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Present simple
The present simple tense is used for habits, I always wake up at 6am, permanent situations He
lives in New York and truth The sun rises in the east.
It uses an s on the verb in the third person singular (he / she / it)
I / You / We / They play
He / She / It plays
Present continuous
The present continuous tense is used for actions happening now, I am talking to you! Listen to
me!, or around now I'm staying at my parents house this week and next.
The future
The present continuous can be used for future arrangements - these are strong future plans.
The present simple can be used for timetabled future events - such as bus, train or aeroplane
departures.
My flight leaves at 6.30 tomorrow.
The queen opens the museum at 3.30pm on Monday.
State verbs
Some verbs cannot be used continuously. These are called state verbs. For example: need, know,
want, have (possess). They are usually used in the simple form, even if we would normally use the
continuous tense.
I am really hungry. I want some food.
I have three children.
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often an action happens. From most often (100%) to least often
(0%):
I often go to work.
You didn't always forget to lock the door.
He's usually playing football.
She has never been to France.
Unless the main verb is the verb be, in which case, the adverb comes after:
I am often working.
You rarely party anymore.
They aren't often interested.
Double Negatives:
English doesn't usually like double negatives. Some adverbs already have a negative meaning
(rarely, never) and should not be used with a negative verb:
Used to and would allow us to talk about past habits - things we did routinely in the past, but not in
the present.
Bare infinitives
Used to and would are always followed by a bare infinitive verb (a verb with no to)
Form: Would
Would does not change its form for the subject. It is always would.
Form: Used to
When Used to is used in the negative or in a question, we use the auxiliary verb did and change its
spelling. It loses the 'd' on 'used'. This does not affect its pronunciation: (+) used to (-) didn't use to
and (?) Did...use to are all pronounced the same.
The present perfect simple and continuous are are perfect tenses. That means they are constructed
using have:
State verbs
Some verbs cannot be used continuously. These are called state verbs. For example: need, know,
want, have (possess). They are usually used in the simple form, even if we would normally use the
continuous. In this case, that means using the present perfect simple tense where we might wish to
use the present perfect continuous.
How long have you been writing letters to your friend in America?
We've been writing for 15 years.
Wow! How many letters have you written, do you think?
I don't know. Maybe we've written over 100 letters to each other.
Modals
All modal verbs are followed by a bare infinitive. With the exception of ‘have to’ modal verbs do not
change form to show person or time.
Obligation
‘Have to’ and ‘must’ are concerned with obligation. ‘Must’, ‘mustn’t’ and ‘have to’ tell us what we are
obliged to do or what is forbidden. However, ‘don’t have to’, ‘doesn’t have to’ and ‘didn’t have to’ all
describe a voluntary action – you can choose.
Have to
‘Have to’ is the only modal very which changes its form for person and time. It can be used in the past
tense too.
Be going to
A bare infinitive
Be going to is always followed by a bare infinitive verb.
I’m going to see my parents.
Are you going to travel this weekend?
He’s not going to pass his exams.
Future predictions
Be going to can be used to talk about future predictions based on present evidence. In other words, a
future that can be predicted because of something that you can see, hear, or understand at the
moment of speaking.
Look at those dark clouds. It’s going to rain.
Be careful or you are going to fall!
If she keeps swinging her watch around, she is going to lose it.
Future plans
Be going to is also used to talk about future plans. These are things which the speaker has decided
on before the moment of speaking.
This evening I’m not going to go out. I’ve felt tired all day.
Are you still going to take a holiday? You booked it last week.
He says he’s going to climb Mount Everest! He’s planned the trip and everything!
Gonna
In fluent speech, especially in an informal situation, be going to is pronounced ‘gonna’ /gənə/. It is
rarely written down this way, except in very informal communication.
I’m gonna stay here.
Are you gonna watch the movie?
It’s not gonna rain!
Verb Patterns
In English, when two verbs are used together, the first verb dictates which form the second verb
should take regardless of the tense of the first verb or the subject of the sentence.
