VDV Manual Version 6 PDF

LEAKY FEEDER
RADIO SYSTEM
TRAINING NOTES
Date: 15th August 2005
Authored By: Darren Koski Revision 6.0

Contact II
ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Operation Manual Revision 6.0
Written by: James Kirkpatrick
Revised by: Darren Koski
Approved: Stuart McLean
Additions to this manual;

Manual re-formatted.
Infinity II Line Amplifier Unit.
Infinity Diagnostics.
Two / Three Way Line Branch Unit.
Uplink / Downlink Pilot Tone.
Information Icons
Throughout this guide key text is ranked by importance and presented alongside
appropriate icons. The following icons and text give an example and explanation
these:
DANGER: Warnings contain important safety instructions. Failure to follow danger

warnings may result in injury, or even death. Please ensure you have read and un-
derstand all relevant warnings before proceeding.
ATTENTION: Warnings highlight important information concerning the correct op-

eration of your system and equipment. Not following these warnings may result in
product damage or degradation.
NOTE: blocks like this one appear through out the text to highlight useful informa-
tion and recommendations.
Mine Site Technologies Pty Limited VDV LEAKY FEEDER RADIO SYSTEM
Contact III
Warranty
If a problem arises, always consult your warranty before proceeding.
Standard Terms and Conditions of sale for VDV Leaky Feeder systems state that:
Mine Site Technologies will replace, repair, or refund any component that is found to
be defective in materials or manufacture within 12 months of receipt of goods.
The customer should provide written notification to Mine Site Technologies within 14
days of discovering any issue they feel is to be covered under warranty.
Mine Site Technologies is not liable for any damage or loss incurred through use of
their products.
Mine Site Technologies provides no warranty with regard to this manual or any in-
formation contained within. Mine Site Technologies accepts no responsibility for
any error or omissions in the manual, or discrepancies between the product and the
manual.
Information presented here does not represent a legal agreement. Always refer to
your documentation received at point of sale as it may differ.
Contact IV
CONTACTING MINE SITE TECHNOLOGIES

Information about Mine Site Technology and their products is available online
at: www.minesite.com.au
MST Offices
AUSTRALIA:
Sydney: Kalgoorlie: Mount Isa:
25 – 27 Whiting Street 17 Darcy Lane 15 Duke Street
Artarmon NSW 2064 West Kalgoorlie WA 6430 Mt Isa QLD 4825
AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA
(PO Box 156, Artarmon, 1570) (PO Box 4200, Kalgoorlie, 6430) (PO Box 2436, Mt Isa, 4825)
Tel: +61-2-9437 4399 Tel: +61-8-9022 2300 Tel: +61-7-4749 4922
Fax: +61-2-9437 5688 Fax: +61-8-9022 2311 Fax: +61-7-4749 4933
Email: mst@minesite.com.au Email: mstwa@minesite.com.au Email: mstisa@minesite.com.au
Mackay:
PO Box 3070
Mackay QLD 4740
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61-408 65 6860
Fax: +61-7-4954 8241
CANADA:
Canada:
Mine Site Technologies (Canada) Inc.
1085 Kelly Lake Road
Sudbury Ontario P3E 5P5
CANADA
Tel: +1-705-675 7468
Fax: +1-705-675 7815
Email: mst-canada@minesite.com.au
Contact V
International Distributors
USA:
Representative - Eastern Region: Representative - UT Region:
David Hinkins
CSE Corporation Industrial Mine Supply
600 Seco Road 225 West 500 South
Monroeville PA 15146 Orangeville Utah 84537
UNITED STATES UNITED STATES
Tel: +1-412-856 9200 Tel: +1-435-748 2088
Fax: +1-573-856 9203 Fax: +1-435-748 2089
Email: cre@csecorporation.com Email: iems@etv.net
CANADA:
All Canada: Nova Scotia:
Carter Kosick
Mine Site Technologies (Canada) Inc. Torrox International
1085 Kelly Lake Road PO BOX 38084
Sudbury Ontario P3E 5P5 Dartmouth Nova Scotia B3B 1X2
CANADA CANADA
Tel: +1-705-675 7468 Tel: +1-902-468 7666
Fax: +1-705-675 7818 Fax: +1-902-468 1939
Email: mst-canada@minesite.com.au Email: ckosick@torrox.ca
CHILE:
Chile:
ESTAMOS ESTABLECIENDO UN NUEVO DISTRIBUIDOR.
Por el momento, les invitamos ha contactar ha:
Tel: +61-2-9437 4399

Fax: +61-2-9437 5688
Email: mst@minesite.com.au
PERU:
Peru:
Alberto Brocos
Minera Almax S.A.C.
Jr. Fray Luis de Leon No 277
San Borja Lima 41
PERU
Tel: +511- 475 9373
Fax: +511- 475 8876
Email: almax@terra.com.pe
Contact VI
SWEDEN, FINLAND & NORWAY:

Sweden, Finland & Norway:
Erik Welle-Strand
EWS & Co. A.S.
Jaktlia 1
N-1361 Oesteraas
NORWAY
Tel: +47- 6714 8640
Fax: +47- 6714 8844
Email: ewsjr@ewsas.com
MEXICO:
Mexico:
Thomas J. Baker
TOPO Machinery, Inc.
9 Tanglewood Dr. Durango,
Colorado 81302
USA
Tel: +970 – 259 5770
Fax: +47- 6714 8844
Email: baker@topomachinery.com
Web: www.topomachinery.com
BRAZIL:
Brazil:
V.M.A.
Ave. Getullo Vargas, 617/12
Funcionairios Cep 30110
Belo Horizonte,
BRAZIL
Tel: +5553 - 3221 2000
Fax: +5553 - 3227 5825
Email: vmasismo@estaminas.com.br
CHINA:
China:
Joe Z. Zhou
CAMDA
Tel: +86- 10 8426 2737
Email: joe@amsi.net.au
INDIA:
India:
Mr N. N. Chattopadhyay
Systems Incorporate India Pvt Ltd
Cg-244, Sector-II, Salt Lake City
Kolkata 700 091 INDIA
Tel: +91- 33 2337 2181
Fax: +91- 33 2337 0377
Email: nnc@vsnl.com
Contents VII
Contents VIII
Contents IX
Contents X
Introduction 1
INTRODUCTION
Leaky Feeder Radio Systems rely on the following components to radiate voice and
data messages throughout the mine and surface areas.
Radio Transceiver.
Distribution Interface.
Leaky Feeder Coaxial Cable.
Active Line Amplifiers.
Splitters or Branch Units.
Radio Units.
Terminating Loads.
Surface Antenna System.
Radio Transceiver
The radio transceivers are located at the
“headend” of the system. This is usually posi-
tioned on the surface, at or near the brace.
The radio transceiver is configured as a “Talk

Through Repeater” (TTR). This repeater oper-
ates in the VHF High Band on dedicated com-
mercial frequencies.
The repeater determines the frequency or channels that the system operates. A
complete repeater is required per channel allocation.
The repeater stations are modular in

Repeater Transmitter their arrangement and fault conditions
(Exciter) Module.
can be visually detected through the
LED indicators on the front panel
Repeater Receiver (refer to RFT Manual).
Module.
The RF power output of the repeater

is factory set for 10Watts. This level is
necessary to correctly drive the inter-
face between the transceiver and the
underground distribution.
Introduction 2
The British standard as amended for the Australian Standard, states that this level
of RF is non-hazardous when working with electric blast detonators. Even with this
level it is recommended that electric blast detonators are not stored within 1 metre
of the transceivers at the headend. (signage required)
Distribution Interface
The distribution interface is located at the “headend” of
the system. This is usually positioned on the surface, at
or near the headframe brace.
The distribution headend is proprietary interface and is

an integral part of the leaky feeder system.
The main purpose of the distribution interface is to:
Pass the RF from the transceivers to the underground

workings.
Apply DC voltage to the underground distribution system

to power amplifiers.
Combine multiple transceivers to the single line distribution

network.
Pass high power RF to surface antenna system

(should surface coverage be required).
The distribution interface accepts the high powered RF from the transceivers (10
watts) and distributes a minute amount to the underground distribution system. The
high power is then passed either to the surface antenna system or dispersed into
“Dummy Loads”.
The distribution interface is supplied complete with its own 240 volt AC power
source and 12 volt DC auxiliary battery supply. The auxiliary power supply is con-
tinually maintained by the primary power supply.
Active devices such as Line Amplifiers require power to run the gain amplifiers. This
voltage is sourced from the distribution Coaxial cable. The coaxial cable is fed from
the distribution interface. The nominal voltage applied to the line is 30Volts DC.
This voltage will obviously decrease as the distance from the headend down the line
increases. To compensate for this, all active devices are fitted with switch mode
power regulators. (refer to Line Amplifier specification)
Should multi-channel applications be required the distribution interface combines

and separates the corresponding Transmit and Receive frequencies.
Introduction 3
The distribution interface is fitted with four line outputs, this enables multiple paths
to be adopted from the headend, and in essence have some degree of redundancy
to different areas of the mine workings.
There are front panel indicators on the distribution interface that allow the main-
tainer to monitor DC voltage and current to each line. This is very useful when at-
tempting to locate faults in the system.
Leaky Feeder Coaxial Cable

Most mining operations that have communication systems, utilise numerous cable
types and impedances to best maintain the objectives of the communication net-
work.
Common types of communication cables are:
Trilogy RMC2
Trilogy MC2
BICC-500-RAD
Andrews RXL-5
Trilogy RMC2 cable is a low loss 75 Ohm Radiating cable, this cable may be used
for shaft communications. This cable is not very flexible and should never be bent at
a radius less than 1 metre diameter. This cable is identified as black PVC coated ½”
embossed with Trilogy RMC2-500-BJ.
Trilogy MC2 cable is a low loss 75 Ohm Standard cable. This cable may be used for
areas, such as bore holes, which do not require communication. This cable like
RMC2 is not very flexible and the minimum radius should be observed. This cable is
identified as black PVC coated ½” embossed with Trilogy MC2-500-BJ.
Introduction 4
BICC radiating cable is the most commonly used radiating cable in Australia. This
cable is a low quality, air dielectric cable manufactured in the U.K. It has an outer
yellow sheath and an inner black PVC sheath. This cable is extremely robust and
can be identified by its bright yellow appearance and embossed with “Leaky
Feeder”. This yellow outer can be replaced by a blue outer sheath to distinguish it
from Mains Firing Lines that can be yellow and appear very similar. Mains Firing
Lines are usually embossed with a red stripe down one side of the yellow outer
sheath.
Andrews RXL-5 is a high quality 50 Ohm radiating cable, for this reason it should be
installed utilising PVC piping for added protection. The active devices are connected
to the cables utilising Andrews “N” Type male connectors. All joins in the cable must
be made utilising the correct splice kit for 7/8" Radiax (RXL-5). To recognise this ca-
ble it will be black or brown in colour, 7/8" in diameter and should never be bent at
a radius less than 1 metre diameter. This cable is not recommended as it is expen-
sive and hard to work with.
Active Amplifiers
Active amplifiers are necessary as the
RF power transmitted by the distribution
headend fades or decreases due to the
radiation pattern of the coaxial cable. As
the RF travels down the coaxial Leaky
Feeder the radiation leaks out like a lawn
sprinkler. If we did not implement amplifi-
cation eventually there would not be
enough signal to be received at the mo-
bile or headend direction.
The amplifiers we manufacture are an active device and as such require a power
source. The power for this system is delivered via the coaxial cable and sourced
from the distribution interface.
Each amplifier is fitted with a switch mode power regulator to ensure that the bi-
directional system remains balanced at all times. This also increases the amount of
active devices on each leg.
Introduction 5
Amplifiers are identified by the label on the top cover. This label also indicates the
orientation of the device in the line. The arrow on the enclosure should always be
orientated towards the headend.
Amplifiers come standard with Automatic Gain Control which allows the system to
maintain reliable communications in the event of unexpected faults such as cable
damage.
Splitters / Branch Units

As the name suggests the branch units
are placed in the line to split the signal.
These are placed at a level and ore drive
intersections to break the line into a bal-
anced split.
The branch units are regarded as pas-

sive devices although they are required
to pass the DC to the active devices fur-
ther down the line.
The branch Unit is placed in the line

rather than a simple “T” piece to ensure
that the line is correctly balanced.
The branch units are labelled as per their orientation similarly to the amplifier units.
Branch units are supplied complete with 3 coaxial connectors to suit specific termi-
nations.
These Units have jumpers located on the board so as the user can configure the
Branch as a two or three way unit.
It is imperative that the links/jumpers are correctly configured so as communications

is maintained throughout the system at correct levels.
Radio Units
The Leaky Feeder system is capable of supporting commercial radio
units that operate in the VHF Hi Band. This band operates between
147 - 174 Mhz. The system utilises this band as it has become appar-
ent that the VHF Hi Band performs best in underground and surface
applications whilst utilising standard readily available radio units.
MST prefer to utilise the Motorola radio products as they are a robust
and easily operated unit. They are also easily maintained by author-
ised service shops and spare parts are readily available.
Introduction 6
Motorola provide proprietary data signalling
for selective call and emergency calls if re-
quired. The use of 1200 baud data elimi-
nates the annoying 5 tone sequential audio
being heard over the air.
Terminating Loads
The integrity of the system relies on the cable and as-
sociated equipment reflecting a correct load on the line.
The extremities of the system require a balanced load

to reflect the correct impedance back to the last active
device. Should a break occur in the cable then a termi-
nation load must be placed on the end of the coax to
balance the system. The system will not fail completely
should the cable not be terminated.
The termination loads are also a DC block and the presence of power at the end of
the coax will not effect the Load.
Surface Antenna System

