester - 1
2 Spikes(Earthing Rods) - 3
THEORY:
All the electrical installations and appliances should be earthed properly for ensuring human
safety. A separate wire, known as earth wire runs along the supply line and is ultimate connected
to the ground through an earth electrode, The total resistance o f the earthing system should be
small so that in the event of any fault, the fault current is sufficiently high to blow off the fuse. The
earth resistance is the resistance offered by the soil and the electrode to the flow of earth leakage
current which will flow in case of earth fault only.
The earth tester is a special type of ohmmeter which sends ac through earth and dc through the
measuring instruments as shown in fig. the direction of flow of current in the ground keeps on
alternating due to curr ent reverse whereas current directions in the two reverser and potential
reverser are mounted on the main shaft of hand driven dc generator.
The working principle of an earth tester is identical to that of megger. There are two moving
coil viz. potential and current coil which are deflected in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet.
The hand driven generator or a set of batteries supply power to these coils. It has got four terminals
P1, E1, P2 and E2. Terminals P1 and E1 are shorted to form a common point which is connected
to the earth electrode under test. The other two terminals E2 and P2 are connected to the auxiliary
41
electrode A and B respectively. The value of earth resistance is indicated directly on the scale
when the test button is pressed.
The value of earth resistance depends upon the soil condition and its moisture contents. In
hilly areas the earth resistance is higher if electrodes are not place properly in contact with the
earth. Water content in the soil decreased the earth re sistance. The normal value of earth
resistance should lie between 1 to 2Ω
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
42
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the earth tester as shown in fig.

2. Switch on the earth tester.
3. Adjust the resistance range button between 10Ω to 1000Ω and set to 10Ω.
4. Change the position of electrode B by 1m on the either side and observe the earth
resistance by pressing the test button.
5. Take the mean of observations of earth resistance
TABULAR COLUMN
EARTHING DISTANCE MEASURING RESULTS REMARKS

PLATES
RESULT:
43
EXPERIMENT: 08 DATE:
Study of effect of open and short circuit in simple circuits.
Aim: Open Circuit and Short circuit tests on single phase transformer
APPARATUS:

THEORY:
Open circuit voltage (or potential) is voltage which is not connected to any load in a circuit.
Open-circuit voltage is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device
when disconnected from any circuit. There is no external load connected. No external electric
current flows between the terminals. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as
the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the flow of current. It is
sometimes given the symbol Voc .
A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current
to travel along an unintended path with no or a very low electrical impedance. This results in an
excessive amount of current flowing into the circuit. The electrical opposite of a short circuit is
an "open circuit", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes. It is common to misuse
"short circuit" to describe any electrical malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.
44
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OPEN CIRCUIT
SHORT CIRCUIT
45
PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping autotransformer in zero output position, close the supply switch.
3. Vary the auto transformer till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the test transformer.
4. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero output position and open the supply switch.
PROCEDURE: SHORT CIRCUIT
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping autotransformer in zero output position, close the supply switch.
3. Vary the auto transformer till the ammeter reads the rated current of the test transformer.
4. Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero output position and open the supply switch.
TABULAR COLUMN: OPEN CIRCUIT
SL.NO
Vo Io
1
TABULAR COLUMN: SHORT CIRCUIT
SL.NO Vsc I sc
1
RESULT:
46
Demonstration Experiments
EXPERIMENT: 01 DATE:
Demonstration of fuse and MCB separately by creating a fault.
AIM: To demonstrate the characteristic of fuse wire and MCB.
APPARATUS:

2 Fuse 0- 5A 01
3 MCB 2 pole/6A 01
4 Connecting wires 01
THEORY:
Fuse is a Cheapest, simplest current interrupting device for protection from excessive currents.
As such, it is used for overload and/or short circuit protection in medium voltage (up to 33 kV)
and low voltage (up to 400 V) installations, which opens the circuit (in which it is inserted) by
fusing (melting) the element when the current in the circuit exceeds a certain value. Fuses have
been used as essential safety devices from the early days of electrical engineering. Today there
are thousands of different fuse designs which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking
capacity and response times, depending on the application. The time and current operating
characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption.
Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits.
Circuit breakers are electrical switching devices which are used to protect the electrical
equipment’s and circuits under overload load and short circuit conditions. W hen normal current
is flowing through the circuit, the circuit breaker is in closed position and when over current
flows, it opens, so that the fault current does not flow through the circuit. The circuit breakers
used in residential and light commercial installation at low voltages are referred as Minature
circuit breakers (MCB).
47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FUSE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: CIRCUIT BREAKER
48
PROCEDURE: FUSE
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the system with SPST switch in the closed position
3. Set the current loading (say 5.5 amp for fuse) using the above circuit.
4. Open the SPST switch and at the same time switch on the timer. Note the time taken to melt
or blow-off the fuse link. Then tabulate the load current and time taken to blow off the fuse
5. Now switch off the supply
PROCEDURE: MCB
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the system with SPST switch in the closed position
3. Set the current loading (say 20A amp for MCB) using the above circuit.
4. Open the SPST switch and at the same time switch on the timer. Note the time taken by MCB
to trip. Then tabulate the load current and time taken to trip.
5. Now switch off the supply
TABULAR CO LUMN:
SL.No Device Current in Melting

Amps /Tripping
Time
1 Fuse
2 MCB
RESULT: The regulation of the given alternator is determined by EMF Method
VIVA:
1. Define Fuse.
2. Define MCB.
3. Different types of Circuit Breakers.
49
EXPERIMENT: 2 DATE:
Demonstration of cut-out sections of electrical machines (DC machine

Induction machines and synchronous machines).
AIM: To demonstrate the cut sections of Electrical Machines.
APPARATUS:

1 Cut section of DC machine 0.5Hp 01
Cut section of Induction 0.5Hp 01
2
machine
3 Cut section of Synchronous 1 Hp 01

machine
6 Tachometer 01
THEORY:
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide
range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for
steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC
motors possible in many applications. Types of DC motors are shown:
50
DC Machine:
51
Sectional view of a DC Machine:
Field Winding:
52
Induction Machine:
Theory:
An Induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current
in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic
field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical
connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage
type. Three-phase squirrel- cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because
they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for
smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans.
53
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor:
Slip Ring Induction Motor:
54
Construction of a Synchronous Machine:
Electrical motor in general is an electro-mechanical device that converts energy from electrical
domain to mechanical domain. Based on the type of input we have classified it into single phase
and 3 phase motors. Among 3 phase motors, we mostly sue induction motors and synchronous
motors. When three-phase electric conductors are placed in certain geometrical positions (In
certain angle from one another), then an electrical field is generated. Now the rotating magnetic
field rotates at a certain speed, that speed is called synchronous speed. Now if an electromagnet
55
is present in this rotating magnetic field, the electromagnet is magnetically locked with this
rotating magnetic field and rotates with the same speed of rotating field.
Alternator or motor consists of two main parts, namely the stator and the rotor. The stator is the
stationary part of the machine. It carries the armature winding in which the voltage is generated.
The output of the machine is taken from the stator. The rotor is the rotating part of the machine.
The rotor produces the main field flux.
56
EXPERIMENT: 3 DATE:
Understanding ac and de supply. Use of tester and test lamp to
Ascertain the healthy status of mains.
Aim: Use of tester and test lamp to ascertain the healthy status of mains
Apparatus:

1 Test lamp 5A, 230V 1
2 Tester 5A 230V 1
3 Multi meter -- 1
4 Healthy and fault -- 1
components
Theory:
Test lamp
A test light, test lamp, voltage tester, or mains tester is a piece of electronic test equipment
used to determine the presence of electricity in a piece of equipment under test.
A test light is simpler and less costly than a measuring ins trument such as a Multimeter and
often used for checking for the presence of voltage on a conductor. Properly designed test lights
include features to protect the user from accidental electric shock. Noncontact test lights can detect
voltage on insulated conductors.
Line Tester
The tip of the tester is touched to the conductor being tested (for instance, it can be used on
a wire in a switch, or inserted into a hole of an electric socket). A neon lamp takes very little current
to light, and thus can use the user’s body capacitance to earth ground to complete the circuit.
57
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Line Tester Circuit
58
EXPERIMENT: 4 DATE:
Understanding of UPS.
Aim: Understanding of UPS
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Qty

1 Test lamp 5A, 230V 1
2 Tester 5A 230V 1
3 Multi meter -- 1
4 Healthy and fault components -- 1
5 UPS -- 1
Theory:
UPS
The full form of the UPS is an uninterruptible power source or uninterruptible power supply. It is an
electrical device, gives emergency power to various loads when the input power typically fails. This device
keeps a computer running for a few minutes after a power disruption and protects the data in the computer.
Circuit diagram of UPS
59
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What happens when two positively charged material is placed together?