Some verbs can have more than one corresponding verb pattern and this can change the meaning of
the second verb. There are three basic forms:
Bare infinitive
Some verbs, such as modal verbs like can and must, are followed by a bare infinitive verb form.
I can swim faster than you.
He must come home as soon as possible.
Full infinitive
Some verbs, such as verbs like intend and would like, are followed by a full infinitive verb form.
I wouldn't like to live there.
She intends to study at university.
ING form
Some verbs, such as verbs like enjoy and can't help, are followed by a bare infinitive verb form.
I've always enjoyed walking in the rain.
He couldn't help playing one more game before he left.
After adjectives
We tend to use a full infinitive after adjectives such as wonderful, happy and terrible.
It's wonderful to see you.
It was terrible to see him fail like that.
I'm so happy to be here!
After prepositions
We tend to use an ING form after prepositions such as without, before and of.
He walked without knowing where he was going.
I've got to clean the house before cooking lunch.
I want to go with you instead of going with her.
Some and any are quantifiers. They tell us how much of something exists (or doesn't).
Some or any?
We generally use 'some' in affirmative sentences, and ‘any’ in questions and negatives. However, if
the question is a request, or an offer to help, we also use ‘some’.
The if clause
'If + a present tense' is called the 'if clause' or 'conditional clause'. It can go at the beginning of the
conditional sentence or in the middle. When the if clause appears at the beginning of the sentence, it
is followed by a comma. The tense used within this clause can be any present tense. The present
simple is the most common, but the present continuous or present perfect tense are also possible.
If you go out, will you buy me an ice-cream?
He won't pass the test if he doesn't know the answer.
If they don't go to France, where will they go?
If she's buying lunch, will you ask her to get me some too?
Will you buy a car immediately if you've passed your test?
Formality
We can make a first conditional more polite by replacing 'if' with 'should'. When doing this with a
negative if clause, use 'not' instead of 'don't' or 'doesn't'.
Should I go anywhere today, I will go to the cinema.
Should you not finish on time, will you call me?
Relative Clauses
Two types
There are two types of relative clause: defining relative clauses, which specify which noun we are
speaking about, and non-defining relative clauses, which add extra, non-essential, information to a
noun. Defining relative clauses almost always sit immediately after the noun they describe. Non-
defining relative clauses are introduced and followed by a comma (if they don't end the sentence).
Defining: The pen which I used is on the table. (I mean 'the one I used and no other')
Non-defining: My brother, who is a doctor, lives in France. (The conversation is about where my
brother lives)
People
'Who' is the relative pronoun for people. In defining relative clauses, 'that' can always be used in
place of 'who'. It is less formal though.
The boy who gave me his phone number is standing at the bus stop.
I know the woman who lives upstairs.
Things
'Which' is the relative pronoun for things. In defining relative clauses, 'that' can always be used in
place of 'which'. It is less formal though.
This is the house which my mother has just bought.
The birds which nest in that tree always eat the seeds in our garden.
Possessions
'Whose' is the relative pronoun for possessions, but it acts as a determiner like 'my', 'your' or 'its'.
Unlike 'who' or 'which', 'whose' must be followed by a noun.
That's the guy whose car is a Ferrari.
I know where there's a piano whose strings are out of tune.
Relative Clauses
Two types
There are two types of relative clause: defining relative clauses, which specify which noun we are
speaking about, and non-defining relative clauses, which add extra, non-essential, information to a
noun. Defining relative clauses almost always sit immediately after the noun they describe. Non-
defining relative clauses are introduced and followed by a comma (if they don't end the sentence).
Defining: The pen which I used is on the table. (I mean 'the one I used and no other')
Non-defining: My brother, who is a doctor, lives in France. (The conversation is about where my
brother lives)
Whom
'Whom' is the more formal, object only, form of 'who', the relative pronoun for people. These days,
many people use 'who' for both subject and object relatives, especially when speaking. However, it's
more commonly found in writing. If 'whom' is used in combination with a preposition, put the
preposition in the formal position.