The Mine Site Technologies Leaky Feeder System is capable of surface transmis-
sion utilising the existing repeaters and VDV distribution interface.
As pointed out in the section relating to Distri-

bution Interface the high power RF passes
through the interface and is terminated to a
surface antenna system or a dummy load.
If multiple channels are required a transmitter

combiner may be required to combine the rele-
vant transmitter frequencies.
The receiver multi-coupling or combining is an

integral part of the distribution interface and
requires no additional filtering to combine mul-
tiple receiver signals.
On high density sites it is highly advisable to place a receiver pre-selector in the re-
ceive line to reduce the possibility of inter-modulation interference.
Where more than three channels are in operation, with surface coverage, it is rec-
ommended that a TX Combiner network be installed to reduce unwanted interfer-
ence.
Operational Parameters 7
OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF LEAKY

FEEDER SYSTEMS
The Concept
The concept of the Leaky
Feeder system is to allow radio
frequencies to function under-
ground. To accomplish this it is
necessary to replace the stan-
dard antenna system with a ca-
ble network. The effectiveness
of the system is directly related
to the physical placement of the
coaxial Leaky Feeder cable and the strategic positioning of the booster amplifiers
and branch units.
The cable utilised is designed to “leak” signal , which allows radio transmissions to
both radiate from the cable and also enter the transmission line in the receive direc-
tion. (thus two way communication is achieved)
Practical Operation
The most frequently asked question when it comes to communications, both on the
surface and underground is, “How far can I be from the Antenna?”.
As on the surface there are many fundamentals that effect the efficiency of a radio
system and as we require two way communications these fundamentals generally
effect the system efficiency in both directions.
All things that relate to the distance we can travel from the antenna (or Leaky
Feeder) have to do with POWER. The amount of power that is transmitted both from
the headend and the remote equipment (mobiles / portables) is preset.
Things which effect efficiency are:
Antenna positioning, both physical position and polarity.
Power supply to the radio.
Actual distance to the next available booster amplifier.
Physical obstructions.
Operational Parameters 8
The placement of antenna in an underground environment is relative to the opera-
tion of the plant equipment. As a general rule the antenna should be as exposed as
possible to avoid obstruction, but this is not always the best practice as the antenna
is then unprotected from the hazards of the environment. In this case we place the
antenna in the most practical situation.
The systems we operate are what is called vertically polarised, this means that the
antenna work more efficiently in a vertical position. This is also relevant for portable
radio equipment.
Power supply to the radio is important as this effects the actual current available to
produce the RF power rated for the mobile or portable units. If the power source is
low or has poor termination then the radio performance will be degraded.
As the system relies on the amplifiers to maintain the correct levels within the radio
infrastructure, the mobile and portable equipment will operate marginally better
when you are in close proximity of an active amplifier. (All calculations for the sys-
tem are made at the furthest possible point on the cable from an amplifier). As a rule
the system should be operational within 50 metres of the cable.
Because the system operates at such low RF power levels, obstructions will cause
degradation in the system performance. This will sometimes reduce the actual dis-
tance that the system will operate from the cable. This generally termed as “Line of
Sight” operation. When considering line of sight operation you will note that the
greater the straight line of site the greater the communication from the cable.
(100m has been achieved).
Leaky Feeder Overview 9
LEAKY FEEDER OVERVIEW

Benefits of Mine Communications
With the advent of new technology making communications more reliable and less
expensive, mines have recently identified the potential benefits available. Improved
communication offers the following:
1. Increased productivity, which can be achieved by better co-

ordination of personnel and vehicles.
2. Reduced down time, which is achieved by immediate contact

with the appropriate maintenance crews.
3. Safer working conditions, by allowing contact to be made

between personnel, even those working by themselves.
Due to the layout of an underground mine, communication systems which are util-
ised on the surface, either cease to function or require modification to function in the
underground environment.
A variety of communications systems have been developed for underground mines,

the following highlight some choices:
Telephone systems
ULF Paging Systems
Inductive Systems
Distributed Antenna Systems
Leaky Feeder Systems
The various systems all have benefits and limitations, for this reason, the best solu-
tion is a combination of the various technologies. This method is utilised in surface
applications as can be highlighted by the standard office communications equip-
ment of phones, pagers and radios, as a minimum.
The requirement by mines to have voice communications, data transmission and

video imaging means that a system is required which will provide a suitable medium
for the transmission of such signals. The most suitable system to achieve this util-
ises the Leaky Feeder technology.
Leaky Feeder Technology

There are various methods available for distribution of Voice, Data and Video but
the most versatile and reliable system is the so-called “Leaky Feeder” system. The
Leaky Feeder cable or backbone, is analogous to a surface antenna system.
The most effective and universally accepted frequency band for two way voice, data
and video is VHF. These frequencies cannot penetrate rock due to the high level of
attenuation that they suffer, communication is primarily reliant on line of sight. An
example of this problem is the inability of a commercial radio signal to broadcast
through tunnels. On the surface, line of sight transmission is feasible, however, this
is not always the situation in a mine.
To allow radio frequencies to function underground, it is necessary to replace a

standard surface antenna system with a cable network. The cable networks can be
installed to effectively radiate the signal throughout the mine. The cable utilised is
designed to “leak” signal, which allows radio transmissions to both leak from the ca-
ble and also enter the cable.
The inherent loss of signal must be compensated for and this is achieved by the in-
sertion of line amplifiers. The amplifiers are designed to compensate for a certain
length of cable. Correct installation of the system will ensure that a consistent signal
level is maintained throughout the network, hence throughout the mine.
Leaky Feeder technology is a combination of Leaky Feeder cable and Amplifiers.
Other components can be added, but the backbone of the system comprises only
these two elements.
VDV - Voice, Data & Video System

Mine Site Technologies VDV (an acronym for Voice, Data & Video) Leaky Feeder
radio system is the latest development in the Leaky Feeder market.
The various components of the VDV system combine to produce a very powerful,
efficient and modular system. The overall VDV system can be broken down into the
Headend and distribution equipment.
Headend Equipment
The Headend includes the equipment necessary to operate the overall Leaky
Feeder distribution system. The Headend provides for the following roles:
Connection to the Leaky Feeder cable network.
Connection to the surface antenna network.
Modulation and Demodulation of the VHF signals.
Splitting and combining of multiple channels.
Powering the overall Leaky Feeder network.
Diagnostics via an Amp/Voltmeter.
Correct impedance matching.
The Headend equipment can also include additional items such as telephone inter-
connect units for interfacing to the mine PABX system.
The Headend is usually contained within a suitable 19" rack enclosure, this allows
for easy maintenance and servicing of the system. Typically for an average VDV
system of 4 channels the Headend can be installed in one enclosure. For larger sys-
tems, that is when up to 16 channels are utilised, the Headend will usually be in-
stalled in two (2) enclosures.
The Headend comprises several components or modules,

these include the following:
Transmitter/Receiver
Splitter / Combiner
Line Splitter / Combiner
Radio Repeaters
Power Supply
19" Rack Enclosure
Distribution Equipment
The distribution equipment represents the most significant part of the VDV system.
The distribution equipment is connected to the Headend directly, via one (1) of four
(4) ports.
The distribution equipment is responsible for the following:
Signal transmission and reception via the Leaky Feeder cable.
Amplification of signals in the cable to maintain signal strength.
Supply of Pilot Tones to control Automatic Gain Control circuits.
Splitting of network to achieve coverage in stopes and levels.
Maintaining correct system impedances.
Surface coverage via antennae where required.
The distribution system includes the following components:
Leaky Feeder Cable
Pilot Tone Generators
Line Termination Units
Line Amplifier Units
Line Branch Units
Diagnostics Modules
The number of individual components required in a final VDV system varies from
mine to mine. This occurs due to the large number of variables such as channel ca-
pacity, length of coverage required and number of branches.
The VDV system is totally modular, additional channels can be added as the mine
develops, similarly, additional distribution equipment can be installed to ensure that
the mine is always covered with signal.
Specifications
INSERTION LOSS
Insertion Loss -Tx input to Leaky feeder 38dB nom.
Insertion Loss - Leaky Feeder to Rx input 23dB nom.
RX / TX
RF Drive Level (Tx input) +40dBm
RF Drive Level (Leaky Feeder) +02dBm
Isolation 20dB min
Transmit Frequency Band 146 to 158 MHz
Receive Frequency Band 170 to180 MHz
POWER SUPPLY
Leaky Feeder Line Voltage (mains) 30 Volts DC
Leaky Feeder Line Voltage (battery) 12 Volts DC
Leaky Feeder Line Current 5 Amps
IMPEDANCE
Impedance of Tx, Rx and Antenna 50 Ohms
Impedance of Leaky Feeder Ports 50/75 Ohms (Optional)
Impedance of Leaky Feeder Cable 75 Ohms
CONNECTIONS
Leaky Feeder Connection N Female
Antenna Connection N Female
Tx & Rx connections TNC Female
Radio Options - Accessing the System.

The VDV leaky feeder backbone allows various types of radios to be utilised. Ra-
dios are available for personal use, vehicle use and fixed locations. Telemetry
equipment and video can also be connected via a radio modem.
Portable Radios
Portable radios allow individual personnel to utilise the VDV radio system. The port-
able radios available on the market must be designed for operation in the VHF hi-
band (i.e. 136 to 174MHz). Choice of radio type depends on individual preference.
Mobile Radios
Mobile radios, as their name suggests, are designed for implementation in vehicles.
The radios utilise external antennas which allow the radio to operate without the at-
tenuation of the surrounding vehicle.
The mobile radios are designed for connection to 12 VDC, on heavy vehicles a con-
verter is required.
Vehicle radios must also be protected from the environment on large open machin-
ery. Typically, a specially designed enclosure is required for the mobile radios on
vehicles such as trucks or jumbos. In light vehicles the radio can be mounted in, or
on the dashboard.
RF Controls
RF Controls are mobile radios housed suitably for a fixed location, an example be-
ing a control room. The RF control contains a suitable power supply and battery
backup. The radio and the associated equipment is housed in an enclosure.
The connection to the radio is achieved by an external antenna.
Data & Telemetry
Data can be transmitted over the VDV network via an RF modem. The modem con-
verts the data to a format suitable for radio transmission. In this way, equipment can
be monitored and controlled. For example, fans and pumps can be turned on or off
in response to certain conditions. Sophisticated control packages can be utilised to
ensure the mine operates efficiently, the VDV Leaky Feeder backbone handles all of
the information flow.
Video
The VDV system has inbuilt video bandpass of the Amplifiers and is capable of one
way video transmission. Modulators and de-modulators are required in addition to
the System backbone.
Headend Equipment 16
HEADEND EQUIPMENT
The Headend equipment is typically contained within one (1) suitably sealed and
protected 19" rack enclosure. The various modules are fully labeled for easy recog-
nition. This ensures that the system is not overly complicated and in the event of
maintenance or servicing, a logical and methodical approach can be taken.
All the Headend equipment is fully modular, that is it can be easily removed and re-
placed if required. Most of the individual components are also made up of sub mod-
ules. Therefore, after commissioning and training mine personnel can be confident
in maintaining the Headend.
Radio Repeaters
A basic radio repeater comprises a receiver, exciter (transmitter) and an audio path.
The repeater is the main interface between audible frequencies and the higher
transmission carrier frequencies.
To enable the repeater to function it must be able to distinguish between receiver

and transmitter frequencies. In a typical VHF hi band system the repeaters receive
frequency will be approximately 170MHz while the transmit frequency will be 150
MHz.
The repeater will demodulate the incoming receiver frequency to recover the original
audio signal, this audio signal will be available for utilisation on the back of the re-
peater. The repeater will also modulate the audio signal for retransmission at the
transmit frequency.
Although the above process initially appears as a duplication, it must be remem-

bered that VHF radios utilised will “hear” on frequencies around 150 MHz and “talk”
on frequencies around 170 MHz.
The following figure shows the process.
170 MHz
Receiver Radio talks
at 170MHz
Audio Path Leaky Feeder cable
150 MHz
Exciter
Radio hears at
150MHz
Combiner Equipment
In the above example, the top radio transmits a signal at 170MHz, this signal is cou-
pled to the Leaky Feeder cable and distribution system. The signal makes its way to
the Headend equipment and eventually the radio repeaters.
The radio repeater demodulates the signal in the receiver circuit and then sends the
voice signal via the audio path to the Exciter. The Exciter modulates the voice signal
with a 150 MHz carrier and transmits this 150MHz signal through the Headend and
to the distribution system.
All radios which are switched to the correct channel will receive the 150MHz signal
and demodulate it to recover the original spoken message.
Eclipse Radio Repeaters

The VDV system utilises VHF Hi band repeaters. There are many “In Band” Tx / Rx
repeater arrangements that could be configured to operate with the VDV Leaky
Feeder System. Mine Site Technologies has a preference for the “Eclipse” range of
repeater manufactured by RF Technology. The Eclipse range of repeaters offer the
end user reliability and superior performance.
The repeaters are housed in a 19" rack sub assembly and are supplied with two (2)
channels operational. For each channel a Receiver module and a Transmitter
(Exciter is also utilised) module is required. The repeaters include the necessary
power supply and also battery backup.
The Eclipse repeaters have several features and advantages, following is an over-
view:
100 Channel capacity, which can be pre-programmed and

selected via jumpers inserted on the back plane.
High power exciter stages to provide from 1-25 Watt

applications.
Modular construction, for simplified maintenance and servicing.
Programmable processor controlled repeater hang time.
Wide receiver and transmitter frequency spreads
Built in diagnostics monitoring voltage, output power,

reverse power, receive signal strength, VCO voltage,
channel information, squelch open/close, CTCSS, noise
and carrier squelch.
Front panel display of alarms.
Monitor speaker included in Receiver.
Fully rated linear power supply.
Specifications of Eclipse Repeaters
GENERAL
Frequency Range VHF or UHF, U/ground requires VHF Hi-band
Channel Spacing 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30 kHz
Channel Capacity 100
Frequency Stability +/- 5ppm standard, +/- 1ppm optional
Audio response Selectable Flat or 750 usec pre/de emphasis
Test and Diagnostics Front panel test connectors
Power 13.8 VDC or 120/240 V
Mounting Standard 4U high 19” rack
RECEIVER
Sensitivity 0.2 uV for 12dB SINAD
Spurious / Image Rejection 90dB
Selectivity 80dB at 25kHz, 70dB at 12.5khz
Frequency Spread 20MHz
Intermodulation 80dB
Squelch Noise - adj. 6-26db SINAD Carrier - adj. 1 to 200uV
Audio Response +1/-3 dB

