z

Conservation of
Energy in Closed
System
Thermodynamics

Universitas Pertamina
Learning Objectives
• Students are able to determine the boundary work, internal energy, &
enthalpy of a system
• Students are able to apply the concept of energy balance in simple
thermodynamic cases for closed system
Outline
General
Boundary Specific
energy
Work Heats
balance
General energy balance
General energy balance

In rate form

Per unit mass basis

In differential form

Note:
E = Energy (generalization of all kinds of energy)
Energy balance for closed system

𝑄 + 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑄 + 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝐾 + ∆𝐸𝑃 + ∆𝑈
Q, kJ W, kJ Esystem initial, kJ Esystem final, kJ m, kg Δesystem, kJ/kg
350 ... 1020 860 3 ...
350 -130 550 ... 5 ...
... -260 600 ... 2 150
-500 ... 1400 900 7 ...
... 50 1000 ... 3 -200
 Moving Boundary Work (PdV work)
• Synonims: Moving boundary work/boundary work/PdV work
𝛿𝑊𝑃𝑉 = F ds = −PA ds = −P dV
𝑉2
The moving boundary 𝑊𝑃𝑉 = − න 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑉 (Pi= P inside the piston)
𝑉1

Work as path function Net work (Wnet) of a cycle

Boundary work – Isochoric process
• A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150°C. As a result of heat
transfer to the surroundings, the temperature and pressure inside the
tank drop to 65°C and 400 kPa, respectively. Determine the boundary
work done during this process.
=0
𝑉2
𝑊𝑃𝑉 = − න 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑊𝑃𝑉 = 0
Boundary work – Isobaric process
• A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa and
200oC. Heat is now transferred to the steam until the temperature reaches
250oC. If the piston is not attached to a shaft and its mass is constant,
determine the work done by the steam during this process.
𝑉2
𝑊𝑃𝑉 = − න 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑉2
𝑊𝑃𝑉 = −𝑃𝑖 න 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑊𝑃𝑉 = −𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑉
Above scheme is for ilustration only
Boundary work – Isothermal process
• A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80°C.
The air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature
inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done during this
process.
• Air can be assumed as ideal gas

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
At constant n & T : 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑊𝑃𝑉 = − ‫𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑉׬‬ = −𝐶 𝑙𝑛 = −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
1 𝑉1 𝑉1
 Energy balance for closed system
• Closed system, cycle
• Initial state = final state
• ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 0
𝛿𝑄 + 𝛿𝑊 = 0
• Closed, stationary system
• Constant volume process
If there is only boundary
work  𝛿𝑊 = −𝑃 𝑑𝑉
• 𝛿𝑊 = 0
• 𝛿𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈
𝛿𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈
• If there is other type of
work, eg. electrical work:
𝛿𝑄 + 𝛿𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑𝑈
𝑄 + 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
• Closed, stationary system
• Constant pressure process
• 𝛿𝑄 + 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈
When there is only boundary work 
𝛿𝑊 = −𝑃 𝑑𝑉
• 𝛿𝑄 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑈
Integration yields
• 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉
• 𝑄 = 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 − (𝑈1 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 )
While U+PV = H, so 𝑄 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1
𝛿𝑄 + 𝛿𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑𝐻 𝛿𝑄 = 𝑑𝐻
When there is only boundary work
Excercise - Energy balance for closed system
A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-
134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent
quality. Heat is now transferred to the
refrigerant until the pressure reaches
700 kPa. Determine
• (a) the mass of the refrigerant in the
tank and
• (b) the amount of heat transferred.
• Also, show the process on a P-v
diagram
Excercise - Energy balance for closed system
A piston–cylinder device contains 25 g
of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of
300 kPa. A resistance heater within the
cylinder is turned on and passes a
current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120-V
source. At the same time, a heat loss of
3.7 kJ occurs.
Determine the final temperature of the
steam.
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∆𝑡
Specific Heats
• Shows energy storage capability
• Definition: The energy required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance by one degree
• Specific heat at constant volume, Cv
• Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp
• Cp > Cv
Specific Heats
• Fixed mass, stationary, closed • Fixed mass, stationary, closed
system system
• Constant volume process • Constant pressure process
𝛿𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 𝛿𝑄 = 𝑑𝐻
d𝑄 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇 d𝑄 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇
𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑈 𝐶𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝐻
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝐻 𝜕ℎ
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 = 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑐𝑃 =
𝜕𝑇 𝑣
𝜕𝑇 𝑣
𝜕𝑇 𝑃
𝜕𝑇 𝑃