The boy from whom I found out about the accident gave me his phone number. (Formal)
The boy (who) I found out about the accident from gave me his phone number. (Informal)
What
'What' is an unusual relative pronoun. It does not refer to a noun that comes before it, or need a noun
to follow it. It means 'the thing which' or 'the things which'. Because of this, it is a noun (the thing) and
relative pronoun (which) combined. It is less common as a relative pronoun, but still used.
I don't know what I want for dinner.
I don't know the thing which I want for dinner.
I hope you're going to give me what I need.
I hope you're going to give me the things which I need
Had had
The past perfect uses 'had' as an auxiliary. Because it is an auxiliary, it is pronounced in its weak
form /həd/. In cases where the main verb is also 'had', it is pronounced in its strong form /hæd/. It is
important to remember that the first had is weak and the second strong.
I had (/həd/) had (/hæd/) a shower.
If Levington had tried harder, he would have won the game show.
Unrealised hopes
An unrealised hope is something that we wanted to happen, but didn't. It is common to use the past
perfect with verbs such as ‘wish’, ‘hope’, ‘intend’ and ‘want’. When using the past perfect in this way,
we stress the auxiliary verb.
Well, I had hoped to leave work by 5, but I'm still not nearly done and it's 5.30.
She had expected you to at least bring her some flowers on your anniversary, but you never
remember, do you?
So and Such
Emphasis
'So' and 'such' can be used to emphasise an adjective or noun phrase in a sentence. We use 'so' to
emphasise an adjective, and 'such' to emphasise a noun phrase. With a noun phrase, don't forget to
include the article and remember that you can still use an adjective before the noun! Finally, in order
to say that the thing being emphasised caused a reaction, we use a 'that' clause.
Quantity
We can combine 'so' with 'much' or 'many' to emphasise the quantity of something. 'So much' is used
for uncountable nouns and 'so many' is used for countable nouns. Again, an adjective can be used
before the noun if required, and a 'that' clause can be added to talk about the effect of the number of
items. There is no 'such much' or 'such many'.
Comparatives
Comparatives are adjectives that allow us to compare two or more things. When used in a sentence,
they are often followed with 'than'.
I thought this film was more interesting than the last two we saw.
Making comparatives
There are three types of comparative adjectives:
Type 1: 1 syllable or some 2 syllable adjectives - Add 'ER'
Type 2: some 2 syllable adjectives and 3 or greater syllable adjectives - Add 'more'
Type 3: Irregular
Be careful! There are many two syllable adjectives in English that can be correctly used as type 1 or
type 2 comparatives!
Type 1: Leslie is handsomer than Will.
Type 2: Will is more handsome than Leslie.
Type 1 comparatives
If the adjective has one syllable, or is one of the certain group of 2 syllable adjectives, add 'ER'.
'fast' becomes 'faster'
If the adjective ends in 'E', just add 'R'
'nice' becomes 'nicer'
If the adjective has two syllables and ends in 'Y', change the 'Y' to an 'I' and add 'ER'
'happy' becomes 'happier'
If the adjective ends in a single vowel followed by a consonant, double the consonant and add 'ER'
'hot' becomes 'hotter'
Type 2 comparatives
If the adjective has two syllables or greater, put 'more' before the adjective
boring becomes more boring
Type 3 comparatives
Some comparatives are irregular:
'good' becomes 'better'
'bad' becomes 'worse'
'far' becomes 'further'
'fun' becomes 'more fun'
Size of difference
Some comparative structures can show the size of difference. Examples of these are:
No difference: as... as...
James is as tall as Frank.
A small difference: a bit more / less...
My car is a bit more expensive than yours.
A big difference: twice as... as... / nothing like as...
Her story is twice as good as mine.
The passive is a verb form that can be used in any tense in English. The passive is only used for
specific reasons. When not using the passive, English uses the active form. Passives cannot be
made in sentences with no object.
a) This house was built in 1930 by my grandfather. (I want to tell you about the house, not my
grandfather.)
b) I left my lunch here but it was eaten. (I don't know who ate it)
c) The suspect was arrested last Thursday. (The police arrested him - everyone knows who did this.)
