Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed
  by the Maharashtra State Board
of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.
 

STD. XI Sci.
Perfect Mathematics - I
 

 
Fifth Edition: May 2015
 

 
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• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.
 
• Covers answers to all textual and miscellaneous exercises.
  • Precise theory for every topic.
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 Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
“Std. XI Sci. : PERFECT MATHEMATICS - I” is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and
extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State board syllabus
and provides answers to all textual questions. At the beginning of every chapter, topic – wise distribution of all
textual questions including practice problems has been provided for simpler understanding of different types of
questions. Neatly labelled diagrams have been provided wherever required.
Practice Problems and Multiple Choice Questions help the students to test their range of preparation and the
amount of knowledge of each topic. Important theories and formulae are the highlights of this book. The steps are
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No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Angle and It’s Measurement 1
2 Trigonometric Functions 22
3 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles 65
4 Factorization Formulae 95
5 Locus 116
6 Straight Line 142
7 Circle and Conics 202
8 Vectors 277
9 Linear Inequations 320
10 Determinants 367
11 Matrices 415
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

01  Angle and it’s Measurement 
Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.
1.1 Q.1 (i. to iv.)
Coterminal angles Practice Problems
Q.1 (i., ii.)
(Based on Exercise 1.1)
Q.2. (i. to vii.)
Q.3. (i. to vii.)
Q.4. (i., ii.)
1.1
Q.5, 6, 7
Q.8. (i., ii.)
Q.9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Q.2 (i. to v.)
Q.3 (i. to iv.)
Practice Problems Q.4 (i. to iii.)
Degree measure and radian measure (Based on Exercise 1.1) Q.5, 6, 7, 8
Q.9 (i., ii.)
Q.10
Q.1. (i., ii.)
Q.2. (i., ii.)
Miscellaneous
Q.4. (i. to iii.)
Q.3, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20
Q.1 (i., ii.)
Practice Problems
Q.2 (i., ii.)
(Based on Miscellaneous)
Q.3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15 (i., ii.), 16, 19
1.2 Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Practice Problems Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(Based on Exercise 1.2)
Length of an arc
Miscellaneous Q.7, 8, 9, 10, 19
Practice Problems
Q.8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18
(Based on Miscellaneous)
1.2 Q.7, 8, 9, 10
Practice Problems
Q.6, 8, 9, 10
(Based on Exercise 1.2)
Area of a sector
Miscellaneous Q.6
Practice Problems
Q.7
(Based on Miscellaneous)
1.2 Q.6
Practice Problems
Q.7
(Based on Exercise 1.2)
Length of an arc and area of a sector
Miscellaneous Q.11, 12
Practice Problems
Q.12
(Based on Miscellaneous)

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

Syllabus: Positive angle:

Directed angles, zero angle, straight angle,
If a ray rotates about the vertex (the point) O from
coterminal angles, standard angles, angle in a
quadrant and quadrantal angles. initial position OX in anticlockwise direction, then
the angle described by the ray is positive angle.
Systems of measurement of angles:
Sexagesimal system (degree measure), Circular P
system (radian measure), Relation between degree Terminal ray
measure and radian measure, length of an arc of a
circle and area of sector of a circle.
+ve angle
Introduction O
Initial ray X
In school geometry we have studied the definition of
angle and trigonometric ratios of some acute angles. In the above figure, XOP is obtained by the
In this chapter we will extend the concept for rotation of a ray in anticlockwise direction denoted
different angles. by arrow. Hence XOP is positive i.e., +XOP.
You are familiar with the definition of angle as the Negative angle:
“union of two non-collinear rays having common
end point”. But according to this definition measure If a ray rotates about the vertex (the point) O, from
of angle is always positive and it lies between 0 to initial position OX in clockwise direction, then the
180. In order to study the concept of angle in angle described by the ray is negative angle.
broader manner, we will extend it for magnitude and
sign. Initial ray X
O
The measurement of angle and sides of a triangle ve angle
and the inter-relation between them was first studied
by Greek astronomers Hipparchus and Ptolemy and Terminal ray
Indian mathematicians Aryabhatta and
Brahmagupta. P
Directed angles In the above figure, XOP is obtained by the
Suppose OX is the initial position of a ray. This ray rotation of a ray in clockwise direction denoted by
rotates about O from initial position OX and takes a arrow. Hence XOP is negative angle i.e., XOP.
finite position along ray OP. In such a case we say
that rotating ray OX describes a directed angle XOP. Angle of any magnitude:
P i. Suppose a ray starts from the initial position
Terminal ray OX in anticlockwise sense and makes
complete rotation (revolution) about O and
takes the final position along OX as shown in
O the figure (i), then the angle described by the
Vertex Initial ray X
ray is 360.
In the above figure, the point O is called the vertex.
The ray OX is called the initial ray and ray OP is O Fig. (i) X
called the terminal ray of an angle XOP. The pair
of rays are also called the arms of angle XOP.
In figure (ii) initial ray rotates about O in
In general, an angle can be defined as the ordered anticlockwise sense and completes two
pair of initial and terminal rays or arms rotating from rotations (revolutions). Hence, the angle
initial position to terminal position.
described by the ray is 2  360 = 720.
The directed angle includes two things
i. Amount of rotation (magnitude of angle).
ii. Direction of rotation (sign of the angle). O
Fig. (ii) X

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

In figure (iii) initial ray rotates about O in Straight angle:

clockwise sense and completes two rotations
In figure, OX is the initial position and OP is the final
(revolutions). Hence, the angle described by
position of rotating ray. The rays OX and OP lie along
the ray is 2  360 = 720
the same line but in opposite direction. In this case
XOP is called a straight angle and m XOP = 180.
O
Fig. (iii) X
ii. Suppose a ray starting from the initial position P O X
OX makes one complete rotation in
anticlockwise sense and takes the position OP Coterminal angles:
as shown in figure, then the angle described by Two angles with different measures but having the
the revolving ray is 360 + XOP.
same positions of initial and terminal ray are called
P
as coterminal angles.
P

