5G

5G (from "5th Generation") is the latest generation of cellular mobile communications. It succeeds the 4G (LTE-A, WiMax), 3G
5G
(UMTS, LTE) and 2G (GSM) systems. 5G performance targets high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher
system capacity, and massive device connectivity. The first phase of 5G specifications in Release-15 will be completed by April 2019
to accommodate the early commercial deployment. The second phase in Release-16 is due to be completed by April 2020 for
submission to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate of IMT-2020 technology.[1]

The ITU IMT-2020 specification demands speeds of up to 20 Gbit/s, achievable with wide channel bandwidths and massive
MIMO.[2] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is going to submit 5G NR (New Radio) as its 5G communication standard
proposal. 5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above 24 GHz and into the
millimeter waves range. However, the speed and latency in early deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non- 3GPP's 5G logo
standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15% to 50% better.[3][4][5] Simulation of standalone eMBB Industry Telecommunication
deployments showed improved throughput between 2.5×, in the FR1 range, and nearly 20×, in the FR2 range.[6]

Contents
Overview
Performance targets
Usage scenario
Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC)
Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)

Advantages
Speed
Low communication latency
New use cases
Standards
Air interface
5G NR
Pre-standard implementations
NB-IoT/eMTC

Deployment
Spectrum
5G modems
Technology
New radio frequencies
Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)
Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz)
Massive MIMO
Edge computing
Small cell
Beamforming
Radio convergence
NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)
SDN/NFV
Operation in unlicensed spectrum
Confusion
Regional progress
Other applications
Digital television
Automobiles
Automation (factory and process)
Public safety
See also
History
References
External links

Overview
Like the earlier generation 2G, 3G, and 4G mobile networks, 5G networks are digital cellular networks, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into a mosaic
of small geographical areas called cells. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the phone, converted by an analog to digital converter and transmitted
as a stream of bits. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver)
in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a common pool of frequencies, which are reused in geographically separated cells. The local antennas are
connected with the telephone network and the Internet by a high bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connection. Like existing cellphones, when a user crosses from
one cell to another, their mobile device is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the antenna in the new cell.
Their major advantage is that 5G networks achieve much higher data rates than previous cellular networks, up to 10 Gbit/s; which is faster than current cable internet, and
100 times faster than the previous cellular technology, 4G LTE.[7][8] Another advantage is lower network latency (faster response time), below 1 ms (millisecond), compared
with 30 - 70 ms for 4G.[8] Because of the higher data rates, 5G networks will serve not just cellphones but are also envisioned as a general home and office networking
provider, competing with wired internet providers like cable. Previous cellular networks provided low data rate internet access suitable for cellphones, but a cell tower could
not economically provide enough bandwidth to serve as a general internet provider for home computers.

5G networks achieve these higher data rates by using higher frequency radio waves, in or near the millimeter wave band[7] from 30 to 300 GHz, whereas previous cellular
networks used frequencies in the microwave band between 700 MHz and 3 GHz. A second lower frequency range in the microwave band, below 6 GHz, will be used by some
5G providers, but this will not have the high speeds of the new frequencies. Because of the more plentiful bandwidth at millimeter wave frequencies, 5G networks will use
wider frequency channels to communicate with the wireless device, up to 400 MHz compared with 20 MHz in 4G LTE, which can transmit more data (bits) per second. OFDM
(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation is used, in which multiple carrier waves are transmitted in the frequency channel, so multiple bits of information are
being transferred simultaneously, in parallel.

Millimeter waves are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and have shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to smaller size; 5G cells will be the size of a
city block, as opposed to the cells in previous cellular networks which could be many kilometers across. The waves also have trouble passing through building walls, requiring
multiple antennas to cover a cell.[7] Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks, only a few inches (several cm) long, so
instead of a cell tower 5G cells will be covered by many antennas mounted on telephone poles and buildings.[8] Another technique used for increasing the data rate is massive
MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output).[7] Each cell will have multiple antennas communicating with the wireless device, each over a separate frequency channel, received by
multiple antennas in the device, thus multiple bitstreams of data will be transmitted simultaneously, in parallel. In a technique called beamforming the base station computer
will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device, and will organise multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to create beams
of millimeter waves to reach the device.[7][8] The smaller, more numerous cells makes 5G network infrastructure more expensive to build per square kilometer of coverage
than previous cellular networks. Deployment is currently limited to cities, where there will be enough users per cell to provide an adequate investment return, and there are
doubts about whether this technology will ever reach rural areas.[7]