Will
'Will' is a modal verb. This means that it is always followed by a bare infinitive verb and does not
change for a pronoun. Its negative form is 'won't'.
I will go.
You will play.
He will eat.
She will dance.
Many uses
'Will' is versatile. Depending on its context, it can be used for:
• Future predictions: Tomorrow, we will win the football cup final.
• Future intentions: After I finish my degree, I'll do an MA.
• Instant decisions: I think I'll order Italian food tonight.
• Promises: He will take you to the cinema as soon as he's finished work. Trust me.
• Threats: I'll ruin your career for doing this to me.
• Offers: If your bag is heavy, I will carry it for you.
Present Habits
Will can be used to describe present habits and typical behaviour too, just like the present simple. Its
form is exactly the same, so pay attention to clues in context such as the time words in the sentence.
Shall
Shall is a a bit formal and more old-fashioned form of 'will'. In modern English, it is mainly used to ask
for advice, make suggestions and make offers. When doing so, we tend to only use the pronouns 'I'
and 'we'. A common response to a suggestion with 'shall we' is 'let's'. Both of these verbs are followed
by a bare infinitive.
Are you too warm? Shall I open the window for you
Adjectives
Position
In the majority of cases, adjectives occupy one of two positions: immediately before the noun they
describe, or following a 'linking' verb, such as 'become', 'feel' or 'be'.
Adjective order
When many adjectives are used together, they have an order. Though it is unlikely that you’ll order so
many adjectives for one noun, the order goes: size, age, shape, colour, origin, material. There are
other types of adjectives not featured in this list, such as adjectives of opinion.
Prepositions are small and can be a tricky area of grammar to master. Because they are usually
small, they are eacy to forget or leave out. Unfortunately, there is no formula to them and each
preposition and use needs to be learned.
Time
There are three basic prepositins of time: 'at', 'on' and 'in'.
At - 'At' is used to talk times such as: at three o'clock, at lunchtime or at Christmas.
On - 'On' is often used to talk about days, such as: on Monday, on the third of June or on Christmas
Day.
In - 'In' usually refers to longer periods of time, such as: in the morning, in July or in the winter.
Place
Prepositions of place are words like ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’ , ‘over’ and ‘between’, among others. They tell us
where things are or where they are moving to.
Dependent prepositions
Dependent prepositions are the connectors between a word and what may follow before or after it.
Many nouns, verbs and adjectives have dependent prepositions. They are the connectors that help
us form sentences. Examples are: 'good at', 'pride in', 'rely on'.
Second Conditional
The boss has said I can go! If I leave work in the next five minutes, I will catch the early train.
(First conditional - It's possible for me to leave work and so catch the train)
If I left work in the next five minutes, I would catch the ealy train. But I still have all these reports to
do.
(Second conditional - It's not possible to leave work, I am just imagining.)
Was or were?
Though 'was' is also frequently used, it is common to use 'were' with any pronoun in a second
conditional. This occurs in both speech and writing and can be considered more formal. It is
especially common when using the phrase 'If I were you, I would...' to give advice.
If I was / were taller, I would be a basketball player.
If you were taller, you would be a basketball player.
If he was / were taller, he would be a basketball player.
If she was / were taller, she would be a basketball player.
If it was / were taller, it would be a tree.
If we were taller, we would be basketball players.
If they were taller, they would be basketball players.
Superlatives
Superlatives are adjectives that we use when something is outstanding in a particular way.
John is the fastest person I've ever seen.
Making superlatives
There are three types of superlative adjectives:
Type 1: one-syllable or some two-syllable adjectives - Add 'EST'
Type 2: some two-syllable adjectives and three or greater syllable adjectives - Add 'most'
Type 3: Irregular
Be careful! There are many two syllable adjectives in English that can be correctly used as type one
or type two superlatives!
Type 1: Will is the handsomest game show host.
Type 2: Will is the most handsome game show host.
Type 1 superlatives
If the adjective has one syllable, or is one of the certain group of two-syllable adjectives, add 'EST'.