 410
O X 50
O
If XOP = , then the traced angle is –310 X
360 + .
If the rotating ray completes two rotations, then In figure, the directed angles having measures 50,
the angle described is 2  360 +  = 720 +  410, –310 have the same initial arm, ray OX and
and so on. the same terminal arm, ray OP. Hence, these angles
iii. Suppose the initial ray makes one complete are coterminal angles.
rotation about O in clockwise sense and attains Note:
its terminal position OP, then the described If two directed angles are co-terminal angles, then
angle is (360 + XOP).
the difference between measures of these two
X directed angles is an integral multiple of 360.
O
 Standard angle:
An angle which has vertex at origin and initial arm
along positive Xaxis is called standard angle.
P Y
If XOP = , then the traced angle is Q
P
(360 + ).
If final position OP is obtained after 2,3,4, ….
X O X
complete rotations in clockwise sense, then
angle described are (2  360 + ),
 (3  360 + ), (4  360 + ), ….. R
Y
Types of angles In figure XOP, XOQ, XOR with vertex O and
Zero angle: initial ray along positive Xaxis are called standard
If the initial ray and the terminal ray lie along same angles or angles in standard position.
line and same direction i.e., they coincide, the angle Angle in a Quadrant:
so obtained is of measure zero and is called zero
angle. An angle is said to be in a particular quadrant, if the
terminal ray of the angle in standard position lies in
O P X that quadrant.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I
Y Divide 1 into 60 equal parts. Each part is
Q P called as a one minute ( 1 ).
i.e., 1 = 60
X O
X
Divide 1 into 60 equal parts. Each part is
called as a one second (1)
R
i.e., 1 = 60
Y
Note:
In figure XOP, XOQ and XOR lie in first, The sexagesimal system is extensively used in
second and third quadrants respectively. engineering, astronomy, navigation and surveying.
Quadrantal Angles: ii. Circular system (Radian measure):
If the terminal arm of an angle in standard position In this system, the unit of measurement of an
lie along any one of the co-ordinate axes, then it is angle is radian.
called as quadrantal angle. Angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an
arc whose length is equal to the radius is
Y
called as one radian denoted by 1c.
P
Draw any circle with centre O and radius r.
Q Take the points P and Q on the circle such
X X that the length of arc PQ is equal to radius of
O
the circle. Join OP and OQ.
Q
R r r
Y 1 c

In figure XOP, XOQ, and XOR are quadrantal O r P

angles.
Note:
The quadrantal angles are integral multiples of 90

Then by the definition, the measure of POQ
i.e.,  n , where n  N. is 1 radian (1c).
2
Notes:
Systems of measurement of angles
i. This system of measuring an angle is used in
There are two systems of measurement of an angle: all the higher branches of mathematics.
i. Sexagesimal system (Degree measure) ii. The radian is a constant angle, therefore radian
ii. Circular system (Radian measure) does not depend on the circle i.e., it does not
depend on the radius of the circle as shown
i. Sexagesimal system (Degree Measure): below.
In this system, the unit of measurement of an C
angle is a degree. Q
Suppose a ray OP starts rotating in the r1 r2
c
anticlockwise sense about O and attains the 1
P 1c
original position for the first time, then the O r1 B A
r2
amount of rotation caused is called
1 revolution.
Divide 1 revolution into
360 equal parts. Each P
part is called as a one O In figure we draw two circles of different radii r1 and
degree(1). r2 and centres O and B respectively. Then the angle
1 revolution at the centre of both circles is equal to 1c.
i.e., 1 revolution = 360 i.e., POQ = 1c = ABC.

4
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

Theorem: Exercise 1.1

A radian is a constant angle. OR
Angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc 1. Determine which of the following pairs of
whose length is equal to the radius of the circle is angles are coterminal:
always constant. i. 210,  150 ii. 330,  60
iii. 405,  675 iv. 1230,  930
Proof: Solution:
Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the circle. i. 210  ( 150) = 210 + 150
Take points P, Q and R on the circle such that arc = 360
PQ = r and POR = 90. = 1(360)
By definition of radian, which is a multiple of 360.
POQ = 1c Hence, the given angles are coterminal.
1 ii. 330  ( 60) = 330 + 60
arc PR =  circumference of the circle
4 R = 390
1 r Q which is not a multiple of 360.
=  2r = Hence, the given angles are not coterminal.
4 2
r
By proportionality theorem c iii. 405  ( 675) = 405 + 675
1
POQ arcPQ P = 1080
= O r
POR arcPR = 3(360)
arcPQ
which is a multiple of 360.
 POQ =  POR Hence, the given angles are coterminal.
arcPR
r iv. 1230  ( 930) = 1230 + 930
 1c =  1 right angle = 2160
 r 
  = 6(360)
 2
which is a multiple of 360.
2
=  (1 right angle) ….(i) Hence, the given angles are coterminal.

i.e., 1c = constant 2. Express the following angles in degrees:
 R.H.S. of equation (i) is constant and hence a c c
radian is a constant angle.  5   7 
i.  12  ii.   12 
   
Relation between degree measure and radian c
measure: c 1
iii. 8 iv.  3
2 2  90 180  
i. 1c =  (1. right angle) = = c c
    5   2 
v.  7  vi.  9 
ii. c = 180    
c
 7 
  
c vii.   24 
iii. 1 =  c  
 = 0.01745 (approx.)
 180  Solution:
c 
   5   5 180 
 180   180 
c
1 =  =  = 57 17 48
i.   =   = 75
    3.142   12   12  
c 
 7   7 180 
 x 
c
 180 y 
 ii.   =    =  105
iv. In general x =  c  12   12  
 and y =   
 180     
c  180   1440 
iii. 8 = 8  = 
        