A measure of the variation of internal energy of a A measure of the variation of enthalpy of a

substance with T substance with T

Note that the Δu and Δ h relations given here are not restricted to
any kind of process. They are valid for all processes.
Ideal Gas
• PV = nRuT • PV=mRT
• Ru= universal gas constant • R = gas constant (table A-1, A-2)
(same for all gases) 𝑅𝑢
• 𝑅 =  depends on the
• Ru= 8.31447 kJ/kmol K 𝑀
substance
• 8.31447 kPa.m3/kmol K • M = molecular weight
• 0.0831447 bar.m3/kmol.K
substance R, kJ/kg.K
• 1545.37 ft.lbf/lbmol.R Air 0.2870
Helium 2.0769
Argon 0.2081
Nitrogen 0.2968
Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
• Ideal gas (ig)  Pv=RT
• uig  only a function of T  u=u(T)
Ideal gas  u, h, cv, & cp are f(T)
h=h(T)

• Thus, Cp & Cv are functions of T only • At low P  real gases behave like
(at most)  the partial derivative can ideal gas
be replaced by ordinary derivative • Called ideal-gas specific heats or
zero-pressure specific heats, Cp0
𝜕𝑢 and Cv0
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝑣 • Specific heats data  table A-2
𝜕ℎ
𝑐𝑃 = 𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑃 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝑃
Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
Ideal Cp0 for some gases
• Ideal-gas specific heats of monoatomic gases remain
constant
• Complex molecules (>2 atoms)  higher Cp0 and
increase with T
• Variation of specific heat with T is smooth & may be
approximated as linear over small T intervals (a few
hundred degrees or less), so
2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 ∆𝑢 = න 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 ∆𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1

2
𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑃 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 ∆ℎ = න 𝑐𝑃 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 ∆ℎ = 𝑐𝑃,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1
Specific heat relations of Ideal Gases

1 ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 2 • Specific heat ratio, k

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑐𝑝
𝑘=
𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑇 𝑐𝑉

𝑐𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐𝑉 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑇 • Varies mildly with T

𝑐𝑃 = 𝑐𝑉 + 𝑅 kJ/kg.K • For monoatomic gases  k = 1.667
• Many diatomic gases, incl. Air 
In molar basis: k=1.4 (at room T ≈ 20 – 25oC)
𝑐𝑃 = 𝑐𝑉 + 𝑅𝑢 kJ/kmol.K
Summary on obtaining u & h of ideal gases
1. Table
• Easiest & most accurate, if tables are readily available

2. Integration of Cv(T) or CP(T) equation

• Inconvenient for manual calculation, but OK for computerized calculation
• Very accurate

3. Average specific heats

• Simple & convenient, esp if no table is available
• Reasonably accurate, if the T interval is not very large
Excercise – Determining Δu
Air at 300 K and 200 kPa is heated at constant pressure to 600 K.
Determine the change in internal energy of air per unit mass, using
(a) data from the air table (Table A–17)
(b) the functional form of the specific heat (Table A–2c)
(c) the average specific heat value (Table A–2b)

You may either:

- Average the T first, then read the Cv or Cp  1x table reading
- Read Cv or Cp at each T, then average the value  2x table reading
Excercise - Energy balance for closed system
• An insulated rigid tank initially
contains 0.7 kg of helium at 27°C and
250 kPa. A paddle wheel with a power
rating of 0.015 kW is operated within
the tank for 30 min. Determine the
final temperature
Excercise - Energy balance for closed system
• A piston–cylinder device initially
contains 0.5 m3 of nitrogen gas at 400
kPa and 27°C. An electric heater
within the device is turned on and is
allowed to pass a current of 2 A for 5
min from a 120-V source. Nitrogen
expands at constant pressure, and a
heat loss of 2800 J occurs during the
process. Determine the final
temperature of nitrogen.
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∆𝑡
Excercise - Energy balance for closed system
• A mass of 15 kg of air in a
piston–cylinder device is heated
from 25 to 77°C by passing
current through a resistance
heater inside the cylinder. The
pressure inside the cylinder is
held constant at 300 kPa during
the process, and a heat loss of
60 kJ occurs. Determine the
electric energy supplied, in kWh.
References
• Cengel, Y.A. dan Boles, M.A., “Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach” 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2006.
• Smith, J. M., Van Ness, H.C., Abbott, M. M.,”Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics” 7th ed., McGraw-HillCo-Singapore.
2005.
• http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/n
ode8.html