'fast' becomes 'fastest'
If the adjective ends in 'E', just add 'ST'
'nice' becomes 'nicest'
If the adjective has two syllables and ends in 'Y', change the 'Y' to an 'I' and add 'EST'
'happy' becomes 'happiest'
If the adjective ends in a single vowel followed by a consonant, double the consonant and add 'EST'
'hot' becomes 'hottest'
Type 2 superlatives
If the adjective has two syllables or greater, put 'most' before the adjective
boring becomes most boring
Type 3 superlatives
Some superlatives are irregular:
'good' becomes 'best'
'bad' becomes 'worst'
'far' becomes 'furthest'
'fun' becomes 'most fun'
The, in and of
In sentences we often precede a superlative with the word 'the'. If we wish to define the superlative
further with a group or place, we can use a prepositional phrase. If the place or group is singular, we
usually use ‘in’. For example, …in the world. Before a plural, we can use ‘of’. For example, he’s the
fastest of them all.
It the coolest thing I've ever seen.
You're the most intelligent girl in the room.
He's the least friendly of them.
Infinitives
After a superlative, we can use an infinitive to further define the noun – much like a relative clause.
She's the youngest person to complete the marathon.
Question tags
Question tags are an auxiliary verb subject pronoun combination that sit at the end of a sentence.
They are most commonly used to ask a question, or to check information that the speaker already
believes they know in order to confirm it.
This is about question tags, isn't it?
No auxiliary verb
In certain tenses, there may be no obvious auxiliary verb. Tenses such as the present simple and
past simple combine their auxiliary verbs with the main verb in the affirmative form. To make the
question tag, use the same auxiliary verb as you would for a question - present simple with 'do/ does',
and past simple with 'did'.
Intonation
Generally speaking, if a question tag is spoken with a rising intonation, the speaker is genuinely
asking the question and would like to know the answer. If the tag is spoken with a falling intonation, it
means the speaker believes they know the answer and is probably looking for agreement or
confirmation.
Imperatives
Imperatives are often used as commands or an informal way of speaking between friends. They have
no tense and an implied subject. For example, be quiet. To make an imperative into a question tag,
we use a modal verb such as 'will', 'could' and 'would' and the subject pronoun 'you'. Be careful of
appearing rude!
There
If a sentence has 'there' as a subject, use 'there' in the question tag.
There's no one here, is there?
Somebody and something
When somebody, everybody or nobody is the subject, use 'they' in the question tag. When
something, everything or nothing is, use 'it'.
Somebody was here, weren't they?
Nothing's wrong, is it?
Questions
Object questions
Object questions are the most common type of question grammar. There are two types. Yes/no
questions begin with an auxiliary verb and are answered with a 'yes' or 'no'. Question word questions
begin with a question word, such as: who, what, which, when, where, why or how. In order to make
an object question, switch the auxiliary verb and subject i.e. move the auxiliary verb in front of the
subject. Then add a question word if necessary.
Subject questions
Subject questions differ from object questions in construction. We use a subject question when the
question word represents the subject of the answer sentence. With these questions we do not change
word order. In addition, if the verb is changed to show the current tense, that change remains.
A: Who knows what happened here? (normal subject question form- present simple tense)
B: I'm sorry. I don't know.
A: You don't know? Who does know? (emphasised subject question)
Reported questions
Reported questions are used to tell a person about a question that someone different asked in
another place and time in the past. They use normal sentence word order in the same way that
subject questions do. The auxiliary verb and subject are not switched. They are written as sentences
with no question mark at the end. Reported questions are usually introduced with a phrase involving
the verb 'ask' such as, he asked me if...
They asked me when I was coming back.
She asked me if I wanted to go for dinner.
Can
Modal Verb
Can and can't are modal verbs. This means that they are always followed by a bare infinitive verb
and do not change their form regardless of which subject pronoun is used.
Many uses
Can and can't have many uses. The choice depends on the speaker's meaning within the context of
the situation. Some of these uses include permissions, requests and offers, possibility and
impossibility, ability and typical behaviour.
Permission: Can I go to the toilet please? You can't smoke in here, I'm afraid.