 180   630   3 
v. 1c =   =  =  57  c  
 22 / 7   11   11   1   1 180   60 
iv.   =   = 
= 57.3 (approx). 3  3     
5
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I
c 
 5   5 180  c
v.   =   = (128.57) approx 5. If xc = 405 and y =  , find x and y.
 7   7   12
c  Solution:
 2   2 180  xc = 405 ……(given)
vi.   =    =  40
 9   9   c
   9 
c

c   xc =  405   = 
 7    7 180   180   4 
vii.   =    = ( 52.5)
 24   24   9
 x=
4
3. Express the following angles in radians: 
c

i. 120 ii. 225 Also, y = 

12
iii. 945 iv.  600 
  180 
  y =     =  15
1  12  
v.  vi.  108
5  y =  15
vii.  144
Solution: 5 c
6. If  =  and c = 900, find  and .
c c 9
    2 
i. 120 =  120   =  Solution:
 180   3 
5c
c c  =  …..(given)
    5  9
ii. 225 =  225   = 
 180   4  
 5 180 
c c   =    
    21   9  
iii. 945 =  945   = 
 180   4    = –100

c
   10 
c   =  100
iv.  600 =   600   =   Also, c = 900
 180   3 
c
 c c   
1  1        =  900 
c

v. =    =    180 
5  5 180   900 
c c
 c = 5c
    3    = 5
vi.  108 =  108   =  
 180   5 
c c 2 c
    4  7. In  ABC, mA = and mB = 45.
vii.  144 =  144   =   3
 180   5 
Find mC in both the systems.
Solution:
4. Express the following angles in degrees, In  ABC,
minutes and seconds form: 
2c  2 180 
i. (321.9) ii. (200.6) mA = =   = 120
3  3  
Solution:
and mB = 45
i. (321.9) = 321 + 0.9 But, mA + mB + mC = 180
= 321 + (0.9  60) ....(sum of measures of angles of a triangle is 180)
= 321 + 54  120 + 45 + mC = 180
= 321 54  mC = 180  165 = 15
c c
   
ii. (200.6) = 200 + (0.6) = 15   = 
 180   12 
= 200 + (0.6  60)
c
= 200 + 36 
 mC = 15 =  
= 200 36  12 

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

8. If the radian measures of two angles of a 9. The difference between two acute angles of
triangle are as given below. Find the radian 3 c
measure and the degree measure of the a right angled triangle is . Find the
10
third angle:
angles in degrees.
5  5 3 4
i. , ii. , Solution:
9 18 5 15 Let the two acute angles measured in degrees
Solution: be x and y.
i. The measures of two angles of a triangle are  x + y = 90 …..(i)
c c
5 5 c
,  3 
9 18 and x  y =   …. (given)
 
 10 
 5 180   5 180  
i.e.,    ,    3 180 
= 
 9    18   
 10  
i.e., 100, 50
Let the measure of third angle of the triangle  x  y = 54 …..(ii)
be x. Adding (i) and (ii), we get
 100 + 50 + x = 180 2x = 144
.... (sum of measures of angles of a triangle is  x = 72
180) Putting the value of x in (i), we get
 150 + x = 180 72 + y = 90
 x = 180  150  y = 18
 x = 30 Hence, the two acute angles are 72 and 18.
c
   c
=  30   = 10. The sum of two angles is 5c and their
 180  6 difference is 60. Find the angles in degrees.
 Measure of third angle of the triangle is 30 or Solution:
c Let the two acute angles measured in degrees
. be x and y.
6
 x + y = 5c ….. (given)
ii. The measures of two angles of a triangle are 
 180 
c
3 4
c
 x + y =  5  
,   
5 15
   x + y = 900 …..(i)
 3 180   4 180  and x  y = 60 …..(ii) (given)
i.e.,    ,  
 5    15   Adding (i) and (ii), we get
i.e., 108, 48 2x = 960
Let the measure of third angle of the triangle  x = 480
be x. Putting the value of x in (i), we get
 108 + 48 + x = 180 480 + y = 900
…. (sum of measures of angles of a triangle is  y = 420
Hence, the two angles are 480 and 420.
180)
 156 + x = 180 11. The measures of angles of a triangle are in
 x = 180  156 the ratio 2: 3: 5. Find their measures in
 x = 24 radians.
c
   2 c Solution:
=  24   = Let the measures of angles of the triangle be
 180  15
2k, 3k, 5k in degrees.
 Measure of third angle of the triangle is 24 or
 2k + 3k + 5k = 180
2 c ….(sum of measures of angles of a triangle is
.
15 180)
7
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

 10k = 180  18k = 360

 k = 18  k = 20
 the measures of three angles are  the measures of angles are
2k = 2  18 = 36 3k = 3  20 = 60
3k = 3  18 = 54 4k = 4  20 = 80
5k = 5  18 = 90 5k = 5  20 = 100
These three angles in radians are
c 6k = 6  20 = 120
   c These angles in radians are
36 =  36   =
 180  5  
c
c

c 60 =  60   =
   3 c  180  3
54 =  54   =
 180  10   
c
4 c
c 80 =  80   =
   c  180  9
90 =  90   =
 180  2 .   
c
5 c
100 = 100   =
 180  9
12. One angle of a triangle has measure c
   2 c
2 c 120 = 120   =
and the measures of other two angles  180  3
9
are in the ratio 4 : 3, find their measures in
14. One angle of a quadrilateral has measure
degrees and radians.
Solution: 2 c
and the measures of other three angles
2 c  2 180 
 5
=   = 40 are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. Find their
9  9   measures in radians and in degrees.
Let the measures of other two angles of the Solution:
triangle be 4k and 3k in degrees. 
2 c  2 180 
 40 + 4k + 3k = 180 =   = 72
 7k = 140 5  5  
 k = 20 Let the measures of other three angles of the
 the measures of two angles are quadrilateral be 2k, 3k, 4k in degrees.
4k = 4 × 20 = 80  72 + 2k + 3k + 4k = 360
3k = 3 × 20 = 60  9k = 288
These two angles in radians are  k = 32
c
   4 c  the measures of angles are
80 =  80   
 180  9 2k = 2  32 = 64
  