600 Ohm line, adj. -10 to +10 dBm
Audio Level Monitor Output, 3 Watts @ 4 Ohms
Discriminator and subtone output 1V peak
TRANSMITTER
Frequency Spread 20MHz
Power Output Adj. 1 to 25 Watts
Power Regulation +/- 10% from 12-16 VDC
Audio Response +1/-3 dB
Carrier / Mod attack Time 20ms
Repeater Configuration for VDV
In a typical VDV installation, the exciters in each repeater are set to output 10 Watts
of power. This output level is adjustable and will be determined by Mine Site Tech-
nologies or appointed agents.
The output port of the Exciter module is connected to the Transmitter Receiver Split-
ter Combiner module. In this module a “sniffer” circuit is utilised to capture the cor-
rect level of RF power and eventually this signal will make its way on to the Leaky
Feeder cable.
The Exciter connection is a female N type and this will terminate in to a TNC Female
connection on the Transmitter/Receiver Splitter Combiner.
Transmitter Combiner
The transmitter combiner section of this module, combines the repeater exciter out-
puts. The 10 Watt Exciter signals are fed via a TNC connector, through a coupler
with very low insertion loss to an N connector which can be utilised for surface com-
munications if required, otherwise they should be terminated with a dummy load.
The coupled output from the low insertion loss coupler attenuates the Exciter inputs
by 15dB before feeding the inputs, in groups of four (4) to the Combiner network.
The two (2) outputs from the 4 way combiner network are then further combined to
produce a single multi-channel output. The single multi-channel output is connected
via a hybrid coupler to a Female TNC connector on the back panel of the TX/RX
Splitter Combiner.
The 15dB attenuation is required because radio repeaters are designed for rela-
tively high power applications. When utilising the Leaky Feeder cable and bi-
directional amplifiers it is important to limit the signal strengths to a manageable
level, hence the attenuation.
The following figure shows the above:
The dotted line indicates the Transmitter Combiner module
Receiver Splitter
The Receiver Splitter section of the module, splits an incoming signal into eight (8)
separate outputs. The incoming signal has made its way along the distribution net-
work and through the Line Splitter / Combiner module prior to the Receiver Splitter.
It may also have been received from the surface antenna network.
The signal is coupled from the Line Splitter / Combiner to the splitting circuit via a
low noise amplifier and a high pass filter. The high pass filter allows the higher re-
ceived frequencies through while attenuating the lower transmit frequencies. This
will prevent the receiver from being desensitised, due to the influence of the trans-
mit signal. Hybrid transformers are utilised to provide a high level of isolation be-
tween the receive and transmit signals, typically a minimum of 20dB of isolation is
achieved, this also assists in preventing desensitising.
Transmitter / Receiver Splitter Combiner

The transmitter/receiver splitter combiner is designed to split the incoming receiver
frequencies (from the Leaky Feeder cable) into eight (8) individual outputs and com-
bine the incoming transmitters (from the repeater exciters) into one outgoing path.
Each Tx/Rx splitter combiner can interface up to eight repeaters.
Surface Antenna
Receiver 1
4 Way
Splitter
Amplifier
Receiver 2
Receiver 3
Band Pass
Filter
Receiver 4
Receiver 5 Combiner
2 Way Leaky
Receiver 6 Splitter Feeder
Input
Receiver 7
Amplifier
4 Way
Receiver 8 Splitter High Pass
Filter
The dotted line indicates the Receiver Splitter module
4 Port Line Splitter / Combiner

The 4 Port Line Splitter /
Combiner module is de-
signed to interface directly Meter Indicating
DC Line Voltage.
to four Leaky Feeder cable
networks and either one
4 x Leaky Feeder
(1) or two (2) Tx/Rx Split- distribution Ports.
ter Combiner modules.
The common port of the

Tx/Rx Splitter / Combiner
module is connected to
one of the two Female
TNC connectors on the
back panel of the Line
Splitter / Combiner. The 4
Port Line Splitter / Com-
biner has two (2) TNC
Connector ports, the sec-
ond port is utilised when 4 x DC Line Voltage
Input Ports.
the VDV system is operat-
ing with more than one Tx/
2 x RF Input / Output
Rx Splitter / Combiner or a Ports.
Diagnostics System.
A hybrid transformer is util-

ised to combine the two
(2) TNC ports. If only one
is used, the second port
should be terminated. The
common port of the hybrid
transformer is then inter-
nally connected to a four
(4) way splitter/combiner
which produces four (4)
ports for the connection of
the Leaky Feeder cable.
The four (4) Leaky Feeder are transformed to 75 Ohms to match the Leaky Feeder
cable impedance.
Prior to connection to the N Type connectors the signal passes through a DC block-
ing capacitor which will prevent the power supply voltage entering the Headend cir-
cuitry.
The DC power supply,
which will power the distri-
bution network is connected
to the Leaky Feeder ports
via an RF isolating inductor.
The inductor prevents the
RF signals entering the
power supply. Each port is Line Splitter / Com-
connected via metering biner fitted with
PC0374 PCA.
panel to its respective line. Includes option for
The meter reads the voltage Down Link Pilot &
extra Diagnostic Port.
or current on each port.
VDV Power Supply

The power supply module which is located in the Headend unit has been designed
to allow for long lengths of Leaky feeder networks. By achieving this objective, the
VDV system does not require multiple power sources located underground.
The VDV power supply pro-

duces 30.5 volts at 5 am-
peres. The advantage of us-
ing this higher voltage is that
up to 4.2km of leaky Feeder
and amplifiers can be con-
nected to the Headend unit.
The Headend power supply
is capable of supplying four
(4) legs of Leaky feeder for
an overall total of 8.4km.
Power Supply
To achieve this result, the Front panel with
ON/OFF & Battery
power supply utilises a Switches.
switched regulator followed
by a low loss linear regulator.
This produces high effi-
ciency and low noise, both
factors critical in any commu-
nications system.
The power supply provides a

DC Voltage which is then fed
directly into the DC to DC
Converter. The DC to DC
Converter provides a steady
30VDC at its output. The DC Power Supply
Rear panel with
to DC Converter Output Volt- Power Supply Output
age is utilised then to pro- DC Voltage &
Battery Connection.
vide the power for the Leaky
Feeder Distribution. If the
Leaky Feeder Line should
become short circuit (Leaky
Feeder becomes damaged,
technician accidentally shorts
the line) indicated by a me-
ter reading of High Current
and Low Volts. The DC to DC
Converter will protect the
Power Supply & “Fold Back”.
When the repair is rectified it
will continue to operate as
normal.
The DC to DC Converter sim-

ply has an input (From
Power Supply) and an Out-
put (To Load). The front
panel has a dual function
meter (Volt / Current) to
monitor the output load.
To ensure reliable and con-

tinual operation in blackout
or brownout periods the
power supply includes a bat-
tery backup module. The
battery is continually float
charged while mains voltage
is present, this ensures the
battery is always available at full capacity. The float charger is a separate power
supply to the main system power supply.
The battery module produces a nominal 12 volts DC at 65 Amp/hrs. In the event of

discharge of the battery, it will be recharged at approximately ampere.
DANGER: Take care not to short the Battery Terminals. If the Battery appears to be
deformed / damaged in anyway, disconnect it and seek a suitable replacement.
ATTENTION: It is a good practice to periodically test the backup operation of the

system. To do this simply remove the 240VAC Supply to the VDV Power Supply.
ATTENTION: When replacing battery, please observe correct disposal proce-

dures.
VDV Distribution Network 26
VDV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Leaky Feeder Cable
The Leaky Feeder cable forms the backbone of the VDV system, the cable is analo-
gous to a surface antenna or aerial network. Basically, it is the inherent design of
the cable which allows signals to be transmitted and received anywhere under-
ground.
The Leaky Feeder cable is similar to normal coaxial cable except for the outer or
shield conductor, this has been designed to allow “leakage” to occur. The leakage
results because the outer shield is not complete. The incomplete shield consists of
16 evenly spaced copper conductors. The outer conductors are held in place by a
plastic sheath which in turn is covered by a second tough sheath for protection.
Due to the specifications of the cable, at approximately 350 metres in length enough
signal will have “leaked” from the cable to require that an amplifier is used to return
the signal to its original levels. This process repeats itself throughout the mine and
in this way, coverage is achieved.
Coupling Loss
The amount of energy lost penetrating the incomplete shield determines the cou-
pling loss. A nominal value for this loss is 60 dB when measured 6 meters from the
cable.
The coupling loss cannot be overcome and must be considered in any system de-
sign. The further a radio is from the leaky Feeder cable the higher the loss will be.
Eventually, the loss becomes higher than the radio can compensate for and signal
reception/transmission is lost.
Cable Attenuation
All cables have a resistance or impedance value which is specified by the manufac-
turer. The attenuation is specified at a certain frequency, the Leaky Feeder cable
has a loss of 14db per 350 metres at 150MHz.
The result of this attenuation is to weaken the signal as it travels the length of the
cable. The only method available to compensate for this loss is to install line amplifi-
ers every 350 metres. The amplifiers are designed to boost the signal by a least
18dB.
Cables are available with lower attenuation values, however the increased cost in
these cables usually offsets the advantages offered by having a lower attenuation
level. If higher quality cable is installed in the mine the VDV system can successfully
operate with it. Typically, due to the lower loss the line amplifiers are spaced further
apart.
Item SLYWV-75-10 SLYWV-50-10

Diameter of inner conductor 2.31 3.5
(copper or copper clad steel)
mm
Physical foam PE insulation 9.53 9.53

mm
Outer Parallel bar Conductor 11 11

mm
Black PE inner sheath mm 13.5 13.5
Yellow PE outer sheath mm 15.5 15.5
Min. bend radius mm 100 100
Weight kg/m 0.23 0.28
Operation Temperature -40 ～ +70
relative humidity 98 % at 40
Min. Temperature for laying -15
Insulation Max. Voltage No breakdown in 1 minute No breakdown in 1 min-

at 2.5 KV ute at 2.5 KV
DC Resistance Ω/km Inner conductor ≤4.5 Inner conductor ≤4.5

Outer conductor ≤4.10 Outer conductor ≤4.10
Attenuation ≤1.8dB @ 30MHz ≤1.98dB @ 30MHz

(per 100m)
≤3.1dB @ 85 MHz ≤3.62dB @ 85 MHz
≤4.15dB @ 150MHz ≤5.16dB @ 150MHz
≤4.3dB @ 160 MHz
Voltage stationary wave 0 ～300 MHz, VWSR ≤1.2

(VSWR)
Coincidence Loss 55 + 5dB @ 85MHz
65 + 5dB @ 150MHz
Insulation resistance ≥ 1000 MΩ-Km
Impedance Ω 75+3 50+3
Vertical burning Min un-scorched distance Min un-scorched distance

Mm > 100 > 100
Packing 350 m per wooden drum
Drums Size 810 x 810 x 430 mm

Gross weight 96kgs Net Weight: 82 kgs
Pallets Size 1062 x 810 x 1032 mm
4 drums packed in 1 pallets
Gross weight 434 kgs Net Weight: 328 kgs
Installation
The design of the cable is such that it cannot withstand crushing or severe bending.
This occurs due to the inner insulators being air filled, hence they can be com-
pressed. Any compression or damage to the insulators will reduce the cables oper-
ating ability.
Similarly, the cable sheathing should be handled with care to prevent damage or
cutting. Any cuts can potentially allow water ingress into the cable and this will also
result in an increased attenuation level.
The cable is best run separately and as high up on the backs or roof as possible.
This is mainly to distinguish the cable from other services and to also ensure maxi-
mum protection from passing traffic.
The Leaky Feeder cable is terminated with

our proprietary line connectors, these con-
nectors ensure water tight integrity and
perhaps more importantly, that the imped-
ances remain matched. By utilising proper
connectors, signal is not lost due to poor
connections, hence better quality perform-
ance is achieved.
Line Amplifier Units

The VDV Line Amplifiers are utilised to
overcome the attenuation loss of the Leaky
Feeder cable. From the previous chapter,
the standard Leaky Feeder cable has a
specified loss of 14 dB per 350 meters.
Without Line Amplifiers, the system would
cease to function correctly with approxi-
mately 1 km of cable.
There are two main reasons why 14 dB (hence 350 meters spacing) is chosen.
1. An easily managed field strength, along the 350 meters of

cable can be achieved.
2. The gain of the amplifiers, which has to be 14dB can be

achieved without creating instability.
When a system is being designed, it is important that all of the losses are pre-
determined and compensated for. The specifications provided by the radio and re-
peater manufacturers will determine the overall required system levels to allow for
reliable communications.
The Line Amplifiers are bi-directional, that is they receive signal in one direction and
transmit in the other. The transmit path amplifies signals coming from the Headend
and travelling to the extremities of the cable network. The receive path amplifies sig-
nals coming from the extremities of the mine and heading towards the Headend.
Transmit & Receive Path

In each direction or path, there is a low
noise amplifier circuit, the only difference
between the circuits is the tuning.
In the transmit path the amplifier is tuned

to the transmit band (148- 158
MHz), this tuned amplifier will return the
signal to its level prior to entering the
leaky feeder cable.
In the receive path the amplifier is tuned to

the receive band (170- 180 MHz), this will
result in the signal being amplified to the
same level as that which it entered the cable.
Amplifiers in the transmit path carry the transmitter signal which always starts at the
correct level. The Headend modules will ensure this level is always maintained. This
level is returned to its original level at every amplifier by the automatic gain control
circuit (AGC). The AGC circuit will modify the level of amplification when signal
strength varies.
In the receive path the signal is received into the Leaky Feeder cable at various lev-
els. This occurs because the actual signal is coming from a mobile or portable radio
which could be located next to the cable or
even 50 meters from the cable. The rela-
tively low signal strength will not allow the
AGC to operate correctly. For this reason
a pilot signal is injected in the receive path
from the last amplifier in the chain.
The pilot tone is at a preset strength, this

allows all amplifiers AGC circuits to auto-
matically set the correct amplification level.
By achieving this the build up of noise is
prevented and the low signal will not be
“swamped”.
At each cable entry point to the Line Amplifier, a hybrid splitter transformer is in-
stalled. The hybrid transformer has a nominal 3 dB loss in the signal paths and has
at least, a loss greater than 20 dB from output to input of each amplifier. The com-
bination of the 20 dB isolation and some frequency selectivity ensures stable opera-
tion.
Specifications of Line Amplifier Units
Transmit Path Band 146 to 158 MHz

Receive Path Band 170 to 250 MHz
Amplifier Gain 22dB nom.

