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Lecture # 3
Basics of C++
KEYWORDS & OPERATORS
(Keywords, Data Types and Operators)

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INTRODUCTION TO KEYWORDS & OPERATORS

1. What are keywords?

In C++ reserves a set of 63 words for its own use. These words are called keywords, and
each of these keywords has a special meaning within the C++ language.

asm const else friend new short this

unsigned
auto const_cast enum goto operator signed throw
using
bool continue explicit if private sizeof true
virtual
break default export inline protected static try
void
case delete extern int public static_cast typedef
volatile
catch do false long register struct typeid
wchar_t
char double float mutable reinterpret_cast switch typename
while
class dynamic_cast for namespace return template union

2. Fundamental data types

Most programming languages require the programmer to declare the data type of every
data to specify the type of each data field. When programming, we store the variables in our
computer's memory, but the computer has to know what kind of data we want to store in them.

a. Integer

An integer type variable is a variable that can only hold whole numbers (eg. -2, -1, 0, 1, 2).
C++ actually has four different integer variables available for use: char, short, int, and long.
The only difference between these different integer types is that they have varying sizes.

In the following tutorials, we will typically assume:

Name Description Size

char Character 1byte
short Short Integer 2 byte
int Integer 4 byte

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long int Long Integer 4 byte

b. Floating point numbers

Integers are great for counting whole numbers, but sometimes we need to store very large
numbers, or numbers with a fractional component. A floating point type variable is a variable
that can hold a real number, such as 4.0, 2.5, 3.33, or 0.1226. There are three different floating
point data types.

Name Size
Float 4 byte
Long Float 8 byte
Double Long 8 byte

3. Arithmetic operator

Operator Symbol Form Operation

Addition + x+y x plus y

Subtraction - x–y x minus y

Multiplication * x*y x multiplied by y

Division / x/y x divided by y

Modulus The remainder of x divided by

% x%y
(Remainder) y

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4. Increment & Decrement Operators

Incrementing (adding 1 to) and decrementing (subtracting 1 from) a variable are so

common that they have their own operators in C. There are actually two versions of each
operator — a prefix version and a postfix version.

Operator Symbol Form Operation

Prefix increment ++ ++x Increment x, then evaluate x

Prefix decrement –– – –x Decrement x, then evaluate x

Postfix increment ++ x++ Evaluate x, then increment x

Postfix decrement –– x– – Evaluate x, then decrement x

5. Relational Operators

Operator Symbol Form Operation

Greater than > x>y true if x is greater than y, false otherwise

Less than < x<y true if x is less than y, false otherwise

Greater than or true if x is greater than or equal to y,

>= x >= y
equals false otherwise

Less than or true if x is less than or equal to y, false

<= x <= y
equals otherwise

Equality == x == y true if x equals y, false otherwise

true if x does not equal y, false

Inequality != x != y
otherwise

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6. Logical Operators

While relational operators can be used to test whether a particular condition is true or false,
they can only test one condition at a time.

C++ provides us with 3 logical operators.

Operator Symbol Form Operation

Logical NOT ! !x true if x is false, or false if x is true

Logical AND && x && y true if both x and y are true, false otherwise

Logical OR || x || y true if either x or y are true, false otherwise

a. Logical NOT

Logical NOT (operator !)

Right operand Result

0 1

1 0

b. Logical OR
The logical OR operator is used to test whether either of two conditions is true. If the left
operand evaluates to true, or the right operand evaluates to true, the logical OR operator returns
true. If both operands are true, then logical OR will return true as well.

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Logical OR (operator ||)

Left Right
Result
operand operand

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

c. Logical AND

The logical AND operator is used to test whether both conditions are true. If both
conditions are true, logical AND returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.

Logical AND (operator &&)

Left operand Right operand Result

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1