c
c 3k = 3  32 = 96
60 =  60   
 180  3 4k = 4  32 = 128
 the angles of the quadrilateral in degrees are
13. The measures of angles of a quadrilateral 72, 64, 96, 128.
are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. Find their The angles in radians are
measures in radians. c
   16c
Solution: 64 =  64   =
Let the measures of angles of the quadrilateral  180  45
be   
c
8 c
3k, 4k, 5k, 6k in degrees. 96 =  96   =
 180  15
 3k + 4k + 5k + 6k = 360 c
….(sum of measures of angles of a    32c
128 = 128   =
quadrilateral is 360)  180  45

8
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

Length of an arc and area of sector of a circle 1 2

 Area of sector AOB = r .
Theorem: 2
Note:
If S is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r
which subtends an angle c at the centre of the 1 1
A(sector) =  r2   =  r  r
circle, then S = r. 2 2
Proof:
1
Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the circle. = rS
Let AB be an arc of the circle with length ‘S’ units 2
and mAOB = c.
Note:
Let AA be the diameter of the circle
(Note that  is measured in radians) The above theorems are not asked in examination
Now, (arc AB)  m AOB but are provided just for reference.

and (arc ABA)  m AOA B

Exercise 1.2
  arcAB  c

 = r S
  arc ABA '   1. Find the length of an arc of a circle which
c
S  A r A subtends an angle of 108 at the centre, if
 = O
1 
 circumference  the radius of the circle is 15 cm.
2
Solution:
S 
 = Here, r = 15cm and
r 
 S = r   
c
3 c
 Length of an arc, S = r.  = 108 =  108   =
 180  5
Theorem: Since, S = r.
If c is an angle between two radii of the circle of 3
radius r, then the area of the corresponding  S = 15  = 9 cm.
5
1
sector is r2.
2
Proof: 2. The radius of a circle is 9 cm. Find the
Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the circle length of an arc of this circle which cuts off
and m AOB = c. a chord of length equal to length of radius.
Let AA be the diameter of the circle
Solution: B
Area of sector AOB  m AOB
and area of sector ABA  m AOA Here, r = 9cm
Area of sector AOB mAOB  Let the arc AB cut off a 
   O A
Area of sector ABA ' mAOA '  chord equal to the radius of
B the circle.

r   OAB is an equilateral
triangle.
c
A r A  mAOB = 60
O
c
   c
  = 60 =  60   =
 180  3

 Area of sector AOB = Area of sector ABA  Since, S = r.

1 2  1 
= (r )  = r2   S=9 = 3 cm.
2  2 3
9
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

3. Find in radians and degrees the angle From (i) and (ii), we get
subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc   5 
r1   = r2  
whose length is 15 cm, if the radius of the 3  12 
circle is 25 cm. r1 15
 
Solution: r2 12
Here, r = 25 cm and S = 15 cm r1 5
Since, S = r.  
r2 4
 15 = 25  
c  r1 : r2 = 5 : 4.
 15 
 =  
 25  6. The area of the circle is 25 sq.cm. Find the
c   length of its arc subtending an angle of 144
 3   3 180  108
  =  =   = at the centre. Also find the area of the
5 5   
corresponding sector.
Solution:
4. A pendulum of 14 cm long oscillates Area of circle = r2
through an angle of 18. Find the length of But area is given to be 25  sq.cm
the path described by its extremity.  25 = r2
Solution:  r2 = 25  r = 5 cm
c
Here, r = 14 cm and    4 c
c 18  = 144 = 144   =
   c  180  5
 = 18 = 18   =
 180  10  4 
Since, S = r = 5   = 4 cm.
  5 
Since, S = r. = 14 
10 1 1
A(sector) =  r  S =  5  4 = 10 sq.cm.
7 2 2
 S= cm.
5
7. OAB is a sector of the circle with centre O
and radius 12 cm. If mAOB = 60, find
5. Two arcs of the same length subtend angles
the difference between the areas of sector
of 60 and 75 at the centres of the circles. AOB and AOB.
What is the ratio of radii of two circles? Solution:
Solution: Here, OA = OB = r = 12 cm
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the given circles Given mAOB = 60
and let their arcs of same length S subtend mOAB = mOBA … OA  OB
angles of 60 and 75 at their centres.  OAB is an equilateral triangle
Angle subtended at the centre of the first circle, c c
   
  = 60 =  60   =
  c
c
 180  3 O

1= 60 =  60   =
 180  3 60
A
S = r11 = r1   
B
 ….(i)
3 Now,
Angle subtended at the centre of the second 1 2 3
circle, A (sector AOB)  A(AOB) = r  .(side)2
c
2 4
   5 c 1 
2 = 75 =  75   = 2
=  (12) 
 180  12 2 3
3
 S = r22 = r2  5  ….(ii)  .(12)2
 12  4

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

1  3 10. The perimeter of a sector of a circle, of area

= 144  .(144) 64 sq.cm, is 56 cm. Find the area of sector.
2 3 4
Solution:
= 24  36 3 Area of circle = r2
= 12(2  3 3 ) sq.cm. But area is given to be 64  sq.cm
 64 = r2
8. OPQ is a sector of a circle with centre O  r = 8 cm
and radius 15 cm. If mPOQ = 30, find Perimeter of sector = 2r + S
the area enclosed by arc PQ and chord PQ. But perimeter is given to be 56 cm
 56 = 16 + S
Solution:
Here, r = 15 cm  S = 40 cm
c 1 1
   Area of sector =  r  S =  8  40
mPOQ = 30 =  30   O 2 2
 180  = 160 sq.cm.
M 30 15cm
c
 = Miscellaneous Exercise - 1
6 P Q
Draw QM  OP 1. Express the following angles into radians:
QM i. 50 37 30 ii.  10 40 30
 sin 30 =
15 Solution:

1 15
=  50 
37 30 
 QM = 15  = i. 50 37 30  
2 2  60 60  60 
Shaded portion indicates the area enclosed by = (50 + 0.6166 + 0.00833)
arc PQ and chord PQ.   
c

 A(shaded portion) = A(sector OPQ)  A(OPQ) = 50.625 =  50.625  

 180 
1 1
= r 2    OP  QM  40 30 

2 2 ii. 10 40 30 =  10   
 60 60  60 
1  1 15
=  152    15  = (10 + 0.66 + 0.0083)
2 6 2 2 c
  
75 225 =  (10.675) =  10.675  
=   180 
4 4
75
= (  3) sq.cm. 2. Express the following angles in degrees,
4 minutes and seconds.
i. (11.0133) ii. (94.3366)
9. The perimeter of a sector of a circle, of area Solution:
25 sq.cm, is 20 cm. Find the area of sector. i. (11.0133) = 11 + (0.0133)
Solution: = 11 + (0.0133  60)
Area of circle = r2
= 11 + (0.798)
But area is given to be 25 sq.cm = 11 + (0.798  60)
 25 = r2 = 11 + (47.88)
 r = 5 cm = 11 48 (approx)
Perimeter of sector = 2r + S ii. (94.3366) = 94 + (0.3366)
But perimeter is given to be 20 cm = 94 + (0.3366  60)
 20 = 10 + S = 94 + (20.196)
 S = 10 cm = 94 + 20 + (0.196)
1 1 = 94 + 20 + (0.196  60)
Area of sector =  r  S =  5  10
2 2 = 94 + 20 + (11.76)
= 25 sq.cm. = 94 20 12 (approx)

11
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

3 c
c
  
3. In  LMN, mL = and mN = 30. = 120 = 120 
4  180 
Find the measure of M both in degrees
and radians. 2 c
=
Solution: 3
In LMN,
iii. Octagon:
3  3 180 
c
mL = =   = 135 Number of sides = 8
4  4  
and mN = 30 Number of exterior angles = 8
But mL + mM + mN = 180 Sum of exterior angles = 360
 135 + mM + 30 = 180 360 360
 mM = 180  165 = 15  Each exterior angle = =
c no.of sides 8
  
= 15   
 180   360 
 Each interior angle =  180 
c  8 
 mM =
12 = (180  45)
c
 Measure of M = 15 =   
c
12 = 135 =  135  
 180 
4. Find the radian measure of the interior
angle of a regular 3 c
i. Pentagon ii. Hexagon =
4
iii. Octagon.
Solution:
i. Pentagon: 5. Find the number of sides of a regular
Number of sides = 5 polygon, if each of its interior angles is
Number of exterior angles = 5
3 c
Sum of exterior angles = 360 .
4
360 360
 Each exterior angle = = Solution:
no.of sides 5 c
 3
 360  Each interior angle of a regular polygon =
 Each interior angle =  180  4
 5  
= (180  72)  3 180 
=  
c  4  
  
= 108 = 108 
 180  = 135
3 c  Exterior angle = 180  135 = 45.
=
5 Let the number of sides of the regular polygon
be n.
ii. Hexagon:
Number of sides = 6 But in a regular polygon,
Number of exterior angles = 6 360
Sum of exterior angles = 360 exterior angle =
no.of sides
360 360
 Each exterior angle = = 360
no.of sides 6  45 =
n

 360  360
 Each interior angle =  180   n= =8
 6  45
= (180  60)  Number of sides of a regular polygon = 8.
12
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

6. Two circles each of radius 7 cm, intersect 7. PQR is an equilateral triangle with side 18
each other. The distance between their cm. A circle is drawn on segment QR as
centres is 7 2 cm. Find the area common diameter. Find the length of the arc of this
to both the circles. circle intercepted within the triangle.
Solution: Solution:
Let O and O1 be the centres of two circles Let ‘O’ be the centre of the circle drawn on
intersecting each other at A and B. QR as a diameter.
Then, OA = OB = O1A = O1B = 7 cm Let the circle intersects seg PQ and PR at
points M and N respectively. P
and OO1 = 7 2 cm
Since, l(OQ) = l(OM)
 OO12 = 98 …..(i) 60
 mOMQ = mOQM = 60
Since, OA2 + O1A2 = 72 + 72
 mMOQ = 60 M N
= 98
Similarly, mNOR = 60
= OO12 ….[From (i)] QR = 18 cm 60 60
 mOAO1 = 90  r = 9 cm 60 60 60 60
 OAO1B is a square. Q R
O
mAOB = mAO1B = 90
c c
   
=  90   = 
c
  
c
 180  2  = 60 =  60   = 
 180   3 
A 
7 7  l(arc MN) = S = r = 9  = 3 cm.
3
O O1
8. Find the radius of the circle in which a
central angle of 60 intercepts an arc of
B length 37.4 cm.
1  22 
Now, A(sector OAB) = r 2   use   7 
2  
1  Solution:
=  72  Let S be the length of the arc and r be the
2 2
49 radius of the circle.
= sq.cm 
c
  
c
4  = 60 =  60   =
1  180  3
and A(sector O1AB) = r 2  S = 37.4 cm
2
1  Since, S = r
=  72  
2 2  37.4 = r 
49 3
= sq.cm 22
4  3  37.4 = r 
A( OAO1B) = (side)2 = 49 sq.cm 7
3  37.4  7
 required area = area of shaded portion  r=
22
= A(sector OAB) + A(sector O1AB)
 r = 35.7 cm
 A( OAO1B)
49 49 9. A wire of length 10 cm is bent so as to form
= +  49 an arc of a circle of radius 4 cm. What is
4 4
the angle subtended at the centre in
49 degrees?
=  49
2 Solution:
49 S = 10 cm and
= (  2) sq.cm
2 r = 4 cm ….(given)