Gain Adjustment AGC
Amplifier Type Class A Linear
AGC Range 30dB
Construction Surface Mount PCB in sealed metal case
Input / Output Impedance 75 Ohms
Operating Voltage 9 to 32 Volts DC

Power Consumption 3.8 Watts
Power Input Regulator Switched Mode
Recommended
350 Meters
Separation of amplifiers
RF Output set (Transmit Path) 0 dBm

RF Output Set (Receive Path) -1 dBm
RF Input Level (Transmit Path) -22dBm Nom.
RF Input Level (Receive Path) -23dBm Nom.
Line Branch Units

The Line Branch unit allows for the Leaky Feeder cable network to branch or split in
to new areas. For example, the main leaky
Feeder cable will typically run in either the
decline or the shaft. Branches will be re-
quired to extend coverage into working
stopes or levels.
The Branch Units is a passive device

which provides connections without im-
pedance mismatch. This is important as
the less signal lost when branching the
better the result. When a branch unit is
installed the power will be split between
the two branches equally, hence a mini-
mum loss of 3dB will be experienced.
(3dB equates to half power)
The attenuation in the VDV Line Branch

Units occurs at two levels, in the main line
it is 3.5 dB and to the branch it is 3.5 dB.
Due to the natural losses occurred when

branching , it is important that these
losses are compensated for in the system
design. As a rule of thumb, for each
branch unit the normal 350 metre Leaky
Feeder cable run should be reduced by
about 85 meters.
This figure is reached as follows:
25m of Cable = 1 dB loss or 14dB per 350 meters

Branch Unit = 3.5 dB loss (approx.)
Therefore 3 dB = 87.5 metres of cable
This shows that a branch unit has the loss equivalent to 87.5 metres of Leaky
Feeder cable.
This should be considered when designing a system as it will have a detrimental ef-
fect on the RF level throughout the mine.
As an example, should a Branch be installed directly after a line Amplifier, then the
maximum recommended distance from the branch to the next Line Amplifier should
be 260 meters from the Branch.
We come to this conclusion as follows:
Maximum Recommended Distance between Amplifiers is 350 meters:
Less 80 meters ( 87 to be exact but for practical

purposes 800 is sufficient ) for the loss of the branch,
equals 260 meters till the next Line Amplifier.
The Line Branch Unit also has links on the

PCB to allow for the option of a 3 way
split if required (1 in 3 out ). These links
MUST be set correctly for minimum RF
loss.
Specifications of Line Branch Units
Transmit Path Band 146 to 158 MHz

Receive Path Band 170 to 195 MHz
Construction Surface Mount PCB in sealed metal case
Input / Output Impedance 75 Ohms
Main Line Loss 3.5dB (nom)

Branch Line Loss 3.5 dB (nom)
Options 3 Way via Links
Dimensions 130mm x 90mm x 60mm
Pilot Tone Generators

In the receive path, that is, when signals are travelling from radios located under-
ground up to the Headend unit, the level of the signal can vary greatly.
In the section on Leaky feeder cable it was highlighted that a coupling loss of 60dB
occurs at just 6 metres from the cable, combined with the attenuation loss of 14dB
per 350m length of leaky Feeder cable, it can be clearly seen that the receive path
deals with very low signals strengths.
The result is that the line amplifiers will operate without AGC at full gain. With four or
more amplifiers operating in this way the residual noise will build up to a point where
it will begin to desensitise the headend receivers. To avoid this a pilot signal is intro-
duced to ensure that the gain of each amplifier adjusts to compensate for feeder
loss only.
The VDV Pilot Generator is a

small printed circuit board which
can be plugged into a standard
VDV Line Amplifier. The
“daughterboard” will fit neatly
into the Line Amplifier enclosure.
The Pilot Generator, as its name

suggests, generates a RF Signal
or frequency which is injected
into the receive path amplifier. The Pilot
Tone Generators are only installed at the
last amplifier in the main line or branch
lines.
The level of the Pilot Generator is pre-set to ensure

Pilot Tone PCB Mount that the AGC of the Line Amplifiers is set for a gain
Post.
equal to the feeder loss. If the radio signal
is strong enough the AGC circuit in the
Line Amplifiers will wind down the gain,
however if the signal is low the pilot tone
generator will ensure correct amplification.
To prevent different Pilot Genera-

tors effecting other parts of the network,
the main branch generator frequency is
different from the main line frequency. The
branch frequencies are filtered by a
branch unit in the main line and are at-
tenuated, this prevents the branch pilot
frequency from entering the main line
Pilot Tone PCB
Header Pins.
and placing unnecessary loading on the
main system.
The Pilot Tone PCB may be installed, re-

versed (ie Upside Down). This will generate
a Pilot Tone RF Reference signal for
Downlink operation of the Pilot.
To operate a downlink Pilot Tone, the Pilot

Tone PCB needs to be installed on the Line
Amplifier Pilot Tone Header Pins in such a
way that the PCB Mount Post is aligned with
the PCB Hole marked with “DLP” (Down Link Pilot). This is opposed to normal op-
eration where the Pilot Tone PCB is aligned with the ULP (Uplink Pilot).
ATTENTION: The Line Amplifiers utilising the Pilot Tone RF reference (whether it
be Up Link or Down Link must have the appropriate setting of the Pilot Jumper
(ULP / DLP).
NOTE: A Down Link Pilot may also be generated from a Line Splitter Combiner if
the appropriate internal Jumper is selected.
Always inspect the DLP / ULP Jumper when

installing the Line Amplifier to ensure cor-
rect setting.
Specifications of Pilot Generators
CHAIN PILOT GENERATOR

Operating Frequency Programmable
Current Drain (nom) 20mA @ 9VDC
Carrier Level Rx Port -2dBm max.
VDV Diagnostic System 35
VDV DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM

The Amplifier Diagnostics Headend Interface application provides seamless remote
monitoring of Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier system.
Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier’s transmit data packets on an RF channel from the field
to the diagnostics receiver located in the base station. The Diagnostic Headend is
basically an RF receiver, demodulator and decoder.
ATTENTION: Care should be taken to document the locations of Diagnostic Line

Amplifiers & Their respective ID Numbers. Failure to do so may result in data col-
lected being misleading.
Whereas the diagnostic headend had previously decoded, buffered, registered and
displayed the information from the amplifiers in the field, the information when de-
coded is now relayed over a serial communications link directly into the PC based
Diagnostic Server Application.
This action negates any amplifier data being registered in the Diagnostic Headend,
where it could be lost or corrupted due to RF interference or transient actions.
DIAGNOSTIC HEADEND - RECEIVER

Equipment Required
1. Diagnostic Program for Channel assignment.
AmpConfig.exe
2. Infinity Amplifier Programming Cable

Infinity Amplifier Programming Cable.zip
3. Spectrum analyzer capable of RF Tracking Generator Mode
4. RF Lead (Special) J6 Analyzer interface

Dsc00074.zip
5. Non metallic tuning screwdriver (straight/small)
The receiver within the diagnostic headend is frequency agile and can be repro-
grammed to suit the amplifier configuration and system spectrum requirements. The
system will run between 168 – 220 MHz. although it is important to consider the
gain and system inter-modulation requirements when allocating this frequency.
The Interface as shipped is program default to 182.00 MHz. and this is considered
universally acceptable unless the particular system has an inter-modulation clash on
this channel or an external frequency clash with a surface bearer or similar interfer-
ence.
Programming the Infinity Diagnostic Interface
RF Frequency.
1. Load “AmpConfig.exe” software.
2. Utilizing Programming Cable interrogate communications

from headend and PC.
3. Select Carrier Frequency and enter into field.
4. Verify programming.
The receiver section of the Diagnostic Interface is terminated from the VDV
Headend via a single TNC connector located on the rear of the Panel. The pre-
selector and amplifier output filter are adjusted according to the band pass required
for the particular choice of channel.
These filters are reasonably broad and will require tuning only if the centre fre-
quency is moved +/- 1 to 2 MHz. When adjusting the filters a specially made coaxial
pickoff lead will be required to source the output RF from J6.
Utilizing the Tracking Generator Mode, inject the known RF channel via the TNC lo-
cated on the rear panel and tune C1, C4, C13 and C23 to obtain the best band-pass
results and waveform possible. The gain from port to port through Q1 (GALL 1 S66)
should be approx 8 dB.
This manual is to be read in conjunction with the Amplifier Diagnostics Server Guide
for a better understanding of the end user operational parameters of the package.
This manual also assumes familiarity with the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Ampli-
fier System. Please refer to the manual on the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Am-
plifier System for detailed information on Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier systems.
The VDV Diagnostics system is designed to supervise the amplifiers in a VDV

Leaky Feeder system.
The Diagnostic Control Unit is installed with the VDV Head End Units. The Diagnos-
tic System operates with no polling, that is, all amplifiers report periodically
(dependant on individual programming). Therefore critical Line Amplifiers would be
programmed to report more frequently than less important amplifiers. The outsta-
tions or Line Amplifiers are pre-programmed prior to installation with ID Number, Di-
agnostic transmission frequency & Reporting Frequency.
DIAGNOSTIC SERVER - SOFTWARE INTERFACE

The Amplifier Diagnostics Server application provides remote monitoring of Mine
Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier system.
Infinity Diagnostic Amplifiers transmit data packets on an RF channel from the field
to a Diag-
nostics
Re- ceiver
located in
the base
station.
These
data packets
are then re-
layed over a serial communications link to the Amplifier Diagnostics Server applica-
tion.
Installation
Before installing the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application on your PC, you must
first have installed Microsoft’s .NET Framework 1.1 Redistributable. The .NET
Framework 1.1 Redistributable is a component of the Microsoft Windows operating
system used to run Windows based applications. For instructions on installing and
obtaining setup files open your web browser and enter the following web address:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/downloads/framework1_1/
After installing Microsoft’s .NET Framework 1.1 Redistributable, you will need to
copy the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application files from the MST CD to your PC.
To do this follow the instructions below:
1. Insert the MST CD into your PC and open it up in Windows Explorer.

2. Select the Amplifier Diagnostics Server 3_0b – English folder on the MST CD
and select Edit|Copy from the menu.
3. Open up Windows Explorer and select the C drive on your computer then select
Edit|Paste from the menu.
4. Close both Windows Explorer applications and go the Windows Desktop.
5. Right click on the Windows Desktop and select New|Shortcut.
6. Select the Browse button and find the Amplifier Diagnostics Server file in the
Amplifier Diagnostics Server 3_0b – English folder previously created then select
OK.
Select the Finish button to complete installation.
To start the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application, go the Windows Desktop and
double click on the following icon:
Operation
System Components
The Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier system consists of several
components.
The first component is the System node. Only one System node is present in the
Amplifier Diagnostics Server application. A picture of a mine head frame denotes it.
There is no physical System node in the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic
Amplifier system and as such is only used here to contain all other components.
Figure 2: System Node
The next component is the Base Station node. Several Base Stations can be pre-
sent in the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application. A picture of a Base Station de-
notes it. Each physical Base Station contains a Mine Site Technologies Diagnostics
Receiver that receives information from the Infinity Diagnostic Amplifiers then relays
that information to the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application.
Figure 3: Base Station Node
The next component is the Branch node. For every Base Station there exists four
Branch nodes. A picture of a Brach denotes it.
Figure 4: Branch Node
The final component is the Amplifier node. For every Base Station there can be up
to 255 amplifiers. A picture of an Amplifier denotes it.
Figure 5: Amplifier Node
Main Application Window
Once you have started the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application, you will see a
menu bar at the top to the application window.
Figure 6: Menu Bar
To exit the application select File|Exit from the menu bar.
To check the version of the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application select

