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Periodic Table of Elements

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Periodic Table of Elements
Periodic Table of Elements
the arrangement of elements in order of increasing
atomic number, with elements having similar
properties placed in vertical columns

Elements
 substances that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substances by chemical or physical means
Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Periodic Table of Elements

Symbols of Elements
 Abbreviations for the names of the chemical
elements.
 Symbols of some elements are derived from the
following:
1. The first or two letters of the English name of
the element
 Examples: O – oxygen He – helium
 N – Nitrogen Ca – calcium
Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Periodic Table of Elements

Symbols of Elements
 Symbols of some elements are derived from the
following:
2. Other symbols are derived from the first letter
and some other characteristics letter of their
names.
Examples: Mg – magnesium Cd – cadmium

Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Periodic Table of Elements

Symbols of Elements
 Symbols of some elements are derived from the
following:
3. Latin names of the elements
Examples: sodium: Na for Natrium
silver: Ag for Argentum
copper: Cu for cuprum
iron: Fe for Ferrum
Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Periodic Table of Elements

Symbols of Elements
 Symbols of some elements are derived from the
following:
4. Some of the man-made elements, which were
named by scientists

Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Periodic Table of Elements
Element Familiar Place or Name Symbol
Symbols of Elements
Californium California Cf
 Symbols of some
Einsteinum elements
Albert are derived from Es
Einstein the
following:
Nobelium Alfred Nobel (Nobel Prize) No
4. Some of the man-made elements, which were
Neptunium Neptune Np
named by scientists
Plutonium Pluto Pu
Americium America Am
Berkelium Berkeley, California Bk
Curium Marie and PierreSymbols
Chemical Curie Cu
Francium • Contain France
the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
Fr
Scandium number.Scandinavia
Superscript →
Mass
Sc
Polonium Poland
number
Po
Tungsten Wolfrom
Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
(Peter Woulf) W
Periodic Table of Elements

Importance of the periodic table:


1. Aid to remembering and understanding chemical
data.
2. Guide to chemical prediction and theory.
3. Helps us to clearly state our chemical
expectations.

Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Periodic Table of Elements

Source: https://www.ptable.com/
Periodic Table of Elements

Divisions in the Modern Periodic Table:


 Period - horizontal rows of the table arranged in
order of increasing atomic no.

 Family or group – vertical columns bringing


together elements with similar properties

Chemical Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.
Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
IA: Alkali Metals
IIA: Alkali Earth Metals

B subgroup: Transition/
inner transition elements

IIIA: Boron Group


IVA: Carbon Group
Periodic Table of Elements

VA: Nitrogen Group


VIA: Oxygen Group
VIIA: Halogens
VIIIA: Noble Gases
Periodic Table of Elements

Classification of Elements
 Metals are lustrous, malleable and ductile. They
are good conductors of heat. Metals are found on
the left side of the ladder-like line in the periodic
table (except hydrogen) The ladder-like line is the
diagonal line drawn approximately from B to At.
Periodic Table of Elements

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Periodic Table of Elements

Classification of Elements
 Non-metals differ from metals in their physical
and chemical properties and are found on the
right side of the ladder-like line in the periodic
table.
 Metalloids are elements that exhibit some
properties of both metals and non-metals and
they lie along the ladder-like line separating the
metals from the non-metals in the periodic table.
Periodic Table of Elements

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Periodic Table of Elements

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Periodic Table of Elements

Blocks in the Periodic Table


 Group IA and IIA make up the s-block.
 Groups IIIA and IVA to VIIA completes the p-block.
 Transition elements under sub-group B occupy
the d-block.
 Elements following Lanthanum in period 6 and
Actinium in Period 7 are referred to as lanthanides
or lanthanides and actinides or actinides
respectively. They make up the f-block.
Periodic Table of Elements

Types of Elements Based on Electronic


Configurations of their Atoms
 Inert Gas Elements: Elements of this type are
characterized by atoms in which all subsidiary
quantum levels that are present are filled up to
capacity. These are members of Group VIIIA in the
periodic table.
 Representative Elements: These elements
partially occupy the s and p block. These are
known as the s and p block elements.
Periodic Table of Elements

Types of Elements Based on Electronic


Configurations of their Atoms
 Transition Elements: These elements are
characterized by atoms in which an inner d-level
is present but is not filled to capacity.
 Inner Transition Elements: These elements are
characterized by atoms which contain
incompletely filled levels as well as incompletely
filled f-levels.
s-block: representative Periodic Table of Elements

Inert gas elemenst


representative
elements

elements
p-block:
d-block: Transition
elements

f-block: inner transition elements

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Periodic Table of Elements

Trends in the Periodic Table


 Periodic Trend: property that changes as you
move across a period or down a group in the
periodic table of elements
Periodic Table of Elements

Trends in the Periodic Table


A. Metallic Property
Periodic Table of Elements
Trends in the Periodic Table
B. Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of
the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud
of electrons
Periodic Table of Elements
Trends in the Periodic Table
C. Ionization Energy: the energy required to remove the
most loosely held electron from a gaseous atom when it
is in its ground state, thus forming a positive ion.
Periodic Table of Elements
Trends in the Periodic Table
D. Electron Affinity: the amount of energy released or
spent when an electron is added to a neutral atom or
molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion.
Periodic Table of Elements
Trends in the Periodic Table
E. Electronegativity: the ability of a bonded atom to
attract electrons towards itself when combined with
different atoms.

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