13
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

Since, S = r 1
Area of sector = rS
 10 = 4    2
c
5 1
  =  =  135  30
2 2
 22
 5 180  = 2025 
=   10 cm 7
2   = 6364.28 sq.cm

 450 
= 
   12. The area of a circle is 81 sq.cm. Find the
length of the arc subtending an angle of
10. If the arcs of the same lengths in two circles 300 at the centre and the area of
subtend angles 65 and 110 at the centre. corresponding sector.
Find the ratio of their radii. Solution:
Solution: Area of circle = r2
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the given circles But area is given to be 81 sq.cm
and let their arcs of same length S subtend
 r2 = 81
angles of 65 and 110 at their centres.
 r2 = 81
Angle subtended at the centre of the first circle,
c
 r = 9 cm
   13c c c
1 = 65 =  65   =    5
 180  36  = 300 =  300   =
 180  3
 13  5
 S = r11 = r1   ….(i) Since, S = r = 9  = 15 cm.
 36  3
Angle subtended at the centre of the second 1
circle, Area of sector =  r  S
c
2
   11c 1
2 = 110 =  110   = =  9  15
 180  18 2
 11  135
 S = r22 = r2   ….(ii) = sq.cm
 18  2
From (i) and (ii), we get
 13   11  13. The measures of angles of a quadrilateral
r1   = r2   are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 6 : 7. Find their
 36   18  measures in degrees and in radians.
r1 22 Solution:
 =
r2 13 Let the measures of angles of the quadrilateral
 r1 : r2 = 22 : 13 be 2k, 3k, 6k and 7k in degrees.
 2k + 3k + 6k + 7k = 360
11. Find the area of a sector whose arc length is ….(sum of measures of angles of a
30 cm and the angle of the sector is 40. quadrilateral is 360)
Solution:  18k = 360
Let S be the length of the arc.  k = 20
c c
   2  the measures of angles are
 = 40 =  40   =
 180  9 2k = 2  20 = 40
and S = 30 cm 3k = 3  20 = 60
Since, S = r 6k = 6  20 = 120
2 7k = 7  20 = 140
 30 = r  These angles in radians are
9 c
30  9    2 c
 r=  r = 135 cm 40 =  40   =
2  180  9

14
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

  
c
c 16. Find the angle between the hour-hand and
60 =  60   = minute-hand of a clock at
 180  3
i. twenty minutes past two
c
   2 c ii. quarter past six
120 = 120   =
 180  3 iii. ten past eleven.
c Solution:
   7 c i. At 2 : 20, the minute-hand is at mark 4 and
140 = 140   =
 180  9 rd
1
hour hand has crossed   of angle between
3
14. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the
2 and 3.
greatest angle is 84. Find all the three 11 12 1
angles in radians. 10 2
Solution:
9 3
Let the measures of angles of a triangle be
a  d, a, a + d in degrees. 8 4
7 6 5
 (a  d) + a + (a + d) = 180
….(sum of measures of angles of a triangle is 180) Angle between two consecutive marks
 3a = 180 360
 a = 60 = = 30
12
But a + d = 84 …..[greatest angle is 84] Angle traced by hour-hand in 20 minutes
 60 + d = 84 1
 d = 24 = (30) = 10
3
 the measures of angles are
Angle between marks 2 and 4 = 2  30 = 60
a – d = 60 – 24 = 36
 Angle between two hands of the clock at
a = 60
twenty minutes past two = 60  10 = 50
and a + d = 60 + 24 = 84
These angles in radians are ii. At 6:15, the minute-hand is at mark 3 and hour
c c
    1
th
36 =  36   = hand has crossed of the angle between 6
 180  5 4
c and 7.
   c
60 =  60   = 11 12 1
 180  3
c 10 2
   7 c 3
84 =  84   = 9
 180  15
8 4
7 6 5
15. Show that the minute-hand of a clock gains
5 30 on the hour-hand in one minute. Angle between two consecutive marks
Solution: 360
= = 30
Angle made by hour-hand in one minute 12

360  1  Angle traced by hour-hand in 15 minutes
= =  
12  60  2  1  1
= (30) = (7.5) =  7 
Angle made by minute-hand in one minute 4  2
360 Angle between mark 3 and 6 = 3  30 = 90
= = 6
60  Angle between two hands of the clock at
 Gain by minute-hand on the hour-hand in one 1


minute quarter past six = 90 + 7

 
2
1 1  1

= 6    = 5 +   = 5 30 =  97 
2 2  2
15
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

iii. At 11:10, the minute-hand is at mark 2 and 18. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the
1
th ratio of the number of degrees in the least
hour hand has crossed of the angle to the number of radians in the greatest is
6
between 11 and 12 60 : . Find the angles of the triangle in
degrees and radians.
11 12 1 Solution:
10 2 Let the measures of angles of a triangle
be a  d, a, a + d in degrees.
9 3
 (a  d) + a + (a + d) = 180
8 4 ….(sum of measures of angles of a triangle is 180)
7 6 5
 3a = 180
Angle between two consecutive marks  a = 60
c
360 
= = 30 Also, greatest angle in radians = (a + d) 
12 180
Angle traced by hour hand in 10 minutes According to the given condition,
a d 60
1 =
= (30) = 5  
6 (a  d) 
180
Angle between mark 11 and 2 = 3  30 = 90
 60  d 180
 Angle between two hands of the clock at ten   60
60  d
past eleven = 90  5 = 85  60  d  3
 =1
60  d
17. A train is running on a circular track of …. [Dividing throughout by 60]
radius 1 km at the rate of 36 km per hour.
 180  3d = 60 + d
Find the angle to the nearest minute,
 120 = 4d
through which it will turn in 30 seconds.
Solution:  d = 30
r = 1km = 1000m  the measures of angles are
a – d = 60  30 = 30
(Arc covered by train in 30 seconds)
a = 60
36000 and a + d = 60 + 30 = 90
= 30  m
60  60 These angles in radians are
 S = 300 m    c
c

Since, S = r 30 =  30   =
 180  6
 300 = 1000  
c
c
c   
3 60 =  60   =
 =    180  3
 10  c c
    
 3 180  90 =  90   =
=    180  2
 10  

 54  19. In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length of
= 
  a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of minor
 arc of the chord.
 54  7 
=  Solution:
 22  Let ‘O’ be the centre of the
= (17.18) circle and AB be the chord
= 17 + 0.18 of the circle. O
= 17 + (0.18  60) Here, d = 40 cm
= 17 + (10.8)
20  20
 r = 20 cm
  = 17 11 (approx) A 20 B
16
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

The angle subtended at the centre by the minor arc 3. Express the following angles in radians:
  
c

c i. 150 ii. 340
AOB is  = 60 =  60   = 
 180  3 1
iii. – 225 iv. – 
 4
 (minor arc of chord AB) = r = 20 
3 4. Express the following angles in degrees,
20 minutes and seconds form:
= cm.
3 i. (125.3) ii. (50.9)
c
 11 
20. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. iii.  
and the greatest angle is double the least.  16 
Express the least angle in radians. 2c
Solution: 5. If  =  and c = 450, find  and .
9
Let measures of angles of quadrilateral be
a  3d, a  d, a + d, a + 3d in degrees. 4 c
6. In PQR, mP = 40 and mQ = , find
 (a  3d) + (a  d) + (a + d) + (a + 3d) = 360 9
….(sum of measures of angles of a quadrilateral is the radian measure and the degree measure of
R.
360)
 4a = 360 7. The difference between two acute angles of a
 a = 90 c
right angled triangle is . Find the angles in
Also, a + 3d = 2.(a  3d) 9
 90 + 3d = 2.(90  3d) degrees.
 90 + 3d = 180  6d
8. The sum of two angles is 3c and their
 9d = 90
difference is 40. Find the angles in degrees.
 d = 10
 Measure of least angle = a – 3d = 90  3(10) 9. i. The measures of angles of a triangle are
= 90 – 30 in the ratio 2 : 6 : 7. Find their measures
= 60 in degrees.
c
   ii. The measures of angles of a
=  60  
 180  quadrilateral are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5 : 8.
c
 Find their measures in radians.
=
3 10. One angle of a quadrilateral has measure
c
Additional Problems for Practice and the measures of other three angles are
3
Based on Exercise 1.1  in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6. Find their measures in
degrees and in radians.
1. Determine which of the following pairs of
Based on Exercise 1.2 
angles are coterminal:
i. 420, – 300 1. Find the length of the arc of circle of diameter
ii. 330, –45 6 cm, if the arc is subtending an angle of 120
at the centre.
2. Express the following angles in degrees:
 5 
c
 5 
c
2. Find the length of an arc of a circle which
i.   ii.   subtends an angle of 144 at the centre, if the
 8   6 
c
radius of the circle is 5 cm.
1
iii. 6c iv.   3. The radius of a circle is 7 cm. Find the length
4 of an arc of this circle which cuts off a chord
v. (1.1)c of length equal to radius.
17
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

4. A pendulum 18 cm long oscillates through an 8. ABC is an equilateral triangle with side

angle of 32. Find the length of the path 6 cm. A circle is drawn on segment BC as
described by its extremity. diameter. Find the length of the arc of this
5. Two arcs of the same length subtend angles of circle intercepted within ABC.
60 and 80 at the centre of the circles. What
is the ratio of radii of two circles? 9. Find the radius of the circle in which a central
angle of 60 intercepts an arc of length
6. Find the area of the sector of circle which  22 
subtends an angle of 60 at the centre, if the 28.6 cm.  Use   
 7 
radius of the circle is 3 cm.
10. A wire of length 96 cm is bent so as to form
7. The area of the circle is 64 sq. cm. Find the
an arc of a circle of radius 180 cm. What is the
length of its arc subtending an angle of 120 at
the centre. Also, find the area of the angle subtended at the centre in degrees?
corresponding sector. 11. If the arcs of the same lengths in two circles
8. If the perimeter of a sector of a circle is four subtend angles 75 and 140 at the centre, then
times the radius of the circle, find the central find the ratio of their radii.
angle of corresponding sector in radians.
12. Find the area of a sector whose arc length is
9. OPQ is a sector of a circle with centre O and 25 cm and angle of the sector is 60.
radius 12 cm. If m POQ = 60, find the area
enclosed by arc PQ and chord PQ. 13. The measures of angles of a quadrilateral arc
in the ratio 2 : 5 : 8 : 9. Find their measures in
10. The perimeter of a sector of a circle, of area
degrees and in radians.
49 sq. cm, is 44 cm. Find the area of sector.
14. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise ‐ 1  greatest angle is 100. Find all the three angles
1. Express the following angles into radians: in radians.
i. 5 37 30 ii. –35 40 30 15. Find the angle between the hour-hand and
2. Express the following angles in degrees, minute-hand of a clock at
minutes and seconds: i. thirty minutes past eight
ii. quarter past one
i. (83.1161) ii. (17.0127)
16. Find the degree and radian measure of the
3. A wheel makes 360 revolutions in 1 minute.
angle between the hour-hand and the
Through how many radians does it turn in
minute-hand of a clock at thirty minutes past
1 second?
three.
5 c 17. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse
4. In XYZ, mX = and mZ = 60.
12 moves along a circular path always keeping
Find the measure of Y both in degrees and the rope tight and describes 88 metres when it
radians.
traces an angle of 72 at the centre, find the
5. Find the radian measure of the interior angle  22 
of a regular heptagon. length of the rope.  Use   
 7 
6. Find the number of sides of a regular polygon,
2 c 18. In a circle of diameter 66 cm, the length of a
if each of its interior angles is . chord is 33 cm. Find the length of minor arc of
3
the chord.
7. Two circles each of radius 5 cm intersect each
other. The distance between their centres is 19. The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. and
5 2 cm. Find the area common to both the the greatest angle is five times the least.
circles. Express the least angle in radians.