Help|About from the menu bar.
The Amplifier Diagnostics Server application is divided into two sections. The first is
the information view while the second is the layout view.
The information view displays information on the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Di-
agnostic Amplifier systems individual components.
The layout view displays the layout of the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic
Amplifier system.
Figure 8: Layout View
To expand the layout view select Tools|Expand Tree from the menu bar. Expanding
the tree on the layout view results in the layout view displaying all the base stations,
branches and amplifiers in the system.
To collapse the layout view select Tools|Collapse Tree from the menu bar. Collaps-
ing the tree on the layout view results in the layout view displaying only the system.
To add a system component select Tools|Add from the menu bar. You can alterna-
tively add a system component by clicking on the Add button at the top of the infor-
mation view. The Amplifier Diagnostics Server application will automatically add the
correct system component to the layout view based the current system component
selected in the layout view. Only Base Station and Amplifier nodes are added to the
layout view reflecting the design strategies of the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Di-
agnostic Amplifier system. Base Station nodes can only be added to System nodes
while Amplifier nodes can only be added to Branch nodes and other Amplifier
nodes. Multiple Amplifier nodes can be added to a Branch or Amplifier node simu-
lating branch design strategies of the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Am-
plifier system.
To update a system component select Tools|Update from the menu bar. You can
alternatively update a system component by clicking on the Update button at the top
of the information view. The update saves changes made to the information view.
Selecting another system component in the layout view will abort any changes.
To move a system component select Tools|Move from the menu bar. You can
alternatively move a system component by clicking on the Move button at the top of
the information view. The move allows the current system component selected in
the layout view along with any child nodes to be relocated to another parent node.
After the move is selected a confirmation of the move will need to be accepted
along with the selection of a new parent node in the layout view. Only Amplifier
nodes can be moved in the layout view. The only valid parent nodes can be Branch
or other Amplifier nodes.
To delete a system component select Tools|Update from the menu bar. You can
alternatively delete a system component by clicking on the Delete button at the top
of the information view. The current system component selected in the layout view
will be deleted. If any child system components exist for the current system compo-
nent a confirmation of deletion will need to be accepted. Only Base Station and
Amplifier nodes can be deleted.
Information View
As mentioned previously the information view displays information on the Mine Site
Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier systems individual components. The cur-
rent system component selected in the layout view determines the type of informa-
tion view displayed.
Text displayed in blue in the information view denotes user modifiable information.
Changes to any user modifiable information must be updated to save changes.
The first type of information view is the System node information view. Only two
user modifiable information text boxes are displayed. The Name information text
box provides a familiar name to be given to the System node that will be displayed
in the layout view. The Description information text box allows for a more detailed
description of the System node.
The next type of information view is the Base Station node information view. The
Name information text box provides a familiar name to be given to a Base Station
node that will be displayed in the layout view. The Description information text box
allows for a more detailed description of the Base Station node, such as its location.
A Serial Port drop down box allows the user to indicate which serial port a Mine Site
Technologies Diagnostics Receiver is serially wired to inside the Base Station. Se-
lecting an invalid serial port will result in a warning message being displayed.
Communications Status for the Base Station node is also displayed in the informa-
tion view. A Serial Port Fault radio button displays the status of the serial port. If
the serial port fails or is invalid the radio button will be checked and displayed in red.
The total number of valid Received Packets to the Amplifier Diagnostics Server ap-
plication is also displayed. When the Base Station node is updated and there are
changes to the user modifiable Serial Port the number of valid Received Packets to
the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application is reset.
The next type of information view is the Branch node information view. The Name
information text box provides a familiar name to be given to a Branch node that will
be displayed in the layout view. The Description information text box allows for a
more detailed description of the Branch node, such a direction of the Branch leaky
feeder cable into the field.
The final type of information view is the Amplifier node information view. The Name
information text box provides a familiar name to be given to an Amplifier node that
will be displayed in the layout view. The Description information text box allows for
a more detailed description of the Amplifier node, such as its location. A Mode drop
down box allows the user to indicate the mode the Amplifier node is. The available
options are Normal, Branch and Pilot. Detailed explanations of these modes are
discussed in the Understanding Amplifier Modes section of this manual. An ID drop
down box allows the user to indicate the amplifier ID assigned to the physical ampli-
fier located in the field. Unique IDs have been preprogrammed into the Amplifiers
by Mine Site Technologies technicians and are indicated on the enclosure of the
amplifier. It is important to note that no two similar amplifier IDs should be used on
the same Base Station.
Communications Status for the Amplifier node is also displayed in the information
view. The Time Last Received displays the number of minutes since a valid packet
was last received from the amplifier. If the Time Last Received becomes greater
than the Watchdog Timeout set in the alarm settings window, the number of minutes
will be displayed in red and the indicator light to the left of the amplifier symbol and
name in the layout view will display gray. The number of valid Received Packets to
the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application for the amplifier node is also displayed.
When the Amplifier node is updated and there are changes to the user modifiable
Mode or ID the number of valid Received Packets to the Amplifier Diagnostics
Server application for the amplifier node is reset.
Finally, Amplifier Status for the Amplifier node is displayed in the information view.
The displayed Line Voltage measured variable is the leaky feeder line voltage on
the amplifier. The displayed AGC Voltage measured variable is the automatic gain
control voltage on the amplifier. The displayed Board Voltage measured variable is
the board voltage on the amplifier. These three measured variables will be dis-
played in green when the value is acceptable, yellow when the value is in caution
and red when the value is in warning. Detailed explanations of these measured
variables are discussed in the Alarm Settings Window section of this manual. A Pi-
lot Enabled radio button displays the status of the pilot transmitter on the amplifier,
and will be checked when the amplifier is enabled to transmit a pilot signal. A Pilot
Fault radio button displays the status of the pilot signal strength on the amplifier,
and will be checked when the amplifier determines the pilot signal is too low. The
Pilot Fault radio button will be displayed in red when the amplifier mode is set to
normal and The Pilot Fault radio button is checked. Detailed explanation of the pilot
is discussed in the Understanding Amplifier Modes section of this manual.
Figure 12: Amplifier Node Information View
Alarm Settings Window
To open the alarm settings window select Tools|Alarm Settings from the menu bar.
The alarm settings window allows you to configure the alarm set points for various
measured variables on the Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier, as
well as configure how alarms propagate on the layout view and timeout on loss of
communications.
Each measured variable has a hihi, hi, lo and lolo alarm limit. When the measured
variable is between the hi and lo limit the measured variable is acceptable and value
displays in the information view will be green. When the measured variable is be-
tween the lo and lolo limit or between the hi and hihi limit the measured variable is
considered to be a caution and value displays in the information view will be yellow.
A caution indicates that a delayed response to rectify the fault can be taken as com-
munications may only slightly be reduced in the location. When the measured vari-
able is below the lolo limit or above the hihi limit the measured variable is consid-
ered to be a warning and value displays in the information view will be red. A warn-
ing indicates that immediate response to rectify the fault should be taken as commu-
nications is most likely intermittent if not absent in the location.
The Line Voltage measured variable is the leaky feeder line voltage on the Mine
Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier. The value should be between 12 to
36 volts for proper operation of the amplifier. Between 8 and 12 volts the amplifier
will continue to work properly, but a DC Booster should be considered for installa-
tion around the location. Adding a DC Booster will ensure adequate voltage is avail-
able to compensate for system shorts created in the system. Below 8 volts the am-
plifier will not be guaranteed to function correctly and immediate response to rectify
the fault should be taken.
The AGC Voltage measured variable is the automatic gain control voltage on the
Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier. The value can vary between
4.2 and 1.2 volts under normal mode of amplifier operation. This value reflects the
strength of the pilot signal being received by the amplifier. When an amplifier going
further out into the field is located too close behind the amplifier under examination,
the value for the AGC Voltage will be near 5 volts and communications will be dis-
torted. This is warning to move the amplifiers further apart. When an amplifier go-
ing further out into the field is located too far behind the amplifier under examination,
the value for the AGC Voltage will be near 0 volts and communications will be re-
duced. This is warning to move the amplifiers closer together. For branch and pilot
modes of operation the AGC Voltage is not important as no pilot will be received by
these amplifiers. The value displayed in these modes in the information view will
remain green. Detailed explanations of these modes are discussed in the Under-
standing Amplifier Modes section of this manual.
The Board Voltage measured variable is the board voltage on the Mine Site Tech-
nologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier. The value should be 5 volts for proper opera-
tion of the amplifier.
The Propagate Amplifier Alarms check box configures how alarms propagate on the
layout view. When a Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier is in alarm,
its alarm status is indicated on the layout view on the indicator light to the left of the
amplifier symbol and name. Having the Propagate Amplifier Alarms check box un-
checked affects only the indicator light for that amplifier. Having the Propagate Am-
plifier Alarms check box checked affects the indicator light for that amplifier and all
amplifiers, branch and base station back up to the system when in alarm. This fea-
ture provides a quick examination of the system when the layout view is collapsed.
If the system indicator light is green the status of the entire system is ok. If the sys-
tem indicator light is yellow an amplifier is in caution indicating that a delayed re-
sponse to rectify the fault can be taken. If the system indicator light is red an ampli-
fier is in warning indicating that an immediate response to rectify the fault should be
taken. Expanding the layout view will indicate the amplifier that is in alarm.
It should be noted that alarms have priority. If more than one alarm exists in a Mine
Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic system when the Propagate Amplifier Alarms
check box is checked, the red indicator light will take precedence over a yellow indi-
cator light.
The Watchdog Timeout sets the time in minutes that needs to elapse after a Mine
Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic Amplifier has called in before an alarm is cre-
ated that indicates loss of communications with that amplifier. A normal setting is
120 minutes which gives an amplifier several chances to communicate with the
Mine Site Technologies Diagnostics Receiver. When an amplifier has a Watchdog
Timeout alarm the indicator light to the left of the amplifier symbol and name in the
layout view displays gray.
When changes to the alarm settings window have been made, clicking the Accept
button saves the settings and they immediately take effect. Clicking the Cancel but-
ton aborts any changes to the settings.
Understanding Amplifier Modes
For the correct amplifier alarm status to be displayed for the AGC voltage measured
variable and for the Pilot Fault status a general understanding of amplifier modes is
required.
The Mine Site Technologies Infinity Diagnostic amplifier relies on a sample RF pilot
signal to establish the correct automatic gain control (AGC) signal inside the ampli-
fier to provide unity gain. Unity gain is the ability for a system to maintain signals at
the same strength throughout a system thus ensuring reliable communications.
Sample RF pilot signals are generated at the furthest amplifier locations from the
base station. For an amplifier to generate a sample RF pilot signal it must be en-
abled by a Mine Site Technologies technician and is visibly indicated on the enclo-
sure of the amplifier by an LED illuminated when power is applied to the amplifier.
When configuring these amplifiers in the Amplifier Diagnostics Server application
ensure that the mode is set to pilot. These amplifiers are referred to as pilot amplifi-
ers. AGC voltage measured variable and Pilot Fault status will not alarm in this
mode.
Amplifiers located between a pilot amplifier and base station are referred to as nor-
mal amplifiers. When configuring these amplifiers in the Amplifier Diagnostics
Server application ensure that the mode is set to normal. These amplifiers use the
sample RF pilot signals to provide unity gain. AGC voltage measured variable and
Pilot Fault status will alarm in this mode.
Amplifiers not located between a pilot amplifier and base station are referred to as
branch amplifiers. When configuring these amplifiers in the Amplifier Diagnostics
Server application ensure that the mode is set to branch. These amplifiers are situ-
ated on branches with 4 or less amplifiers. The use of no pilots on these amplifiers
reduces multiple pilots without reducing the reliability of communications. AGC volt-
age measured variable and Pilot Fault status will not alarm in this mode.
Diagnosing System Faults
The layout view displays the status of all system components using the indicator
lights to the left of every system component symbol and name, when the Propagate
Amplifier Alarms checkbox is unchecked under the Alarms Settings Window. When
the Propagate Amplifier Alarms check box is checked the indicator light for a system
component in alarm and all system components back up to the System node will
have the same or higher priority alarm.
When a system component is not in alarm the indicator lights to the left of the sys-
tem component symbol and name is green.
Figure 14: Amplifier Acceptable
When a system component is alarming caution the indicator lights to the left of the
system component symbol and name is yellow. A caution indicates that a delayed
response to rectify the fault can be taken as communications may only slightly be
reduced in the location.
Amplifier Caution
When a system component is alarming warning the indicator lights to the left of the
system component symbol and name is red. A warning indicates that immediate
response to rectify the fault should be taken as communications has is most likely
intermittent if not absent in the location.
Amplifier Warning
When a system component is alarming watchdog timeout the indicator lights to the
left of the system component symbol and name is gray. A watchdog timeout indi-
cates that immediate response to rectify the fault should be taken as communica-
tions has is most likely intermittent if not absent in the location.
Amplifier Watchdog Timeout
It is important to note that for underground communications systems most problems

originate from damaged leaky feeder cable rather than from the failure of compo-
nents. The following examples demonstrate recognition for two of the most com-
mon problems.
The following figure shows that in this system we have a caution AGC Voltage
alarm originating from amplifier named “100 Level”. The problem here is a slight in-
crease in loss through the leaky feeder between amplifiers named “100 Level” and
“200 Level” has occurred. This could be due to leaky feeder being damaged
through impact or insertion of a component such as a branch without proper loss
calculations being performed. As such a caution indicates that a delayed response
to rectify the fault can be taken as communications may only slightly be reduced in
the location. Replacement of the leaky feeder cable or removal of inserted compo-
nent would be recommended.
Amplifier Diagnostics Server View 1
The following figure shows that in this system we have a warning Line Voltage
alarm originating from amplifier named “150 Level Refuge Station” and a Watchdog
Timeout alarm originating from amplifier named “150 Level Shaft Station”. The
problem here is a loss of voltage around amplifier named “150 Level Refuge Sta-
tion”. This could be due to the leaky feeder being damaged through shorting or fail-
ure of a DC Booster. As such a warning indicates that immediate response to rec-
tify the fault should be taken as communications is most likely intermittent if not ab-
sent in the location. Removal of the short or replacement of DC Booster would be
recommended.
Figure 19: Amplifier Diagnostics Server View 2
Hardware Requirements
PC Requirements
The Amplifier Diagnostics Server application requires the minimum PC requirements:
• PC with 300 megahertz or higher processor clock speed recommended; 233 MHz minimum
required (single or dual processor system);* Intel Pentium/Celeron family, or AMD K6/Athlon/
Duron family, or compatible processor recommended
• 128 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended (64 MB minimum supported; may limit
performance and some features)
• 500 kilobytes (KB) of available hard disk space
• Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution video adapter and monitor
• CD-ROM
• Keyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device
• Serial Communications Port
• Operating System - Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows XP
or Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 requires Service Pack 6a. Important: Make sure you have
the latest service pack and critical updates for the version of Windows that you are running.
• Microsoft’s .NET Framework 1.1 Redistributable
Diagnostics Receiver Requirements
Installation of a VDV System 54
INSTALLATION OF A VDV SYSTEM
System Design
Prior to installing a VDV Leaky Feeder System, Mine Site Technologies or its ap-
pointed agents will usually conduct a site visit. The purpose of this visit is to fully in-
vestigate the customers requirements for the following:
· Signal coverage, both underground and surface.