The new 5G wireless devices also have 4G LTE capability, as the new networks use 4G for initially establishing the connection with the cell, as well as in locations where 5G
access is not available.[9]

The high data rate and low latency of 5G are envisioned as opening up new applications in the near future.[9] One is practical virtual reality and augmented reality. Another is
fast machine-to-machine interaction in the Internet of Things. For example, computers in vehicles on a road could continuously communicate with each other, and with the
road, by 5G.[9]

Performance targets
5G systems in line with IMT-2020 specifications[10] are expected to provide enhanced device and network-level capabilities, tightly coupled with intended applications. The
following eight parameters are key capabilities for IMT-2020 5G:

Capability Description 5G target Usage scenario

Peak data rate Maximum achievable data rate 20 Gbit/s eMBB
Achievable data rate across the coverage area (hotspot cases) 1 Gbit/s eMBB
User experienced data rate
Achievable data rate across the coverage area 100 Mbit/s eMBB
Latency Radio network contribution to packet travel time 1 ms URLLC
Mobility Maximum speed for handoff and QoS requirements 500 km/h eMBB/URLLC

Connection density Total number of devices per unit area 106/km2 MMTC

Energy efficiency Data sent/received per unit energy consumption (by device or network) Equal to 4G eMBB
Spectrum efficiency Throughput per unit wireless bandwidth and per network cell 3–4x 4G eMBB

Area traffic capacity Total traffic across coverage area 1000 (Mbit/s)/m2 eMBB

Note that, for 5G NR, according to 3GPP specification when using spectrum below 6 GHz, the performance would be closer to 4G.

Usage scenario
ITU-R have defined three main types of usage scenario that the capability of 5G is expected to enable. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low
Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).[11]

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) refers to the use case of using 5G as an evolution to 4G LTE mobile broadband services with faster connection with higher throughput
and more capacity. 5G would need to deliver higher capacity, enhance connectivity, and higher user mobility to match these demands, which would require capabilities in the
above table with eMBB mark to deliver.[12]

Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC)

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refers to the use case of using 5G in mission-critical applications such as factory automation, where uninterrupted and
robust exchange of data is of the utmost importance.

Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) refers to the wide area IoT use cases consisting of large numbers of low-cost devices with high requirements on scalability
and increased battery lifetime.

Advantages
Speed
5G promises superior speeds in most conditions to the 4G network. Qualcomm presented a simulation at Mobile World Congress[13][14][15] that predicts 490 Mbit/s median
speeds for 3.5 GHz 5G Massive MIMO and 1.4 Gbit/s median speed for 28 GHz mmWave.[16] 5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a
similar amount of spectrum and antennas,[17][18] though some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks, such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network,
which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan.[19]

The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well but it has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of
megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard.[19]

Low communication latency

Network latency is the time it takes to pass a message from sender to receiver.[20] 5G will have much lower latency than previous cellular networks; below 1 millisecond,
compared with 30 - 70 ms for 4G.[8]

New use cases

Features of 5G network, including extreme high bandwidth, ultra low latency, and high density connections, are expected to enable many new use cases that are impossible to
be done via older network standards.[21] (See Usage scenario) 5G can also increase the effectiveness of ecommerce vendors' activities.[22]

Standards
Initially, the term was defined by the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download capacity of 20 gigabits, along
with other requirements for 5G networks.[23] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP have prepared the 5G NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal
for submission to the IMT-2020 standard.[24][25]