Requests / Offer: Can I get you some food? Can't you turn the television down?
Possibility / Impossibility: I can be there by lunchtime. He can't have won the lottery!
Ability: It's too heavy so I can't lift it. She can run faster than anyone I know.
Typical behaviour: James can be very grumpy in the mornings. April can be a very wet month in
England.
Can't help
The verb can't help means that despite trying, someone is unable to resist doing something. Can't
help does not change its form regardless of which subject pronoun is used. It is always followed
by verb-ing.
Reported Speech
Use
Reported speech is used to tell a listener in the present what a person has said in another time and
place, most likely in the past.
Reported speech verbs
The three most commonly used reported speech verbs are say, tell, and ask. Each verb has its own
verb pattern. Say and tell can be followed by 'that' to introduce the reported speech clause.
Say
Say is usually not followed by a pronoun. We can say something or we can say something to
someone. We can use that or not.
Tell
Tell must be followed by a pronoun. We tell someone something. We can use that or not.
Ask
Ask is used to make reported questions. If the direct question is a yes/no question, we use if or
whether in the reported question. If the direct question is a question word question, we repeat the
question word in the reported question. We can ask someone something, or we can ask something.
Do not use a question mark in a reported question.
Tense change
When changing sentences from direct speech to reported speech we roll back the tense of the direct
speech one step. This means that direct sentences which are in a present tense become past tense
and past direct speech becomes past perfect. There are some exceptions. Direct speech which is
already in the past perfect does not rollback, nor does direct speech using some verbs, such as
would or could. Tense changes may not occur with speech which is still true - please see the next
section.
Context
Certain words that relate to person, time and place in direct speech will need to change in reported
speech. This is because the context has changed.
Should
Modal verb
Should and shouldn't are modal verbs. This means that they are always followed by a bare infinitive
verb and do not change their form, regardless of which subject pronoun is used.
I should go soon.
You should go soon.
He / She / It should go soon.
We should go soon.
They should go soon.
Many uses
Should and shouldn't have many uses. The choice depends on the speaker's meaning within the
context of the situation. They can be used to offer advice and make suggestions, talk about
probabilities based on what is expected or logical and refer to obligations – though should is not as
strong as must.
Advice and suggestions: What do you think we should do this evening? I think we should go to the
cinema.
Probability: The sky is dark so it should rain soon. I've just got in the car so I should bewith you in
ten minutes.
Obligation: There should be no smoking inside the building.
I should have applied last week. Now I have to wait another year!
You shouldn't have taken that letter! You don't know who it belongs to!
Had better
Had better and should are very similiar. Neither of them changes their form for a pronoun, and both
of them are followed by an infinitive. They also both deal with advice. However, had better is a little
more urgent and intense than should. When we use had better there is often a sense that if the
advice is not followed, there will be negative consequences. This makes it useful for making a threat.
That cough sounds very bad. You'd better go to the doctor as soon as possible!
Tell him that he owes me three thousand pounds. He'd better have my money by tomorrow or else...
Nouns in English can be divided into countable and uncountable. Countable nouns can be counted
and are either singular or plural. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted, or at least are not usually.
Countable nouns are used with words such as a lot, many and a few. Uncountable nouns are used
with words such as a lot, much and a little.
Containers
To make an uncountable noun into a countable one, we need to use a container. This is an
expression which usually looks like: a… of… For example, a cup of, a bottle of, a loaf of. Once the
uncountable noun is attached to a container, it can be counted.
Irregular Plurals
Some nouns, such as fish and fruit, have an irregular plural, fishes and fruits. We use them when we
want to talk about different types of a thing in the same category.
I want some fruit. (uncountable – any fruit, I don’t care which. All fruit is the same to me.)
The shop sells many fruits. (plural – many different types of fruit e.g. apples, bananas and pears.)