· Headend positioning.
· Channel capacity.
· Future expansion.
· Radio requirements.
· Installation equipment requirements.
· Additional options such as telephone interconnect.
The information supplied by the customer allows the VDV system to be customised
for the application. After the site visit, a thorough proposal can be prepared and sub-
mitted.
The proposal will include all necessary items to complete the installation, training
and commissioning of the VDV system. An explanation of the proposed system is
included, this allows the customer to confirm the proposal meets their individual re-
quirements.
Pre Installation Inspection

Depending on the overall VDV system size, the number of individual components
which comprise the system can be large. It is important that components are com-
pared to a Bill of Materials to ensure all items are available.
During the inspection items should also be checked carefully to ensure that they
have not been subjected to damage. The main component to check is the Leaky
Feeder cable. As detailed previously, the impedance characteristics of the cable will
change if it is damaged. This impedance change will affect the signal performance.
If any cable is found to be damaged, the relevant section should not be utilised in
the installation.
Headend Installation
The Headend can be installed within a matter of hours, in most situations. Typically,
the higher the number of channels the longer the task will take. Similarly, if options
such as the telephone interconnect are utilised then installation time will be in-
creased.
The Headend enclosure is a professionally engineered 19" rack enclosure. The en-
closure is typically rated for either IP55 or IP54. The rating is determined by the op-
tion of either solid steel doors or glass doors, the glass doors are IP54. The benefit
of glass doors is that the equipment can be easily inspected without the need to
open the enclosure. In harsh environments the solid steel doors should be utilised.
Power is required to the Headend equipment and the outlet should be located be-
hind the proposed Headend enclosure position. It is also important that both the rear
and front doors of the enclosure are easily accessible. During installation most of
the work will be carried out through the rear door.
Module Positioning
The suggested order of components or modules in the 19" rack is as follows, start-
ing from the base and working up:
1. Backup batteries.
2. Power distribution panel.
3. VDV battery power pack
4. VDV power supply
5. VDV Line Combiner
6. VDV Tx/Rx Splitter Combiner
7. VHF Repeaters
If a fan module is required in the enclosure it should be mounted between the re-
peaters and the splitter combiner module.
Line Termination Units

Coaxial cables must be properly terminated to ensure that the characteristic imped-
ance is maintained and also to prevent water ingress or damage. Cables that are
not properly terminated will effect the impedance of the particular length of cable
and therefore will effect performance o of the system in this area.
The normal Leaky Feeder cable has a characteristic impedance of 75 Ohms and
therefore the termination loads should be matched to this.
The VDV termination loads are also proprietary and directly connect to our standard
line connector. This has the added benefit that when the mine is ready to extend the
leaky feeder cables, the termination unit is merely disconnected and amplifier can
be quickly installed.
The termination unit functions by preventing the signal from being reflected back up
the Leaky Feeder cable. This occurs when an impedance has not been matched
correctly. The result of reflection is a loss of power and signal clarity. The termina-
tion unit has at least a 20dB return loss.
Interconnection cables
The cable tails and power couplers are provided at a given length of 550 mm, each
cable is labelled as either Transmitter or Receiver. These cables should be neatly
loomed between the repeater transceivers and the appropriate combiner Tx/Rx
Splitter Combiner ports. In large systems, the standard 550mm cables may need to
be replaced with customised connections.
Interconnection cables are also supplied for connection between the Tx/Rx Splitter
Combiner module and the 16 Channel Line Combiner. The cables should be la-
belled for future reference.
Power should not be applied to any module until the distribution network or cables
have been connected. This will ensure that all the correct loads or terminations have
been completed as specified.
Depending on the number of channels, hence repeaters in the system, it may be

necessary to utilise dummy loads. The Tx/Rx Splitter Combiner should have 50
Ohm low signal loads placed on any unused receiver ports. The Tx/Rx Splitter Com-
biner will split the incoming Leaky Feeder signal into eight (8) lines, hence if they
are not terminated correctly an imbalance will occur.
Similarly, if the overall VDV system is limited to less than 8 channels, the spare I/O
port from the Tx/Rx Splitter Combiner should be terminated with a 50 Ohm load.
The front panel of the 16 Channel Line Combiner has four (4) ports for the connec-
tion of the Leaky Feeder cable or distribution network. Any unused port must be ter-
minated with a low signal 75 Ohm load. It is important not too connect any power
supply to these ports.
Surface Communications
The ability to link the underground VDV system with the surface is a standard fea-
ture of the VDV system. A number of configurations are available which will allow
the mine to achieve any potential objectives.
The customer can select which channels of the underground VDV system will be
available on the surface. It is possible to select all channels or only one or two.
The Tx/Rx Splitter Combiner module has eight (8) high power transmit output ports.
The ports are located on the back panel of the module and will supply 10 watts of
RF power. Located adjacent to the I/O ports is a single multi-coupled receiver port.
The transmitter ports, or channels, that are to be utilised on the surface can be com-
bined using conventional RF combiner equipment, the receiver port needs only to
be connected to a single antenna. T pass filters and duplexers can be mounted in
the Headend enclosure if required. The 12 VDC power supply for the repeaters can
be utilised to power the surface multi-coupling equipment.
Any ports, or channels which are not connected to the surface antenna system need
to be terminated with high power 50 Ohm dummy loads. As above, this is to ensure
the system remains balanced and therefore fully functional.
Telephone Interconnect
If a telephone interconnect module is to be utilised then this should be installed be-
low the repeater racks and powered via the nearest available 12 VDC power supply.
The telephone interconnect module is supplied with all necessary interconnecting

cables. The module is connected to the appropriate repeater rack frame.
Full details can be found in the telephone interconnect manual.
Installation of Distribution Network

Before commencing the installation of the distribution network, it is imperative that
the system layout plan is studied carefully. All locations where a component such as
a Line Amplifier or Branch Unit is to be installed, should be checked to identify the
best mounting position.
It is important to remember at this time, that the selected mounting locations should
ensure any future need to access the components can be achieved without disrupt-
ing mine traffic.
Installing the Leaky Feeder cable

The Leaky Feeder cable will perform differently if it is damaged or bent in sharply.
Therefore, care must be taken when installing the cable to minimise any stress
placed on the cable and to eliminate any potential sharp corners or bends.
By achieving a neat, well laid out cable run the signal performance will be to specifi-
cation and this will ensure proper signal radiation and coverage.
The cable can be supported from the backs in a number of ways:
1. CAB cable hangers

2. Cable ties
3. Catenary wire
The best installation procedure is a combination of the above, this ensures the cable
is not stressed in any way. To minimise the risks of mine equipment damaging the
cable it must be positioned as high up the backs as feasible, the cable should not be
allowed to hang in any way.
When removing the cable from the drum, at least two (2) people should be involved
to ensure the cable runs freely and is not caught and damaged. The last 15 metres
of cable on the drum should be checked very carefully for damage or deformities.
Do not utilise suspect cable.
The Leaky Feeder cable should not be cut short or stressed, it is important to leave
enough cable to make the connection simple. As a rule of thumb, leave approxi-
mately 750mm of cable. This should also be done when starting a new reel or sec-
tion
Installing the Line Connectors

The proprietary Line Connectors ensure that impedances in the VDV system remain
matched, thus ensuring superior performance. The connectors when properly termi-
nated form a waterproof seal, hence it is important to ensure the connection is made
correctly.
The diagram (below) shows stripping lengths for the Leaky Feeder Cable
(proprietary cable supplied by Mine Site Technologies).
The cable needs to be prepared with suitable tools for the job. Cable cutting shears
are required to clean cut the end of the cable minimising distortion of the cable. Us-
ing a cable cutting blade, cut through the cable to the centre conductor 14mm from
the cable end (do not score the conductor). Using a cable sheath cutting tool, cut
the yellow sheath and lower black sheath 25mm from cable end and deep enough
so it is just scoring the plastic wrap over the copper grounding braid. Remove
sheaths, excess dielectric and excess copper braiding conductors. Make sure the
remaining copper braiding is flat on the dielectric!
Remove the partially assembled line connector from its box and unscrew section
“A” (cable clamping assembly) from the rest of the assembly. Insert the pre-
prepared cable into the rear of section “A” guiding the ground braid into the Collet
(tulip) of the connector. As the cable is forced into the collet, the collet will be
pushed towards the front of the connector. The collet needs to be forced to the back
of the assembly and the centre conductor should be around 2.5 to 3mm inside the
front of the assembly.
D C B A
Sections B, C, & D are on the one assembly referred to as the “Centre Pin Clamping
Assembly”. This assembly is designed to be able to tighten the cable clamp without
twisting the cable.
Assemble the two sections and tighten the assembly by holding nut “A” and tighten-
ing via nut “B”. Inspect the assembly by checking that you can sight that the “O” ring
is sealing around the yellow outer sheath at the rear of the cable clamp assembly. If
the black sheath is exposed, then the cable was not located deep enough into the
collet and needs to be re-terminated!
Nut “D” is used to tighten/ screw the signal pin into the CATV enclosure. Once the
signal pin nut is firmly screwed in – the assembly can be locked by turning locking
nut “C” up against nut “D”.
Note: There is no need to over tighten any of these nuts – precision threads are
used and once the surfaces meet only a few degrees of extra turn is required to
adequately lock-up the assembly!
Complete details of the correct installation are provided during the training phase of
system installation.
Installing the Line Amplifiers, Branch Units & Loads

The Line Amplifiers and Branch units can be connected immediately after installing
the cable and the Line connectors. The Line connectors are designed to be inserted
in the CATV enclosures and then firmly tightened to ensure waterproof integrity.
The four (4) bolts which hold the top cover of the Amplifiers and Branch units should
be loosened, they do not need to be fully removed. The top cover will easily pull
away from the main housing. Take care with the top cover as the main circuit board
is connected to it.
It is important to ensure that the Leaky Feeder cable will be installed in the right ter-
minal, this can be clearly seen on the sticker/label. The direction of the Headend will
be shown. This will ensure the receive path and the transmit path of the modules
are always going the correct way.
The Line Connectors can be inserted in to the main housing and then firmly tight-
ened. It is necessary to remove the spare bungs to gain access to the screw termi-
nals. Once the terminals are tightened on to the Line Connector the spare bungs
can be screwed back on to the main housing.
The top cover containing the circuit board can be repositioned and the supporting
bolts tightened. Once the enclosure has been installed correctly, the catenary clip
on the back of the main housing can be utilised to hold the module in a safe posi-
tion.
The termination loads should be screwed into the Line Connectors at the end of
each cable run. This will ensure a balanced system is maintained.
Fault Finding the VDV System 64
DETECTION OF MINOR FAULTS

Detection of minor faults will generally be as a result of feedback from users on the
surface or underground.
The most common fault will either be, complete loss of signal in a certain area of the
mine , complete loss of signal underground, poor signal in a certain area, loss of
surface coverage or a combination of all the above.
The most common fault with underground communications systems is cable dam-
age. This will result from contact with the cable or uncontrolled blasting. If the cable
is severed in some point of the mine, the RF will not be able to pass this point and
communications will become weak to the point it will cease to exist.
To locate severed cable simply key one of the headend transmitters on continuously
and travel down the line until you reach a point where the signal appears to weaken
and visually inspect the area within a 100 metre radius of the point. (remember that
the cable carries the DC voltage therefore if the DC voltage does not appear on the
cable then the cable must be open circuit on the up stream.
If the complete system is “dead” underground, inspect the headend. The voltage
and the current supplied to each leg of the system is able to be read on the front
panel meters. The current drain on each leg at commissioning will be posted on the
commissioning report located in the document holders placed on the rear panel
door.
Should the signal simply appear to “dip” at a point, it is possible that an active ampli-
fier has failed and by changing the amplifier in the up stream, this problem should
be rectified. Always check for DC voltage at this point. (30 - 10 VDC)
Surface coverage is supplied by the same repeaters as the underground distribution
system. If the underground operation is normal but the surface coverage has been
degraded then there may be a problem with the antenna system
Check the VSWR of the antenna system utilising the through line meter. The com-
missioning results for this reading will be in the document holder.
The surface antenna system involves a mast head amplifier for the improvement of
the surface receivers. Check that the power supply for this unit is operational. Manu-
als for this will be in the master documents.
DETECTION OF HEADEND FAULTS

The headend is the nucleus of the entire system, and as such all fault finding should
begin here. There are an array of indicators on the headend to assist with early de-
tection of faults.
The distribution interface has a voltage and current display on the front panel of the
underground distribution system module. This meter will indicate the power supply
voltage and current being delivered on each distribution port. If the port is simply ter-
minated with a load and not supplying any active devices the voltage will read full
scale and the current will be nil.
The voltage supplied to all ports under normal working conditions will be 28VDC,
and the current supply will be determined by the amount of active devices on the
particular line. Obviously the more devices will mean a greater current drain.
The readings taken during the commissioning stage will be posted in the commis-
sioning report and a copy will be available from the document holder within the as-
sociated cabinet.
Any noticeable variation to these readings will be subject to either system expansion
or layout, (and this should be documented on completion) or a fault condition.
As a rule of thumb a decrease in the current drain will indicate that the line is open
circuit and that the cable has not shorted together. This generally means that a
clean break in the cable has occurred. If the decrease has been substantial this is
an indication that the break is close to the headend. On the other hand if the de-
crease in current drain has been minimal then the fault is at the end or near the end
of that particular line.
Should the amperage indicate full scale, this would indicate that there is a short cir-
cuit on the line and that full voltage is not available ie high current, power supply
folds back voltage. If this occurs then that leg or line will require some isolation.
Travel to a convenient part to inspect an amplifier or line unit and break the line.
If the voltage remains low at this point then the fault must be toward the headend. If
the voltage returns to normal then the fault will be down stream or deeper into the
mine.
Tools that would be required to check this part of the system would be a DC meter,
10mm tube spanner and splice kits for the cable.
Should all be normal at the leaky feeder distribution, then there may be a faulty re-
peater or repeaters. These repeaters are equipped with LED indicators to show their
particular status. You will need to refer to the RF Technologies manual for the par-
ticular fault codes.
RELOCATION OF CHANNEL MODULE