ITU has divided 5G network services into three categories: enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) or handsets; Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), which
includes industrial applications and autonomous vehicles; and Massive Machine Type Communications (MMTC) or sensors.[26] Initial 5G deployments will focus on eMBB[27]
and fixed wireless,[28] which makes use of many of the same capabilities as eMBB. 5G will use spectrum in the existing LTE frequency range (600 MHz to 6 GHz) and also in
millimeter wave (mmWave) bands (24–86 GHz). 5G technologies have to satisfy ITU IMT-2020 requirements and/or 3GPP Release 15; while IMT-2020 specifies data rates of
20 Gbit/s, 5G speed in sub-6 GHz bands is similar to 4G.[17][18]

IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on
network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next
Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II
have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. 1914.3 standard is creating a new
Ethernet frame format capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the 3GPP definition of functional
splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE groups are being updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required
for the traffic carried over it.

Air interface

5G NR
5G NR (New Radio) is a new air interface developed for the 5G network.[29] It is supposed to be the global standard for the air interface of 5G networks.[30]

Pre-standard implementations

5GTF: The 5G network implemented by American carrier Verizon for Fixed Wireless Access in late 2010s uses an pre-standard specification known as 5GTF (Verizon 5G
Technical Forum). The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. There are plans to upgrade 5GTF to 5G NR "Once [it] meets our
strict specifications for our customers," according to Verizon.[31]
5G-SIG is another pre-standard specification of 5G developed by KT Corporation. It is the version of implementation deployed at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics.[32]

NB-IoT/eMTC
3GPP is going to submit evolution of NB-IoT and eMTC(LTE-M) as the 5G technology for the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case.[33]

Deployment
Development of 5G is being led by companies such as Huawei,[34] Intel[35] and Qualcomm,[36] for modem technology and Cisco, Ericsson,[37] Huawei, Nokia, Samsung and
ZTE, for infrastructure.

Worldwide commercial launch is expected in 2020. Numerous operators have demonstrated 5G as well, including Korea Telecom for the 2018 Winter Olympics[38][39] and
Telstra at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[40] In the United States, the four major carriers have all announced deployments: AT&T's[41] millimeter wave commercial
deployments in 2018, Verizon's 5G TF (http://5gtf.org/) fixed wireless launches in four U.S. cities and millimeter-wave deployments,[42] Sprint's launch in the 2.5 GHz
band,[43] and T-Mobile's 600 MHz 5G launch in 30 cities.[44] Vodafone performed the first UK trials in April 2018 using mid-band spectrum,[45] and China Telecom's initial
5G buildout in 2018 will use mid-band spectrum as well.[46] The world first service of 5G was in South Korea, as the South Korean telecoms deployed it all at once on 1
December 2018.[47]

Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be widely utilized for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical
communications.

Initial 5G NR launches will depend on existing LTE 4G infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode, before maturation of the standalone (SA) mode with the 5G core
network.

In December 2018, Nokia and Telefónica Deutschland start testing 5G in Berlin, with five sites.[48]
Spectrum
In order to support increased throughput requirements of 5G, large quantities of new spectrum (5G NR frequency bands) have been allocated to 5G, particularly in millimeter-
wave bands.[49] For example, in July 2016, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underutilised high-
band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of
flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.[50] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020.[51]

5G modems
Traditional cellular modem suppliers have significant investment in the 5G modem market. Qualcomm announced its X50 5G Modem in October 2016,[52] and in November
2017, Intel announced its XMM8000 series of 5G modems, including the XMM8060 modem, both of which have expected productization dates in 2019.[53][54] In February
2018, Huawei announced the Balong 5G01 terminal device[55] with an expected launch date for 5G-enabled mobile phones of 2018[56] and Mediatek announced its own 5G
solutions targeted at 2020 production.[57] Samsung is also working on the Exynos 5G modem, but has not announced a production date.[58]

Technology

New radio frequencies

The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2
(mmWave),[59] each with different capabilities.

Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)

The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band that is most likely to be
universally used for 5G in this range is around 3.5 GHz.

Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz)

The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is the 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. The maximum
Physical layer (PHY) rate potentially supported by this configuration is approximately 40 Gbit/s. There is no particular band that is likely to be universally used for 5G in this
range, though there are some regional proposals do converge around certain bands.[60]

Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) antennas increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennae and Multi-user MIMO (MU-
MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx
antenna system. The term "massive MIMO" was coined by Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in 4G networks, such as
Softbank in Japan.