There were three fish in the tank (plural – all the same)
There were three fishes in the tank. (plural- three different species of fish)
Other irregulars
There are many other irregular nouns in English. Some nouns, such as species and fish, have the
same singular and plural form – but the verb will change. Some nouns, such as news and
mathematics, appear to be plural because of the ‘s’, but are actually uncountable and take a singular
verb. Some nouns, such as police and staff, are known as collective nouns, are always plural and
take a plural verb. Some collective nouns, such as family, team and government, can be singular or
plural. It depends on whether the speaker considers them to be a group of people, using a plural verb
and the pronoun they, or a single unit, using a singular verb and the pronoun it.
One fish is swimming into the river.
Three fish are swimming into the river.
This news is from the BBC.
The police are very effective in this town.
My family are happy to see you.
My family is happy to see you.
Articles
Articles appear before nouns. There are three types of article. The indefinite article, a or an, is used
with singular countable nouns. The zero article is used with plural countable nouns and uncountable
nouns. The definite article, the, is used with nouns which are understood and known about by both
the speaker and listener - a kind of shared knowledge. We do not use an article in combination with a
determiner, such as my, your his, her etc. There is no: it's a my cat.
When I was in London, I went to a park. In the park, I saw a boy. The boy was playing with a ball...
I'd never seen such a beautiful car! We had a really lovely day!
Tigers are an animal that live in India. John is a conservationist who lives there.
Do you have a pen? I don't care what colour, I just need a pen!
These trees are beautiful. It's so nice out here. Fresh air is wonderful.
I'll meet you at home later. I've got work to do and I might miss dinner, so see you in bed?
Life can be hard for many people, but the life of Sebastian was harder than most.
When I was in London, I went to a park. In the park, I saw a boy. The boy was playing with a ball...
Once we had arrived on board, the pilot delivered his good morning message.
Can you pass me the pen, please? It's on the table. There's only one.
The Sun is a giant ball of gas. It lights the solar system.
That was the tastiest meal I've ever had!
Institutions
Institutions are places where some kind of service takes place, for example universities, hospitals,
churches, schools, prisons etc. When we talk about them, it is possible to use the indefinite article,
zero article or definite article depending on our meaning. There can be a big difference between
being 'in the hospital', which refers to the place, and being 'in hospital' which means part of the
mechanism or service. If you are in hospital, it is implied that you are injured and are being treated.
The present perfect simple is formed using have / has + a past participle verb. The difference
between the present perfect simple and past simple is not always easy to understand. Much of it
relies on context and what the speaker thinks is important or relevant. The bottom line is, the present
perfect is used when past actions or states are important or connected to the present in some way.
This could be past actions with present consequences, announcing new information, or the
continuation of something from the past to the present.
More detail
After using the present perfect to introduce a context, we often use the past simple to talk about that
context in more detail, such as using follow up questions.
JEANY
The present perfect is associated with a number of adverbs, many of which mean ‘at some or any
time up to now’. A useful way of remembering some of them is to use JEANY: Just, ever, already or
always, never, yet! That said, there are other adverbs, such as for, since, lately and recently. These
are the most common, but not all of them.
Time: No time
The present perfect is often used without a time word or where no specific time is mentioned. In these
cases, the speaker is generally thinking of a time period meaning up to the present.
Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs, or as they're sometimes known, multi-word verbs, are very common in English.
They're formed of a main verb and a particle - a preposition or an adverb - or sometimes a main verb
and two particles. There are a number of basic ideas to consider in understanding phrasal verb
grammar.
Transitive or intransitive?
A transitive verb needs an object, an intransitive one does not need an object. Some phrasal verbs
are transitive, some are not and some can be both.
Context
Phrasal verbs can have more than one meaning, so pay attention to the context:
To take off (remove) your shirt.
The plane took off (flew into the sky).
I need to take off (leave) or I will miss my train.
I’m tired. I need to take time off (take a holiday).
Slip up: make a mistake. Also: mess up, foul up and screw up.
I slipped up by mentioning the surprise birthday party.
She really messed up when she locked herself out of her car.
Clown around: behave in a silly or foolish way. Also: muck around, mess about, monkey around and
goof off.
Stop clowning around and get to work.
If you spent less time monkeying around and more time studying, you'd pass your exam!