If through this a repeater is diagnosed as faulty, a spare or less significant channel
module can be placed in the slot. There is no need to reprogram the unit as it will
read the rack position and assume this frequency.
To relocate the module you will require a screwdriver to release the locking latch,
remove the coaxial feeder from the rear of the module, relocate the coaxial lead and
secure the latch. One thing to note is that the repeaters will always indicate low
power as they have been backed off to comply with mine regulations. They are set
to 10 watts. If you suspect the power is lower than this check with the VSWR meter.
TERMINATION OF CONNECTORS AND CABLE RE-

PAIRS
TERMINATION OF TRILOGY ½” CABLE

Equipment Required:
Cablecon Connector MC2M (male)
Cablecon Connector MC2F (female)
Coring Tool MC2CT
Cable Pipe Cutters MC2PC
12mm Socket
TERMINATION OF BICC RADIATING CABLE

Equipment Required:
Cablecon Connector 08MM-5/8MU-412
12mm Socket
TERMINATION OF RXL-5 CABLE

Equipment Required:
Andrews Connector L45W (male)
Andrews Connector L45N (female)
R23 Self Amalgamating tape (1 roll)
INS-BK Black Insulation Tape.
System Commissioning 68
COMMISSIONING
DC SUPPLY VOLTAGE
Purpose: To confirm that the DC supply to the radio is adequate to achieve specified and/
or rated performance.
Conditions: Maximum load should be applied to the power supply i.e. all connected devices
should be activated to establish minimum DC supply voltage conditions.
Test Equip.: DC voltmeter
Comment: [1] DC voltage supply to be measured at the input to the DUT (i.e. radio trans-
ceiver).[2] DC voltage supply to be measured for each transceiver.[3]
In a standby DC system is provided DC voltage supply to be measured
for each transceiver.
Procedure: a) Activate all devices connected to the power supply for the DUT in a
suitable manner to maximise power consumption.b) Measure the
DC supply voltage to the DUT as close as is practicable to the DUT
power supply interface.c) If a standby DC system is provided
disconnect the primary ac supply and repeat tests (a) and (b).1) Imme-
diately after AC deactivation2) After 25% of the DC power reserve
capacity time has elapsed.
Expected Re- With AC active the measured voltage should be not less than 95% of the rated
sult: supply voltage (e.g. 95% of 13.6 V) where the rated supply voltage is the nomi-
nal voltage at the output terminal of the power supply.
Immediately after AC deactivation the measured voltage should be not less than
90% of the rated supply voltage.
After 25% of the reserve time has elapsed the measured voltage should be not
less than 85% of the rated supply voltage.
TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY ERROR
Purpose: To verify that the equipment operating frequency is within acceptable tolerance,
as specified by AS 4295, of the assigned frequency.
Conditions: Measurement equipment accuracy shall be suitable to achieve a measurement

uncertainty < + 1x10-6.
Description: The frequency error of the transmitter is the difference between the measured
carrier frequency in the absence of modulation and the nominal frequency of the
transmitter.
Test Equip.: To be determined by the Contractor.
Comment: [1] Permitted frequency error is + 1for 12.5 kHz channel spacing or + 2for 25
kHz channel spacing.[2] Frequency error to be measured for each trans-
ceiver.
Procedure: a) The measurement instrument shall be connected to the “surface radio” port
of the directional coupler (see figure 1), which shall be terminated with a
test load.b) Activate the transmitter under test, at the assigned
channel, and measure the carrier frequency in the absence of modulation.
Expected Re- < + 1for 12.5channel spacing

sult:
TRANSMITTER CARRIER POWER
Purpose: To verify that the transmitter carrier power is within acceptable tolerance of the
specified power level.
Conditions: Measurement equipment accuracy shall provide a measurement uncertainty

< + 0.5 dB
Description: The transmitter carrier power (conducted) is the mean power delivered to the
artificial antenna during a radio frequency cycle, in the absence of modulation.
Test Equip.: To be determined by the Contractor. HP8920A Communications Analyser or

equivalent.
Comment: [1] Carrier power to be measured using the frequency applicable to the equip-
ment site/rack position. Power to be measured at normal operational set-
ting.
[2] Carrier power to be measured for each transceiver.
Procedure: a) The measurement instrument shall be connected to the “surface radio” port
of the directional coupler (see figure 1), which shall be terminated with a
test load.
b) Activate the transmitter under test, at the assigned channel, and measure
the carrier power in the absence of modulation.
Expected Re- (+44 dBm – coupler insertion loss - test cable insertion loss) + 1.0 dB
sult:
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY
Purpose: To verify that the sensitivity of the receiver meets system specifications.

uncertainty < + 3 dB
Description: The maximum usable sensitivity (conducted) of the receiver is the minimum
level of signal at the receiver input, at the nominal frequency of the receiver and
with normal test modulation, which will produce:
audio frequency output power of at least 50 % of the rated power output,
and
SINAD ratio of 12 dB, measured at the receiver output through a "C-

equivalent.
Comment: [1] Receiver sensitivity to be measured at the assigned operating frequency.

[2] Receiver sensitivity to be measured for each transceiver.
Procedure: a) The transceiver shall be operated in a mode whereby the transmitter is

inhibited from operation. A signal generator shall be connected to the re-
ceiver input port (see figure 2). The signal generator shall be at the nomi-
nal assigned operating frequency of the receiver and shall be modulated
with a 1 kHz tone to produce deviation of + 1.5 kHz and, if relevant, the
nominal assigned CTCSS tone to produce deviation of + 250 Hz.
b) The audio signal demodulated by the receiver shall be connected to a SI-
NAD meter at the appropriate VF output port.
c) The amplitude of the signal generator shall be adjusted until a SINAD ratio
of 12 dB is obtained.
d) The test signal input level under these conditions is the value of the meas-
ured maximum useable sensitivity. This level shall be recorded.
Expected Re- Better than –116 dBm.

sult:
TTR DEVIATION
Purpose: To verify that the modulation and demodulation alignment is satisfactory.

uncertainty < + 10% (5% for receive segment and 5% for transmit segment)
Description: The transceiver shall be operated in TTR mode.

A test signal shall be applied at the receiver input, at the nominal frequency of
the receiver and with normal test modulation. The resultant transmitter devia-
tion shall be measured.

equivalent
Comment: [1] TTR deviation to be measured for each transceiver.
Procedure: a) The transceiver shall be operated in TTR mode.

b) A signal generator shall be connected to the receiver input port. The sig-
nal generator shall be at the nominal assigned operating frequency of the
receiver and shall be modulated with a 1 kHz tone to produce deviation of
+ 1.5 kHz and, if relevant, the nominal assigned CTCSS tone to produce
deviation of + 250 Hz.
c) The transmitter frequency deviation shall be measured by means of a de-
viation meter capable of measuring the frequency deviation of the 1 kHz
tone while excluding the effects of CTCSS encoding. The deviation meter
shall be connected to the transmitter output port.
Expected Re- The transmitter frequency deviation should be between + 1.0 kHz and + 2.1 kHz
sult:
TRANSMIT FILTER COMBINER INSERTION LOSS
Purpose: To quantify the insertion loss of RF filters and combiners in the outbound trans-
mission paths.
Conditions: Measurement equipment accuracy shall provide a measurement uncertainty

< + 0.5 dB

equivalent.
Comment: [1] Transmitter carrier power shall be measured at the output (antenna port) of
the diplexer. The difference in dB between the measured carrier power
and the carrier power measured in 5.1.3 shall be the insertion loss.
[2] Carrier power to be measured using the frequency applicable to the equip-
ment site/rack position. Power to be measured at normal operational set-
ting.
[3] Carrier power to be measured for each transceiver.
Procedure: a) The measurement instrument shall be connected to the antenna port of the
diplexer (see figure 3), which shall be terminated with a test load.
b) Activate the transmitter under test, at the assigned channel, and measure
the carrier power in the absence of modulation
Expected Re- Provisional performance pending determination of equipment configuration and

sult: performance: Not greater than 5 dB.
RECEIVE PATH SENSITIVITY
Purpose: To verify that the sensitivity of the receive path including the receiver splitter
provides acceptable performance.

uncertainty < + 3 dB
Description: The receive path sensitivity is the minimum level of signal at the diplexer input,
at the nominal frequency of the receiver under test and with normal test modula-
tion, which will produce:
and
message" weighting network, and using de-emphasis

equivalent.
Comment: [1] Receive path sensitivity to be measured at the assigned operating fre-
quency.
[2] Receive path sensitivity should be measured at the lowest, highest and a
mid-range radio channel.
Procedure: a) The transceiver shall be operated in a mode whereby the transmitter is

inhibited from operation. A signal generator shall be connected to the an-
tenna port of the diplexer (see figure 4). The signal generator shall be at
the nominal assigned operating frequency of the receiver under test and
shall be modulated with a 1 kHz tone to produce deviation of + 1.5 kHz
and, if relevant, the nominal assigned CTCSS tone to produce deviation of
+ 250 Hz.
b) The audio signal demodulated by the receiver shall be connected to a SI-
NAD meter at the appropriate VF output port.
c) The amplitude of the signal generator shall be adjusted until a SINAD ratio
of 12 dB is obtained.
d) The test signal input level under these conditions is the value of the meas-
ured receive path sensitivity. This level shall be recorded.

sult: performance: Better than –113 dBm.
INTERMODULATION– Interference to Receivers
Purpose: To verify that intermodulation products that may be produced by the transmitters
do not cause interference to the receiver equipment at a level sufficient to open
the mute.
Conditions: The system shall be configured for normal operation with all transceivers con-
nected to the filter/multicoupler and antenna systems.
Test Equip.: Not applicable
Comment: This test is intended as a simple go / no-go test to determine whether inter-
modulation products are sufficient to open the mute of any of the receivers. It is
possible that intermodulation products are present that do not cause opening of
the receiver mute due to signal level power being below the receiver mute
threshold or because a valid CTCSS code is not detected.
Procedure: a) Activate all transceiver carriers simultaneously in the absence of external

modulation.
b) Confirm that the mute is not opened on any receivers.
ANTENNA / FEEDER VSWR– Return Loss

Purpose: To quantify the impedance matching of the antenna/feeder system.
Comment: [1] Impedance matching may be determined using VSWR or return loss
measurement.
[2] In the event that VSWR technique is used VSWR should be measured at
each base station transmitter frequency.
[3] In the event that return loss technique is used the antenna/feeder should
be tested over the full operating band of the antenna system.
Procedure: a) Connect a directional coupler or suitable VSWR meter to the base of the
antenna feeder cable.
b) Apply a test signal to the directional coupler or VSWR meter.
c) Measure the VSWR or return loss as appropriate.

sult: performance:
VSWR: Better than 1.5:1; or
SURFACE RADIO COVERAGE TESTING

Radio signal strength is often measured by taking a spot reading. Such an ap-
proach is prone to significant error since radio signal strength varies significantly
over short distances, and also varies with time. To obtain a reliable approximation
of signal strength it is necessary to take a number of samples within the local area
in which the measurement is performed.
The following tests are intended to confirm antenna/feeder system performance and
to quantify radio signal level at strategic locations within the mine operational area.
KNOWN LOCATION SIGNAL LEVEL

Two alternative procedures are described below:
Measurement using an existing fixed installation
Measurement using temporary facilities established for the test
The permanent reference position option is preferred as it is generally easier and

provides a more repeatable result. However, it is not known at this time whether
such facilities are installed at Cannington Mine.
PERMANENT REFERENCE POSITION
A permanent reference position would be a RF Control (fixed trigger link) with a per-
manently installed antenna oriented at the base station.
Purpose: To verify the correct operation of the inbound and outbound transmission paths.

uncertainty < + 4 dB (1 dB for transmit segment and 3 dB for receive segment)
Description: The received signal level shall be measured to determine loss (including an-
tenna and feeder contributions) between the base station and a known refer-
ence test location.
The received signal level shall be the mean absolute power level derived from
the measured samples at each location.
Test Equip.: Fixed radio equipment (RF Control or similar)

Test measuring receiver with suitable dynamic range to avoid saturation
Test transmitter [at reference test location(s)]
Location determination equipment (GPS or alternative)
Comment: [1] Outbound received signal level to be measured at the reference test loca-
tions using the test measuring receiver.
[2] Inbound received signal level to be measured at the radio base station lo-
cation using a second test receiver or one of the operational receivers pro-
vided that the operational receiver has suitable dynamic range and will
provide suitably calibrated received signal level data.
[3] It is preferable to perform testing from at least 2 fixed reference test loca-
tions so that for future verification tests it should be possible to readily de-
termine the location (base station or reference test location) of any change
in performance.
[4] Test should be performed using a mid-range frequency radio channel.
[5] Record details of pertinent conditions related to the measurement such as
equipment settings, weather conditions, time, terrain features, nearby
buildings or vegetation and the like in the test report.
Procedure: a) Determine the geographical location of the reference test location using
differential GPS or similar to an accuracy of 2 m.
b) The test measurement transmitter and receiver shall be connected to the
fixed (permanent) antenna using the existing fixed cabling. If possible
measure the insertion loss of the cable.
c) Activate the transmitter at the base station location (headend) of the chan-
nel under test and record the measured receive signal level at the refer-
ence test location. Five samples should be recorded at intervals not less
than 30 seconds.
d) Activate the test transmitter at the reference position and increase the out-
put carrier power level to a level just sufficient top reliably hold open the
receiver mute (at the headend) of the channel under test. Record the test
transmitter carrier level. Five samples should be recorded at intervals not
less than 30 seconds.
e) If the signal level spread for all measurements at a test site is within 3 dB
no further measurements are required. Otherwise the suitability of the ref-
erence test position will need to be reviewed.
TEMPORARY REFERENCE POSITION
Purpose: To verify the correct operation of the inbound and outbound transmission paths.