Edge computing
Edge computing is a method of optimizing cloud computing systems by taking the control of computing applications, data, and services away from some central nodes (the
"core area"). In a 5G network, it would promote faster speeds and low-latency data transfer on edge devices.[61][62]

Small cell

Beamforming

Radio convergence
One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted
convergence with Wi-Fi via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have
limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access
Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and
indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple
radio access technologies.

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems. In this, same time, frequency, and spreading-code resources are
shared by the multiple users via allocation of power. The entire bandwidth can be exploited by each user in NOMA for entire communication time due to which latency has
been reduced and users' data rates can be increased. For multiple access, the power domain has been used by NOMA in which different power levels are used to serve different
users. 3GPP also included NOMA in LTE-A due to its spectral efficiency and is known as multiuser superposition transmission (MUST) which is two user special case of
NOMA.[63]

SDN/NFV
Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and
technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of
connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications.[64] [65][66]
Operation in unlicensed spectrum
Like LTE in unlicensed spectrum, 5G NR will also support operation in unlicensed spectrum (NR-U).[67] In addition to License Assisted Access (LAA) from LTE that enable
carriers to use those unlicensed spectrum to boost their operational performance for users, in 5G NR it will support standalone NR-U unlicensed operation which will allow
new 5G NR networks to be established in different environments without acquiring operational license in licensed spectrum, for instance for localized private network or
lower the entry barrier for providing 5G internet services to the public.[67]

Confusion
In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies like "5G Project" or "5G Evolution" which advertise improving existing
networks with the use of "5G technology".[68][69] However, these pre-5G networks are actually existing improvement on specification of LTE networks that are not exclusive to
5G.[70][71]

Regional progress
On 15 May 2018, Qatari telecommunications company Ooredoo launched the world's first commercial 5G network in several areas of the capital, Doha.[72]

Other applications

Digital television
3GPP have been studying mixed mode multicast and terrestrial broadcast based on equivalent of MBMS for 5G NR and a further development based on LTE's EnTV.[73]

Automobiles
5G Automotive Association have been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that is based on 5G NR for communication between vehicles and communication
between vehicles and infrastructures.[74]

Automation (factory and process)

5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation - 5G-ACIA promotes 5G for factory automation and process industry.[75]

Public safety
Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G.[76]

See also
5G NR frequency bands
List of mobile phone generations (1G, 2G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G)
Network simulation
Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance
Electromagnetic radiation and health

History
In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications technology.[77]
In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was
formed.[78]

In August 2012, New York University founded NYU WIRELESS, a multi-disciplinary academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless
communications.[79][80][81]
On 8 October 2012, the UK's University of Surrey secured £35M for a new 5G research centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership
Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu
Laboratories Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less
energy and less radio spectrum while delivering speeds faster than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade.[82][83][84][85]
On 1 November 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) starts its activity towards the
definition of 5G. METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played an important role of building consensus among other external
major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and
regional regulatory bodies.[86]
Also in November 2012, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "small cell" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic
resources, such as the radio wave spectrum. According to Günther Oettinger, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–19), "an innovative
utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which
5G will be the main driver".[87] iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on this
technology at the Mobile World Congress 2015 (Barcelona, Spain).
In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for
terrestrial IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications towards the definition of the next generation
mobile.[88]
On 12 May 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that they have developed a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per
second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometres.with the use of an 8*8 MIMO.[89][90]
In July 2013, India and Israel have agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies.[91]
On 1 October 2013, NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), the same company to launch world's first 5G network in Japan, wins Minister of Internal Affairs and
Communications Award at CEATEC for 5G R&D efforts[92]
On 6 November 2013, Huawei announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than
modern LTE networks.[93]

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External links
What is 5G? Are there More Questions than Answers? (https://ifacetimeforandroid.com/what-is-5g-advantages-of-5g)
Preceded by
Mobile telephony generations
4th Generation (4G)
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