18
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement

Multiple Choice Questions 9. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio

2 : 3 : 3 : 4. Then the least angle in degrees is
1. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle of (A) 90 (B) 45
radius 3 metres by an arc of length 1 metre is (C) 30 (D) 60
equal to
10. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio
(A) 20° (B) 60°
3 : 7 : 8. Then the greatest angle in radians is
1
(C) radian (D) 3 radians 4 c 5 c
3 (A) (B)
9 9
2. A circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bend
7 c c
again into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. (C) (D)
18 6
The angle subtended by the arc at the centre is
(A) 50° (B) 210° 11. The difference between two acute angles of a
(C) 100° (D) 60° 
right angled triangle is . Then the angles in
9
3. The radius of the circle whose arc of length degrees are
3 (A) 30, 35 (B) 45, 55
15 cm makes an angle of radian at the
4 (C) 55, 35 (D) 60, 75
centre is
(A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm 12. Angle between the hour hand and minute hand
1 1 of a clock at quarter past eleven in degrees is
(C) 11 cm (D) 22 cm c
4 2  15 
(A)   (B) 112, 30
4 c  24 
4. Convert into degrees c
5  2 
(C) 107, 73 (D)  
(A) 144 (B) 60  3 
(C) 120 (D) 135
13. The interior angles of a regular polygon of 15
8 c
sides in radians is
5. Convert into degrees
3 13 c 9 c
(A) (B)
(A) 144 (B) 80 15 20
(C) 480 (D) 180 (C) 156 (D) 135
6. Convert 36 into radians 14. The arc length of a circle is
c c 
(A) (B) (A) s = rθ (B) S=
6 5 
c c 1 2
(C) (D) (C) rθ (D) πθ
3 2 2
7. Convert 520 into radians 15. The length of arc of a circle of radius 9 cm;
24 c 25 c subtending an angle of 40 at the centre is
(A) π (B) π
9 9 (A) 2π cm (B) 12π cm
23 c 26 c 2 4
(C) π (D) π (C) cm (D) cm
9 9 9 5
8. The angles of a triangle are in A. P. such that 16. OA and OB are two radii of a circle of radius
greatest is 5 times the least. The angles in 10 such that mAOB = 144. Then area of the
degrees are sector AOB is
(A) 30, 60, 100 (B) 30, 45, 90 (A) 8π sq.cm. (B) 20π sq.cm.
(C) 20, 45, 180 (D) 20, 60, 100 (C) 30π sq.cm. (D) 40π sq.cm.
19
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

17. The perimeter of a sector of a circle of area 9. i. 24, 72, 84

36 sq. cm is 24 cm. Then the area of sector is c
 2    
c c
 5   8  
c

(A) 40 sq.cm. (B) 36 sq.cm. ii.     ,

,   ,  .
(C) 46 sq.cm. (D) 26 sq.cm.  9  3  9   9 
c c c
18. A semicircle is divided into two sectors,  4   5   2 
10. 80, 100, 120;   ,   ,   .
whose angles are in the ratio1: 2. Then the  9   9   3 
ratio of their area is
Based on Exercise 1.2 
(A) 1:3 (B) 1:4
(C) 2:3 (D) 1:2 1. 2 cm 2. 4 cm
c
19. If θ is the angle between two radii of a circle 7 16
of radius r, then the area of corresponding 3. cm 4. cm
3 5
sector is
1 2 3
(A) r2θ (B) rθ 5. 4:3 6. sq. cm
2 2
(C) rθ (D) 2π r
16 32
7. cm, sq.cm
20. A wire 121 cm. long is bent so as to lie along 3 3
the arc of a circle of 180 cm radius. The angle
8. 2c
subtended at the centre of the arc in degrees is
(A) 35, 37 (B) 36, 30 9. 
12 2  3 3 sq.cm 
(C) 37, 30 (D) 38, 30
10. 105 sq. cm.
Answers to Additional Practice Problems Based on Miscellaneous Exercise ‐ 1 
c c
Based on Exercise 1.1     1427  
1. i.   ii.  
1. i. coterminal  32   7200 
ii. not coterminal 2. i. 83 6 58 (approx.)
2. i. (112.5) ii. 150 ii. 17 46 (approx.)

 1080 

 45 

3. 12c
iii.   iv.  
     
c

v. 63 4. mY = 45 =  

4
c c
 5   17   c
3. i.   ii.    5 
 6   9  5.  
c c
 7 
 5    
iii.   iv.   6. 6.
 4   720 
25
4. i. 125 18 ii. 50 54 7. ( – 2) sq. cm.
2
iii. 392230
8.  cm.
5
5.  = –40,  = 9. 27.3 cm
2


c  96 
6. mR = 60 =   10.  
3  
11. 28 : 15
7. 55, 35
12. 937.5  sq. cm.
8. 290, 250
20
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Angle and it’s Measurement
c c c
  5   2 
13. 30, 75, 120, 135;   ,  ,  ,
6  12   3 
c
 3 
 
 4 
c c c
   5 
14.   ,  , 
9 3  9 
15. i. 75

 1
ii.  52 
 2
c
 5 
16. 75,  
 12 
17. 70 m
18. 11 cm
c

19.  
6

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A)

5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (D)
9. (D) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (B)
13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (D)
17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (D)

21