Description: The received signal level shall be measured to determine loss (including an-
tenna and feeder contributions) between the base station and a known refer-
ence test location.
The received signal level shall be the mean absolute power level derived from
the measured samples at each location.
Test Equip.: 6 dBd calibrated vertically polarised test antenna mounted 3 m AGL and cali-
brated interconnecting test RF cable
Test measuring receiver with suitable dynamic range to avoid saturation
Test transmitter [at reference test location(s)]
Location determination equipment (GPS or alternative)
Comment: [1] Outbound received signal level to be measured at the reference test loca-
tion using the test measuring receiver.
[2] Inbound received signal level to be measured at the radio base station lo-
cation using a second test receiver or one of the operational receivers pro-
vided that the receiver has suitable dynamic range and will provide suitably
calibrated received signal level data.
[3] The number of measurements required at the reference test location will
vary according to the variance of the measured signal level as described in
the procedure.
[4] Test should be performed using a mid-range frequency radio channel.
[5] Record details of pertinent conditions related to the measurement such as
equipment settings, weather conditions, time, terrain features, nearby
buildings or vegetation and the like in the test report.
Procedure: a) Establish a reference initial measurement position at the reference test

location (preferably marked by survey or otherwise permanently marked)
approximately 1 km from the radio antenna in an open area with unob-
structed line-of-sight to the antenna and where the influence of multipath
propagation is likely to be minimal. The reference test location should be
in the direction of maximum base station antenna gain (if applicable).
b) Determine the geographical coordinates of the reference test location us-
ing differential GPS or similar to an accuracy of 2 m and determine the
bearing to the base station antenna.
c) The test measurement transmitter and receiver shall be connected to the
test antenna using the test RF cable. The test antenna shall be positioned
3 m AGL.
d) Activate the transmitter at the base station location (headend) of the chan-
nel under test and record the measured receive signal level at the refer-
ence test location. Five samples should be recorded at intervals not less
than 30 seconds.
e) Activate the test transmitter at the reference position and increase the out-
put carrier power level to a level just sufficient top reliably hold open the
receiver mute (at the headend) of the channel under test. Record the test
transmitter carrier level. Five samples should be recorded at intervals not
less than 30 seconds.
f) Move along the bearing between the antenna and the initial measurement
position (toward or away from the antenna) taking inbound and outbound
measurements at 1.5 m intervals to take measurements at 5 locations. If
the received signal level spread for all measurements is within 6 dB no
further measurements are required. Otherwise proceed with step (g).
g) Move further along the bearing between the antenna and the initial meas-
urement position (toward or away from the antenna) taking inbound and
outbound measurements at 1.5 m intervals to take measurements at a
further 15 locations.
RADIO COVERAGE SIGNAL LEVEL
Purpose: To quantify radio signal level at various strategic measurement locations in the
mine operational area.

Description: A measurement location is a linear distance of approximately 20λ (40 m at

150 MHz) in which radio signal level samples are measured.
The radio signal level at a particular measurement location shall be the mean
absolute power level derived from the measured samples.
Comment: [1] Outbound signal level shall be measured using suitable radio signal level
measurement equipment. Omnidirectional 0 dBd calibrated antenna shall
be used.
[2] Signal level measurements should be taken at the following locations:
Within and around perimeters of processing and administration building
Roads (including service/access roads) to the boundary of mine operations
At known poor coverage areas such as near to obstructions and the like
Other areas used by personnel where radio coverage is required
[3] It is preferable that an automated measurement system be utilised for road
locations such that measurements can be performed using a vehicle allow-
ing virtually continuous measurement.
[4] Where manual measurements are performed the distance between nomi-
nal measurement locations shall not exceed:
250 m along roads (including service/access roads)
50 m around building perimeters and in other areas used by personnel
where radio coverage is required
[5] To establish the signal level in a measurement location a minimum of 25
measurement samples shall be taken over a 20λ distance (40 m at
150 MHz) i.e. a measurement each 0.8λ. These sample measurements
shall be processed to derive the mean signal level for the measurement
location.
Comment: [6] Mean signal level values for the respective measurement locations shall be
grouped into suitable intervals and shall be superimposed on a drawing or
map using different colours to represent the various signal level intervals.
For example:
< -110 dBm
-110 dBm to –100 dBm
-100 dBm to –90 dBm
> - 90 dBm
[7] Record details of pertinent conditions related to the measurement such
as equipment settings, weather conditions, time, terrain features, nearby
buildings or vegetation and the like in the test report. For indoor meas-
urements building construction details should also be noted.
Procedure: a) Establish the geographical position of the measurement location using a

coordinate system compatible with the final report drawing/map.
b) The test measurement receiver shall be connected to the calibrated test
antenna using the calibrated test RF cable. The test antenna shall be po-
sitioned 1.5 m AGL for vehicle based and manual measurements.
c) Activate the test transmitter at the base station location and record the
measured receive signal level. A minimum of 25 measurement samples shall
be taken over a 20λ distance at each measurement location.
UNDERGROUND RADIO
EQUIPMENT TESTING
DC bias voltage at bi-directional amplifiers
Purpose: To quantify the DC bias voltage applied to the bi-directional amplifier (BDA) as-
sembly.
Conditions: Measurements shall be performed as in-circuit measurements.
Test Equip.: DC Voltmeter (suitably isolated from the influence of RF signals).
Comment: [1] DC voltage supply to be measured at the input and output of the DUT (i.e.
BDA) except for terminating amplifiers which shall be measured only at the
input.
[2] DC voltage supply to be measured at each leaky feeder port at the
headend
[2] DC voltage supply to be measured for each BDA.
Procedure: a) For BDA - remove the amplifier faceplate and measure the DC supply
voltage at the DUT.
Expected Re- Between 8V and 14V DC.

sult:
Underground radio system testing

The following tests are intended to confirm satisfactory operation of the under-
ground radio communications system.
System noise – outbound

The outbound system noise test is disruptive, potentially resulting in outage of all
radio channels. System level testing should only be performed when such a disrup-
tion is permissible.
Purpose: To verify overall communications quality in the outbound path of the radiating
cable system under load conditions.

uncertainty:
< + 3 dB for RF measurements
Description: The received signal level and SINAD when operating with a single carrier shall
be compared with the performance under fully loaded conditions.
Test Equip.: Test antenna and interconnecting test RF cable

Test measuring receiver
Comment: [1] This measurement should be performed at the extremities of the radiating
cable run (including branches) as a test of end-to-end performance.
[2] This test should be performed on the lowest, highest and a mid-range ra-
dio channel.
Procedure: a) Establish a suitable reference position near to the extremity of the radiating
cable run.
b) Activate the base station transmitter of the channel under test such that a
modulating signal of 1000 Hz is applied to produce a nominal deviation of
+ 1.5 kHz.
c) Adjust the test antenna such that a carrier level not less than –80 dBm is
applied to the measuring receiver. Record the signal level, measure the
deviation and the SINAD.
d) Activate the remaining base station transmitters such that a modulating
signal of 400 Hz is applied to each to produce a nominal deviation of
+ 1.5 kHz.
e) Record the received signal level and measure, the deviation and the SI-
NAD.
f) If necessary, reposition the test receiver to obtain a received signal level
approximately equivalent to that obtained in step (c). Record the received
signal level and measure, the deviation and the SINAD.
g) Restore the system to normal operation.
Expected Re- The expected performance is still to be defined. Performance is dependent

sult: upon amplifier alignment, performance and the number of amplifiers in the
chain.
Inbound path sensitivity
Inbound path system testing is relatively restricted since it is difficult to initiate multi-
ple inbound signals with any form of control in relation to power level coupled into
the cable. While this would be possible using multiple test transmitters the test
would still not simulate actual conditions as concurrent access by multiple terminal
units can occur anywhere throughout the radio coverage region.
Purpose: To verify that the sensitivity of the inbound receive path and to test overall com-
munications quality in the inbound path of the radiating cable system.

uncertainty:
< + 3 dB for RF measurements
Description: The inbound path sensitivity is the minimum level of signal coupled to the radiat-
ing cable, at the nominal frequency of the receiver under test and with normal
test modulation, which will produce:
and
Test Equip.: Test antenna and interconnecting test RF cable

Test transmitter (at the underground reference position)
Test measuring receiver (at the underground reference position)
Comment: [1] This measurement should be performed at the extremities of the radiating
cable run (including branches) as a test of end-to-end performance.
[2] This test should be performed on the lowest, highest and a mid-range ra-
dio channel.
Procedure: a) Establish a suitable reference position near to the extremity of the radiating
cable run.
b) Activate the test transmitter of the channel under test such that a modulat-
ing signal of 1000 Hz is applied to produce a nominal deviation of
+ 1.5 kHz.
c) Adjust the test antenna and/or test transmitter at the reference position to
open the mute of the receiver at the headend such that the outbound
transmitter of the channel under test is activated at the headend.
d) Monitor the radiated headend transmitter signal using a test receiver at the
reference position such that the received signal level is not less
than -80 dBm. Adjust the test antenna and/or test transmitter to produce
12 dB SINAD at the test receiver.
e) Record the signal level transmitted from the test transmitter.
f) Record the received signal strength indication (RSSI) at the headend re-
ceiver of the channel under test.
Expected Re- The expected performance is still to be defined. Performance is dependent

sult: upon amplifier alignment, performance and the number of amplifiers in the
chain.
Underground radio coverage

It is considered that test 5.7.1, being quite cumbersome, would only be performed in
unusual circumstances, and if there was a particular need to quantify signal level in
the proximity of a radiating cable section. It has been primarily included to establish
a potential methodology for such testing.
Area location signal level

It is considered that that this test would only be performed in unusual circum-
stances. A more common test would be simply to confirm functionality of communi-
cations in each direction throughout the coverage using suitable terminal radio
equipment or a communications test set.
This procedure can of course be extended to measure radio coverage over the radi-
ating cable network. It may also be that an alternative distance from the radiating
cable (to the 4 m specified below) may be desirable.
Purpose: To quantify typical signal levels for the inbound and outbound transmission
paths.

Description: The outbound received radio signal level shall be measured to determine loss
(including cable coupling loss) between the base station and a known reference
location
The radio signal level at a particular measurement location shall be the mean
absolute power level derived from the measured samples.
Test Equip.: 0 dBd calibrated test antenna mounted 1.5 m AGL and calibrated interconnect-
ing test RF cable
Test measuring receiver (underground) with suitable dynamic range to avoid
saturation
Test transceiver [at the headend]
Comment: [1] Outbound received signal level to be measured at the reference positions
using the test measuring receiver.
[2] Testing should be performed using the lowest and highest operating fre-
quencies.
Procedure: a) Establish a suitable reference position (typically approximately midway

between BDA in a cable section) such that quantum changes in cable sig-
nal levels resulting from amplifier gain will not influence the measurement.
b) The test measurement receiver shall be connected to the calibrated test
antenna using the calibrated test RF cable. The test antenna shall be po-
sitioned 1.5 m AGL and 4 m from the radiating cable.
c) Activate the test transmitter at the base station location and record the
measured receive signal level.
d) A minimum of 25 measurement samples shall be taken over a 20λ dis-
tance (parallel to the radiating cable).
Expected Re- Amplifier outbound output – (cable section length / 350 x 16) – coupling loss at
sult: 4 m + test antenna gain – test cable loss + 6 dB

VDV Manual Version 6 PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

VDV Manual Version 6 PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

LEAKY FEEDER

Date: 15th August 2005

Authored By: Darren Koski Revision 6.0

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Additions to this manual;

DANGER: Warnings contain important safety instructions. Failure to follow danger

ATTENTION: Warnings highlight important information concerning the correct op-

CONTACTING MINE SITE TECHNOLOGIES

Tel: +61-2-9437 4399

SWEDEN, FINLAND & NORWAY:

Leaky Feeder Coaxial Cable.

Active Line Amplifiers.

Splitters or Branch Units.

Surface Antenna System.

The radio transceiver is configured as a “Talk

The repeater stations are modular in

The RF power output of the repeater

The distribution headend is proprietary interface and is

The main purpose of the distribution interface is to:

Pass the RF from the transceivers to the underground

Apply DC voltage to the underground distribution system

Combine multiple transceivers to the single line distribution

Pass high power RF to surface antenna system

Should multi-channel applications be required the distribution interface combines

Leaky Feeder Coaxial Cable

Common types of communication cables are:

Splitters / Branch Units

The branch units are regarded as pas-

The branch Unit is placed in the line

It is imperative that the links/jumpers are correctly configured so as communications

The extremities of the system require a balanced load

Surface Antenna System

As pointed out in the section relating to Distri-

If multiple channels are required a transmitter

The receiver multi-coupling or combining is an

OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF LEAKY

Things which effect efficiency are:

Antenna positioning, both physical position and polarity.

Power supply to the radio.

Actual distance to the next available booster amplifier.

LEAKY FEEDER OVERVIEW

1. Increased productivity, which can be achieved by better co-

2. Reduced down time, which is achieved by immediate contact

3. Safer working conditions, by allowing contact to be made

A variety of communications systems have been developed for underground mines,

ULF Paging Systems

Distributed Antenna Systems

Leaky Feeder Systems

The requirement by mines to have voice communications, data transmission and

Leaky Feeder Technology

To allow radio frequencies to function underground, it is necessary to replace a

VDV - Voice, Data & Video System

Connection to the Leaky Feeder cable network.

Connection to the surface antenna network.

Modulation and Demodulation of the VHF signals.

Splitting and combining of multiple channels.

Powering the overall Leaky Feeder network.

Diagnostics via an Amp/Voltmeter.

Correct impedance matching.

The Headend comprises several components or modules,

Line Splitter / Combiner

19" Rack Enclosure

The distribution equipment is responsible for the following: