A.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- understanding of different stages of the process and different parties involved, you will
help increase the extent to which you communicate more effectively
- sender and receiver
1. SENDER
- person who will be transmitting a particular message
- decide what it is we will communicate, how we’re going to communicate, the means
- in charge of encoding a particular message
- communicate something as accurate as possible
- take into account the knowledge and education and the background of the receiver
- if you communicate in a way that cannot be understood, waste of time
 ENCODING
- not only determining what you say but how you’re going to communicate includ ing
nonverbal communication (body language, tone of voice, pace of voice, eye contact)
- how we send a particular message
2. RECEIVER
- decodes the message
- try to understand or interpret the message
- listen to what was said and assesses it
- engages it for understanding
 PROBLEM/ BARRIERS
- people hear the same message and interpret it as two different things because of the noise
- take into account the physical noise because it inhibits the receiver in understanding the
knowledge
- mental state (preoccupied)
- educational level and knowledge, make sure the person understands it
- the person does not talk with the audience in mind
3. FEEDBACK
- verbal (things you actually say, auditory) and nonverbal (body language, posture, eye
contact) communication
- 70% of message is interpreted via body language
- more inclined to what body says when there is inconsistency between the two
- sender seeks for feedback to see if receiver understood the material
- allows sender to ensure if message was understood
- receiver can transmit a certain message indicating if they understood, clarification

B. MAPPING THE THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION

- perspectives are broad and helps us understand and interpret the world
- any effort to communicate resides within a set of ideas and values and that when we
understand these perspectives, what we say and how we write can be more intentional
- the goal is not to select one perspective over all others; each perspective is a community of
ideas worth visiting
- they all share a common ground, a domain of our common humanity

 RICHARD LANHAM
- expert on strategies to improve the teaching and learning of writing
- in his essay, “The Domain of Style”, he says that whatever theory of communication we
hold will influence whatever we write or say
1. AUTHENTIC THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
- good communication should not interfere with ideas in any way
- should only transmit our ideas free of distortion and manipulation
- leaves no doubt as what is considered as good writing
Prose ought to be maximally transparent and minimally self-conscious, never seen and
never noticed.

 CLAUDE SHANNON AND WARREN WEAVER

- engineers (1940s)
- trying to improve the science of communication
- goal was to help people communicate message by telephone and radio with as little
interference or distortion as possible
- success meant that message arrives intact, undamaged by transmission process
- good communication should always be clear, concise and trustworthy

2. REFLECTIVE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION

- what you say derives less from who you are but more from who you’re with
- value of studying human communication as social construction

 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

- a social psychologist who proposed that being human is more than our ability to be true to
ourselves
- to be human, it is to contain multitudes, to carry with us the collected voice of others, social
norms and expectations of common cultural values
- we are less the authors of our messages
- our message are thinking and sense of self are less like packets to be transmitted and more
like conversations shared by many people
- “Mind, Self, and Society” we learn that a person’s ability to integrate the broad activities
of any given social hole or organized society is the essential basis and prerequisite of the
fullest development of that individual’s self
 RALPH WALDO EMERSON
- Each to each, looking-glass, reflects his figure that doth pass
- people can be like mirrors to each other and we define ourselves by what we see in those
reflections
- reflective attitude can alter how you write and for whom
 3. ARTFUL THEORY OF COMMUNICATION
- approach that privileges the individual within a community
- concentrates on how human identity is built other than revealed

 HENRY FORD
- pioneering automaker who sold cars as no frills tools for transportation
- concentrated on the internal working of vehicles, ignored outer appearances
- all function, no style
 ALFRED SLOAN
- cars not just as tools, but as status symbols
- launched a lifestyle
- style matters and something you can acquire, you just need to learn a little technique

- Latham tells us the automobile industry, the great monument of primacy of practical
purpose, turns out to be driven by other motives as well, by social competition on one hand
and pure decorative play on the other
- theory here is that people craft and revise their identities less from some deep, fundame nta l
internal core and more from the desire to influence how others see us
- mix and match ourselves in the manner that we shop either for clothes or for cars, we are
looking for options not for consistency
- we cobble our messages together from anything we can find, hoping to design ourselves
into being
- as a perspective on communication, this theory enables us to craft messages for effect
- concentrates on the management of impression, manipulation of signs, search for power,
not just over ourselves but also over others
- the core of this theory is the belief that personal style is something you can learn and
cultivate, it is an art and is not something that you are born with

C. COMMUNICATION MODELS: BASIC SMCR MODEL

 COMMUNICATION
- loosely defined as a process of sharing meaning
- process of sending and receiving messages (through verbal or nonverbal means)
o Speech (oral communication) o Signs
o Writing (written o Symbols
communication) o Behavior
 COMMUNICATION MODEL
- how a message travels from a source or a sender to a receiver or an audience
 MODEL
- graphic depiction of something that is more abstract to make it easier for us to understand
- in 1948, Howard Laswell talked about a model as identifying WHO, says WHAT, using
which CHANNEL, to WHOM, with what EFFECT
 1. DAVID BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
- simplest model (1960)
- message (what it is being communicated) comes from a sender (source of message) and
that message has to go through a channel before it can get to the receiver (audience)
- channel is a route by which the message travels; can be auditory (hearing), visual
(watching), audiovisual; in terms of medium (face to face, radio, television, internet); how
the message gets from the sender to the receiver
- views communication as transfer of information
- everything is one way communication
- communication is action
- message has to be put into a form that can go through the channel
- sender encodes the message and receiver decodes it
- 5 basic elements: sender, message, channel, receiver, coding part
- scholars added feedback loop to send information back to the sender

D. LASWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION]

- Harold D. Laswell (1948)
- also known as Action Model or Linear Model or One Way Model of Communication
- one of the most influential communication models
- he stated that in order to understand the process of mass communication, one has to
understand each of the stages
- WHO (control analysis, SENDER), WHAT (content analysis, MESSAGE), TO WHOM
(audience analysis, RECEIVER), IN WHICH CHANNEL (media analysis, MEDIUM),
WITH WHAT EFFECT (effect analysis, FEEDBACK)
E. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- linear model of communication for oral communication
- first model of communication and was proposed 300 BC
- he found the importance of audience role in communication chain
- more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication
- 5 basic elements: SPEAKER, SPEECH, OCCASION, AUDIENCE, EFFECT
- he advises speakers to build speech for different audience on different time (occasion) and
for different effects
- SPEAKER plays an important role in public speaking. He must prepare his speech.
Analyzes audience needs before he enters into the stage. His words should influence in
audience mind and persuade their thoughts towards him.

 CRITICISMS
- no concept of feedback; one way from speaker to audience
- no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers
- can only be used in public speaking

F. SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

- Wilbur Schramm (1954)
- communication is a two way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and
receive a message
- components: SENDER (transmitter), ENCODER, DECODER, INTERPRETER,
RECEIVER, MESSAGE, FEEDBACK, MEDIUM, NOISE
- CONCEPTS:
o Field of experience
o Context of the Relationship
o Context of Social Environment
o Influencing the Field of Reference
o Use of Metaphors
- Advantage:
o Circular Communication
o Dynamic and ever changing model
 o Sender and Receiver feedback
- Disadvantages:
o complicated the process
o might be interpreted differently than intended