2. What is referred to the electron in the outer orbit?
3. Define the term Capacitance and Inductance?
4. Mention what is the difference between generator and alternator?
5. Mention what are the different kind of cables used for transmissions?
6. Mention what are the different colors on wires indicates?
7. Explain RLC circuit?
8. Explain how you decide what size of electrical wire do you need?
9. Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor?
10. State the difference between generator and alternator
11. Why AC systems are preferred over DC systems?
12. Why back emf used for a dc motor? Highlight its significance.
13. What is slip in an induction motor?
14. A resistor is connected across a 50 V source. What is the current in the resistor if the color
code is red, orange, and silver?
15. Materials with lots of free electrons are called?
16. A two-terminal variable resistor is known as?
17. A material that does not allow current under normal conditions is known as?
18. What kVA rating is required for a transformer that must handle a maximum load current
of 8 A with a secondary voltage of 2 kV?
19. When the turns ratio of a transformer is 20 and the primary ac voltage is 12 V, the secondary
voltage is?
20. If a transformer has 50 turns in the primary winding and 10 turns in the secondary winding,
What is the reflective resistance if the secondary load resistance is 250Ω ?
21. A certain transformer has 400 turns in the primary winding and 2,000 turns in the secondary
winding. The turns ratio is?
22. A transformer with a 110 V primary has a 15:1 turn’s ratio. The load resistance, RL, is 120Ω.
What is the approximate voltage across the load.
25. What is power factor? Whether it is high or low for good efficiency?
60
61

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BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 18ELEL17/27

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 -2019

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

The significance of the Basic Electrical Engineering Laboratory, is

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

Laboratory Safety Rules

1. Never hurry. Haste causes many accidents.

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

DO’S & DON’Ts IN THE LABORATORY

1) Don’t come late to the Lab.

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

2. Measurement of current, power and power factor ofincandescent

lamp, fluorescent lamp, and LED lamp.

3. Measurement of resistance and inductance of a choke coil using 3

4. Determination of phase and line quantities in three phase starand

delta connected loads.

5. Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method.

7. Measurement of earth resistance.

8. Study of effect of open and short circuit in simple circuits.

1. Demonstration of fuse and MCB separately by creating a fault.

2. Demonstration of cut-out sections of electrical machines (DC

Machines, Induction machines and synchronous machines).

3. Understanding ac and de supply. Use of tester and test lamp to

Ascertain the healthy status of mains.

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

COURSE OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

PROGRAM OUTCOMES(Pos) PSO

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

Conduction and reading 20 20

Total Marks = 50 + 50 = 100

Minimum passing parks: 40

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab(18ELEL17/27) 2018 - 19

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

EXPERIMENT NO: 1 DATE:

Verification of KCL and KVL for DC circuits.

To verify Kirchhoff’s Current law and

To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law

SL.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

Applied V1 (volts) V2 (volts) V3 (volts) V1+V2+V3 (volts)

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

Applied V1 (volts) V2 (volts) V3 (volts) V1+V2+V3 (volts)

Verification: V= V1+ V2+ V3, if satisfied, KVL is verified.

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

Applied I (A) I1 (A) I2 (A) I1+I2 (A)

Department of EEE, AMCEC, Bengaluru - 83

Applied I (A) I1 (A) I2 (A) I1+I2 (A)

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

4. What is ohm’s law?

5. What is KCL and KVL?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

2. What directions should be assumed for KCL?

3. What are the positive and negative signs in KVL?

EXPERIMENT NO: 2 DATE:

Measurement of current, power and power factor of

AIM: To Measure Power, Current and Power Factor in

SL.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

An incandescent light bulb or incandescent lamp is an electric light with a