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T H E N EG RO
‘
R A C ES
A S o c i o lo gi c a l S t u dy
V OLU ME I
TH E NEGR ITO S co m , p r i si n
g T h e fi g m z es B u sh m’
en ,
TH E NIGR ITIA NS co m r i si n j f M ’
H a a sa s A sh a n tzs D ah om
, , ,
'
, , an s e ta of the S u da n
, ,
a n d the T f r a D ese r t
'
By J ER O ME D O W D
NEW YOR K
not su ffice if the races have appeared upon the earth in suc
cession and not simultaneously If they have inhabited
.
ta b lish the fact that each race has its distinctive institutions
and special evolution corresponding to the locality in which
it lives or has lived The second obj ect is to discover the
.
factors and laws which explain the mental and moral char
.
the ground plays such a small rOle that the works that deal
seriously with it are exceptions .
“
In order to kno w how soci al actions operate as causes and
produce e fiec t says Small it is necessary to have de sc rip
”
, ,
a task too ambitious for any one man to think of But since .
,
The writer has begun his study with the Negro Races
simply because they represent the most primitive life and
not at all on account of any special interest in the so called -
M r james H Southgate
. . .
Ch a r lotte, IV C . .
,
My
a 1 , 1 907 .
I N TR O D U C TI O N
N egro type .
1
Hottentots of the southern steppe (Deniker used the term .
2
Strait of Babel M andeb and the Gulf of Aden Within the .
9 Th P ygmies pp 1 86 1 8 7
e ,
”
.
, .
3
An A rab expression Belad es S udén — Land of the Blacks o .
X1
INTR O DU C TION
PA RT I
TH E N EGRITOS
C H AP TER I
TH E PY GM I ES
Pygmies in A ncient L iterature — M odern Discovery f P ygmies — Their
o
C H A P TER II
THE P Y G MI ES ( Conti nued )
Implements and Weapons — M ethods Of H unt i ng and Trapp i ng— F i shing
— Food Dwellings— Industr i al A rts Tra d e — Transpor tation—Di
vision of Labor— NO Slave C lass — L ac k of Foresight .
C H A P TER III
THE P YG MI ES ( Co nti nued )
Family L ife — Political Life — E sthetic L ife— Religion— M ental and
M oral C haracter—Influence ofC ivilization Upon the Pygmies .
C H AP TER IV
TH E B US H M EN
Description of the D esert— C limate— V egetable Life—A nimal Life
Description of the People— H abitations — Utensils .
C H AP TER V
TH E B US H M EN ( Conti nued )
M ethod of Travel— Weapons and Implements — V egetable Food— M eth
ods f H unting— P reparing and Eating A n i mal Food— M ethods of
o
Obta i ning Water— In d ustrial A rts and Trade — Why the Bushmen are
C onfined to the Desert .
C H A P TER V I
TH E B US H M EN ( C o ntz n ued )
Fam i ly L i fe — Treatment of C hi ldren — C hildren A bandon Parents
Fee bl eness f Parental Influ nc — Th Dead Rarely Buried —Polit i cal
o e e e
L ife — C attle Raiding.
xvi C O NTENTS
C H A P TER V II
TH E B US H M EN ( C o nti nued )
[Esthet i c L i fe — D t
e co rai Dancing — M
o ny - usic — Instruments— P ainting
an d Dra w ing— A n i mal Legen ds — Reasons f Super i orit y f Bushmen or o
A t —
r Re li g i on — M enta l and M oral Temperament — fect f C ontact
Ef o
w ith the Wh i te M an .
C H A P TER V III
TH E H OTTEN TOTS
Descript i on fthe C ountr y— Namaqua L and— Animal Life — Description
o
C H A P TER IX
TH E H OTTENTOTS ( C o nti nued )
Fam ily L i fe — Inheritance in the M ale L ine — Pol i tical L i fe— [ Esthetic
L i fe — Rel i gion — M ental an d M oral Temperament— F uture o f the
H ottentots .
P A R T II
TH E N IGRITIANS AN D F ELLATAHS
C H A P TER I
GEN ER A L DES C R I PTI ON C OU N TR Y
OF TH E
C H A P TER II
G EN ER A L DES C R I PTI ON or TH E C OU N TR Y ( C o nti nued )
Unhealth fulness of the C l i mate — A nimal L i fe— Insects .
C H A P TER III
E R A C ES O F TH E S U DA N
Th e Di fferent Ty pes — Th e F el l atahs — J l f— M and i ngos— Krumen o o s
A shant i s — Dahomans — Yoru b as — S ngh y — Kanuris — H ausas— Nile
o a s
P opu l at i ons—Orig i n fthe Difi nt Ty pes
o
’
e re .
C H AP TER IV
ECON OM I C LI F E I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E
General Ch aracter f the Zone — C hie f M eans of Su b sistence— L ittle
o
A ttent i on to H unting— Domest i c A n i mals — F ish i ng— Th F ood P rob e
l em Eas y— But Scarc i ty f M eat L ead s to C ann i bal i sm— Industrial
o
A rts — Trade — M arkets — M one y— Transportat i on— Division f L abor o
—Slavery— C pi t l nd Transmiss i on fP p ty
a a
'
a o ro ei .
C ONTENTS x v ii
C H A P TER V
ECON O M I C LI FE I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E
C haracter f the Zone — Mill et the C hie f Means Of Subsistence — Other
o
Food P ro d ucts — C orn— R i ce — F ru i t— C otton— C otton C ultm — W i ld e
and Domes tic A n ml —Th Struggle for Existence H ard er Than in
I a s e
the Banana Zone— Th Improv i dent Borro w from the P rov i d ent
e
P roperty .
C H A PTER V I
N OMI C LI FE I N TH E C A TTL E Z O NE
C haracter f the Zone— C attle the C hie f Resource — H unting— A gn
o
culture— Industrial A rts—Implements— Trade— M arkets— Transpor
t ti on— Division of L abor— Slavery — Necessity for Thrift and Economy
a .
C H A P TER V II
ECON OM I C LI FE I N TH E C A M EL Z ON E
C haracter o fthe Zone — C amels Thr i ve upon Scant V egetation — M il k the
C hie fFood — H ard Struggle for Existence — C aravan Trade — NO Need
for Slaves — Back w ardness in the Industrial A rts— General C onsider
a ti ons Respecting the Four Zones .
C H AP TER V III
FA M I L YLI F E I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E
M ethods of Ob ta i ning Wives— Polygamy— I d eas A bout C hastity— Family
D w ell i ngs — Th Women Sup port the Fami l y— Relations Between
e
di c tiv of A f
a e fection— Inheritance .
C H A PTER IX
FA MI L Y LI FE I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E
W i ves P urchased— P olygamy— Women M ore C haste Than in the
Banana Zone— Family Dwel l i ngs Better— M en H elp to Support the
Family— Fam i ly A ffecti on— M atriarchate and Inheritance i n the
Female L ine .
C H A P TER X
F
S AM ILY LI F E I N TH E C A TTL E Z
NE O
C H APTER XI
FA MIL Y LI FE IN TH E C A M EL Z ON E
Fe w M en A ble to Support M ore Than On Wi fe— Women Indepe ndent e
C H A P TER X II
POL ITI C A L LI FE I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E
Th A
e ncient and M odern K i ngdoms — Integrating Factors of the Di ffer
ent K i ngdoms ( ) Influence f Natura l Resources ( 5 ) Invasion f
: a o , o
Fore i gn Peoples ( ) M ot i ves and Fac 1 ty f De fense ( d ) M otives for
e 1 1 or
A ggression — A ggressive P o w er f D h m
, ,
( ) Influence f Natural
o a o i a o
( )
a Influence fNatura l
o Boundaries as a F actor f E xpansion ( 6) Size
, o ,
C H AP TER X III
POL I TI C A L LI F E I N THE B A N A N A Z ON E ( C o nti nued )
Po l i tical Organization of Da h omi— Di fferentiat i ng Factors — Th e F orm
of the Government : (a ) Facility fo r C ommunicat i on as a Factor (6) Dis ,
C H AP TER X IV
POLITI C A L LI F E I N THE B A N A N A Z ON E ( Conti nued )
P olitical Organizat i on fA shanti ; Form of Government ; Summary ofthe
o
o .
C H A P TER X V
POLI TI C A L LI F E I N TH E B AN A N A Z ON E ( Conti nued )
Pol i t i cal Organization fthe Smaller Kingdoms ( ) Forms of Govern
o : a
e a e , e
Not a Strong Basis OfUnity .
C H AP TER XV I
P OLI TIC AL LI F E I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E
Integrating Factors ( ) Influence of Natural Resources ( 6) Invasions
: a ,
, e e i e re :
C H A P TER XX III
R EL I G I OU S LI FE I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E
Defin i t i on f Religion — F un damental C onceptions— A ll P henomena
o
People .
C H A P TER XX IV
R EL I G I OU S LI F E I N THE B A N A N A Z ON E ( C o nti nued )
Sp i ri ts Take Part i n Economic A ctivit i es — Spirits M eddle in Love and
Fam i ly A ffairs — Spir i t A ctivit i es in Political A ffa i rs— Sp i rits Take Part
in Ju di c i al P roceed i ngs — I D i plomat i c A ffa i rs — Sp i rits f the Dead
a o
C al l f Food and S
or i fi — Spir i ts as M i litary Strategists— Spirits
a cr c es
C ause Disease and Death — Deaths C aused by Bush Souls— Scope and
M ethods f the Witch Doctor— M edical Schools — Th Work f the
o e o
Witch Doctor Does not End W i th the Death of his P atient —Belief in
Signs Omens etc
, , .
C H A P TER X X V
R EL I G I OUS
LI F E I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E ( Co nti nued )
Origin f Gods and P riests — D i fferent Kinds f Gods — General or Nature
o o
C H AP TER XXV I
R EL I G I OU S LI F E I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E
Spir i t Be l ie f —Spirits in the Economic Life — In the Fam i ly Li fe— In
s
Death — Dut i es and Respons ibi l i t i es fthe W i tch Doctor and the Rain o
C H AP TER XXV II
LI FE I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E ( C o nti nued )
R EL I G I OU S
General and Nature Go d —A n i mal De i ties— H ousehold Gods — Sacri
s
fi — Idols— P riests— Notion of the A fter L i fe — M ore Rat i onal Ideas
ce s
C H APTER XX I X
REL I G I OU SLI F E I N TH E C A M EL Z ON E
Belie fs of the Ti bbus—General C onsiderations—Relation f Re l igion o
to M oral i t y— Re li g i on and M orality Insepara bl e— M orality C annot
C ONTENTS xxi
D evelop From M ere A b stract C onsi d erations— Th Brutal and Li en e c
tious Element i n Relig i ous Rites not the Outcome of Re l igion b ut f o
M an s Ignorance and the Survival f H i A nimal Nature A fter the
’
o s
Da w n f Relig i on
o .
C H AP TER XXX
E S TH ETI C LI FE I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E
L ove of Beaut y and A ppreciation of A t Universal — M utilations and
r
C H A P TER XXX I
E STH ETI C L I F E I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E
M utilations f Sk i n L i ps and Teeth — Body Paint i ng and H air Dress
o ,
C H A P TER XXX II
E S THETI C LI F E I N TH E C A TTL E Z ONE
M u tilations Bo d y Pa i nt i ng Jewelry— H air Dressing— C lothing
Dancing and Drama— M usic P aint i ng and Scu l pture
,
.
C H AP TER XXX IV
P S YC H OL OG I C A L C H A R A C TER I S TI CS I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E
Relation o fthe Size o fthe Brain to Its A ctivity— P erceptive P o w er— C o n
cep ti ve P o w er — P ower o f A ttention— C onnection Bet w een M ental
and Physical Energy— M emory— Imagination is Rem i n i scent — Unde
velo pe d C onstructive Imagination— C onnection Bet w een the Imag i na
tion and M orals— Imitation and Lack o f Invention — De fici ent Reason
ing Power— Th e P ecul i arity o f the Reason i ng of the C i v i lize d M an
Ho w Reason Begins — C onnection Bet w een the Deve l opment f Rea o
C H A P TER XX XV
PS YCHOLOG IC A L C H A R ACTER I S TI C S I N TH E B A N A N A Z O N E ( Con
ti nued
Feelings Relati vely F ew Insensitive and Simple — Feeli ngs Over w helm
,
C H A P TER XXX V I
PS YC HOL OG I C A L C H A R A CTER I S TI C S I N TH E B A N A N A Z ON E ( C o n
ti n ued
P ropensity for Lying and Deception— P ropensit y for Stealing— Vanity
Lack o f C ourage -L - L ack o f Revenge — L ack of Self-respect—
Lac k
of Ideal i sm .
C H A PTER XX XV II
PS YC HOL OG I C A L C H A RA CTER I S TI CS I N TH E MI LL ET Z ON E
Better Develope d Brain and M ore Intelligence than in the Banana Zone
Greater Po w er f C onception — M ore M ental an d Physical Energy
o
C H AP TER XXX I X
PS Y CHOLOG I CA L C H A R A C TER I STI C S I N TH E C A M EL Z ON E A ND GEN
ER A L C ON S I D ER A TI ON S R ES P EC TI NG A LL Z ON ES
Trait s Of the Ti bbus — General C ons id erations — Gradual A scent of the
M ind — M enta l an d M oral C haracter Varies in the Different Zones
Infl uence f Environment and Race M ixture— Rel tion f Economic
o a o
C i vdi ti n — I flu
za o fthe Slave Tra d ers — Influ n of M is ionaries
n e n ce O e ce s :
A ti fi i lly by a Race f a D i f
r c a ferent Stage f C ulture — They are not
o o
i n S ympath y W i th The i r Ow n Race — They L eave the M asses Un
touche d— Effective Lea d ers M ust A rise Spontaneousl y —M istake f o
M issionaries in A ttack i ng First the Ps y chological Li fe f the People o
a 01 a
INDEx
C HA PTER I
THE PY G MIES
Pyg mi
L ite ra tur
es i n A n c i en t
References to pygmy e —
of storks that fly over the ocean and bear carnage and death
to the men called pygmies H e knew that th e storks passed .
Po m
.
2
but also Thrace Asia M inor and India p o n i,
u s M ela a .
,
“
says Keane they were in high request at the courts of the
,
and in good health from the land of great trees away to the
’ 4
south .
i 4 a
1 1 7.
. . : , .
,
4 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
ll
lo us .Some P ortuguese explorers as early as the sixteenth ,
2
near the Loango River Describing some P ygmies seen at .
written in 1 6 7 0 says
’
Before the King s C loth sit some D warfs with their ,
4
were about the h eight of a boy of twelve years This report .
5
pygmies lived near the head waters of the Nile H e dis - .
6
N ile the dwarf race of Akkas
,
It is now known that pygmy .
7
Welle Semliki C ongo and O go w a i woodlands
, ,
.
9 S tuhlm nn p 437
a , . P 5 8. Q uatre fages p
3
. 0 .
4
, . 1 64 .
5 S tuh lmnn p 4 37
a , . .
Sch w ein furth Vol p 6
, . 2, . 1 27 .
four and one half feet in h ei gh tfa nd have rather long and
-
?
heavy bodies in proportion to their limbs They have a
4
conspicuous proj ection of the buttocks steatopygy but this , ,
6
almost vertical forehead Their hands are small and elegantly .
formed and have beautiful nails Their feet are also small and
, .
7
well formed but turned inward or parallel to each other
, .
1
Journey A cross the P ygmy F orest N ti n l G g ph i M g i n ,
”
a o a eo r a c a az e,
Vol 1 0 p 2 8
.
, . .
S tuhlmn n p 44 1
3 a Ratzel H istory of M an k ind Vol 2 p 303
, . .
4
, ,
”
.
, . .
th o ri ti es
their light skin is the result of living in the shade of
1
the forest They have large ears a n d large intelligent dark
.
,
?
brown eyes Their hair is scan t and woolly and accord , ,
“
ing to Schweinfurth is the color of waste tow from old cord ,
”
age Their lips are reddish a nd ve ry little swollen but stick
.
,
?
out giving the mouth a snout like formation
, Their bodies -
4
are covered with a thick fine pale down They impressed , .
6
Wissmann as much like the Bushmen of the Kalahari desert .
forest said that they lived much in trees and that their eyes
,
” 7
were constantly S hifting as in the case of monkeys In .
” 8 “
and monkeys Du C h a illu remarked that their eyes had
.
10 “
furth as waddling and lurching It is in the highest de .
”
present races had penetrated those regions .
1
Ratzel , nthropogeographie V ol 1 p 47 9
A ,
”
.
, . .
2
S t h lm nn p 44 5 ; Wissmann p 1 9
u a , .
, . 2 . St uh l mnn a , p 0
44 44
-
5
4
Den i ker p 45 6 ; S tuhlmnn p 440
, . a , . .
5 P 129
In Darkest A frica V ol 1 p 3 74 ,
”
.
,
. .
7 N ti
a on al G g ph i M g i Vol 1 p 2 9
eo r a c a a z n e, . 0, . . P 207 3 . .
9
fu
o l f Am i n G
rn o h i l n d S t ti ti l S oci ety , Vol 2 p 1 09
o
g p er ca eo ra ca a a s ca . , . .
10 Vol p 2 9
. 2, . . P 47 217 . .
TH E PYG M I ES 7
est and are found in large numbers only in the more open
,
wild boar rat etc A variety of birds are found along the
, , .
S m a l l G ro u p s o f P e o p l e L iv e i n V i ll a ge s — Ir is said that .
“ ” 1
the Pygmies never go out of the forest They live in .
Guy Burrows who lived among them says that they are
, ,
“
seldom to be found in the same spot for any length of
” 3
time . Owing to the limited supply of game the people ,
9 m p
S tuh l a nn, 448 . .
ninety two huts in one village but the usual number is much
-
,
1
less In some places the number per village is about thirty
.
,
?
and in others not more than twelve In some localities they
do not even form villages but live scattered in individual ,
?
huts in the forest and over the hills The villages are usually
4
built at the end of a long clearing .
1
Native Tribes of the Upper Welle ,
”
y f the A n thr opologi ca l Insti
ou r n a l o
tute, Vol 2 8 p 2 8
.
, . .
2
Du C h illu y u n l f A m i n G g
a , o r a o er ca eo r a phi ca l a n d S ta tisti ca l S ociety , V ol . 2 ,
p . 1 06 .
3 Casati Vol 1 p 1 5 7
, .
, . .
” 1
ya rds long of grass and bark fibres Without hook they .
“ ”
tie mea t to a string and land heavy fi sh .
4
furth in the M onbuttu coun try kept some domesticated fowls ,
“
mushrooms and numerous roots and berries Bananas are .
”
their chief delight says Burrows A P igmy I have no ,
.
,
sides other food Then he will lie and groan throughout the .
” 6
operation Geil however denies that P ygmies eat sixty
.
, ,
7
bananas at one sitt ing They usually cook their meat and .
,
8
car ry the fire about with them from camp to camp When .
they cook an anim al they eat not only the flesh but the , ,
bowels and even the bones after the latter have been re
, ,
?
heated and pounded If they catch a good quantity of
game they gorge themselves and stick out in front as if
,
10
ready to burst They are fond of smoking tobacco although
.
,
this is a rare article with them and in order to get the full ,
1
enry Schlichter Th P y gmy Tri b es of A frica S tti h G g ph i l
Dr . H , e ,
co s eo ra ca
M g i V ol 8 p 2 96
a a z n e, .
,S tuh lm n n p 45 5
. .
2 a , . .
Vol 1 n p 5 7 4 ; Wissmann p 1 3 2
. 0, . s .
, . V L2 P ”7 , . . O , o °
In Darkest A frica V ol p 1 0
5 “
P 93 P ,
”
. 2 , . 1 .
5 . 1 .
7
S tuhlmnn p 45 2
3
S tuh lmnn p 45 6 ; Far i ni p 2 1 5
a , . .
9 a , .
, . .
Farin i p 2 1 5 1°
, . .
TH E PYG M IES I1
with the hut of the chief in the centre The huts are easily .
?
made an hour being quite su fficient to build one
, They
resemble large mushrooms and are so unobtrusive that they ,
?
S ide of a stream or in the thickets of the forest The Py g
mies that live near the Kalahari desert usually ward o ff the
wild beasts by a line of fire near which on cold nights they ,
?
nod and fall upon the embers
I n dust ri a l A rts — The art of manufacturin g among the .
bark cloth and also fibre baskets which they carry by means ,
?
of straps reaching around over the tops of their heads
As they make no iron or stone implements they are still liv ,
?
I ng In the Age of Woo d
Tr a de — Trade is carried on to a very limited extent .
1
S tuhl mnn p
a , .
45 0 .
p . 1 06 .
3 C asati V ol , . 1, p . 1 58 .
4 Far i ni p, . 2 15 .
5 mnn p 439
S tuhl a , . .
6t d p , .
45 3 .
paths whi c h wind through the forest and are usually so over
grown with weeds and brush as to be almost indiscernible .
gather up the babies and whistle for the dogs The entire .
and family and hence if slaves existed they could not main
, ,
than a soil tilling slave : for the latter during his flight has
-
, ,
” 1
always done his flight has not the character of flight
,
If .
1 P . 1 91 .
TH E PYG M I ES 13
he has no need to call upon any one for help and no one has
a motive for reénsla vin g him In the next place it is to be
.
,
and can overcome the great beast and slay the enemy in
battle Success in this line brings honor and glory and wins
.
,
1
a hunting people is impossible and absurd .
’ ’
against and each day s labor su ffices for each day s need
,
.
Fa mi ly
L i fe — The family life of the P ygmies is very
simple M arriages are mostly monogamous ? They take
.
?
parties concerned b ut in some cases by purchase If any
,
?
for marriages to take place between brothers and S isters
?
It is unusual to find as many as three C hildren in one family
Each family lives independently of the other and cooks and
?
eats separately There does not seem to be much affection
“
between members of a family Geil says The mother is .
,
fond of her children to the age of three years but after they
” 6
leave the breast it is finished The playthings of the .
7
monkeys antelopes and elephants
,
A striking instance of
”
this disregard for home and its memories says Burrows , ,
1Ge i l p 1 84
, . .
7 J Z id , p . 2 25 .
3
Du C h i ll 7 u ml f A m i n G g ph i
a u, o r z o er ca eo r a ca l a nd S ta tist i ca l S oci ety , Vo l . 2,
Gei l p 1 84
, . .
5 C asati V ol 1 p
, .
, . 1 58 .
P 2 5
. 2 .
Gei l p7
, . 2 12.
TH E PYG M IES 5
ward S ign that the settlement had once been the scene of his
daily life H owever as he had served me very well apart
.
, ,
The P ygmies bury their dead near the hut where they died
and sing and weep over them for three days but without ,
?
dancing and then go away and buil d a n e w camp
,
?
to be thinly populated F urthermore it is necessary for the ,
4
sort of chief who is leader in war and hunting Sometimes .
“
certain tribes as discussing the interests of the community
” 6
in long palavers P olitically the Pygmies are organized
.
,
1 P . 1 90 .
9 Geil p
, . 21
5 .
4 C asati V ol 1 p 1 5 8
, .
, . .
5 S tti h G g ph i M g i
co s eo V ol 8 p 2 98
ra c a a z n e, .
, . .
6 C asati V ol I p 1 5 9
, .
, . .
16 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
ger they gather up their effects and scamper for the j ungle .
?
the settlement of North America fully illustrates It would
be a remarkable fact if having been the first people to enter ,
6
wore articles of ornament but Stanley saw a dwarf queen , ,
however who wore iron rings in her ears iron armlets above
, ,
1
Stanle y In Darkest A fr i ca Vol
, ,
”
. 2, p . 1 03 ; P reville p , . 2 12 .
1 l b i i Vol 2 p 1 0 3 Ib zafi Vo l p
’
a 3 1,
, .
, . .
, . .
37 4 .
4
Ratzel A nthropogeographie Vo l
, ,
”
. 1, p . 1 27 .
6 P 442
. .
5
Burro w s , p . 1 83 .
18 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
forest says that the people believe in charms and that a chief
,
man will become a big serpent and that serpent will come ,
and see us It will come near to us and coil up but will not
.
” 1
bite us H owever owing to their more strenuous life the
.
, ,
to the animal and plant life of the forest They reckon their .
?
w or ds One would suppose that they would be somewhat
stolid and morose since it is in the nature of forest people ,
4
generally to have a gloomy cast of mind but according to , ,
” 6
Land of Laughter However they are probably not quite
.
,
m
so gay and light hearted as the N egroes of West Africa -
.
6
They are prou d and independent but extre ely suspicious ,
7
shy cunning and addicted to lying and stealing
, ,
They .
1 P . 2 1
5 .
7 Gei l p 2 1 4 , . .
4
Ratze l , A n tli ro po geo gra ph i e, V o l 1 p 47 9
”
.
, . .
5
Ge i l p , . 2 47 .
7
S tuh lm pp 447 8
a nn, .
- .
TH E PYG M I ES 19
could a forest Pygmy fin d his way here into the midst of the
Kalahari desert ? But wait As the little man coul d not .
who was making his way south ward towards th e coast was ,
the cattle and inflicted a wound upon him which left him ly
,
as Korap who had been following the German trader for two
,
carried away from his country near Lake N gami His cap .
tors had treated him like a dog and when the German came ,
along and saw his miserable plight he took pity upon him ,
m
Well Korap had made an improvised hospital for his
,
from the wild beasts F or days the little slave nursed his
.
’
that this Pygmy who thus saved his master s life was pur
chased with one bandanna handkerchief and twenty five -
’ 1
cents worth of beads .
“
tral Africa said to the adventurer Geil We have no plans ,
They are very good hunters but that is all There is noth ,
.
” 2
ing to do for the P igmies Geil seems to fear the effects .
”
of civilization upon them I am convinced he says that.
, , ,
1
F rin i pp
a , . 1 42 , 1 48 , 1 1 , 1
5 5 2 .
1 P . 2 2 4.
TH E P YG M I ES 2 1
” 1
upon him . But whatever might be the e ffect of civiliza
tion upon the Pygmy it will be a long time before it reaches
,
hi m
.
1 P . 227 .
C HA PTER IV
THE B US H ME N
D e s c ri pti o n o f th e D e s e rt — The bushmen inhabit th e
.
water .
tween hot and cold In the middle of the day the tempera
.
Gradually the ridge advances like the waves of the sea with
its steepest si de leeward while the sand flying from its crest
,
?
looks like a ship riding the waves of the sea The feet of
the traveler or the wheels of a vehicle sink deep into the
sand making a j ourney through the desert te dious and
,
1 Baines p, .
5 .
1 Farini p
, . 1 47 .
TH E BUSH M EN 23
vivid and distinct that cattle and dogs run o il to the deceitful
pools ? The moisture of the country is not su fficient any
where for agriculture and thousands o fsquare miles are too ,
2
stony for pasturage .
V g
e et a b l e L i fe — N evertheless the desert is by no means ,
3
absolutely bare where there is nothing but sand and no ,
over dune after dune and ravine after ravine in almost inter
—
minable succession there are other districts where the bar
,
?
re nn ess is relieved by o a ses of trees and grass The desert ,
“
says Livingstone has a great variety of creeping plants
,
” “
beds of ancient rivers The dry ri ver beds con
.
ing pl a nts which having their roots buried far beneath the
soil feel little the e ffects of the scorching sun The number
, .
”
structure is intended to supply nutriment and moisture .
1
L i v i ngstone p
, .
78 .
2 Ratzel , H istory of M ankin d Vol
,
”
. 2, p . 2
5 8 .
9 Farini p , . 88 .
4 Ibi i p
a , . 1 04 .
5H i d pp 1 04
,
.
,
1 07 , 1 0 8 .
24 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
?
distance is in fact mistaken for a rock There is a species
of rhinoceros in this dese rt which scarcely ever drinks water ,
?
but lives on roots and melons Lions lurk in ambush near
the feeding grounds of the antelopes and zebras and often ,
prowl about the camps of the travelers and the huts of the
natives Jackals or wild dogs hunt in packs and strike ter
.
?
bay and whip tigers Sometimes however when they are , ,
social call They growl and ask the visitor to wait a bit ;
.
ever the meal already prepared they dismiss the host and
, ,
fragments that the kings of the desert have been kind enough
Farini p 1 5 3
1
Baines p 308
, . I b id p 1 5 3
.
7 Ib d p 1 68
, . .
3
, . .
4 i , . .
26 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
belong to the aboriginal inhabitants of Africa The neigh
bors of the Bushmen on the east of the desert a re the Kaf , ,
?
against the thorns They sometimes carry animal skins on
?
their shoulders and S leep in them at night O n cold nights
they sit around a fire tur n ing first one side and then the ,
” 6
other until overdone on both sides .
”
hides ?
In a bushy country says M o ffat they will form , ,
’
hollo w spot not larger than an ostrich s nest Where
,
.
F ritsch p 4 1
1
, . 0 .
V ol pp 66 2 67
,
2, . 2 P 466
, Grosse p 0 1
.
3 . .
4
, . 1 .
1
P .
56 .
1 Fari ni p
, . 1 47 .
3 Decle, p , 5 2.
C H APTER V
Meth o d of Tr a v e 1
When a family migrates the man
.
-
takes his spear and suspends his bow and quiver on his
shoulder while the woman frequently in addition to the
, ,
?
cross the large streams by floating upon logs Before the
arrival of the European in South Africa n either the Bush
men nor H ottentots knew anything of navigation and used ,
?
water only to quench their thirst
W e a p on s a nd Im p l e m ents — The weapons and i m p le .
ments of the Bushmen are the bow and arrow club a dig , ,
stick for small animals and birds and sometimes a spear five ,
?
or six feet long The bow is generally taller than its owner .
and the arro w points are made of the shin bone of the ante
- -
lope o r leg bone of the ostrich and are poisoned with various
-
,
fec tly the capers of wild beasts when poisoned that the
?
onlooker can recognize each animal represented
V ege t a b l e F o o d — The Bushmen live entirely by hunting
and gathering from the scant vegetation of the desert .
1 M o ffat , p .
53 .
5
Ratzel , H i story of M ankind V o l 2 ,
”
.
, P 2 7°
28
TH E BUS H M EN 29
“ ” “
bill o i fare
- - We see says Livingstone a small plant
.
, ,
’
with linear leaves and a stalk not thicker than a crow s
quill on digging down a foot or eighteen inches we come ,
name including man rej oice in the rich supply The ele
, , .
lions hyenas jackals and mice all seem to know and a ppre
, ,
” 1 ”
ciate the common blessing The Bushmen says Farini .
, ,
“
live almost exclusively from the oleaginous seed of the
soma (melon) and in the seasons of plenty fatten like hogs ,
?
remains u pon the ground an entire year without rotting
The Bushmen eat numerous roots and drink a kind of ,
?
liquor made from berries fermented in water
Meth o ds o f H un ti ng— But the vegetable resources of the
desert are too poor in some districts and seasons to supply a
su fficient amount of nourishment and the people are ,
wage war with the wild b easts and either conquer them or
7 P . 1 30 .
3 Iéi d ,
. p . 1 36.
4 Ba i nes p , .
94 .
30 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
test it is rare that the Bushmen have the help of the dog ,
whose share of the booty is too often nee ded by his master .
H ence the dog finds his best companions among his wild
congeners of the desert It is not every day that the natives .
“
some prey two Bushmen hunters creep up to the spot
,
(a S kin cloak ) and holds it with both hands while the other ,
’
twang of the bow string the kaross is flung over the animal s
-
,
the game the Bushmen rival the dog They follow a tra c k .
1
Ratze l , Hi sto y r Of M a nk i n d V ol ,
”
. 2, p . 271 .
9 Woo d p , . 2 87 .
11 Fr i tsch p, .
42 5 .
TH E BUSH M EN 3 :
chalks his legs white and saunters among the b irds artfully
, ,
?
brings down four or five birds H e plucks out the feathers
carefully and preserves them in hollow reeds until he has a
?
C hance to exchange them for tobacco or other article The
Bushman catches many animals in pits and traps and ,
them .
at sunset kill an antelope and not rise from the feast until
,
”7
next day at noon when nothing remained but the bones .
Often after eating the meat from a c a rcass they reheat the
8
bones crush them and suck out the marrow ; and sometimes
,
?
they eat skin head and entrails
,
On one occasion some
2
Woo d p
, . 2 76 .
5 Li vi ngsto n e , p 5 3 . .
3 Woo d p
,
2 68
. .
3 2 T H E N EGR O RA C ES
Bushmen were seen eating a python and also a small gaz elle
which the reptile had swallowed ? Q uite a delicacy among
the Bushmen are the larvae of ants which the Boers call
Bushman rice ? The Bushmen do not hesitate to eat lice or
an embryo bird which they may find in an ostrich egg .
the desert and how can they live there ? It seems that frogs
can live wherever there is moisture enough for any kind of
vegetation D uring seasons of rain they revel in th e desert
.
pools and when the water dries up they make holes at the
, ,
thus the frogs are furnished with a window and screen gratis .
NO one ,
”
says Livingstone but a B ushman w ould think
,
1
Ratzel , H istory of M ankind Vol 2 p 2 7 1
,
”
. . .
4 Baines p
, . 2 39 . L i v i ngstone p 4 8
5
, . .
Fari n i p 9 3
7
, . 2 .
34 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
of combat and victory for which the hunting life has created
a craving ? M oreover the occupation of hunting develops,
1
Thomas , A mi
er ca n 7 ou r n a l f
o S oci ology , Vol . 6, p .
75 0, Th e Gaming I ii
”
sti n ct .
C HA P TER VI
Fa mi l y
L i fe — C ontrary to the general rule in Africa the ,
and these are the qu alities that win the belles of the desert .
ing a home can be acquired in a few hours All that the boy .
needs is a bow and arro w and knob kerry and all that the -
,
and an egg shell for carrying water The Bushmen are not
-
.
hence have a place in their hearts for their wives and chil
dren The women generally are not valued as among the
.
,
7 F ritsch p , , 445 .
3 Mi d p
, .
444 .
36 TH E N EGR O RAC ES
Tr e a tm e nt O f C h i l dr e n — As
a rule children receive littl e
attention from their mothers except during a short p eriod of
infancy When a fe w days old they eat meat roots and
.
,
even before this time they learn to search for water bulbs
,
-
which lie hidden under the sand and to scrape them up with
”
a short stick? In general says M o ffat children cease , ,
’
to be the obj ect of a mother s care as soon as they are able
to crawl about in the field Bushmen will kill their
.
a word of adieu ?
part company They live together only for a S hort time and
.
,
wards H ence when the old people are feeble and unable to
.
1
Ratzel , H istory of M ank i n d Vo l
,
”
. 2, p . 27
5 .
9 WOOd P 2 72
3 P 58
. ,
4 n ot , p .
57 .
5 P
53
TH E BUSH M EN 37
that old people are not able to keep the pace It is there .
fore necessity rather than indi fference which causes the aged
to be abandoned .
the desert have neither the influence of the parent nor of the
grandparent In this respect there is a sharp contras t b e
.
dealer who cut the hair said She wrote to us telling of the
,
length of her hair and of the price she had been told it
,
orders for real white h ai r and had searched in vain for the
,
“
I wrote that I would come to see her on the following
day In the meantime as I learned later S h e sent for her
.
, ,
’
the girl that her grandmother s hair must be cut o ff as it ,
was too great a burden for her to bear in her enfeebled con
dition .
“
There were tears e ritrea ties and protests on the part
,
’
who co uld not witness the cutting of her grandmother s
’
crowning glory had gone away to weep alone The old
, .
“
I had never seen such a head of hair M y business .
’
with her angel s face and her great big pitiful eyes the greed
was gone and I started crying It was very unprofessional . .
’
Sit down madame said she in the gentlest sort of voice
, , ,
You see the doctor will tell you that I cannot live long ,
’ ’
grave I d much rather provide for the little girl
. .
1
F ritsch p , .
406 ; L etourneau ,
Sociology p, . 2 24 .
1 F ritsch , P 444
TH E BUSH M EN 39
” 1
Grosse says that the Bushmen live in complete anarchy ,
ally too far apart to occasion friction and besides they have ,
?
herd If pursued and overtaken they shoot all of the cat ,
people invade the desert they are force d soon to turn back,
for lack of water while the Bushmen subsist upon the sup
,
ply which they have hid in the groun d and in the meantime , ,
rocks and bushes and send their deadly arrows into their
,
1
P . 1 1 2. 7
P .
44 .
5 F ritsch p, .
4 20 .
40 THE N EGRO RA C ES
In some loca lities the Bushmen tattoo s tra i ght lin es upon
1
their arms shoulders and cheeks
, .
that the artist has to bend over and support his hands upon
sticks H e places a rattle on each ankle and dances until
.
form a circle and j ump and swing their limbs until tired out
and covered with perspiration when they often fall to the ,
due to the fact that the life of the savage is so largely made
up of privations and sensations of terror that in hi s moments
of reverie his mind is filled with painful longings and rem
,
“
European : We had gradually become so accustomed to
the monotonous sound of the Bushmen music that our sleep
was never disturbed by it but it rather put us to sleep ,
.
1 Gro e p
ss , .
79 .
9 1 6i d , . p . 2 1 6. 5 J oint, p . 2 87 .
TH E BU SH M EN 43
I nstrum e nts .
—
As for musica l instruments the Bushmen ,
ing of time to accompany the dance and its first element was ,
’
huntsman s bow This rude harp seems to support the
.
the savage twanged by the camp fire was the first stringed -
,
and great S kill and the native artists can copy any number
,
It is not o nly true to life in subj ect matter but also in tech
,
nique ?
The Bushmen have no sculpture a n d do not even o ma
?
ment their digging stick P erhaps their mental develop
1 Gr0sse, p 2 89 . .
9 Mid p , . 291 .
5
Fr i tsch pp, .
4 Grosse p , . 181 .
5 Mid pp , . 1 1 5 , 1 87 .
44 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
?
with their wealth of animal legends folk lore and myths ,
-
?
legends The lion hyena ostrich and locust are the i n
, ,
light by which men could find their way home She there .
fore threw glowing ashes in the air and the sparks became
” 1
stars .
‘
is due to two influences first con tact with the superior races
, ,
1 Grosse p, . 1
56 .
2 Reclus , V ol 4,
. p . 112 .
5
H i story of Mankind Vol
,
”
. 2, p . 2 , 4
. Grosse , P 2
54
TH E BUSH M EN 45
fire will have to come back into our modern life before we
can have another gr eat age of art and literature ?
R e l i gi o n The religion of the Bushmen is clearly fetich
-
,
wind sun a n d stars and in fact all moving obj ects are b e
,
ber of straws saying that they had extracted them from the
,
” 2
head stomach legs or the arms of the patient
, ,
After this .
7
Kay p , .
406 .
5 Q uatre fages p , . 2.
46 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
“ ”
great chief lives who is believed to be master of all things .
?
South African races When hunting they S how great
patience and know no hunger or thirst as long as they see
,
9
a prospect of booty ?
But they have almost no foresight or
po w er of self control To e v e rv demand of passion or a p
-
.
for the present They are much i n cline d to theft and rob .
1
Q uatre fages p , . 20 1 .
7 l bid , p . 20 2 .
5 p 20 1
IZ za i ,
'
. .
1Mid p 2 3 , . 0 .
5
Mi d p , . 20 2 .
5 F r i tsch p 4 2 1
, . .
7 5 9 1°
i , . .
, .
42 4 .
, .
30 3 .
, . .
THE BUSH M EN 47
“
Barrow relates that when on the frontier a Boer being
’
asked in the Secretary s o ffi ce if the savages were numer ,
”
had been speaking of four partridges Between 1 7 8 6 and .
?
1 7 9 5 the Dutch killed Bushmen M any Bushmen have
been captured and enslaved some have been preached to ,
where they know better than any others where to dig for
”
water? But each year as a result of European interference
1
F ritsch p , .
419 .
7 Idi ot, p .
42 2 .
M ac Ke nz i e , p .
5 10 .
1
‘
Keane ,
“ Th e Boer States p , .
79 .
48 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
“
Kenzie remarks that The white man destroys t h eir heredi
,
country is cut up into farm lots and S ites for towns The .
They look for the game and find only S heep and cattle .
They look for the roots and berries they find that the old
familiar spots have been turned over by the plow and they
see instead the corn of the white man waving in the sum
, ,
out altogether It would seem that for them (the pure Bush
.
—
Great Karroo a H ot tentot word meaning arid land To
, .
?
distributed with a certain regularity from month to month
Gradually as we advance from the coast to the i n
te ri o r th e climate acquires a more continental and extreme
,
” 6
much warmer in summer .
lope zebra gira ffe elk wild ass lion hyena j ackal leopard
, , , , , , , , ,
?
of a stick The men go bareheaded while the women at ,
3
Ratzel , H istory Of M ank i nd V ol ,
”
. 2, pp . 28
5 , 2 86 .
3 1 5 14 p
, . 2 89 .
4
R c l us Vo l
e , .
4, p . 1 14.
5: TH E N EGR O RA C ES
a n d some calabashes .
“
to move the mattings and the framework of the tent
, ,
knife .
5
A n dersson p 2 5 3
, . .
TH E H OTTENTOTS 53
work other than that done by the pasto ral group were
needed at times it would be cheaper to hire laborers tem
,
1
Ni eb o er, p . 2
56; Ratz el , H istory of M an k ind Vol
,
”
. 2, p . 2 89 .
C HA PTER IX
?
and wives eat apart from each other The new born infant -
her husband comes back empty handed from the chase she
sometimes unties her only article of clothing her apron of ,
” 1
modesty and with it slaps him on the face This spirit of ‘
1
Ratzel H istory of M anki nd V ol 2 p,
”
.
, . 2 91 ; L etourneau , Sociology .
p .
3 37 .
2 Ke l be p 3 2 5
, . .
8 "
P y gmies . P- 1 96 ~
54
TH E H O TTENTOTS 55
1
The lion s share of the work falls to the women ; they
’
for the same reason to wit that they are more important , ,
?
their grandchildren Some of the Hottentot women make
a practice of amputating a j oint of one of their little fin gers ?
probably as an expression of grief over the death of a child
or husband The family life is upon a somewhat higher
.
”
are gone pointing with the finger to yonder blue moun
, ,
1 Fritsch p , .
32 5 .
1 Featherman p , .
5 13 .
5 M o ffat p
, . 1 34 .
1
‘
Fri tsch p , .
3 32 .
5 M o ffat p
, . 1 33 .
56 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
wilderness to perish
I n h e rit a n c e in t h e Ma l e L i n e — P roperty descends to the .
hire themselves for wages until they can buy cattle and
start for themselves The cattle all graze in the sam e .
’
of 1 00 to 2 00 people situated two or three days march ,
1 P . 1 34 .
1
P .
3 34 . F r i tsch p 5
3 35 ; K elbe p , . , .
38 1 .
1
‘
Mid p , .
357 Ratze l , H i story f M ank i n d V ol 2 p 2 9 1
o ,
”
.
, . .
5
Q uatrefages p , . 1 95 . F r i tsch p 3 2 1 ; Reclus V ol 4 p
5
, . , .
, . 1 15 .
58 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
o ffer it sacrifices of mil k and animals The Pleiades t e
c e i ve homage as the stars of rain and their annual return ,
?
announces the opening of the rainy season The supreme
bad deity is Ga una b who has many satellites that go
abroad on missions of evil All criminals and all slaves .
,
who have been killed by their masters and all enemies slain ,
?
come ministering S pirits of this evil deity Among other
powerful deities is one who governs storm clouds and a n -
1
Quatre fages p 2 1 3
, . .
5 p . 2 20 .
5 1 6d p 2 1 7
, . Ratzel , H istory of M an k ind Vol ,
"
. 2, p . 2 93 .
4
Q uatre fages p 2 2 1
, . .
5 Ioid , p 228. .
5 1 ta p 223
, . .
7 1 6 21 p 2 2 8
11 , . .
5 Fritsch p 3 38 , . .
TH E H OTTENTOTS 59
has put there ? If the patient is very ill the doctor will ,
?
stands still the patient will die
,
The H ottentots in com ,
?
idols Each kraal has its priest who is elected and holds a
minor rank H e is more of a m a ster of ceremonies than a
.
?
their cattle It is not at all surprising that mathematical
science S hould have first developed among pastoral people ,
that the Hottentots know every cow by sight and can often ,
ing in this faculty The better knit family and longer period
.
4 l bid p 2 3 1
, . .
5 F ritsch p 34 1
, . .
5 Q uatrefages p , . 1 97 .
7 Ba i nes p , . 2
37 .
60 TH E N EGR O RAC ES
god has done them nothing but good and is therefore not
feared ? The contending of good and evil gods corresponds
to man s incipient moral development and the struggle
’
,
“
and remarkable for their unselfish liberality and their ,
” 2
stare them in the face They do not bear lasting hatred .
?
towards their worst torturers Yet they are not lacking in
spirit and as enlisted soldiers under the British in South
,
stand for a people who rank much above the average of the
N egro races P erhaps the contempt in which the H otten
.
tots have been held is due to the fact that along with their
virtues they exhibit many of the vices that distinguish the
N egro races generally such as indolence lying stealing , , ,
“
and incontinence of the passions Andersson says They .
,
they are more active than the Bantus of the adj acent country ?
The Hottentots says Baines make raids and steal whole
, ,
1
Ratzel V ol 2 p
, .
, . 2 93. 1 Featherman p , .
50 1 .
5 Fritsch p , .
30 7 .
4 Ib d p 3 5
z , . 0 .
5 P 2 39
. .
6 17 1 115 5 11 : P 30 3o °
TH E H OTTENTOTS 61
race has been caught between the upper and nether mill
stones of the Bantu peoples for many ages continually
pressing southward and the white man for over two cen
,
1
P p 4 1 65 9 6
.
, , .P 3 7 2 . Fritsch pp 30 5 30 7
0 .
5
, .
, .
62 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
the west side find a rapid and direct exit to the sea w hile ,
with the inland bays with their densely woo ded S hores o f ,
retreats for the slave ships and enabled the tra ffic to be con -
?
long after its lega l prohibition On the Gold C oast how ,
?
shore line marked by steep cli ffs The river valleys as a
rule reach far into the interior The Senegal for instance .
, ,
?
V olta 2 00 miles At a distance of a hundred miles from
the sea the C a sa m a n z a has a width of one and a half miles
,
?
?
around a number of marshy alluvial islands In the rainy
season many of the ri vers spread into vast lakes The .
?
V olta in some places rises forty six feet The Liberi an -
“
move more rapidly and do not develop estuaries?
The great river of C entral Sudan is the Benue which ,
1
Reclus V L 3 p 1 3 3
, Stan ford Vol 1 p 2 84
O . . .
1
, .
, . .
5 Reclus Vol 3 p, .
, . 2 56 .
4
Stan ford V ol I p 2 8 2 , 1 b id p 2 88
.
, . .
5 .
, . .
5 Reclus Vol 3 p , .
, . 1 79 .
7 Ib i d p 1 8 2
.
, Mid p 1 84
. Mid p 2 3 8
.
8
, . .
9
, . .
15 Stanford Vol 1 p
, .
, . 2 87 .
68 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
rises not far from Lake C had flows placi dly in a south ,
from sea level and the fall is therefore scarcely more than
-
one foot per mile ? As a rule all of the rivers of the west
ooze lazily into the Atlantic winding among innumerable ,
?
the wet season and stop completely in the dry season
After crossing the Shari which empties into Lake C had and ,
a n d Darfur
?
is a region of drought locusts and famine
, ,
1
Ratzel H i story f M ankin d Vol
, o ,
”
.
3, p . 2 73 .
5 1 hid ,
. p . 2 41 .
GEN ERA L DES C RI PTION O F TH E C OU NTRY 69
?
refuge and the natives there also meet to hold their palavers
,
only obscures the sun but so excludes the air that while , ,
the tops of the trees may rustle in the breeze the traveler ,
?
beneath has to gasp for breath The tropical vegetation ,
?
June to October Throughout the Sudan the rainy season
begins in the spring and becomes lengt hened as one a p
p ro a c h e s the equator On the Guinea C oast rain falls from ?
?
2 00 to 2 5 0 days in the year The heaviest rainfall is in
Sierra Leone where sometimes the water fall is eight inches
in twenty four hours and the total per year is 1 3 4 inches
- ?
,
Reclus Vol 3 p 40
5
, .
, ,
2 Mid p 1 34
.
4
, . .
Reclus sa y s that the Gambia C oast is ver y w et from July to September Vol 3
5
, .
,
p 1 74 H a w k i s that i n the Ibo countr y the rain y season i s from June to September
. . n
,
Roh l fs sa y s that the rainy time in the i nterior is from June to September Vol 2 , .
,
p 88
. .
St udinger p 496
5 a , . . Reclus Vol 3 p 202 7
, .
, . .
5 Denham s Narrative p 2 40 “ ’
. .
7 0 THE N EGRO RA C ES
fire when a flash struck them a fatal blow and burnt up their
dwelling? On account of the heavy rains and high water
many cities and towns both near the coast and in the ,
?
and stagna n t pools on the north side of Sokoto Allen and
Thomson saw many villages along the N iger inundated and
?
deserted The city of Egga is surrounded by a swamp in
the rai n y season ? and at Kano the capital of Hausa , ,
?
di fferent parts of the city are separated by stagnant pools
To rn a do es — The chan ge of seasons is ushered in by
?
fierce tornadoes from the north Sometimes even in the
dry season fierce tornadoes sweep the coast from C ape
Palmas to the C ameroons Inky clouds descend from in .
lightning hisses and spits blue flame the rain comes with ,
breath of the desert and comes in the form of a dry hot dust ,
?
through which the sun appears a dull red Its e ffect is less
violent towards the south In Yoruba it lasts only a few .
10
hours at intervals of three or four weeks It is terribly .
1
llen and Thomson V ol p 8 2
A , . 1 , . .
2
C l pp t n
a Journe y to Kouka and S k t
er o , p 86 ac a oo , . .
5
V ol p 88 . 2, . . Mid V ol 2 p 1 0 2 4
,
.
, . .
5 C l pp t n
a Journey to Kouka an d S k t
er o , p 3 ac a oo , . 0 .
5
Stau di nger p 9 ; Rec l us V ol 3 p 34
, .
, .
, . 1 .
7
Stan ford Vol 1 p 2 9 , .
, . A d anson p 99
0 .
5
, . .
p 1
. 2 1 . Bowen p 2 3 0 H awkins
1°
p 1 2 1 , . .
11
, . .
GEN ERAL D ES C RI PTION O F TH E C OU NTRY 71
Te m p e r a tu re —
Thanks to the sea breezes the tempera
ture along the coasts is not high About the Senegal it .
1 Reclus Vol 3 p 34
, .
, . 1 .
1 Bo w e p 2 2 8
n, . .
5 “ Denham s Narrati ve p
’
, . 2 40 . 4 Bin ger Vol 1 p .
, . 1 99 .
C HA PTER II
U n h ea l t h fu l n ess of th e C l im a t e —
Except in a few
favored localities the climate of the Sudan is fatal to the
European The high temperature and the humid air un
.
,
and nowhere near the coast can one refresh himself with a
cool draught of water ? At the close of the rainy season ,
2
to be the limit for the white man and Sierra Leone has long ,
” ’
been known as the white man s grave The mortality of .
?
in a single year S taudinger says that eight per cent or .
?
ten per cent of the whites die annually at Lagos
. During
the era of the S lave trade European and American vessels
-
visiting the coast often lost one half or more of their crews -
’
p e n te rs who start e d with M ungo P ark s expedition from the
Gambia to the Niger all died but seven before reaching the
,
7 ?
latter river and only five were alive at Sansanding The
1 Reclus Vol 3 p 2 1 7
, .
, . .
5 J bid , . p . 2 02 .
5 Duncan Vol 2 p 363
, . , . .
5 S pilsb ury , p . 1 4.
Mid p , . 2 1 1.
74 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
beasts Ofprey are mostly in the neighborhood of the desert
The rhinoceros and bu ffalo are in the upland woo ds and the
?
panther in all of the gorges M ungo P ark relates that
traveling along the tri b utaries of the Senegal his sleep was
disturbed every night by the continual blowing and snort
?
ing of the hippopotamus Sharks are plentiful in the coast
rivers and bays and when a man accidentally falls overboard
,
’
away leaving its track stained with its victim s blood .
u n der the water and thrust his fingers so sharply into the
crocodile s eyes that it immediately withdrew from him
’
.
with such violence this time as to cause the beast not only
to relinquish its grasp but to go away not however with , , ,
?
out leaving its victim badly la sc era te d C amels are found
in the desert and horses and asses in the grassy plains of its
border It may be well to mention here that camels horses
. , ,
sheep goats and hogs did not exist in Africa originally but
,
1 Park p 1 88
, . .
2 Ratze l , istor y of M ankind V ol 3 p
H ,
”
.
, . 2 74 .
5
Reclus V l 3 p
, o .
, . 2
3 7 . Vo l 4
. 1 88 .
5 Park p 1 9 2
, . .
5 Ratze l , H i story f M ankind V ol 3 pp 1 5
o ,
”
.
, . 1 , 2 4 3.
GEN ERAL DES C RI PTI O N O F TH E C O U NTRY 75
’
b asket carried on a native s head ?
Snakes are plentiful in number and immense in size .
Su dan awoke one morning to find that his bed fellow was a -
?
scorpion that he had rolled upon in his sleep and killed
I n sec ts — Along the lowlands and almost everywhere ,
his pack animals were stung to death and many of his men
-
’
Barth s caravan also once suffered defeat in a contest with
1 K i ngsley Travels in West A frica p 1 9
, , . .
1
L an d er Vol
, . 1, p . 1 17 .
5
El l is Tshi Speaking P eoples p 2 1 4
, ,
”
. .
5 S p ilsb ury,p . 20 .
5 Vol 1 p 1 5 8
.
, . . Vol 1 p 5 .
, . 88 .
7 H a w k i ns p , .
5 6 .
5 A d anson p 2 5 1, . . P 1 49 5 . .
10 P 1 78
. .
76 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
green edged and sprinkled with gold and some with wings ,
“
like the garters of Dame M artin sky blue and fringed ,
-
”
with silver At night illuminating flies like shining stars
.
, ,
?
relieve the blackness of forest and swamp Ants almost
take the country Along the coa st and in the interior the .
,
?
sides and take up their abo de in the huts of the N egroes
In the interior are some S pecies of traveling ants which have
pincers that fasten themselves in the flesh like fish hooks -
,
1
Vo l 2 p 4 7
.
, . 0 .
1
A d anson p, . 1 66 .
5
B i nger Vol 1 p, .
, . 1 99 .
4 Bouche p .
50 .
C HA P TER II I
Th e D i ffe re n t Ty p es
The races of the Sudan comprise —
very dark skin long narrow head woolly hair flat nose
, , , ,
C had but scattered also here and there in the west and
, ,
-
Africa are very dissimilar The reason for this is that the .
?
great diversity of types In Africa distance and climatic
di fferences also have a tendency to isolate people ? and
bring about and preserve their physical peculiarities .
1
Den i ker p 443 , . .
1
Ratzel A nthropogeograph i e Vol pp 3 65 369
,
[ hid p 3 8 1
,
”
. 1, .
, .
5
. .
78
TH E RA C ES O F TH E SU DAN 79
though usu ally classe d with the N egro races they have such ,
1
blacks that they scarcely deserve to be classed with them .
2
have a strong Semitic cast while o thers resemble the pure ,
Negro except that their hair is not always frizzy but long
,
3
and bushy like that of the mulatto In many instances .
4
their hair has a sandy tint They are u pon the average of .
5
ful faces They have a graceful a n d independent carriage
. .
6
Their foreheads are high and well forme d and their jaws ,
7
scarcely pro gna th us They have large round eyes oval .
,
face pro m
,
inent nose sometimes aquiline a nd tolerably full , ,
1
P 54 1
. .
2
L orin p , . 2 98 ; B i nger Vol I p 3 82
,
.
, . .
3
B w en p 2
o , . 00 ; Staud i nger p ,
.
5 43 . Bo w en p 2 7 7
4
, . .
6 Stau di nger p , .
5 43 .
6 1 5 121 " p .
5 43 . Mini p 5 42
7
, . .
80 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
but in some cases thin lips fine pearly teeth and delicate , ,
‘
graceful limbs and small han ds and feet Their eyes are .
2
usually black but not infrequently bluish C anot says “
I .
”
the wom en of any other country N one of them he says .
, ,
has the hanging breast flat nose and thick lips of the ,
3
N egro .
J o lo f
s Ma n di n go s,K r u m e n e t c — Among the Nigritians , , .
feet flat and their big toes at a deviating angle from the
,
smaller ones They have the face and feat ures of the aver
.
4
noses and thin lips Their congeners are the Ley b us and .
5
Serers of the Lower Gambia .
6
along the coast from St Louis to M onrovia The M an . .
dingos are tall and slender and have the general Negro
physiognomy and features being especially characterized ,
7
countenance is rather hard and severe The Bambaras are .
8
aquiline noses and oblique eyes like the C hinese ,
.
2
B i nger V o l I p 39 ; Bo w en p 2 7 7
, .
, . 2 , . .
3
P . 1 78 .
4
Featherman p 348 ; Du C h ill p 88 Reclus V ol 3 p
, . a u, . 1 , .
, .
5
Deniker p 45 , . 0 .
6
Keane M an Past an d P resent p 45 ; Deniker p 448
, ,
”
.
, . .
7
Une M i ssion Senegal p 84 F eatherman P 2 94 au ,
”
.
,
8 Waitz V ol 2 p 34
, .
, . .
82 TH E N EG R O R A C ES
tween the lower and mid dle Niger and on the Benue River ,
and their neighbors the I gara on the left bank of the Niger
and lo w er Benue the Ibo of the Delta ; the Ilorin in the i h
teri o r west of the Niger ; and finally the Efi k on the coast
extending to the Rio del Rey River which is the dividing
line on the west coast between the Nigritians of the S udan
1
and the Bantus of middle and southern Africa The .
2
and symmetrica l The Ibos have a yellow or brownish
.
S o n gh a y K a n u r is H a u s a s a n d Ni l e P o pu l a ti o n s — B e
, ,
tween the Niger and the basin of the Upper V olta are first
the S o n gh a y s w h o occupy the bend of the Niger below
Timbuctu They are mixed with the F ellatah and Tuareg
.
“
blackish color and long ringlety hair Other groups are .
5
B o rgus eas t of the C o nj a s a n d near the Niger All of these .
Vol 3 p 39
.
, . 1 .
C amp b e ll p 6 5 ; Rec l us V ol 3 p 6 2 ; C l pp t n
2
, . Secon d Expedi
, .
, . 2 a er o ,
t i on p 89
, . .A l len an d Thomson Vol 1 p 2 40 ; Bo w en p 94
3
, .
, .
, . .
dle course of the Niger exte n ding into Bornu and A damawa ,
4
bones flat noses and thick lips
,
The Hausas a re made up .
5
Negro subs tratum and upon the whole having a decidedly ,
6
darker complexion than the Negroes of the coast .
, ,
fans and then the inhabitants of the Nile and its tributaries .
9
complexions varying from dark brown to perfect black ex ,
1°
cept in the case of the Bongos who are light in color and
have the steatopygy peculiar to the Ne gri to s and accord
ll
,
3 D enham p 2 2 9 , . Featherma n p 7
.
4
,
. 2 0 .
9
F eatherman pp 2 8 6 2 ,
Schwein furth Vol 1 p 2 6 1
.
, .
1°
, .
, . .
11
Ratzel H i story f M ankind Vol 2 p 3 1 7
, o ,
”
.
, . .
84 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
their hair is longer and less woolly their noses more fre ,
ti o n ed by H erodotus .
i i
Or g n o f t e
h D i f
f r n t T s — As to the proportions of
e e yp e .
and lower cattle zones with their relatively long pro gna th us ,
heads long and slender arms and legs narrow pelvis and
, ,
to use their arms and legs and the later they begin to che w ,
6
connected with the smallness of the hea ds of i n fa n ts at birth .
1
Roh l fs Vol 1 pp 2 5 4 2 5 5
, .
, .
, .
2 Haeckel Vo l 2 pp
, .
, . 2 2 6, 2 2
7 .
3
P rinc pl es fSociology p
i o ,
”
. 2 29 .
4 Spencer V ol 1 pp
, .
, .
49 , 5 2 .
5 Ib id V ol 1 p 45
, .
, . .
5 Den i ker p 8 5
, . .
6 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’ ’
pressure of the infant s face against its mother s back while
I
being carried in a sling during the nursing p eri o d The .
dark hair and dark eyes of the N egro are due to the same
cause as th e darkness of his skin The pigmentation of the .
ski n that covers the head and other parts of the body is of
the same substance as that of the retina and the action of ,
.
the sun upon the skin has a tendency to color the pigment
uniformly all over the body so that among the lower races
,
from the sun and give it a ligh ter tint while the open ,
1 P . 1 80 .
2
O g i l by . pp 347 . 37 3
TH E RA C ES O F TH E S U DA N 87
”
features seem to be in th e millet zone and about Lake C had ,
contact with the higher types of inva ding peoples from the
north and southeast .
“
death . The inorganic world so far as it does not consist
of mere w ater produces a very sad nay an oppressive
, , ,
”
more striking degree by the African desert These con ,
.
“
of any other people in Africa which is perhaps best a o ,
passions .
”
gard to the study of physiognomy says Schopenhauer , ,
“
intellectual capacity is much easier of discernment than
moral character The former naturally takes a much more
.
and the play of features but also in the gait down even to
, ,
” 1
intelligent man But if intellectual capacity is more
.
’
get a pure and fundamental conception of a man s p h ysio g
Essays New York Saun d ers translation p 2 5 6
1
,
”
,
’
, . .
C HA PTER IV
E C O NO MI C L I FE IN THE BA NA NA ZO NE
3
extending across the Niger Delta and the southern portion
of Adamawa and thence running in a southeastern dire c
4
C h i e f M e a n s o f u
S b s i s t e n c e — Throughout the banana .
mn p 36
a , . 1 .
H einr i ch Barth V ol 2 p 1 9 3
4
, . , . .
E C ON O M I C LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZON E 9 1
1
a n d ground nuts Agriculture they said was almost wholly
-
.
, ,
3
life
. It furnishes an oil which is used in lamps and also a s ,
n i n —
L itt l e tt e t o t o H u n t in g It might be supposed S ince
A ,
c —
5
s een a f e w sheep hogs chickens ducks and pigeons ,
but , ,
1 A llen n d Thomso n V ol 1 p 2 5 1
a , .
, . .
2 1 5 2 1 V ol 1 p 3 97 ; V ol 2 p 2 5 6
21 , .
, . .
, . .
4 H v l cq u p 35 8
o e a e, Staudinger P 3 9
. .
5
. '
in this favored zone the fruits of nature grow into the peo
’ 4
ple s mouths H ere no one can die of hunger although
.
, ,
hunger it is because they are too lazy to reach out the hand
for what nature o ffers .
On the other hand how miserable the people who have too,
maggots for any rotten eatable thing they can get a bite of
and to whom the thought of the tomb is the S keleton at
every feast l The greater part of the capital and energy
1 Reclus Vol 3 p 2 40
, .
, . .
3 P 26 . .
” 1
finally killed and e a ten According to Stau dinger canni .
Africa are the most brutal people in the world while the ES ,
kim o s who eat only meat are the most gentle Who has .
grass and dyed in rich shades of red yellow and blue : cot ,
” 3
and set gold and precious stones During the activities .
4
regions The natives gave up to a large extent their prim
.
begin n ing one of the chief articles of trade was gold which
2
the natives culle d from the streams and preserved in quills
?
or melted into bars The women were the chief gold
washers They scraped the o rifero us ore from the streams
.
,
?
the rims of the vessels O ther important articles of trade
were ivory and palm oil These articles together with the .
fish from the rivers and bays and the products of the soil ,
5
the interior people for goats sheep poultry and grain , ,
.
1 P . 1
30 .
2 Woo d p , . 62 3 .
3 a w k i ns p
H , . 1 03 . Wood p 6 2 3
4
, . .
5
L an d er . V ol . 2,
pp 2 33.
, 256 ; Benezet p 2 6 ;
, . A l len and Thomson V ol , . 1
,
p .
40 1 .
9 6 THE N EGR O RA C ES
l
and down the Niger While the S lave trade was being .
6
stead of the cowries .
1
A l len and Thomson V ol , . 1, p 171 . Staudinger pp 1 3 3 2 39
.
9
,
.
, , .
Af i
r ca M i l Septem b er 2 9 1 9 6 p 63 5 It i s estimate d that
a , ,
e l ephants are
0 , . .
5 Foa p 1 44
, . . W t Af i M i l Octo b er 6 1 9 5 p 66 3 es r ca a , ,
0 , . 1 .
98 TH E NEG R o R A C ES
the Sudan has existed from time immemorial and owes its
,
men do not work it is evi dent that they do not need helpers
or S laves On the other hand as all of the work falls upon
.
man can make an easy living and nee d not under any
circumstances ask a n other man to support him H ence no .
one will volu n tarily work for another and the only way that ,
1
Post , U eber di e u ga b en e i ner
A f A llgemeinen Rechtswissenscha ft ,
”
pp .
3 7 . 38
E C O NO M I C LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZON E 99
S laves neede d is small and the yoke that they bear is light , .
Slaves can hunt fish dance and enj oy all of the excitements
, ,
fixed sum per week ? This kind of S lavery suits their mental
and moral status and is a preliminary tra ining for more
“
regular activity Their lot says Ellis is not in any way
.
, ,
can acquire and inherit property they can own slaves them ,
take the life of his slave a n d it was seldom that a slave ran ,
1 P .
35 7 . Foa p
1
, . 2 11 .
3 Ew eSpeak i ng Peoples p 2 20, . .
ll i s
1 E , Ew e Speaking P eoples p , . 2 19 Bouche p 1 62 ; A ll en an d Thomson
, . ,
Vo l 1 p 2 5
.
, . 1 .
Ell is
5
, Ew e Speaking Peoples p , . 2 20 .
3 Bracken bury p, .
32 5 .
1 00 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
life only a small number of the captives was needed for the
work of maintaining the population and from this fact very
serious consequences ensued When there were many wars .
was about to die his S laves often ran away to escape immo
lation .
conclusion that the lot of the S laves of this zone was a fo rtu
nate and happy one as compared to that of S laves in many
more advanced societies The more intense labor of the
.
rendering the S lave less free and less happy brings about a ,
El li s Ew Speak i ng P eoples
1
, ep 2 20 , . .
C HA P TER V
E C O NO MI C L I FE IN TH E MI LLET Z O NE
C h a ra c t e r N orth of the banana zone the
o f th e Z o n e .—
as the eye could reach variegated with lines of fire and the , ,
3
A nthropogeograph i e V ol 1 p 5 05 ,
”
.
, . .
3B i nger V ol 1 p 1 2 5, .
, . .
4 P reville p 2 5 2
, . .
5C l pp t
a Journey to Kouka and S cka t
e r o n, a oo , p .
99 Binger V ol 1 p
, .
, . 2 42 ;
vo urin g the snakes lizards and small game which the heat ,
, , ,
3
nuts indigo tobacco yams sorghum etc
, , The oil palm , , , .
-
?
butter is a staple article in many of th e western districts
The fruits in this zone are scarce and hardly worth the
?
gathering The kola nut grows plentifully i n the southern -
until recent years was used almost altogether for home con
sumption ?
The total value of the cotton now exported a n
1 Park p , . 126 .
2
C la pperto n , Second Expe di t i on p 66 , . 2 .
3
pp 9 94 ; Bo w en p 4 1
La sne t, et . a l, . 2, , . C l pp t n
a Second Expe di t i on
er o , ,
Vol 1 p 1 3 8
.
, . .
Bowen p 5 1
5
, .
Binger Vol 1 p 3 9
.
5
, .
, . 0 .
Su dan I have to say that the only data which this Bureau
,
has on the subj ect of cotton in the Sudan are those of acre
age and estimated yield .
“
According to the o fficial blue book on the F inances ,
1
Geller West A frican C otton C ulture V n N ’m M g
, ,
”
a ora a a z i n e, July , 1 906 .
2
Re i nsch p 2 9 1 Afii n W ld October 4 1 90 5 p 49 1
, .
'
ca or , , , . .
3 W t Af i M i l September 2 9 1 90 5 p 63 7
es r ca a , , , . .
4 W t Af i M i l October 2 7 1 905 p 7 3 1
es r ca a , , , . .
1 06 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
till the soil sow protect the growing crop and store up the
, ,
3
for preserving the grain and in the east bins made of , ,
? 5
wicker M illet will keep in j ars for three years and a kind ,
?
keep for six months In some places water is scarce and
the natives have to dig wells through solid rock Those .
9 10
empty bins go hungry and many of them become beggars , .
1 Binger V ol 1 p 2 68, .
, . .
79 5 Iézafl. Vol
'
3
C l pp t n
a Secon d Expedit i on p 2 67
er o , l oi i p 80 ,
”
. .
5 c , . .
7
Binger V ol 1 p 2 8 1 V ol 2 p 9 9
, .
, [ b i d V L 2 p 99
. .
, . .
3 '
i O . .
Waitz V ol p 82 , . 2, Staudinger pp 5 65 5 66
. .
1°
. .
.
Barth Vol 2 p 5 24 11
, .
, . .
E C ON O M I C LI F E I N TH E M I LLET ZON E 1 07
.
,
dent upon considerati on that they labor for him for a given
‘
period or in case of worse distress he buys a boy or girl
, ,
dyeing them yellow and red and making them into cloaks , ,
9
S hoes sandals S hields tobacco cases water and oil ves
, , , ,
12
manufacture soap and in other distri cts gunpow der In , .
almost all cities cotton is spun and woven into strips of cloth
three inches wide and S ixty yards long dyed in stripes of ,
13
gray blue and red , The weaving of cotton was known in .
14
the Sudan as early as the eleventh century but whether i n ,
B i nger Vol 1 p 1 99
3 P reville p 2 5 6
, . Park pp 1 1 8 1 38
, . .
4
, . .
5
, .
, .
Bowen p 308
5
, . . P 5 93 1 . .
Park p 1 3 ; Bo w en p 3 8
9
, Staud i nger p 5 85
. 0 Mid p 5 9 7 , . 0 .
1°
, . .
11
, . .
Rohl fs V ol p 1 5 9 Waitz V ol p 97
12
, . 2, .
, . 2, . .
H einrich Barth V ol 3 p 3 65
14
Staudinger p 5 7 9
, .
, . .
15
, . .
1 08 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
manufacturing of wooden ware such as dishes and baske ts ,
and also many pro ducts of the potter s art? Tools i mple ’
,
ments and utensils are divers and sundry and great quan ,
as glass and gunpowder and but for the S lave trade and ,
of palaver and it is liked as much for its own sake as for the
,
?
profit in it The N egro is n ever happier than when he is
in the midst of the hubbub of the market The great trade .
Its cotton and leather goods are sold in all important mar
kets of the Hausa States and are exported to the Gulf of ,
1
Stau di nger p 5 86 , . .
”
Ratzel H istory of M ankind Vol 3 pp 30 1 3 9 3 ; Staudinger p
, ,
”
.
, .
,
0 ,
10 , .
5 88
.
3
Rohl fs V ol 2 p 2 49
, .
, . . V ol 2 p 2 50 4 .
, . .
5
Ratze l H istory fM ankind V ol 2 p 3 7 5
, o ,
”
. , . .
3 L ori n p 2 5 8 ; Ratzel
, . H i story f M ank i n d
, Vol 3 pp 3 1 0 3 1 2
o ,
”
.
, .
- .
‘
Ratzel H i story f M ank i n d V o l 3 3 9
1
, o ,
"
.
, 1 .
1 10 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
that butch ers remove all the bones from their meat before
?
o ffering it for sale The money of exchange consists chiefly
of cowries of which about equal in value one American
?
dollar or one F rench five franc piece In the east iron bars
a re used as the money with which the men often purchase
?
their wives P ieces of iron were once used as money also
?
in the west
Tra n s p o rt a ti o n —As means of transportation the people
.
road from Lagos and another from the Dahoman coast are
?
also heading for the interior
D iv i si o n o f L a b o r —Division of labor is much more
.
1
C la ppe rto n , Second Expedition p , . Park p 2 0 8
1 77 ; , . .
1
Rohl fs V ol 2 p 1 60
, .
, . . Stau d inger p
3
, . 618 .
4
Schwe i n furth Vol 1 p, .
, . 2 79 .
5
Park p 3 3 ; Ogi l b y p
, .
, .
356 .
3
Staudinger p 6 1 4 , . .
7
C la ppe rto n , Second Expedition p ,
”
. 1 79 .
5 Reinsch p , . 2 61 .
E C ON O M I C LI F E IN TH E M I LLET ZON E 1 1 1
1
also architects w h o build houses barbers who combine ,
dentistry with the tonsorial art and extract teeth with a pair
2
of iron tongs and manicurists who with a wicked pair of
scissors trim finger and toe nails at the rate of four cowries
?
per individual Territorial division of labor as defined by ,
l v r
S a e y — Slave labor is much in demand owing to the
.
“
employed as field laborers There have been many dis .
“
e ussions says Ely
,
as to whether slavery is right or ,
and longest that men are able then to take Such a step is .
” 5
do better In the millet zone of Africa there have been
.
the fact that land was plentiful and free an insu fficient num ,
5
Out l ines fE mi N w York 89 3 p 1 0
o co n o c s,
”
e , 1 , . .
1 12 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
But while the slave labor in this zone was more exact
i n g than in the one b elow it was not enough repellent to ,
1
Barth Vo l p 9 1 H v l q u p 3 1 Wa i tz Vol 2 p 2 1
, . 2 ,
. 1 o e ac e, . 2 , .
, . 1 .
7
Park p 1 39
, . Waitz V ol 2 p 2 3
. Stau di nger pp 5 7 5 7 3
3
, .
, . 1 .
4
, . 0, .
5
Thomas Th Gam i ng Instinct A m i
,
jeu n l f S i l gy V ol .
”
er ca n o r a o oc o o , . 6,
p .
7 62 .
1 14 TH E NEG R o RA C ES
?
part of their earnings to their master The rarity of home
born S laves was therefore not due to the prohibition of mar
ria ge but to the incessant raiding and kidnapping which
I n h e rit a n c e o fP o e —
r p rty Everywhere in the millet zone
property of every kind is more in evidence than in the b a
nana zone and as in the latter zone it is generally transmit
, ,
1
Vol . 1, p 5 28 .
1
S ec ond Expedition p 1 8 1
,
. .
?
eral culture in this zone as compared to the one further south
Towards the coast the drop in th e level of culture is p re c ip i
?
tous The interior has the advantage in a larger population ,
1 Staudinger p 62 1 W lt Vol 2 p 7 9
, . a z, .
, . .
2
Ratzel H istory of M ankind Vol 3 pp
, ,
”
.
, . 1 0 2 , 1 0 3.
C HA PTER VI
EC O NO MI C L I FE IN TH E C A TTLE Z O NE
In the eastern part of this zone the people are sedentary for ,
the west they are more or less nomadic for example the , ,
” “
An Open S he d says F eatherman is erected near each , ,
village with a stage in the centre about eight feet high and
,
1
P rev i lle p 47 , Ratzel A nthropogeograph i e V ol 1 p
. .
3
, ,
”
.
, . 1 66 .
3 Og ilb y p 3 9 ; Du C h illu
, .M y A pingi Nation p 1 89 ; Ratzel
1 a , ,
”
.
,
H istory
of M an k ind Vo l 3 p 2 8 1 Schwe i n furth Vol 1 pp 8 6 1 48 Lorin p
,
”
.
, .
, .
, .
, , .
3 8
0 .
1 1 6
1 18 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
and flocks are pl a ced under the care of S laves whose busi
ness it is to guard them and to change the pastures accord
ing to the seasons ?
H u n t i ng — The people of this zone especially in the west , ,
mo nsters and dry and smoke the meat which supplies them
?
with a nourishing food for several months
A gri c u l t u re — But notwithstanding the immense number
.
of cattle and other animals the milk and flesh do not su ffice ,
?
and manufacturing In some places agriculture receives as
much attention as cattle breeding while trade receives as -
,
?
and tobacco P retty much the same products are raised
throughout this zone except rice which can be cultivated ,
?
only in the low lands Rohlfs supposes that the F ellatahs
learned to cultivate grain and vegetables from the native
“
bl a cks but it is more probable that they brought a knowl
,
?
t heir desert oases Wherever any of the F ella tahs S how a
1 Og i lb y p 345 Featherman p 3 5 3
, .
, . .
3
Featherman P , 3 67
3
P revi l le p 48 , Featherman p 3 66
. .
4
, . .
5 ” it?” pp 30 6 S 2 7 4
.
, , 352 ,
5 V ol 2 p 1 3 2
.
, . D mlins
.
7 e o , P 22
5 3 1
3
537 1113 » PP 3 6 4 4
E C O N O M I C LI F E I N TH E C ATTLE ZON E 1 19
“
writing in the sixteenth century said of Timbuctu It is a ,
“
kingdom of Guber he said Here are such S hoes made as ,
” 2
the ancient Romans were w o o nt to weare At the present .
coarse and reserved for home use the other of a finer tex ,
S hoes and saddles F rom iron and other metals the smiths
.
?
make implements tools and sundry ornaments , The
Kanuris manufacture in their numerous cities particularly ,
?
gunpowder etc , The manufacturers of Kuka usually have
their shops along the streets in front of their residences .
They are very busy in the morning and again in the after
?
noon but rest and S leep during the heat of the day
, The
1Pp . P 2 90 7
. . F eatherman p 385
3
, . .
“
goats are sold into the regions of the south while iron cot , ,
roses spices glass b eads etc and return with sundry grain
, , , .
,
?
and other products of the Sudan The S hillo o ks sell to their
neighbors cattle cotton ivory etc a n d buy from them cut, , , .
,
?
lery cloth and salt
,
The Jo lo fs supply the coast people
with milk eggs and fowls and export to foreign countries
,
“
great quantities of grain beans melon seed and dried fish , ,
- .
1
p 88
S ch w ei n furth , V ol A nth . 1, . .
9 ro po geo gra ph l e ,
”
V ol . 1, pp .
3 8 6,
2
5 5 .
3 “ Denham s Narrative p 2 4 1
’
,
”
. .
4
Rohl fs V ol p 348 ; F eatherman pp
, . 1, .
, . 8
3 5 3
, 8 6 .
5
Featherman p 66 , . .
6 Mid p , .
35 4 .
122 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
ers and even barb ers who perambulate the streets and
whistle to announce their coming ?
S l a v e r y — The com b ination of cattle breeding farming
.
-
, ,
—
no capital a n d there are many of this class owing to the
,
3
where there is still free land However the wholesale sub ,
cept for domestic work and for c ra ftme n in the cities and , ,
tra ders and as soldiers and court o fficers The great m ass
, .
to themsel ves and cultivate the fields and raise cattle under
1
Featherman p , . 2 76
.
1
P reville p , . 26
5 .
1
P 348
. . 4 Wa i tz V ol, . 2, p . 2 13 ; H o vela cq ue , p . 19 .
E C ON O M I C LI F E IN TH E C ATTLE ZON E 1 23
1
work for their own benefit ; elsew h ere they are permitted
to work for themselves one half of each day P rior to inter -
.
when the season for field wo rk was over to follo w their lords
?
u pon military or trading expeditions It has always been
quite common for S laves in this zone to purchase their free
dom or earn it as a reward for valuable services to their
masters .
’
which exacts all of a man s time and has in it nothin g that
appeals to his passion for change surprise combat and vic , ,
1 F atherman p 37 6
c , . . Mid p 3 87 1
, . .
1 24 TH E N EG RO RA C ES
not less than one hundred and seventy full grown men
were mercilessly slaughtered in cold blood the greater part ,
” 2
severed from the body These raiding expeditions are
.
that they love their cattle more than their wives and chil
dren As they are not able to rob cattle from other people
.
but are often the victims of robbery they can keep up their ,
?
supply of cattle only by zealous conservation In their
country a cow is never slaughtered but when sick is
, ,
” 4
accident are used as fo od Each member of the family .
1 Th e value
of the gaming instinct as an incentive to act i vity is strongly presented
by P ro f W I Thomas i n his article Th Gaming Instinct A m i n f um l
. . . e ,
”
er ca o a
f S i l gy V ol 6 p 7 5
o oc o o , .
,
. 0 .
1
V ol 2 p 369
.
, Preville p 2 63
. .
3 Schweinfurth V ol 1 p 1 64
, . .
4
, .
, . .
C H A PTER V II
E C O NO MI C L I FE IN THE C A MEL Z O NE
says Reclus the Sahara has its highlands its valleys and
, ,
” 1
only to the blind forces of the heat and the winds .
?
that the flesh of a dead animal never becomes putrid
Well across the desert northeast from Lake C had
, ,
1 V ol . 2, p .
417 .
9
Vol . 2, p .
41 8 . V oid , p .
42 1 .
1 26
E C O N O M I C LI F E IN TH E C A M EL ZON E 12 7
rocks are bare and the gravelly soil produces neither trees
nor shrubs The whole cou n try would be uninhabitable but
.
?
camel and horse were brought from Asia The wild ani
m
mals of the region are the a n telope hyena j ackal fox and
onkey V ultures ravens pigeons and doves are very
.
, ,
, , ,
have the date palm and grain which they partly raise and
,
1P 29
. . H i story f M ank i n d V ol 3 p 1 69
1
o ,
”
.
, . .
1 28 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
Lake C had to Darfur a n d Waday and return with grain
, , ,
?
valuable that it is used as the standard of value Some of
the Tibbus instead of trading on their own account act as
, ,
1
Barth Vo l p 1 5
,
Ratzel H istory f M ankin d Vol 3 p 2 66
. 2 , . 0 .
7
, o ,
”
.
, . .
1 30 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
man . The Yorubas used to consume yearly about 3 1 ,
2
preparing cotton for the native market The English are .
both the F rench and British Sudan the lands are gradually
being monopolized by the white men and also the general
trade H ence the natives by degrees are being driven out
.
, ,
the bounty of nature they can eke out some kind of exist
,
In the millet and cattle zones the white men are likely ,
1
Rein ch p 307
s , . . Af i n New V ol 3 1 8 9 1 p 1 8
9
5 r ca , .
, , . .
1 32 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
manufacturing .
1
betrothed girl dies the family must substitute another , .
“ ” 3
I want her Being a mere chattel the girl has no choice
.
8
village of African women do in a week Wives do not at .
3
Bouche p 1 45 , . Bouche p 1 45 F eatherman p 2 2 8
.
4
, .
, . .
5 A ll en an d Thomson V ol 1 p 2 3 8 ,
Forbes V ol 1 p 2 6
.
, . .
5
, .
, . .
Foa p 1 1 0
, . . Travels in West A frica p 492 8
,
”
. .
FA M I LY LI F E IN TH E BANANA ZO N E 1 35
l
other wives or purchase slave girls as c o nc ub in es A third .
4
development and early marriage I n consequence of the .
’
dren take care of the others children as if they were their
own ? In Da h o mi the men of the common people have not
more than two or three wives each ; the priests have about
a dozen the chiefs of tribes have twenty or thirty and the ,
?
king has four or five hundre d
I dea s A b o ut C h a stity —C hastity among unmarried or un
.
1
Ellis , Tshi Speaking P eoples p 2 88 , . .
3 H o vela cq ue, p 3 14
. . Vo l 1 p 3 7
4 .
, . 0 .
5 Duncan Vol 1 p 7 9
, .
, . .
6 P . 2 4 3. Foa p 1 9 1
7
, . . Vol 1 p 37 7
8 .
, . .
1 36 TH E N EGR O R A C ES
always wait for girls to arrive at the pubertal age there are
many cases of seduction When a case of this kind hap .
4
marry The A ssinia ns consider it a mark of hospitality to
.
“ ?
provide an épouse intérimaire for strangers As a rule
neither single nor married women have the power of resist
ing an importunity U p to 1 8 1 8 the amazons at the court
.
“
his w ife a year and a half after a child birth but she -
,
2 Mi d p , . 2 04 .
3 P . 1 04 . P 1 09 4 . .
5 H ovela cq ue, p .
30 7 .
by civilized standards .
Ty d up in go dly la c es ;
’
?
rectangular and partly round The large rectangular
houses of the bana na zone have come into use on a c
count o f the density of population and the necessity of
living compactly in readiness for defense against ih
4
vaders The houses built in this form have a solid
.
?
leaf stalks of palms
-
The round styles are the more primi
tive They co n sist of a wall made of mud and small stones
.
, ,
?
which the sun bakes into the hardness of brick The roof
is thatched and in order to throw o ff the downpour of rain
it is conical in shape The small conica l shaped houses .
1
For b es Vol 1 p
, .
, . 1 38 . llis Yoruba Speaking P eoples p 1 87
9 E , , . .
3
H a w k i ns p , .
7 3 ; Ratze l H istory f M a nk i nd
, Vol 3 p 1 3 o ,
”
.
, . 1 .
4
Pre vill e p 2 1 8
, . . Ratze l H istory f M ankin d Vol 3 p 1 1 3
5
, o ,
”
.
, . .
?
trusion of miscellaneous animals The houses have no
windows but in some cases the roofs are adj usted so that
,
?
they can be raised In Bonny the houses have three
rooms a kitchen living room and j uj u room z e a place
'
- -
, , , . .
,
4
for the house gods charms etc M ost of the houses in this
, , .
7
bearing on their backs a hundred weight of fruit They .
bring fire wood from the forest and water from the nearest
-
?
streams In so far as the man is concerned the only ,
1 P Wood p 67 1 l é i p 6 30 3
'
2 20 3 za . .
. .
, . . ,
p 67 1 . . Ellis
5 Ew Speak ing P eoples p 2 04
, e , . .
8 Duncan Vol 1 p 89 , .
, . . V ol 1 p 8 8 1 .
, . .
3 Brackenbury p 3 24 , . . Foa p 1 9 1 9
, . .
1 40 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
line .
R e l a ti o n B e t w e e n H us b a n ds a n d W i v e s — The husbands .
’
husband s interest in his wife or wives is largely animal and
“ ”
economic There is no romantic sentiment says Ellis
.
, ,
“
and the relation between the sexes is ordinarily quite
passionless This is no doubt partly due to polygamy and
.
, ,
does not often turn his hand to lighten the work of his wife
“
and in recompense for her ser vices she often receives
” 2
kicks .The wife lives in a hut alone and when called by
her lord crawls on her knees and prostrates herself at his
,
feet ?
Among the B a ssa mese each wife lives four or five
?
days at a time with her husband The fact that the work
of supporting the population devolves upon the women
would seem to give them a position of exceptional in dep end
ence but it does not on account of the counteracting military
,
?
children usually remain with the mother
R e l a ti o n B e t w e e n P a r e nts a n d C h i l dre n The affection -
Speaking P eoples p
Tshi , . 2 85 .
2Foa p 1 87
, .Bouche P
.
3
, 1 46»
4
Featherman p 1 3 7 , . .
5 l li s
E ,
Yoruba Speaking P eoples p ,
”
. 1 87 .
1 42 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
—
it to sleep or lie awake to play w ith whatever it finds If , .
ther care It is carried for a year then left to run right and
.
,
” 3
can offered to sell me their sons and daughters as slaves
, .
“ ”
And The maj ority of Africans he adds will sell their own
, , ,
tra te d herself at his feet covered herself with dirt and with , ,
5
Vol 2 p 2 1 6 This w oman came from the interior of the country and was
.
, .
agine from the fact that the children are supposed to belong
Only to the mother Fathers as well as mothers give to
.
us that eight days after the birth the father of the new ,
” 1 ’
time a little rum from his mouth into the child s face As .
in the case of the mother the a ffection of the father for his ,
’
his son they threw themselves into each other s arms wept , ,
” 2
laughed and danced for j oy .
”
C hildren are devoted to their parents says F oa when they , ,
” 3
di fferent reserved and false
, When the mother is old and .
unfit for work she eats only if her children are good enough
,
to think of her ?
The A mina s says F eatherman abandon , ,
?
their sick parents without aid or relief Reverence for old
age is not a conspicuous virtue in this zone even among ,
2
7 0147 11 0 1 of a n Afr i ca n Cr u iser , p 85 . .
3 P . 1 92 . 4 Foa p 1 87
, . .
5 P . 1 43 .
1 44 TH E N EG R O RA C ES
feet as an ordinary subj ect and to throw dirt over her old
gray hair ? Writing of Benin in the sixteenth century
O gilby says that by a particular custom which they term
Law the king and his mother may not see one another as
,
”
long as they live She is required to live in a palace out
.
?
side of the city
The slave trade no doubt had a tendency to loosen
, ,
C h i l dr e n Ta ke t h e N a m e o f th e Mo th e r — C hildren a l .
?
certainty of parentage kinship is traced in the male line ,
his wives and does not even claim as his own the children
,
?
of them by having them pawned to him by their mother
The practice of burying children alive with their mothers ,
5
as is done among the Ashantis and savage people gen
e ra lly arose in all probability from the idea that children
, , ,
5
Tsh i Speak i ng P eoples p
Elli s , , . 2 34 .
“
that th e sacrifices of human beings at funerals is due to
”
an exaggerated regard for the dea d for even years a fter
’
a man s death slaves and captives are sometimes sacrificed
” 1
to his memory .
’
and children nothing from their father The mother s .
?
socialization
1
Speaking P eoples p 1 5 9
Tshi ,
”
. .
2
Ell i s Ew Speaking P eoples
, p 2 06
e ,
”
. .
3
K i ngsley West A frican Stu di es p 40 2
, , . .
4 P 1 99 . .
5
Post Entw i klung geschichte des F mih
, c s a enrechts,
”
p . 2 66 .
5 Pp 2 46- 2 47
. .
C HA PTER IX
FA MI L Y L I FE IN THE MI LLET Z O NE
m
is due in part perhaps to the general absence of sacrifices in
which the e n are the chief Victims and to the less number
of wars in which the men are also the chief victims The .
have houses with several rooms one for cooking and others ,
?
for lodgings for the wives and slaves The furniture con
sists of beds woo den hooks for hanging up clothes ? stools
, ,
?
sofas etc , As to the prices paid for wives it is said that in ,
the eastern part of this zone the purch ase of wives is usually
?
made with iron plates or spades If the suitor is too poo r
1 Stau d inger p 60 2
, . H M p 60 1
. 1M p 9
, . .
5
, .
5 8 8 .
‘
Rohl fs Vol 2 p 1 5 8
, . Ellis
, Yoru ba Spea k ing P eoples p
. .
5
, ,
”
. 1 82 .
Schweinfurth V l 1 p 30 2
5
,
o .
, . .
1 47
1 48 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
quired to carry away the bride by force M arriages among
the M ohammedans require simply the presence of a few
?
witnesses and a prayer by the malam F reemen seldom
?
marry slave women
P o l y ga m y — P olygamy is not so pronounced in this as
in the lower zone I n the first place the balance of the sexes
.
?
three A poor man w h o cannot a fford a young wife usually
— 7
takes a second hand one that is a widow - So far as the , , .
She must besi des doing the field work prepare the grain
, , ,
1
Ratzel stor y
, Hi of M an k i nd Vo l 3 p 4
,
”
. , . 0 .
2
L ander Vol , . 1, p 32 9
. .
9 Rohl fs Vo l 2 p, .
, . 1 49 . Staudinger p
4
, . 6
5 4 .
5
P 558 °
5 1 5 54 p 5 5 8 Iéza f, p
'
7
, . . .
5 59 .
I 50 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
with this simple covering they are far more modest than the
” 2
girls of Europe The Kakanda are described as having
.
family life in this zone is the fact that the people have larger
?
and better houses and more furniture The houses are
usually circular in form and constructed of red or gray mud
and finished overhead with a conical thatched roof The .
the coast? In some places the houses are very large having ,
?
water The M andingos have houses whose roofs proj ect
over the walls a n d rest upon outer supports thus making a ,
1 P . 22 . P 3 5 Th i s statement w as made i n 1 80 7
2
. . .
Barth V ol 2 p 1 46 3
, .
, . .
the heat and glare of the sun — a style which was probably ,
?
and gives a part of her food to her husband A Kruman ,
7
and lounge away their existence under the trees In Yoruba .
’
self and has neither claim on her husband s property nor
,
all of the wives except the first are known as trade wives -
,
“ ” 9
or wives of commerce M en not only contribute noth .
from Borgu who after stealing 400 cowries from his wife , ,
2
Binger Vo l 1 p 2 8 1
, Mini V ol
. p 1 83 ; Bo w e n p 2 99
, . .
3
, . 2, .
, . .
5
L n t p 91 Bo w en p 3 8 7 u n l f n Afi C ui p 17 ’
as e 5 o r a o a z ca n r ser ,
, . .
, . . .
1
Vo l 1 p 34 1
.
, . . Bo w en p 3 5 8
, . 0 .
C ampbell p 60 ; Ellis
9
Yoruba Speak ing P eoples
, p 1 83 .
, ,
”
. .
1 5 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
at large
In districts farther from the coast men generally show ,
the S h ulis and M adis are distinguished for their regard for
their wives w h o are generally exempt from field work and ,
?
the men instead of women go out to cut and gather wood
In the rural settlements of H a usa la n d the husband and wi fe
6
live and eat in the same house and the hard field work ,
falls mostly upon slaves and not upon m a rri e dgwo men
7
.
F a mi l y A f
fec ti o n — Any particular instances of real a f fec
tion between husband and wife are hard to find but it is ,
1
Vol 1 p 37 7.
, . . C ampbe ll p 60 5
, . .
5
Ratzel H istory f M ank ind Vol 3 p 40 ; Reclus V ol 1 p 99
, o ,
”
.
, .
, .
, . .
7 l é fl p 5 62
’
za , C l pp t n
. Second Expedition pp 40 1 8 1
.
5 a er o , ,
”
.
, .
C HA PTER X
FA MI LY L I FE IN THE C ATTLE Z O NE
W o me n B o u gh t b y Me a n s
Family life in this of C a tt l e -
?
and manufacturing Sometimes as much as a hundred
?
head of cattle are given for a girl of a good family
Among the S hillo o ks and Baris the price varies from ten to
?
fifty cows The Jo lo fs pay in addition to cattle some gold , ,
?
silver clo thing or other valuables
,
A Dinka wife costs
?
about twenty cows and one bull Among the Kanuris the ,
”
but I love .
girls are sold to the highest bidder but a part of the pro ,
5
F eatherman p , .
34 .
‘ pp 66 7 4
l ézai ,
'
. , .
5 l ai d , p
.
35 7 .
5 Prev il le p 2 5 1
, . .
5 Featherman p 2 7 8 , . .
8 Mid , p .
7 90 .
1 54
FA M I LY LI F E I N TH E C ATTLE Z O N E 155
?
is not so early as in the zones already discussed Girls
?
seldom marry before the age of sixteen One of the co n se
q u e n c e s of the high price of wives is that the men resort to
filib usterin g expeditions for the purpose of ste aling the
women of their neighbors Another consequence is that .
1 Featherman p 37 3 , . .
1 Mid p , . Denham s Narrative p 2 43
2 77
’
, . .
5 Rohl fs Vol 2 p 8
, .
, . . F eatherman p 34
4
, . .
Roh l fs Vol
5
, . 1, p .
342 ; Featherman pp 7 3 3 7 3 5 7 9 1
, .
, , .
1 56 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
have no J ean V alj ean but they have also no F antine to part
with her hair and teeth to save her C ozette Among the .
“
Kanuris although sexual morality is somewhat lax
,
the ,
” 2
is by no means common In Darfur among the mountain.
? ’
couple reside in the home of the bride s parents The
Fella ta h women as a rule are of rather easy virtue although
, , ,
extent that men are able to buy wives but four is the limit ,
ita l often reduces the number to one Only rich people and .
?
princes have several wives The wife of a Latuka chief asked
Baker h o w many wives he had and was astonished to hear
that he was satisfied with one The idea amused her im
mensely and S h e and her daughter laughed at it heartily ?
.
?
considered as concu b ines The women in some of the
F ellatah tribes are very spirited and independent and rarely ,
?
permit a second spouse to enter their homes
1
Featherman p 34 , . .
5 l aid , p . 2 77 .
5 l aid , pp .
7 35 , 7 36 .
4
P 56. 0 .
5 Rohl fs Vol , . 2, p . 8 .
5 Vol . 1, p 2 17
. .
7
Featherman p 3 5 7 , . .
8
La sne t p 52
, . .
1 58 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
places during the summer time the outer walls of the huts
are enwreathed with the green foliage of melon a n d pump
kin vines In the large cities the houses are more sub sta n
.
?
hives The houses in this zone are not only better upon
the average than those of the millet zone but are kept
cleaner The Kanuris like civilized people sweep the floors
.
, ,
?
of their houses every morning
Me n H el p t o S upp o rt t h e Fa mi l y — In this zone the men .
for the most part support their families for it is they who
own the capital necessary to existence They generally as .
sist in the field work and in some tribes they alone attend
,
to the cattle ?
W o m e n E njo y C o n si de r a b l e L ib e rt y —Women are gen .
e ra lly better treated and have more rights than the women
“
man , enj oy much greater liberty than their sisters of
” 5
other M ohammedan nations Among the rich each wife .
,
1
Featherman p 7 1 , Du C h illu p 1 8 7
. 2 .
2
a , . .
3
Rohl fs Vo l
, . 1, p .
3 39 .
4
Ratzel H i story f M ank i nd V o l 2 p 3 34
, o ,
”
.
, . .
5 P .
3 86 .
Featherman p 3 7 2 5
, . .
FA M I LY LI F E IN TH E C ATTLE ZON E 1 59
and his feet were so swollen that it was with the utmost
di fficulty that he could proceed a step and he was obliged ,
long his father appeared to fetch him This old man had .
brought neither cart nor donkey but he set out and carried ,
away the great strapping fellow who was S ix feet high for , ,
I n h e rit n
a c e — The laws of inheritance in this zone are
.
Vol 1 p 1 7 4 .
, . 0.
1 60 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’
father s children are minors the nearest rel ative acts as a d
,
1 F eatherman p
, .
358
.
1 I bi ai , p .
34
.
1 62 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
of their father .
1
P aul Barth p
, .
3 80 .
C H A P TER XII
PO L I T I C A L L I F E IN THE BA NA NA ZO NE
1
O gi l b y pp , .
3 2 5 , 3 2 6, 3 2 9 , 4 7 2 .
2
O g i lb y pp
, .
3 1 9- 32 1 , 32 2, 3 45 ; Stan for d Vo l
, . 1, p . 2 59 .
3 P . 82 .
1 64
1 66 TH E N EG RO RA C ES
altogether su ffi cient ?
M s a n d Fa ci li ty fo r D e am —
()
c o ti v e f a Along the north
ern borders of the banana zone therefore the people were , ,
?
the larger political groups came into being The relative
thinness of the forest along this border of the zone made c o
operation easy This was a region of intense a n d eternal
.
'
?
local wars and intestine broils It is not surprising there ,
fore that M iss Kingsley S hould have remarked that the life
,
of the West African chief had about ninety nine and nine -
?
tenths thorns in it
( )
a M o ti v
’
es for A
gg r essi o n — Whenever and wherever
a political organization is e ffected for defensive purposes
there are al ways motives at work tending to make it a g
gr essive In the banana zone the motives for aggression
.
’
were n umerous F irst was the desire to steal each other s.
1
P reville p 2 1 8 , . .
2 p
I b id , . 22 1 .
5 Vol 1 p 1 60
.
, . .
4 u
Travels in West A frica p ,
”
.
340 .
P O LITI C AL LI F E IN TH E BANANA ZON E 1 67
’
reported that along the Niger every man s hand was raised
against his fellow and every one tried to enslave his neigh
” 3
bor .
A ggress i v e P o w e r o f Da h o mi — H i s t ory o f t h e Ex p a n si v e
Mo v e ment — The history of Da h o mi before the S ixteenth
century is unknown When Europeans first visited the .
1
awkins p 9
H , . 2 .
2
Vol 1 p 46 1311 says that
.
, . 2 . 15 1 26 was the num b er captured up to 1 839,
Ew Speaking P eoples
e p 31 1 ,
”
. .
1
Vol 1 p 398
.
, . .
1 68 TH E N EGR O R A C ES
der the name of P orto N ovo ; while the third brother traveled
northwards and after some vicissitudes established the
kingdom of Da h o mi The western Ardrah or Alla dé
. ,
Whydah ”
. This era of conquest continued up to the a c
“
cession in 1 8 1 8 of Ge z o
, ,
who reigned forty years an d
,
( )
a I nfl u e n ce of N a tu r a l B o u n da r i es a s a F a ctor of
E px a n si on — The aggressive power of a state depen ds upon
( )
a the natural boundaries of the country ( )
a the size of the ,
p opulation ()
c,
the eco n omic resources ( )
at the ability,
of the
people to c o Op era te (e) the strength and e fficiency of the
,
cept near the coast where the numerous swamps and lagoons
Encyclop edia Britannica
1
a Vol 6 P 7 66,
”
. . .
1 70 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
a l ty to o o er a te
p .
,
They had not the wisdom to organize and govern the con
quered territory but were sa tisfied to ravage gather up the
, ,
?
hostile hands The aim was only to lay waste and kill and ,
’ ?
kin g s wives wore daggers Each local caboceer or chief
9
had an army of his own which answered the call of the
1 F oa p 2 8
, .l aid p 5 7 ; Ellis
0 . Ew e Spea king P eoples pp
2
, .
, , . 2 —
3 .
5 El l i s Ew Speaking P eoples
, e p 1 97 Wood p ,
”
. .
4
, . 63 8 .
1 p 1 83 D unc n V ol 1 p 2 5 4 5 2 Idi t V l 1 p
a o o . . 2 83.
. .
, .
, . .
, ,
P OLITI C AL LI F E I N TH E BANAN A ZO N E 1 7 1
?
to feed himself The king offered special rewards and
honors to soldiers who brought home the heads of captives ,
—
(f) R e i as st n ce f
o B o r der S t es
a t But whatever may
be the military equipment or other favorable conditions the ,
5
Forbes Vol 1 pp 2 1 2 2
, .
, . , .
4 Ell i s
, Ew Spea k ing P eoples
e pp 2 1 9 2 95 309 , .
, , .
5
Duncan Vol 1 p 1 4 1
, .
, . .
1 7 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
A ggre ssiv e P o w r e of A sh a n ti — H i s t o r y
o f t h e E x p a n siv e
m
Mo v e e t The Ashanti government has had a history
n — .
( )
a I n
fl u e n ce o
f N a tu r a l B o u n da r i es a s a Fa ctor o
f
E p
x a n si o n — The Ashantis were somewhat less able to ex
pand than the Dahomans In the first place their territory .
The Gulf on the south the V olta on the east the C omoe , ,
of forest .
A ggre s siv e P o e r o
w f t h e S m a ll e r S t t s
a e — The small
.
tor s — Any kingdom that comes into being and survives for
any length of time wi ll necessarily be gi n to elaborate and
,
( )
a Fa ci li t
y f o r C o mm u n i ca ti o n a s a F a ctor — In
Da h o m
.
Ratzel A nthropogeographie V ol 1 p 7 3
1
, ,
”
.
, . .
1 75
1 76 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
()
b D i s tr i b u ti o n f
o W e a lth — If wealth is somewhat
qually distributed i e if all men are free and have more
, . .
,
a small number of men the king and his chiefs being rela
,
—
()c C h a r a cter a n d I n te ll
ig e n ce of tb e P eo le
p If the
.
—
( )
b C o u n ci l a n d Ex ec u t i v e Ofi ce r s Among the central .
“ ” 1
crees and he was popularly known as The M an Killer
, .
’
the sons of the king s concubines and owned large landed ,
?
the king Each chief was king in his district and had his
own court The sub chiefs in the smaller towns also had
.
-
?
to rise from their obscurity
The police system consisted of constables appointed by
the king and spies also appointed by him and sent out into
,
5
El l i s Ew Speaking P eoples
, p 1 61
e ,
”
. .
4Foa p 1 86 , . .
5
Dunc n Vol 2 p 3 5
a , .
, . .
5 Vol 2 p :2 3 1
.
, .
5 1 6122 , p 2 19
. . p 2 08
'
4 . .
5 l b i ai , p . 209 .
5 Il i ad, p . 2 16 .
1 p 2 4
. 2 .
5 Duncan Vol , . 1, p . 1 41 .
1 80 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
’ ?
inflicted chastisement w ith a dried bullock s tail Ellis men
tions the use of a whip of hippopotamus hide which drew
?
blood with every lash
The laws and j udicial proceedings of Da h o mi under ,
cure and people were seized and sold for the most trivial
o ffenses H owever a more detailed discussion of questions
.
,
—
( ) The revenue of the state consiste of
’
a R e o e nu e . d
war booty sale of slaves ? fines bribes presents ? a nd tolls
-
, , , .
7
ta b lish ed at intervals along the chief trade routes where ,
slaves sent out of his domains In the palmy days of the slave .
1
Ell i s Ew Speak i ng Peoples p 2 4
, e V ol , . 2 .
1 . 2, p . 1 53 .
5
Duncan V o l 2 p 3 , .
, Ew Speaking P eop l es
. 2 1 .
4
e ,
”
p . 2 23 .
5
Brackenbury p 5 Ell i s
, . Ew Speaking P eoples
2 .
5
, e , p . 1 62 .
7
Duncan Vol 1 p 83 , .
,
Ibid V ol 1
. 2 .
5 .
, .
, p
. 2
58 .
a n V ol 1 p 83 9
, .
, . 2 .
1 82 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
“
Woe to the man who desires to be a parasite H e will .
”
become vermin The climatic di fference explains at least
.
,
” “
reverence in human beings says Ruskin and you in , ,
F m — Da ho mi
()c S ta tu s f
o th e a i l
y The people of also .
father and not the mother was the head of the family and ,
—
( ) O
’
a r d e r of S u cces si o n Indeed the most important
factor of social stability especially in primitive societies is , ,
1
Giddings , P rinc i ples of Soc i olog y p 1 1 1 ,
. .
1 I bi afl, p .
35 9 .
El lis
5
Ew Speaking P eoples p
, e , . 1 64.
1 84 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
?
fusion in the order of succession F urther evidence that
the order of succession was always more or less uncertain is
shown in the fact tha t the two chief councilmen found it
’
necessary to make a selection from among the king s numer
ous sons the eldest if that fact could be ascertained being
, , ,
?
considered the heir The death of a king was usually kept
a secret as the uncertainty of the succession always occa
,
Ratzel
1
, History f M ankind V ol 3 p 1
o ,
”
.
, . 2 4.
Elli s
2
, Ew Speaking P eoples
e p 1 63 ,
”
.
.
Ratzel
3
, H istory f M an kind V ol 3 p
o ,
”
.
, . 127 ; Ellis ,
“
Ew e Speaking Peo
ples p 1 64
, . .
1 86 TH E N EG R O RA C ES
“
limited power nowhere existed 5 0 free was Ashanti u n .
”
der its first kings says Ratzel that Da h o mi which was
, , ,
?
sometimes deposed their king I n the small independent
groups not forming a part of Ashanti proper there seems
, ,
?
power with the local priest So far as the distribution of
wealth the character of the people and extent of warfare
, ,
favorable to despotism as in Da h o mi .
a) —
S yst e m o f G o v e rnm e n t ( L eg is la ti o n Legislation
.
fi —
’
( )
b C ou n c i l a n a E x e cu ti ne O ce r s The administrative .
V ol 2 p 1 62
.
, . .
5 Feath rman p
e , . 1 84 .
P OLITI C AL LI F E IN TH E BANAN A ZON E 1 87
?
stranger In some loca lities a whole tribe was held re sp o n
3
sible for the crimes or obligations of any one member and
in other localities each family was held responsible for any
fault of its members An accused person was first put in .
iron fork until the day of trial when he was brought before ,
tant matters the king sat in court with all of his chiefs in the
open air and in the presence of the people Any one could .
serious offenses the guilty party was subj ected to the less
doubtf ul pen alties of decapi tation mutilation etc? In , ,
1 Brac k enbury p , .
339 .
1
Ellis , Tshi Speak ing P eoples p , . 2 99 .
3 1 5 14 p 300
, . .
4 1 M . RR 2 7 3 . 2 7 5
5 fl int p 2 7 5
, . . p
6 1 bid
, 75
. . .
1 Ib zhC p 30 1
, . .
5 Freeman p , .
53 .
1 88 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
were very vast ; and second from the output of the gol d,
send to the king every gold nugget that was dug up only ,
?
the dust being retained by the miners Taxes were levied
on all elephant hunters and during the era of the external
,
?
S lave trade tax es were also levied on the export of slaves
,
1
Free man p
, .
4 .
2
Stanle y , C oomassie p
, . 64
Featherman p , . 1 85 .
1 90 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
ever strange that the deeper one goes into the forest the
,
”
his own children that a free father has any ownership in ,
“
and complications come in from its being a common thing
for a freeman to marry a woman w h o is th e property of
some other man All of her children are the property of her
.
owner not of her husband and the owner can at any time
, ,
to m
’
a ry price to the mother s owner on the birth of each
”
with them there is no statute of limitations All of the .
passes into the hands of his heir who may foreclose at once ,
” 2
closure comes and there is trouble .
part of the chief or king the subj ects naturally ta ke the law,
1 “
West A f ican Studies p 1 86
r , . .
terf ere d with the operations of these societies but they were ,
”
main enforce the same set of laws Each house is presided .
a House ; third trade boys who have fallen into slavery and
, ,
?
freedom and those bought from other t ribes Among
savages the condition especially favorable to a government
,
1
Ratzel H i story of M ank ind Vol 3 p 1 3
, ,
”
.
, . 1 .
1
Kingsley West A frican Studies pp 39 8 399
, ,
"
.
, .
5
A mong civilize d States secret soc i eties arise from the tyranny of the govern
,
ment fro mOppression from l ack of freedom of speech or from crim i nal and ev lu
, , r o
moves ami dst the crowd and all of a sudden touches some
woman with his rod who is imme diately seized by the mob
, ,
?
sexes are members of the same organization Young free
children are admitted at the age of eight or ten years A .
?
of clay which he smears over his body The girl is put
through a S imilar process of instruction and initiation She .
?
near a village instead of residing in the forest In all of the
societies much superstition is mixed up with the proceed
ings In some cases the members presume to be governe d
.
p 38 5 . 0 .
1 94 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
si o n i n th e fe m
( ) a le li n e n ot fa vor a b le to sta bi l
’
a S u cces
points out the property of a man does not fall to the sons
,
’
mother as his own This S ister s mother and his own .
’
mother was a slave wife of his father s : this you see keeps
-
”
good blood in a continu al state of dilution with S lave blood
and does not tend to the production of a series of great
” 2
men in one family The family is not a miniature king
.
3
( who appointed them without regard to age ) and some
Featherman p 3 5
1
, . 2 We st A fr i can Stud i es p 37 4
.
2
, . .
Featherman p 2 2 6 5
, . .
P O LITI C AL LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZON E 1 95
( )e Co mmn o L a ng u a ge
f u n i ty n o t a str o ng b a sis o .
1
Featherman p , . 1
58 . H a w k i ns p 9 6
5
, . .
4 Reclus Vol
, .
3, p .
330 .
C HA P TER XV I
PO L I T I C A L L I FE IN TH E MI LLET Z O NE
I n t egra ti n g F a c t o r s
( ) . a I nfl u e n ce f
o N a tu ra l R e
4 Vol p 5 . 1 , . 2 2 .
5 I bi al , Vo l . 1, p . 2 46 .
1 98 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
served with his characte ristic discernment that the first e ffect
of nomad contact with settled people is to bind the latter to
?
gether
But besides the danger of invasion from outside there
was constant danger of attack of one town upon another .
between town and country and bet w een one town and a n
other as i n European countries made the people of each
, ,
3
were inhabited entirely by robbers and vast regions of the
?
country were infested with bands of outlaws As a result
of the incessant warfare European explorers always met
numerous aban doned villages Sometimes the only signs .
1
Binger Vol
, . 1, p
.
43 .
1 story
Hi of M ankind Vol 3 pp
,
”
.
, . 15 1, 1 52 .
1 Lan d er V ol
, . 1, p . 1 9 8. 4 1 bid , . Vol 1 pp
.
, . 1 5 3 1 95
,
Binger V 1
.
5
.
0 11 P 1 17
P O LITI C AL LI F E IN TH E M I LLET ZON E 1 99
( )
c M o ti v es f o r A gg r essi o n — The motives which
turned a defensive into an aggressive movement in this
zone were the same as those in the banana Z one to wit , ,
?
the desire to rob and to capture slaves ,
The motive
for defense became the motive for aggression The chief .
“
says Binger that as soon as a N egro chief commands
,
During the era of the slave trade with the Europeans and
Americans the motive to make war for slaves was greatly
re énfo rc e d The large number of slaves living in every
.
tion and the high price at which they could be sold were
, ,
5
C l pp t n
a Journe y to Kouka and S k t
er o , ac a oo , pp 5 1 8 2 ; Stau di nger p
.
, , .
5 26 .
4
Robinson p 1 6 Vol 1 p 50 2
, . .C l ppe
5
.
, . .
5 a ton
r Secon d Expedit i on p
, ,
”
. 1 56 .
2 00 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
A ggr es s i v e P o w e r o f t h e S t a t e s G e n e ra ll y ( )
a I nflu .
States of this zone was limited along the coast in the west by
the net work of broad rivers and the numerous swamps and
-
lakes but in the higher and more O pen country there were
,
6 S iz e e P o u la ti o n —
the more ope n areas the In
() o
f th p
largeness of the population added considerably to the ex
p a n si v e power of the States .
’
carrying on of war soon exhauste d the country s resources
1
Bowen p , . 107 .
2
'
Ib z at , p . 1 1 4.
5 “
Journey to Kouka an d S a cka too , p .
51 .
2 02 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
son ,
a F e lla ta h Sheikh named Othman dan F odio began
, ,
” 1
over the whole of the present Hausa States These States .
( )
b M a n d i n go s — The M andingos were hel d in check
on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and on the north by the
pastoral F ellatahs with their irresistible cavalry They .
u a lly won the favor and gained the upper hand of their
they were not able to hold their territory to the north against
the F ellatahs and other invaders Horses in the M andingo .
country do not thrive and people who use them must pur
?
chase them from outside a n d pay a high price
— The Yoruba Empire once occupied the
()
c Yo r u b a s .
1 P . 1
5 .
1 Stau di nger p 5 1 5
, . .
5 Stan ford Vol , . 1, p . 2 60 .
4
B i nger Vol , . 1, p . 1 00 .
P OLITI C AL LI F E IN TH E M I LLET ZO N E 2 03
Egba in the west was the most important The whol eof .
2
Yoruba was for a time un der Hausa domination but it is
?
now under the sphere of influence of the British Its su
p e ri o ri ty over its coast neighbors was due largely to its
cavalrymen and to its more intelligent and more active
,
( )
b D i s tr i b u ti o n o
f W e a ltlt a n a
’
C b a r a c te r f
o til e P eo le
p .
Stan for d V ol 1 pp
5
, .
, . 2 49 , 386 .
2 04 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
()
c A m ou n t o
f W a r a r e — The amount of warfare in
f .
this zone was less than in the banana zone yet there was ,
?
kingdoms from carrying on war against each other Each
king or governor of any one of the confederated States was
ge n erally assisted in the control of public affairs by a coun
cil of men of wealth F or example at Kano there was a
.
,
1
Robi nson p 1 6
, . .
5 F eatherman p , .
39 6 .
2 06 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
relatives of the king
P 51
1
. .
1 Featherman p 339
, . .
C HA PTER XV I I
S y st e ms of Ad mi ni str ti o n ( )
a . a L egi sla ti on i n tb c se v
—
'
er a l S ta tes A rn o n g
. the Hausas legislation was in the
hands of the governor of the state or city acting in con
j unction with a council of rich men or nobles Among the .
Yorubas it was in the hands of the king and the local gov
e rno rs or councils but sometimes the whole people assem
,
?
bled and made and administered the laws In each State
there was a council of chiefs and elders and a two thirds ,
-
?
vote was required for the enactment of a law H owever ,
?
were slaves
The le gislation in the other States was pretty uniforml y
divided between the king a n d some kind of council ‘
()
b E x ecu ti ve Ofi ce rs — The executive .o f
ficers of the
Hausa State consisted of a commander of the cavalry sev ,
5
C ampbell p 4 2 ; F eatherman p 1 99
, .
, C ampbell p 6 1
. .
4
, . .
5
Featherman p 39 6 , . A llen and Thomson V ol 2 p 1 7 5
.
5
, .
, . .
2 08 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
theft adultery and murder were all capital o ffenses
,
The .
2
han ds or by death H owever in this zone penalties were .
,
3
any one who committed such o ffe n se Any kind of .
5
times of peace robbery and murder were rare Regu lar .
6
policemen preserved order at the markets .
7
punished by fine and imprisonment M en were imprisoned .
for debt and every town had a prison where debtors were in
carcerated A husband was held respo n sible for the debts
.
8
of his wife but not those of his children ,
C riminals who .
9
could not pay fines were flo gge d Theft was considered an .
Trials were held before the chief of the town or before the
1
Featherman p 3 39 , . .
2
Staud i nger p 5 68 , F th m n
. .
s ea er a , p .
39 7 .
4
Staud i nger p 5 69 ,
. .
5 l é bfip 5 5 3
z , . Mi d .
5
, p .
5 69 .
7 Bo w en p 3 1 9 , . .
9 El li s
, Yoru b a Speaking P eopl es ,
”
p . 1 90 .
9 1 6 21 p 1 9
1 1 , . 1. 10 p 30 . 2 .
11
p . 2 99 .
2 10 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
then brought suit for damages and the case was argued with ,
learn ed argument pro and con the court adj ourned without
, ,
‘
being able to arrive at a decision The Krumen in their .
2
mouth Everybody had a right to call a palaver and the
.
3
towns two or three hun dred miles away Each town had a .
palaver house for the tri al of local cases and every two or ,
”
bird When two men are litigating about a matter says
.
,
rived a t the holy rock they set their birds a figh tin g a n d he ,
-
,
1
Park p 2 7 Bo w en p 39
, y u n l f
. .Af i n C u i
2
p 55 , . .
3 o r a o a n. r ca r ser , . .
P OLITI C AL LI F E I N TH E M I LLET ZO N E 2 1 1
3
a rope It is said that the Krumen were sometimes put
.
4
professional female torturers to be lacerated with thorns In .
6
and ten thousand quarrels .
7
baras of the interior .
—
( The sources of revenue in this zone were
’
a R e ve n u e .
V ol 2 p 2 1 7
1 .
, . .
9
Journey to Kouka and S a ck a to o , p . 81 .
P 319
3 . .
4
y
ou r n a l f
o an Afr i ca n Cr u iser , p .
59 .
C ampbell p 4 2
5
, . . Bo w en p 1 40
0
, . .
H v l qu
7
opp e ac e, .
330, 33 1 Reclus Vol , .
3 , p . 2 03 ; Bowen p 3 1 9 ; F ather
, . c
mn p 3 2 1
a , . .
2 12 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
a bout the same as in the banana zone Among the Hausas the .
2
in raids Throughout the region of M ohammedan domina
.
3
were unconverted The rulers everywhere required pres .
6 ’
witched his subj ects goats and fowls and kept back rain , ,
.
7
as each farmer brought in his crop P ublic labor such as .
,
8
the buil di n g of walls was done without compensation ,
.
1
C la pperto n , Second Exped i t i on p 1 89 ,
. . Staud i ger p 5 6 n , . 2 .
3 L an d er V ol 1 p 3 3
, .
y u n
, l . 0 .
4 o r a
fa n
o Af i C i p 1 2
r ca n r u ser , . 1 .
5
Duncan Vol p 1 80 , . 2 , . . Rec l us V ol p 44
5
, . 1, . .
7
Bo w en p 3 1 8 , . .
9Mid C ampbell p 96
.
, . .
2 14 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
lower level than the common people
( )
23 C om m o n T i es — The elements most favorable to
stability were racial kinship over a wide area and also to a , ,
?
b y an assembly
It stands out pretty clearly that the larger a n d better
organized states in this zone were due m a great measure
to the collision between the sedentary Nigritians and the
1 B i ger V l p 5 2
n , o . 1 , . 0 .
2
L ander Vol , . 1, p .
31 1 .
3
Stau d inger pp 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 6
, .
, , .
5 Lander V ol 1 p 1 1 3
, .
, . .
5 C ampbell p , .
36 .
P O LITI C AL LI F E I N TH E M I LLET ZON E 2 15
I n t e gr a ti ng F a c t o rs .
( ) a I nfl u e n ce f
o N a tu ra l Re
so u r ces — All of the politic al groups of this zone are now
—
()
6 I n va si o n s The Nigritians of this zone even more
than those of the banana zone have been subj ected to con
ti n ua l invasions . In the west the M oors Tuaregs and ,
l
Arabs and B erb ers . It has been necessary therefore for , ,
N F D —
()
c ece ss i ty a n d a ci li tyfor f
e e n se In the absence .
1 Featherman p , .
35 .
2 1 6
2 1 8 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
north and the millet zone on the south where the clamp
,
()o S i z e o P o u la ti
f p o n a n d E co n o mi c R es u r ces
o — I n the
central part of the zone the unobstructed nature of the
coun t ry the large masses of population and ample resources
,
ing climate of the steppe regions from which the Arabs and
F ella ta h s came Spencer points out that all of the great
.
Africa and but for their existence the whole map of the
Western World would have been di fferent .
C o mp a ra t i v e A ggr e s s i v e P o w e r ( )
a Tb e
. F e lla ta /z s
2
va sio ns beginning in the seventh century the Hami tic or ,
Arabs who infused their lang u age and imposed their relig
,
?
ion throughout a great portion of N orth Africa In the
conflict between the Arabs and Berbers the former had two ,
religion of the Arab and at the same time his horse and
, , ,
?
to inv a de the Sudan in the thirteenth century The a d
va n c e d guard perhaps had not been indoctrinated with the
?
practices
s u n p 4 7 3 ; Ratzel
, . H istory of M ankind
, Vol ,
”
.
3, p . 2 44 .
1
Ratzel A nthropogeographie V ol 1 p 483
, ,
”
.
, . .
2
Binger V ol 1 p 39 ; Den i ker p 443
, .
, . 2 , . .
3
Staud i nger th i nks that the F ellatahs are an A siatic people p , .
5 4 1 .
4
Ratzel H i story of M ank i n d Vol 3 p 98
, , .
, . 2 .
5
Den i ker p 443 , . .
222 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
2
sides of the Benue River but they nowhere constitute d a ,
7
exercised a kind of sovereignty over all H owever the .
,
1
Featherman p 38 , . 0 . Ratzel H i story
2
, of M ankind Vol ,
”
.
3, p . 2 97 .
V oid V o l 3 p 96
, .
, . 2 . Featherman p
1
‘
,
.
37 9 .
5 [ oi/vi , p . 2 79 .
this zone was that of Bornu comprising for the most part ,
wore metal helmets with chin pieces and also coats of mail ,
silver that fitted over their heads The weapons were spears .
six feet long battle axes which hung b y the saddle and
,
-
,
?
rows Before the Kanuris were conquered by the
F ellatahs the king or sultan had
, armed men that had
?
been recru ited by his local chiefs After the fall of the
Fella ta h Dynasty the army consisted of an irregular sol diery
,
1 “
A n th rOpo geo gra ph i e ,
”
Vol . 1, pp 2 44 5 5 8
.
, .
2
Sta ford Vol
n , . 1 , p . 2 59 5 Wood p 693 , . .
4
Featherman p , . 2 18 .
2 24 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
—
()
c O th e r P eo
p les The other groups of this zone were
too weak to extend their domains In the regions of the .
5 ?
sticks and shields made of bu ffalo hide
, Bows and arrows
were seldom used by the people alo n g the Nile and in some
?
localities they were entirely unknown
1
Roh l fs Vol 2 p 4 ; Stan ford Vo l 1 p 4 3
, .
, . Rohl fs Vol 2 p 4, .
, . 0 .
2
, .
, . .
pe 0 p 1e .
?
not at all absolute The authority of the sultan was limited
by a council held every morning composed of the royal ,
3
way were mostly of slave origin
,
.
but the real power was in the hands of the village hea dmen
who claimed the right to depose the king if the circum
stances j ustified it while the citizens of the villages some
,
S y st e m o f G o v e rn me n t ( )
a L e
g i s la ti o n i n th e S ta tes .
1
F eatherman pp 3 7 5 , .
, 3 87 .
2
Wa i tz V o l , . 2, p . 1 39 .
5
Featherman p 80 , . 2 .
1
‘
p
.
31 5 .
5 [ b i Z p 3 5 9 ; Ratze l
o/ , .
, H istory of M ank i nd V ol
,
”
.
3 , p .
30 4 .
5
Featherman p 66 , . .
P O LITI C AL LI F E IN TH E C ATTLE ZON E 22 7
()
b E x e cu ti ve O
fi ces — The F e lla ta h and Kanuri gov
.
the sultan who resided at Sokoto and was both political and
religious chief His council consisted of a chief adviser a
.
,
?
inherited the property of their subordinates
The ruler of the Kanuris was assiste d in the administra
tion by a chief counselor or prime minister a secretary of ,
c) —
( L a w s a nd
j u di ci a l P r oce e di n
g s The laws of this
zone were largely governed by a written code i e the , . .
,
the people near the coast Among the F e lla ta h s the Koran .
’
shaving the offender s head and theft by amputating a leg ,
1
Ratze l , Hi story fM an k i n d Vo l 3 p 30 6
o ,
”
.
, . .
2
C la pperton , Secon d Expeditio n p 64 ,
”
. 2 .
3
Featherman p , . 2 80.
2 28 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
’
The sultan s court was held on certain days of the week ,
?
and minor matters before the local council
The pen alti es and manner of executing the j udgments
of the courts varied much according to l o cality In case of .
?
and mosquitoes
— The revenue of most of the states was
( )
’
a R e ve n e
u .
Featherman p 3 7 5
1
Ib i fi p 3 1 5
, . Denham P 2 45
.
2
a , . .
3
,
°
d er V ol p 99
, . 1 , . 2 .
L or i n p 2 4 ; L an d er V o l
5
p 8 2 ; Ratzel H i story of M an k ind Vol 3 ”
5 , .
. 1, . 2 , ,
. .
p 306
. .
C l ppe t n
5
a Secon d Expedition p 2 64
r o , , . .
2 30 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
Among the S h illo o ks the throne did not pass in di rect line
’
from father to son but to the mother s child or some other
,
?
ably to Arab i n fluence
E st i m a t e o f t h e F e ll a t a h P o w e r — Notwithstanding the .
1 Barth V ol 2 p 2 7
, . Featherman p 35 9
, . .Reclus V ol
2
, . .
5
, . 1, p . 122 .
5
L n t p 5 4 ; F eatherman p 3 7 5
as e , .
, . .
P O LITI C AL LI F E I N TH E C ATTLE ZO N E 23 1
?
without permission In other districts the employment of
?
N egroes in the army continued but with baneful results ,
” 5
not fight in the forest Their manner of life did not fit .
2
Feather man p 3 7 6 , . .
5
Ratzel H istory of M ank i nd Vol 3 pp 305 306
, ,
”
.
, .
, .
ever the F ellatahs came in contact with the M an d ingos that the former were
drowned and absorbed V ol 1 p 3 9 5 , Tshi Speak i ng P eoples p 3 3 2
.
, . .
5
, . .
232 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
n Lady Lu a rd writes
g e e r a c y g
“
The j u dicial system of the Hausas already founded ,
’
still subj ected to the a uthority of the emir s favorite slaves
, ,
while the victims were still alive for important people who ,
1 Roh l fs Vo l 2 p 1 6
, .
, . 1 .
2
Vol . 2,p . 2 14 .
I nt r eg a t i ng F a c t o r s er The Tibbus
a nd A ggr e ssi v e P o w .
—
vaders The Tuaregs not only steal their animals but carry
.
?
away their people to sell into slavery The natural barriers
separating one Tibbu group from another do not favor con
centration of power and the people therefore are grouped ,
?
really no organization that deserves to be called political
1 Barth V ol 2 p
, 8
5 3.
,
Ratzel . A nthropogeographie
.
2 V ol 1 p 45 4
, ,
”
.
, . .
Wood p 70 5 5
, . .
2 34
P O LITI C AL LI F E I N TH E C A M EL ZON E 2 35
?
West In contrast to the Sudan N egroes the Tibbu ruler ,
?
but acts only as a sort of arbiter in cases of dispute The real
government is in the hands of the nobility or capi talists i e , . .
,
1 Ratzel H i story of M an ki nd V ol
, ,
”
.
3 p 2 62
, . Featherman p
.
2
, .
756 .
5 Roh l fs Vol 1 p 2 62
, .
,Ratzel
. .
5
, H istory of M an k ind V l 3 p ,
”
o .
, . 2 64 .
2 36 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
fear of evil spirits that they dare not reta liate for any wro n gs
that they may su ffer After the change from the tri b al to
.
1
Ratzel H i story f M ank in d Vol 3 pp 64 69 F eatherman p 7 5 5
, o ,
”
.
, . 2 , 2 , . .
2 38 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
B ut i n l
o urse ves th a t we a re under l ings
.
”
“
The free man says C arlyle is he who is loyal to the
, ,
”
laws of th e universe But the maj ority of mankind are
.
and cannon and the despotic master and king are every
, ,
’
where and in all ages the advertisement of man s inability
to govern himself The politica l institutions in Africa as in
.
,
all other countries are fairly well adj usted to the status of
, ‘
the people .
C HA PTER XXI
G e n e r a l P u rp o s e of C u st o ms , C e r e m o n i e s , E t c .
- P eople
everywhere particularly savages have many strictly o b
, ,
some to the family life some to the social life some to the p o
, ,
“
and may be rightly considered at least in part as an outward , ,
” 1
expression of ethical principles The people who observe .
them may not be and often are not aware of their origin
, ,
lost sight of .
2 39
2 40 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
eaten until the chief has had the first taste of them and in
other localities white hens are considered sacred and are
killed only for sacrificial purposes ? M iss Kingsley says that ,
?
as to his kind of food method of eating and so forth ,
Such ,
and when such customs are once established they are gen
e ra lly perpetuated as a means of keepi n g up class distin c
” ’
found in R o sc h er s P olitical Economy .
?
criminal is sometimes sacrificed as a than k o ffering These
festivals probably originated from an e ffort to propitiate the
evil spirits that bring about the destruction of crops but in
the course of time the propitiatory motive came to be sup
planted by the feeling o f thanks to the S pirits for having
1
Featherman p 1 40 , . Kingsley Travels in West A frica p
.
2
, , .
30 9 .
5
Kingsley West A frican Stu di es p 1 49 , . .
1
‘
Ell i s
, Tshi Speaking P eoples p 2 9 ,
”
. 2 .
2 42 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
selves in the presence of the king and any one who received ,
a message from him was made to get down on his knees and
kiss the ground ?
In the Niger region every one ben ds the
knee S lightly in passing a superior and as a mark of great ,
?
or prostrates himself at his feet
1
Duncan Vol
, . 1, p
. 2 57 . p 2 45
2
Foa , . .
4 Dunca n V ol
, . 1, p . 2 18 .
5
A llen n d Thom on V ol 1 p
a s , .
, .
39 2 .
5 Foa p
, . 2 46
.
C USTO M S IN TH E BANANA ZON E 43
wear cloth used by the king was fined ? O nly the king and
o fficers of State could use an umbrella ? and only the aristo
?
cratic cl a ss could use stools wooden doors and long pipes ,
’
the seventee nth century Ogilby said By the king s Order ,
’ ’
factors who have dese rv d Death and reserv d in the Trunk
of a Tree for this Time But if it happen that there be not .
”5
doom ; but a rich M an may redeem himself .
1
Ellis , Ew e Speak i ng P e ples p 1 7 1o , . . M p 171 2 1 , . .
p . 171 .
4 B ackenbury p
r , .
33 1 .
5
P .
47 7 .
5 Dunca n Vol , . 2, p . 27
5 .
2 44 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’
the occasion of each king s death public festivals called, ,
in order to prevent him from cry ing out to the king for
mercy . They were firmly secured by being lashed
inside of a basket so that they could move neither head ,
limb from limb while aroun d each portion of the still quiver
,
? ’
began the work of chopping o ff the captives heads Those
who preferred to commit suicide were permitted to do so
after which their bodies were thrown into a big reservoir .
?
them for the trophies of slain enemies
P a l a ti a l S p e c t a c u l a r —Scarcely anything is more i m
.
?
was ornamented with thousands of human skulls The in
te ri o rs of th e houses were embellished with all of the articles
2
El l i s , Tshi Speak i ng Peop l es p , . 2 67 .
5 Duncan Vol
, . 1, p .
C USTO M S IN T HE BANANA ZON E 2 47
”
decorated profusely with the precious metal Lander de .
at the splendor of his appearance shook his feet for his bells ,
to tingle and sat down with the utmost self complaisance and -
heads and leave the other half to grow long tufts of hair .
?
over her head as protection from the glare of the sun If
the Dahoman king happened to sneeze while holding court ,
fired rattles shaken and all of the courtiers would bend to the
,
?
ground and clap their hands M any a modern sycophant
who fawns at the feet of his social political or economic ,
self.
R e l i gi o u s C e r e m o i
n e s — Religious ceremonies vary in
amount according to the density of population and the ex
tent o i the development of a priesthood They arise from .
vanity and increases his control over the masses His whole .
has his incan tations for naming chil dren and for initiation ,
1
Freeman p , . 1 4 8. 2 I bi ai ,p 13
. 0 .
5 Brackenbur y p , .
33 1 .
1
‘
Woo d , p . 643 ; Duncan V ol , . 1, p . 222 .
C HA PTER XXI I
C USTO MS , C E R E MO NI ES A ND S PE CTA C UL A R IN
THE MI L LET C ATTLE A ND C A ME L Z O NES ,
Mi ll et Z o n e .
- In
the millet zone the customs ceremonies ,
?
senior female relatives At the court of Samory the death ,
sprawling before his maj esty the subj ects must rise and clap
?
their hands P ublic ceremonies of one ki n d or another are
very common but not so often attended with human sacri
, ,
?
celebrations in honor of the new moon The M andingos
believe that every new moon is newly created and when it
first appears they offer prayers of thanks to Allah at the ,
1 Bowen p 3 4
, . 0 .
2 ampbell p 5 6
C , . .
5 B i nger V ol 1 p 1 5 9
, .
, . .
5 Ellis , Yoruba Speaking P eop l es p 1 67 ,
”
. .
5 Staud i nger p 5 66
, . . Featherman p 30 8
5
, . .
M I LLET C ATTLE A ND ,
C A M EL ZON ES 25 1
blows his nose or spits his atten dants always pop their ,
?
ing their hands Open and turned upward In Yoruba
when a superior meets an inferior the latter puts aside his ,
and covers himself with dust If equ als meet they squat .
“
saying Good morning and striking their thigh or leg ,
?
with their right hand It is said that in Yoruba each citizen
spends upon the average an hour per day re n dering and
receiving homage ? Among some tribes drinking water
together or sharing kola nuts together is a sign of good -
”
have you passed the heat of the day ? The Negroes of
that city says C la pp erto n are excessively polite and cere
m
, ,
o n io us
?
C a tt l e Z o ne .
— In
the cattle zone customs ceremonies and ,
1
y u n l f n Af i n C u i
o r a o a p 127 r ca r ser , . .
2
Ellis ,Yoruba Speaking P eop l es p 1 6 1 Binger Vol 1 p 45 1 , . .
5
, .
, . .
5 C l pp t n
a Second Expe d ition p 1 0 7
er o , B i nger Vol 1 p 446 ,
”
. .
5
, .
, . .
5
Wood p 66 1
, . Duncan Vol 1 p 1 1 8 Roh l fs V ol p 2 43
.
7
, .
, .
, . 2, . .
5
Second Expedition p 48 , . .
252 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
“ ”
is replied to by say ing to you be peace The pagan , .
“
F ellatahs salute each other by j oining the palms of their
right hand and dra w mg them o ff towards the extremity of
,
the new moon and of the beginning of the rai n y season are
ge n erally held by the unconverted ? C eremonies arising
from sycophancy are not so common in this zone as in the
others but they are su fficiently common and ridiculous in
,
?
clicking sound with their tongues The funeral customs
closely resemble those of the other zones Among the .
4
Ratze l H i story of M ankind Vo l p 3 80
, ,
”
. 2, . . Thomson p
5
, .
4 43 .
5 Rohl fs V o l 2 p 1
, .
, . 0 .
7 Featherman p , .
7 37 .
2 54 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
“
development to reduce friction Of Japanese living for .
,
”
these many centuries under an unmitigated despotism ,
1 Th e author of th i s book d oes not th i nk that the Japanese are except i ona ll y
licent i ous .
M I LLET C ATTLE AN D C A M EL ZON ES
,
255
’
walks outside his door without his knife there is extreme ,
” 1
ra t i ve inattention to minor civili ties
p a .
from the face of the sham beauty w hen she comes to have
-
em otion .
more men place value upon their moral worth the more ,
true culture and refinement ; for the more the inner life of
man is enriched the more simple become his tastes in
,
heat cold and fatigue better than the veterans and who b e
, ,
—
a frame of iron this is what we must hold up to the a d
,
mira tio n of our age and the imitation of our risi n g gen era
,
” 1
pering of enervated tastes and senses blunted by satiety , .
1 “ L uxury , L ondon , 1 89 1 , p .
76 .
258 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
A ll P h e n o m e n a A n im a t e d b y S p i its
r — The people of the .
they naturally infer that all other things must move or act
by a similar intelligence Their idea of spirits is a mere re
.
one which can lie asleep and another which can go abroad
and act in the most i n dependent a n d irresponsible manner .
still another proof to him is that when any one calls out in
a loud voice he hears an echo which is interpreted as the ,
?
answering of the o ther S pirit
Th e B o dy S o u l a n d th e D r e a m S o ul — The Tshi pe 0 p 1e
believe that one of these indwelling S pirits corresponds to a
’
man s physical body and that after death it leaves through ,
?
soul and finally goes to Dead Land
, The other spirit
’
called the kra is not so inseparably connected with a man s
body S ince it comes in and goes out at pleasure A
, .
in other men and that after his death it will live in still
,
’
enters and goes out by way of a man s mouth a n d is liable
to do so at the most undesirable moments Now in any .
,
2
El l is Ew Speaking P eoples p 1 02
, e ,
”
. .
5
La d er V ol 2 p 2 5 9
n , .Ew Speak i ng P eop l es
, . . p 4 u e , . 107 .
2 60 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
when any one of them has left its dwelli n g place and gone
off on an excursion a strange kra may creep into the vacant
,
and the man and his blanket were as wet as if they had
been dragged through a river I suggested to the head .
setting a trap for his dream soul with this bait with intent -
, ,
” 2
and the patient completely recovered In case the dream .
“
ley . The dream soul is to put it mildly a silly fli gh ty
-
, , ,
—
done softly softly namely gradually and quietly so as to
, , ,
?
kra of a new born infant -
In the Niger Delta says M iss ,
?
form of a new babe ItS reappearance may be in the guise
of a male or female a slave or freeman ; a n d the amount of
,
’ ” 4
Why he s uncle J ohn see he kno w s his own pipe , ,
But if .
5 “
Travels in West A frica p 343 ,
”
. .
4
K i ngs l ey Travels in West A fri ca p
, , .
344 .
far excee ding the functions and powers of the ordinary self .
“ ”
tions Again it has been demonstrated he says that
.
, ,
4
P hantasms of Th e L iving, ”
Vol . 1, p . 1 09. 5 1 5 11 , V O1 1: P 339
r °
2 64 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
?
ality and has written much in its favor Even some of
our most orthodox psychologists lend some encouragement
to this idea at least they go so far as to admit a double
, ,
“
consciousness F or example James says that we
. are ,
ple the idea prevails that the mind of the African is idle a n d
empty but on the contrary it is in a perpetual ferment a n d
,
then it is often most busy The spirits that inhabit the air . ,
1 V ol p 3 5
. 1, . Th P s y cho l ogy fSuggestion New York
.
2 e o ,
”
, 1 89 8 .
the reader may now more clearly comprehend the vast i nflu
ence which the religion of this zone exercises upon the
economic political and social life of the people Except
, .
was wont to o ffer a bit of his food and a drop of rum to the
?
spirits of the water All S pirits of course get hungry and , ,
?
of food and drink Success in hunting depends upon the
strength and cunning of the spirits that dwell in the bows
and arrows in throw sticks and so forth If any weapon
,
-
.
wears out or misses its aim it is b ecause its spirit has gone
, ,
?
S pirit ,
El l i s Ew Speak i ng P eoples p 91
5 “ ”
, e , . .
2 66
RELIGIOUS LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZO N E 2 67
Without the help of spirits the crops will not grow nor the
fruits ripen Usually the crop protecting spirits are carried
.
-
?
upon them and to beg for them a safe j ourney Trans
p o r ta ti o n by water is also under the supervision of the
1
Kingsley Travels in West A frica p
, , . 1 10 .
2
El li s
, Tshi Speaking P eoples p 69
“
,
”
. .
5 Ellis
, Ew Speak i ng P eoples p 90
e , . .
4 Fre man p
e , . 2 65 .
2 68 TH E N EGRO R A C ES
? ’
echo to the call was interpreted as the S pirit s reply The
canoeman sometimes threw into the water as a tip to the ,
?
fetich a half glass of rum or a piece of yam
,
sex god Legba who makes a specialty of love proj ects and
, , ,
?
his temples are places of unlimited licentiousness Sterility
is generally considered a curse inflicted by some one or
other provoked spirit and to ward o ff the curse the spirit , ,
ple have learned to coax away the sex spirit or in some way
prevent it from causing sterility by wearing wooden dolls
on their backs ? In many communities as soon as a child ,
is born the witch doctor binds around its limbs certain spirit
,
5 V ol p 43 . 2, . 2 . I b d V ol 2 p 2 5 9 4
’
z , .
, . .
?
mausoleums
fa i rs — The whole political
S p i rit A c t i v i ti e s i n P o l it ic a l A f
life of the people of this zone has been a n d is still to a con
si de ra b le extent dominated by supernatural beings It used .
Ellis
1
Ew Speaking P eoples pp 2 5 1 1 1
, e , .
, Brac k enbury p 334
.
2
, . .
RELIGIOUS LI F E IN TH E BANANA ZON E 2 7 1
his death ?
S p ri
i ts Ta k e P a rt i n J u di c i a l P r o c e e di n gs —In j udicial pro .
S pirit will pull him under and drown him but if innocent it , ,
?
will cast him ashore At times the deities take matters in
their own han ds and condemn and punish pe 0 p 1e even b e
fore they have been accused F or example the lightning .
,
impose a fine upon him for o ffendin g the deity If the fine .
is not paid the owner of the house and his family are i m
,
Ell is
5
, Ew Speaking P eoples
e p 85 , . .
272 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
life or inflicting some other suitable punishment
I n D i p l o m a ti c A fia i rs —In the diplomatic affairs of
'
Land they chan ged their place of residence but not at all
, ,
1 “
Ew eSpeaking P eoples p 39 ,
”
. .
’
kind were called the king s customs which have already ,
“
horribly tortured before being executed H e said One poor .
,
”
b elly stuck full of arrows There was no e nd to the horrid
.
1
inge n uity of torture exhibited Ellis says that the number .
3
as were immolated upon one royal tomb .
1
Drake p 9 5 , . .
3
Ew e Speaking P eoples p 3 1 8 , . .
3
Brackenbury p , . 19 .
4 Ellis , Ew Speaking P eoples p 68
e , . .
RELI GIO U S LI F E I N TH E BAN AN A ZON E 2 75
his ministers and captains woul d crawl upon their all fours -
to the royal tombs and there beg the departed spirits for
,
help .
1
In some quarters of this zone if the soldiers were in
c li n e d to be weak kneed they coul d have courage imparted
-
,
2
to them by eating the flesh of an a lligator and if their
weapons were weak and u nsteady they could be strength ,
3
ened by rubbing medicine into them A part of the n ec e s .
nations were figh t ing at the same time that the O pposing
armies fought and that the conflict of the gods really de
,
1
Ellis Ew Speaking P eoples p u z
, e , . .
“ D uncan , V ol . I, p . 1 78 .
3
K i ngsley Travels i n West A fr i ca p
, ,
”
. 1 1 0.
4 Ellis Ew Speak i ng P eop l es p 94
, e ,
”
. .
5
Ell i s Tshi Speaki ng P eoples p 7 7
, , . .
“ ”
get it out . The methods employed to meet this says ,
of cloth over the nose and mouth and every one must howl ,
“ ”
perhaps of tetanic convulsions Soon another baby says
.
,
” “
This bush soul says M iss Kingsley is resident in some
-
, ,
forests of the C alabar region you will now and again come ,
’
doctor see what particular animal a man s bush soul is in -
,
Still these bush souls are not easily appeased The worst
-
.
soul dies the bush soul animal has to die too It rushes
,
-
.
’
place If it sees a fire it rushes into that : if it sees a
.
,
RELIGIOUS LI F E IN TH E BANANA ZON E 2 79
lo t of hunters it rushes
,
among them — anyhow it gets itself ,
”
killed o ff .
S op
c e a n d M e t h o ds o f t h e W i t c h D o c t o r — Realizing from .
bond S pirits that inj ure crops upset canoes make way with , ,
”
theory of craniological abnormalities sexual psychopathy , ,
” ” ”
paran oea , psychical aberrations brain storms and , ,
Kingsley the , m
upon the same general principle Well accordi n g to M iss
ethods of the native witch doctor are first
“
.
,
” 1
forth Among other things the doctor extracts intruding
.
’
the patient s nose and into his eyes and h e is at the same
, ,
the same time plenty of food and drink for them so that
, ,
rise up with one accord and drive them by force back into
their images and while thus entrapped carry them out to
, ,
3
sea and drown them .
Iézd , p .
3 48 .
2 82 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
” 1
his practice .
2
are taken by white residents for fever while others have come ,
upon the witch doctor nor forget that only a fe w yea rs ago
,
1 ’
incantation conj ure away another man s grain crop The .
—
witches in Boston in 1 6 9 1 2 is only one of many proofs .
,
Th e W o rk o f t h e W i t c h D o c to r D o e s n o t En d W ith th e
D e a th o f H i s P a ti e n t — But it is to be Observed that the prao
tice of the African doctor does not end whe n the patient dies
or recovers A man who has an enemy sometimes bribes a
.
tion often arises Who has caused the demon to enter into
,
tec tive function of the witch doctor gives him an opportu nity
” 2
to gratify his private malice with pe rfect safety .
1 “ E ncyclop ed i a Britann i ca V ol 2 4 p
a ,
”
.
, . 619 .
it
Elli s,Tshi Speaking P eoples p 1 45 , . .
2 84 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
will not sleep with their heads towards the sea and will not ,
?
ture out of doors for fear of some calamity The cry of an
owl near a house means the death of some one of its in
mates Sneezing indicates that something is going wrong
.
? ’
with a man s kra A piece of bent iron over a door means‘
?
good luck It is considered bad luck to eat an animal or
6
a plant that represents the tribal totem .
’
man s e ffort to reason and to ascertain the nature and cause
of things In all investigations even by the most scientific
.
,
1
Duncan V ol I p 1 9 3
, .
, . . llis Ew Speak i ng P eoples p 9 5
E ,
e , . .
3
Bracken b ury p 3 38 , . .
4Ellis ,Tshi Speaking P eoples p 20 3 ,
”
. .
Ori gi n of Go ds a nd P r st s
i e —
Having shown how the .
the sky forests rivers animals and men there arise definite
, , , ,
gods each having its idols and to S how also how the witch
,
priests and the spirits into gods The priests build huts or .
temples where the gods may find S helter food and drink and be ,
kras i nsisa dream so uls bush souls etc is that the former
, ,
-
,
-
, .
,
D i e e n Ki
f
f r t n ds o f G o ds — Among the Tshi people a o
.
,
2 86
RELIGI OUS LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZO N E 2 87
?
a n d who give protectio n i n return for worship and sac rifices
“ ”
The tutelary deity of a family says Ellis protects the , ,
”
are also made to it to remove sterility In case of sickness .
the priest comes and presc ribes the treatment which he pre
tends the gods have reveale d to him D eath is supposed to .
?
apart for sacrifices in honor of this deity Ho usehold
?
deities are wide spread in this zone
-
F ourth th o se spirits ,
i
latter group accor ding to the View of the writer should not
, ,
G e n e ra l o r N a tu G
r e o ds — The chief god of the south .
ern Tshi tribes is B o b o w issi who looks after the general wel
fare o f that part of the wo rld The northern and more sav .
—
being fourteen seven men and seven women
,
”
H e has a .
, p .
93 .
4 Featherman p 1 39
, . .
5
Tshi , Speaking P eoples pp ,
"
. 1 8, 1 9 .
2 88 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
light i n destroying any one who may o ffend him and the ,
the silk cotton trees and when she wishes to secure pupils
she seizes them as they pass along the roads and after ,
?
priestesses
Each local deity in the Ashanti region has a day set
apart for worship in his or her honor when people abstain ,
1
ll i s
E , Tshi Speak ing P eoples pp
,
”
.
32 , 33 .
9 l aid , p .
35 .
3
p .
36 . Ib iai , p .
47 .
2 90 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
loses his temper and sets fire to a house no one will attempt ,
2
and beating her .
?
in his honor give themselves over to unrestrained harlotry
,
?
was obliged to bow down and kiss the dust The king of
Da h o m i used to inflict the death penalty if any one killed
a divine snake even accidentally ?
The B a ssa mese have
s Ew Speaking P eoples p
Elli , e , . 64 . Mid p
”
, . 66
.
3 Mid p ” . 60 .
4
Forbes V ol 1 p 1 09
, .
, . .
5 Duncan V ol , . 1, pp . 1 9 5 , 1 96,
RELI GIOUS LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZON E 291
?
water with his tail on the ground and his head in the clouds
In the Niger region there are countless gods of the
sky wind light n ing thunder etc similar to those already
, , , , .
,
?
lizards a n d the like The gods of this region as elsewhere , ,
5
tha t they may be seen in every village and in the Niger
Delta in every house ? Their general aspect is that of
,
?
Some of them are life size and some miniatur e Describing-
Reclus V ol 3 p 3 3 1 ; Falconbridge p 5 1
3
, .
, . Reclus Vol 3 p 330 , . .
4
, .
, . .
Og i lby p 4 7 7 Ell i s
5
, Ew Speaking P eop l es pp 49 68 7 9 Duncan V ol I
.
, e , .
, , , .
,
pp 80 - 12
.
4 .
p .
348 .
7 Duncan Vol I p 1 2 4
, . , . .
2 92 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’
over with a turtle s back or huge stone A white man edu .
?
connected with the dwelling house
Th e P ri ests a n d t h eir P r a c ti c e s — Among the Tshi peo
ple the priesthood is recruited from those who may vol
u nte e r to enter it or who are dedicated to it by relatives .
Its doors are open to men women and children but in fact , , ,
2
Duncan V ol 1 p 80 ; Wood p 60 1 ; All n and Thomson Vol
, .
, .
, . e , . 1, p . 2 44 .
3 Ell i s
, Tshi Speaking P eoples p 1 2 1 , . .
2 94 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
priestesses says Ellis are most licentious and have not the
, ,
” 1
slightest regard for public decency .
?
and form of government When the sun sets in this world
4
it rises in the other They even believe that people carry
.
?
die also The belief that life in the other world is the same
as in this is easily accounted for S ince when a man dreams , , ,
therefore not only convinced that people live after death but ,
?
that they lead the same ki n d o f existence as before M ost
of the pe 0 p 1e however prefer this world to the other one
, , .
3 H id p 1 8
, . . Kings l e y 4
, Travels in West A frica p 340 ,
”
. .
in S ra h mnd a i
In the Niger Del ta as already men
az .
,
the Ewe people on the contrary the more open country and
, ,
S piri t B e l i e fs —
This zone o ffers a great diversity of t e
li gi o us beliefs including fetichism polytheism and m
, o n o th e ,
of the zone the religion is mixed with the grossest sup e rsti
,
and one in his great toe The head spirit presides over .
thought the stomach spirit causes hunger and the toe spirit
, ,
a man must not forget to anoint his toe ? The belief is uni
versal that when a man dies one of his spirits can come back
and reside in another person or in an animal tree shrub or , ,
?
rock In the eyes of the Yorubas the whole universe is ani
mated The moon is an old hen and the stars are little
.
?
only a vast flock of chickens The mountains rivers clouds , ,
and trees are all living beings of some kind or other Even .
?
artificial things are animated
S pir its i n t h e E co n o mi c L i fe — In the course of time some
of the most dreaded of these spirits soar to the dignity of
gods and as in the banana zone both the gods and the
, , ,
1 El lis ,
Yoruba Speaking P eoples pp , . 1 2 6, 1 2 7 .
3 H id , p . 123 .
3 H id , p . 83 .
4 H id , p . 2 84 .
2 96
2 98 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
of sexuality .
p g
a i n s upon the consideration of the sacrifice of a slave .
“ ” 3
she ran screaming away .
?
carry away troublesome neighbors In j udicial proceed
ings some spirit or deity often acts as j udge j ury and exe
, ,
?
the potion to have a fatal effect if the accused is guilty
F e stiv a l s F e a s t s e t c M any festivals and feast days
, , .
-
and Fec undity F owls and other things are o ffered up and
.
?
sometimes a human being This weekly rest day probably
originated from moon worship and was at first merely the
celebration of the new moon Later when the lunar month .
,
?
on the first day of the week Among the followers of Islam
the festivities and feast day s are in accordance with the tra
ditio ns of that religion The M ohammedan Sabbath is a .
?
and dance and thoroughly enj oy themselves Without
going into details it is su fficient to state that among the
Yorubas as among the ancient Greeks and Romans each
, ,
1 an d er V o l
L , . 1, p . 2 04 ; Binger Vol 1 p 2 0 3 ; El l i s Yoruba Speak ing
, .
, . ,
Peoples p 1 1 5
,
”
. . Ellis Yo ruba Speaking P eop l es p 1 08
3
, ,
”
. .
3H id p 44 , . . H id p 5 7 4
, . .
5 H id , pp . 1 46, 1 47 . L ander V ol 1 p 3 1 9 3
, .
, . .
39 9 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
that the woods fairly swarm with hungry and thirsty spirits .
of guilt is so plain that the people take the law into their own
?
hands and deal with the witch in a summary manner
Among the Timni the punishment for witchcraft is either
death or the enslavement of the guilty person together with
?
all of his family Lander found two old women imprisoned
on an island in the Niger who had been convicted of eating
the souls of five human beings The Bongos attribute sick .
2 H id , p . 1 15 .
3 Reclus Vol , .
3, p . 2 04
.
3 0 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
they exam i ne the patient locate the seat of the disea se and
,
the weather to suit the crops The doctor who fails to bring .
rain at the critical hour not only loses his reputation and
,
practice but his head ; for p eople will not be trifle d with
,
failed him and he could not induce the clouds to part with
their moisture Thereupon the people w ax ed indignant and
.
?
slew him The various methods employed by the Sudan
doctors to produce rain have never been fully comprehended
by European men of science simply because such matters ,
3
Ratzel , H istory f M ankind V ol 3 p 2 6
o ,
”
.
, . .
3
Hid , V ol .
3 , p .
42 .
RELIGI OUS LI F E IN TH E M I LLET ZON E 3 9 3
the soul of the dead man sometimes remains for days in the
neighborhood of its former abode perhaps causing S ickness ,
S gn Ome n s a n d
i s D,
ivi na ti o n — Signs omens and charms ,
?
in water were supposed to accomplish many marvels The
,
?
it to go away In some places it is believed that if a bird
9
cries in a tree near a village it is a S ign of death In other .
1
El l is ,
Yoruba Speaking P eoples p ,
. 1 55 . p 1 59
3 H id , . .
3 H id , p . 128 .
4 Binger V ol I p 2 03
, .
, . .
5 C l pp t n
a Second Expedition p 1 7 1
er o , , . . P ark p 36 3
, . .
ing among them they begged him not to eat from his table
, ,
the millet zone more effort to divine the future than in the
banana zone While the data bearing upon this point are
.
events may be inferred from the fact that the god Ifa of the
Yorubas among other accomplishments has the power of
, ,
3 B i nger V ol , . 1, p . 1 94 .
4 Ellis , Yoruba Spea king P eoples p 5 7
,
”
. .
3 0 6 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
will roll down rocks upon them
A n i ma l D e it i es H o u s e h o l d G o ds — Serpent deities are not
so common in this zone because the country is mostly inland
where the conditions do not favor the existence of numerous
a n d da n gerous s n akes P eople however who l ive along the .
, ,
?
keep in their fetich houses lizar ds crocodiles a n d tortoises ,
1
lis Yoruba Speaking P eoples p 7 2
El , H id p 8 1 , . .
3
, . .
3
Reclus Vol 1 p 1 0 1 , .
,
Featherman p 40 2
. .
4
, . .
L an d er V ol 1 p 1 1 0 ; Binger V ol 2 p 1 84 ; C l pp t n
3
, .
, . Second E , .
, . a er o , X
p e
dition p 7 9 , . .
RELIGIOUS LI F E IN TH E M I LLET ZON E 39 7
?
pigeons
I do l s —As a rule idols and images diminish as one a d
.
?
leg and having the head and tail of a dog Some images
represent a man on horseback others a woman nursing a ,
its back but having two human faces one turned forward
, , ,
1
Binger Vol 2 p 1 87 , .
, . .
3 L an d er V ol 1 p 3 2 7, .
, . .
5
Ell i s Yoruba Speaking Peoples p 7 9
, ,
”
. .
7 H id V ol 2 p 2 04 Bowen p 3
, .
, . .
, .
315 .
3 0 8 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
?
society The priestly hierarchy consists of three orders
?
who represent correspondingly di fferent classes of gods
The o ffice of priest is generally hereditary but laymen ,
?
the land of the good pe 0 p 1e The prayers and sacrifices of
9
the N egroes have reference mostly to this life and what ,
3Bowen p 3 1 3 , . .
3H id p 9 7 , . .
3 Lander V ol 1 p 3 2 6
, .
, . .
3 10 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
religion takes an easy and deep hold upon the min d and
heart of the Negro because it sanctions polygamy and re
,
out the fact that there are more general gods in the former
Staud i nger p 5 63 ; C anot p 1 45
1
, .
, Ellis
. Yoruba Sp aking P eoples p 8 5
.
3
, e ,
”
. .
RELIGI OUS LI F E I N TH E M I LLET ZO N E 3 11
R EL I GI O US L I FE IN THE C A TTLE Z O NE
They say their daily prayers and perform the usual ablu
tions : they keep the fast of Rhamadan during which they ,
?
wild beasts
N ext to the F ellatahs the Kanuris are the most zealous
“
follo w ers of M ohammedan ism They are M ussulmans of .
1 Featherman p , .
3 7 8 ; C la ppe rto n, Journey to Kouka and S a ck a too , p .
5 2 ;
C anot p 1 7 7
, . .
1
3 4 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
and the sick man is bedaubed w ith its dung to disgust the
1 Sch w e i nfurth V ol 1 p
, .
, .
9 1 Featherman p 68
, . .
3
Schwein furth Vol 1 p
, .
, .
91 .
3 Denham s Narrative p
’
, . 2 47 .
4 Featherman p 36 1
, . . H id p 3
, .
7 40 .
RELIGIOUS LI F E I N TH E C ATTLE ZON E 3 5 1
the devil comes from the desert and carries o ff his soul
1 F eatherman p
, .
36 .
3 H id , p . 68 .
3 R eclus Vol, .
3, p . 1 42 .
3 16 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
” 1
during the night to plunge it into hell or the land of fire .
lower zones that c o nfla gra tio n s are due to the wrath of a
,
“ “
Snakes says Schweinfurth
, are the only creatures to ,
”
which either Dinkas or S h illo o ks pay any sort of reverence .
4 Vol 1 p 1 5 8
.
, . .
3Featherman p 1 60 , . .
3 P . 231 .
7 Schweinfurth Vol , . 1, p .
91 Featherman p 68 , . .
C HA PTER XXIX
?
casts
G en e r a l C o ns i de r a ti o n s Whil e the Tibbus have many
.
-
’
door of their minds to God s deepest truths and therefore to
1 Featherman p , .
75 6 .
3 Reclus Vol , . 2, pp .
4 2 4, 4 2 8 .
RELIGIOUS LI F E IN THE C A M EL ZON E 3 1 9
Tibbus is due to the fact that nature deals niggar dly with
them and causes them to put forth strenuous e fforts both
mental and physical Another factor to consider is that the
.
The less man does for himself the more he leaves for the
gods In the banana zone the gods do much and men little
.
,
and when the people of that zone go to war they pay their
deities instead of their soldiers A S the gods are supposed .
R e l a ti o n o fR e l i gi o n t o Mo r a l it y — M any sociologists a n ,
1
and morality have an entirely i n dependent development ,
“
religion at first hand says that religion is not in any way
,
1 p
375. , Data of Ethics C hapter 73
,
”
.
320 TH E N EGRO R A C ES
”1
faithful worshiper .
—
of his fellows has done some evil has o ffended the spirit .
them and hires a magic man to conj ure them that they may
not do mischief The moral significance of this acting is
.
fact the writer does not believe that there are any activities
of the savage that are not connected in one way or another
with his religion The savage even attributes his appetites
.
in man are only the voices of God speaking to his consci ence ,
and they are obeyed with the same moral motive that gov
erns the conduct of the most conscientious civilized man .
the African believes that Shango will set fire to the house of
any one who steals it indicates a consciousness that stealing
,
is wrong .
the writer that religion and morality have not only devel
oped together but that they are so interwoven that one can
,
the good and the bad so the struggle goes on between the
,
good and the bad deities ; and as the good in him finally tri
umphs over the bad so the good deities finally triumph ,
’
it in another way a man s ideas of ri ght and wrong always
,
duct
Mo r a l ity C a n n o t D e v e l o p F r o m Me re A b st ra c t C o n
s i de ra ti o n s — N either primitive man nor civilize d man can
.
’
idea cannot influence a man s moral nature until it becomes
an ideal i e until it becomes personified and appeals to
, . .
,
“
Without the recognition of the ideal self embo died in re
li gi o us institutions and necessarily so embodied ethica l ,
” 1
growth is impossible .
Th e B rut a l a n d L i c e n ti o us E l e m e n t i n R e l igi o us R it e s
i
. e to recogn i ze personali ty as more than ind i v i dual w ith its fi nal d evelopment in
.
, ,
the recognition f ideal personal i ty— this is what i n my opin i on a genet i c account
o , ,
attributes of the deity at any stage f rel i g i ous d evelopment are dra w n from the o
Out c o m e o f R e l i gi o n b ut o f Ma n s I gn o r a n c e a n d
’
not th e ,
th e m
S u r v i v a l o f H i s A n i a l Na tu re A ft e r t h e D a w n o f R e
1i gi o n — But h o w
. are we to reconcile the horrible sacrifices ,
—
tooth for a tooth a practice condemned by C h rist If in .
’
of God and God s kingdom is in man In man therefore
,
.
, ,
[ESTHET I C L I FE IN THE BA NA NA ZO NE
L o v e o f B e a ut y a n d A pp r e c i a ti o n o f A rt U n i v e rs a l In .
-
’
change man s interest from one form of beauty to another
but not his fundamental liking for it Second to discard .
,
in schools was literature and for a long time that was not
,
326
! ESTH ETI C LI F E IN TH E BANANA ZON E 3 2 7
all of the fine art s has been left almost exclusively to private
schools in which there is greater confusion and misunde r
standing o f art than anywhere else for the reason that in ,
fowls and indeed nearly all birds have an eye to the beauty
, , ,
of their plumage that the cat and other feline species wash
their faces a n d lick their fur into a gloss ; that butterflies
a n d other insects glory in their motley colors and brilliant
’
on the mother s side were designated by a common tattoo
mark Later when the naming of children came into gen
.
,
the savage should record them upon his skin where the
public may observe and admire them The civilized man .
people have not yet su ffi ciently learned for too many of them ,
fashion .
”1
an ordinary decoration It may be added that some .
?
and divided like all Gaul into three parts
, ,
1
nthropology p 2 37
A , . F eatherman pp
.
3
, . 1 7 6 , 2 05 , 2 2 2 .
4
Featherman pp 1 7 6 2 05 2 2 2 Freeman p 1 46
, .
, , , . .
ZES TH ETIC LI F E I N TH E BANANA ZON E 33 1
sash etc ?
,
?
vegetable fibres The amount of gold and other finery dis
played b y the kings and princes of Ashanti is astonishing
to all European travelers F reeman speaks of the king of .
?
his neck hung loosely down his breast
, The royal families
fairly load their ankles wrists breasts S houlders and necks
, , ,
?
with gold ornaments Allen and Thomson describe a
princess w hose arms were so heavily burdened with brass
rings that she was obliged to have an attendant on each
?
side of her to support each arm Even her toes were
laden with these metallic decorations In some co m mu .
therefore that the total weight of iron and brass and other
rings worn by an African belle on State occasions will some
times amount to fifty pounds and that the metal often gets ,
light nights along the banks o fthe Niger the natives gather ,
?
and dance until an early hour in the morning The fact
that the dancing takes place at night is due to the climate ,
1 P . 1 39 . a w kins p
3 H , . 89 .
3 P . 1 39 .
4 H id , p . 1 46
.
3 Vol 1 p 2 84
.
, . .
3 Staudinger p , .
39 .
33 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
tion to the dance the answer is that all strong emotions tend
,
still when people are in deep sorrow they wri ng their hands
, ,
novel and the drama among the civilized people The gen .
tary and industrial life with their bows and arrows drums , ,
writers not only seek to find the origin of the drama in the
dance but also poetry and music But the fact seems rather
, .
dramatic art they take a high rank in the art of song Per
, .
boatman sings all day long keeping time with his paddles ,
2
grief and pain are all sown in spontaneous song As a .
?
often improvised recitatives In the C alabar region there
are some strolling minstrels who may be met in the streets
carrying a large kind of net to which are dangling such ,
1
P rinciples of Soc i olog y Vol ,
”
.
3, p 2 28
. .
3
Ellis , Tshi Speak ing P eoples p ,
”
.
3 28 .
Z ES TH ETIC LI F E IN TH E BANANA ZON E 335
’
odd things as pythons back bones tobacco pipes bits of -
, ,
’ ’
china fea thers bir ds heads reptiles heads a n d bones and
, , , ,
select an obj ect and pay for the song to which it corresponds .
“
she says a nd I heard them both regardless of expense I
, ,
.
did not understand them because I did not know his lan
guage but they were fascinating things and the human
, ,
looking this side and that giving the peculiar leopard quest ,
ing cough and making the leopard mark on the earth with
his doubled up fist O l That was something like a song !
-
.
2
which sounds like a bellowing o x and several kinds of ,
harps .
and are generally caricatures of the obj ects they are sup
posed to represent The carving of weapons tools etc
.
, , .
,
?
ornamented with figures of men reptiles and other animals ,
3 Brackenbury p 3 2 7 , . .
4 Duncan Vol 1 p 2 47
, .
, . .
336 TH E N EGRO R A C ES
’
In this connection the writer recalls a statement of Ruskin s
that the pe 0 p 1e who are the most cruel a nd cold hearted -
?
ings is sometimes ornamented with figures of animals
Stanley describes a home in Ashanti which he thought rose
to some architectural pretensions The walls to a height .
,
?
the Ionic order The natives of this zone have a large
stock of folk stories which however have no particular
-
, , ,
meaning or moral .
1 C oomass i e p , . 1 67 .
3 Freeman p 5 5 ;
, . Al len and Thomson Vol , . 1, p . 8
3 7 .
3 C oomassie p , . 1 67 .
33 8 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
also in many districts of the west Ear ornaments are not .
3
people it is universal The styles of deformation vary a c .
to knock out a few front teeth elsewhere they file the upper
‘
incisors to a point and in still other places they cut an in ,
5
verted V between the upper incisors In the east the upper .
incisors are filed to a poi n t and the lower ones knocked out 6
.
9
women of Kano dye their hands feet legs a n d eyebrows , , .
10
eyelashes and lips The B o rgus dye their lips teeth and .
, ,
ll
finger and toe na ils The women of Yauri are satisfied to
-
.
12
give their lips a delicate coloring of blue or yellow Lip .
“
the latter red The Hausas also use red to color their teeth
. .
2 L ander V ol 1 p 94, .
, . .
4 S pi l b u y p 1 2 5
s r , . . Wood p 6 1 2 5
, . .
8 Mid V ol 3 p 2 8
" . , . .
9 C l pp t n
a Journey to Kou k a and S k t
er o , p 47 ac a oo , . .
12 16 1
1 Vol 1 p 300
, . L n t p 84
,
F eatherman p 39 1
. .
13 as e , . .
14
, . .
[ ESTH ETI C LI F E I N TH E M I LLET ZON E 3 39
1
Kano usually plait their hair and dye it with indigo and ,
2
the same style prevails in other cities By the way does .
,
not this style suggest that the first wool dyeing was upon
the human head
l d C l t h i — The adornment of the body by
J e w e ry a n o n g .
“
wear a piece of cotton drapery of blue and white check ,
the waist with two broad bands ornamented with red stripes ,
the loose ends of which reach down behind the ankles The .
4
varied but always graceful Skins sandals and hats and
.
,
5
their heads or wear a palm leaf hat or fez cap The Bam .
wear only a piece of bark cloth bet w een their legs while ,
1 Second Expedit i on pp 47 1 7 1
C la ppe rto n , , ” id p 47.
, .
2
, . .
5 Featherman p 1 94 , . . Mid p 33 2 6
, . .
340 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
from the forest Bark cloth is quite extensively worn
.
mings .
a n n —
D c i g Dancing is universal except among a few
M andingos who have been converted to M ohammedanism
2
and who regard it as a heathenish practice In the city of .
3
usually ending in intoxication and wrangling One even .
4
Niger are irresistibly charming Speaking of one of these .
“
dances at Lever he says In the evening the inhabitants , ,
’
held in each hand a cow s tail They were all dressed .
1
Sch w e i nfurth Vol 1 p , .
, . 2 94 .
2
Bo w en p , .
42 .
3
Lan d er V ol 1 p 1 0 5 , .
, . .
4 Vol . 1, pp .
30 6, 30 7 .
5
V ol 2 p
.
, .
40 .
342 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
l
The propensity of the Negroes to sing is so great
re c ita tiv e .
where he sat all day under the shade of a tree without food ,
up his saddle and bridle and told him to follow her She led .
him to her hut broiled some fish for him and pointing to a , ,
the night she together with some women who were spin
, ,
song
Th e w i nds ro a red a nd ell ;
the ra ins f
The p o o r wh i t e ma n , fa int a nd w ea ry,
Ca m e a nd sa t under o ur tree ;
H e ha s no mth o er to b ri ng h i mmilk ,
NO i
e to gri nd h i s c o rn
w f .
C lzor us
Let us pi ty th e w h i te mn a : no moth er h a s h e, etc .
?
musicians and singers
Pa inti ng a nd S c u l tur e — P aintings are found only here
p
'
1
Vol
pp 2 87 2 89
. 1, .
, .
L n t pp 88 9 5 ; Binger V ol
z
as e , .
, , . 1, p . 1 84 ; Ratzel H istory f M ank ind
,
o ,
?
fi gure C lay figures represe n ting men and sundry animals ,
?
a r e very common Wood carving is found in a good many -
?
as for example that of the hippopotamus
,
M ost often the
,
?
camels etc , At J enne the fetich priests wear suspe n ded ,
?
little children The court yards of well to do people are - - -
?
sometimes adorned with little statues of men and women
Among the Bongos carved figures are found upon the gate ,
3 Lander V ol 2 p 2 8
, .
, H i nt V ol 1 p 2 04
. .
, . , . .
Lan d er V ol 1 p 1 4
, . Ib id V ol 1 p 1 20
, . 0 .
8
, . , . .
9 C l pp t n
a Second Expedition p 7 9
er o , , . .
1°
Schwein furth Vol 1 p 84 , .
, . 2 .
12
Staudinger p 5 89 ; Ratzel H istory of M ankind Vol 3 p 309
, .
, ,
”
.
, . .
3 44 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
r it t
A ch e c u e :r F o l k L o r e —Th é e flo rt to give an archi
-
.
with carvings of the boa hog horse and also of men and , ,
4
slaves .
?
chronicles The general trend of the stories is about the
same as in the banana zone and the absence of any moral
application is no less conspicuous .
1 Bo w en p 3 1 5
, . . C l pp t n Second Expedition p 1 84
2 a er o ,
“
, . .
3
Binger Vol 1 p 2 05
, .
, C l pp t n
. . Second Ex ped i ti on p 7 9
4 a er o , ,
”
. .
ew e l ry —
Earrings are generally worn in all parts of
J
this zone but vary much in quantity and quality Those
, .
1
worn by the Dinkas are made of iron and also those of the
?
Nuers which sometimes measure a foot in diameter The
Dinkas also fetter their wrists and ankles with great quan
?
tities of iron rings The Jo lo fs sometimes wear as many
as six gold rings in one ear besides wearing necklaces , ,
5
it up for a fortnight in a compo of ashes a n d cow dung -
,
10
arrange it into long beautiful tresses , .
1 F eatherman p 2 9 , . .
2 Geogr apfiz r
’
you r n a l, Vol p 1 82
. 1 6, . .
3 Featherman p 9 , . 2 . Mid p 3 5 1
4
, . .
1 Mid p 3 83
. . .
0 p . 29 .
9 16121 , p . 272 . H int p 3 5 0
1°
, . .
jES TH ETIC LI F E I N TH E C ATTLE ZON E 3 47
with glass bea ds iron rings and bells l The Dinkas and , .
3
often lend a picturesqueness to their scant attire Skull caps
are sometimes worn decorated with cowry shells or ostrich
4
feathers Among nude people one would imagine that
.
it bind body and soul together with some kind of gir dle
, ,
adj ust rings anklets touch up their lips and toe nails with
, ,
-
The upper class women wear long gowns which trail the
ground and they throw over their shoulders a scarf of showy
,
?
calico leaving one shoulder and breast uncovered
, The
J olof men and women wear a loi n cloth faste n ed around ,
1
Fcatherman p , . 64 . Sch w einfurth Vol , . 1, p . 153 .
3
Featherman p , . 29 . p 64
4 H id , . .
5 Vol 1 p 4 1 1
.
, . .
3 Featherman p 2 7 2 , . .
348 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
their heads with picturesquely colored kerchiefs Both .
ers the body from neck to hips Their ample drawers reach .
are always bare but their feet are protected by sandals or,
to the ankles like a petticoat but leaves the arms and upper ,
” 2
cover their heads with a veil when going abroad .
“ ” 4
light dances which are said to be wild and lascivious
, ,
?
and to last all night In som e hamlets instead of dancing ,
?
tell stories Social life begins to take on more refined
forms The transition from the dance to the drama in this
.
1
Featherman p 3 5 , . 0 .
3
H id , p .
3 64 .
3 H int, pp .
3 70, 3 7 1 ,
4
H id p 35 6 , . .
5 H ovela cq ue , p . 27 .
5
F eatherman pp 2 77 , .
, 35 6 . H id , p
. 66 .
C HA PTER XXXI II
E STHETI C L I F E IN THE C A ME L Z O NE
1
that can be said is that som e of the tribes tattoo some wear ,
?
ments being limited to the drum and a rude bagpipe The
severity of their struggle for existence indisposes them to
frivolous amusements and it is truly said that they take ,
?
their pleasure sadly F urthermore the scattered nature of ,
appetite for food the sexual passion and the app reciation
,
2
Rohl fs V o l 1 p 2 5 5
, . Denham p 2 43 ; Reclus V ol 2 pp
, . .
3
, .
, .
, .
4 2 4, 4 2 8 .
4 Featherman pp 7 5 2 75 4
, . Stan ford Vol
, .
5
, . 1, p . 2 38 .
E STH ETI C LI F E IN TH E C A M EL ZON E 35 1
’
man s five senses and constitute the fundamental stimula
tions to all of his activities M an s love for seeing and .
’
’
be confounded with man s love or appreciation of art which ,
more worth while But its v alue may be stated in less gen
.
and the drama M usic takes u p the emo tions which lan
.
3 5 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
“
The human voice is a compound of two elements : The
wor ds and the tones in which th ey are uttered— the
,
”
signs of ideas and the signs of feelings As man a d .
time man thinks over his past rehearses in his mind the ,
ward the arts which appeal to the ear and to the under
,
talent for music the N egroes are ahead of all other natural
,
1
races but it is necessary to bear in mind that the music
,
the reason that they grasp things too much in the concrete
and are too unaccustomed to reflection contemplation and ,
Vol 2 p 2 36 1
.
, . .
! ESTH ETI C LI F E I N TH E C A M EL ZON E 35 5
Any sta tement of the order in which the fine arts have
developed is reserved for another volume .
C HA PTER XXXI V
l
o th e r Discussing the evolution of man Darwin says that as
.
,
some close relation between the S ize of the brain and the
development of the intellectual faculties is supported by the ,
Negroes having the smallest brain capacity are in the banana zone those having the ,
most negroid face features and the least mixture of foreign blood are in the millet
-
zone near Lak e C had Th smaller and more brachycephalic bra i n development
. e
in the banana one may be due some w hat to a mixture with the more aboriginal
z
Negritos but the writer believes that the relative inactivity of the brain in that
,
zone is the chief explanation of its dwarfed or shrunken dimensions H ence what .
,
ever may be the race its brain development will correspond to its i ntellectual
activity provided time is given ; and w hile in respect to the bra i n the race may
,
character i stics a lower type may exist in another race or region where the condi
,
says Th Negro brain is smaller than the C aucas i an the di fference in the size
, e ,
being represented in both gray matter (nerve cells ) and white matter ( nerve fibres ) .
35 6
3 5 8 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
” 1
especially connected with this frontal association centre .
the motor area part of the area for smell and the great a n
, ,
2 ’
ethical and aesthetic j udgment As man s mental powers
?
develop the frontal region of his brain becomes larger
Professor Broca found says Darwin that the nineteenth , ,
” 4
seat of the intellectual faculties O n account of the early
cessation of brain growth the sutures of the Negro S kull in ,
1
Nervous System Ne w York 1 899 p 1 7 9
Th e ,
”
, , . 0 .
2 “
Th eNegro Bra i n by Robert Bennett Bean M D ,
”
, . .
,
Cen tw y Maga z i ne ,
September 1 90 6 p 7 84
, , . .
3H aeckel V ol 2 p 2 6 , . Descent
, . 2 .
4 of M an p
, .
70 .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E BANAN A ZO N E 359
1 “
casian Ellis states that throughout West Africa it is by
.
“
Dr Bean are located the areas for S ight hearing taste
.
, , , ,
and smell and the body sense area that receives impressions
,
from the whole surface of the body from the muscles and , ,
” 4
represent the obj ective faculties On account of the .
upon the fact that they di ffer from those of the N egro ,
1
Ew Speak ing P eoples ep 10 ,
”
. .
Osler
3 P rinciples and Practice of M edicine New York p 9 1 3 ; James
, ,
”
, .
Th Negro Brain
4 “
eby Ro b ert Bennett Bean M D C n tu y M g in ,
”
, . .
, e r a az e,
September 1 90 6 p 7 84 , , . .
accordance with the general law that the simpler the organ
?
ism the more rapidly it reaches its maximum of growth
H ence the children of this zone as of the lower races ,
?
to the age of puberty At this period however the N egro , , ,
” 4
quently deadens it H owever Waitz thinks that this ,
?
among the Nubians Egyptians and Sandwich Islanders ,
2
Spencer P rinc i p l es f Soc i ology V ol 1 p 1 0 1
, o ,
”
.
, . .
3 H id .
4 Ew Speak i ng P eoples p 1 0
e ,
”
. .
V ol 2 p 2 3 5
.
, . .
3 62 TH E N EG RO RA C ES
makes the man ; One tree does not make a forest i e one , . .
,
fashion the chances are that the next day he will perform
,
—
plement this motive power of the intelligence There he .
”
is inferior to the white race he is unable to struggle .
”
up at the first check .
The N egroes of this zone have not the same whips and
spurs to their brain s that the pe 0 p 1e have in more favored
parts of the world They have no serious problems to solve
.
?
therefore in a state of spontaneous reverie As in the child ,
” 3 ’
with something that makes them dear In every man s
.
1
P 1 16
. . Bouche p 2 6
9
, . Psychology Vol 1 pp 4 1 7 4 1 8
.
3
,
”
.
, .
, .
3 64 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
haps man found for the first time in the hunting stage an , ,
larger brain power can put forth more physical energy than
the man of relatively small brain ? Therefore the lack of
mental energy among the N egroes of this zone partly ex
plains their lack of physical energy Referring to the .
Fantis Stanley says that they are the most indolent toil
, ,
” 2
hating tribe it has ever been my lot to see With one .
tellectua l faculties but only the moral or social motives can furnish the depth
, ,
moral and unsocial mot i ves are genera lly di sorgan i z i ng and hurt ful to the faculties
b y rea on of unfavorable reactions There fore inte ll ectu al prog ess is only com
s .
,
r
pati b le w ith moral progress It is unquest i ona bl y true that a highly intellectual
.
people may be also highly immora l but i t is only after the y have once been moral
,
and have begun to degenerate ; an d in proportion as morals decline the intel l ect will
decline also .
1
C oom a ssie p 53 ,
”
. .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E BANANA ZON E 367
says H o vela c q ue “
has ordinarily a prodigious memory
,
When the latter recalls an idea he usu a lly drags along with ,
I m a gi n a ti o n s e mi is c e
i R n n t — As in the ca se of th e mem
ory the imagination of the Negro di ffers very much from
,
true but the fact must not be overlooked that the develop
,
cause his reason has not analyzed their parts and his imagi ,
” 1
tate but cannot invent or apply They have an antipathy .
H e does not analyze the wholes and use the parts as links
in his train of thought This is the kind of reasoning also
.
once saw a dog p u t out of the door of a hotel and left in the
street The ej ected animal began to reason h o w he might
.
w hen the front door was not tightly closed pushed it open ; ,
Th e P ec u l i a rit y o f th e R e a s o ni ng o ft h e C ivi l iz e d Ma n .
In the second place the civilized man can reason not only by
,
which neither he nor any one else has ever observed felt or ,
H o w R e a s o n B egi n s —
The re a son of man begins by a .
“
is the necessary first step towards abstracting the reason
imbedded in the mall ” 1
The next step is where the wholes
.
i ng which consists i n the concrete o bjects fpast experience merely suggesting each o
other and reasoning d i stinctivel y so calle d is this that wh i l st emp i rica l think i ng i s , ,
and a b stract i on Whereas the mere l y empirical thinker stares at a fact in its n
. e
he takes to be the essential part f the whole fact be fore him This attribute h
o . as
propert i es or conse q uences w hich the fact until then was not known to have but ,
w hich now that it is not i ced to contain the attr i bute i t must have Reason , .
ing may then be very well d efined as the substitution fparts and their implications o
First sagacity or the a b i l i ty to discover w hat part M ( essent i al essence ) lies mbe d
,
I
comparison with it I may neglect the rest Th first thing is to have seen . e
that every possible case of reason i ng involves the extract i on of a part i cular part i al
aspect of the phenomena thought about and that w hi l st Empirical Thought s i mply
assoc i ates phenomena in their ent i rety Reasoned Thought couples them by the con
,
James would not consider the act of the d og above re ferred to as reason i ng Th . e
ideat i on fan animal or man l i mited to exper i ence he calls empirical th i nking
o .
1
Vol 2 p 3 64
.
, . .
C HARA C TERISTI C S IN TH E BANANA ZON E 3 75
C o n n e c ti o n B e tw e e n t h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f R ea s o n a n d
Mo ra l s — But the most important fact to notice is that the
amount of stored up kn owledge and the quantity of things
-
,
range of interests The dog an alyzes with his nose and the
.
eagle with his eye b u t neither one has any interest except
,
petites which are more intense and more varied than in the
case of animals H e likes to see beautiful things hear pleas
.
,
terest in social life which furnish much subj ect matter for -
3 76 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
“
a creature which has few insti n ctive impulses or interests ,
” 2
gard the future F oa referring to this same c h a ra c teris
.
,
“
tic says that The future has for him little importance He
, .
simpler kind of humor trains the min d for the more elevated
kind Any humor at all is an aid to both mind and morals
. .
PS Y C H OL O G I C A L C HA R A C TE R I S T I CS IN THE
B A NA NA ZO NE (Conti nued )
F ee l i ngs R e l a tiv e l y Fe w , I n se n s it i v e a nd S im p l e .
’
of sexual pleasure of pleasure in companionship of one s
,
3 79
3 8 0 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’
relatively obtuse The sensitiveness of any one s feelings
.
says that the higher the organization the more intense the
sensations whether agreeable or disagreeable This is b e
, .
c e ssa r
y to a low degree of organization since the tenacity ,
wrong side out Wheat eels and tra digra des revive after
.
-
’
twenty eight days desiccation by chloride of lime and
-
the scale the same law holds throughout that the degree of
, ,
”1
feeling increases with the degree of organization Refer .
” 3
due to his lack of moral sensibility In another connec .
1
D y namic Sociolog y Vol 2 p ,
”
.
, . 1
5 2.
1
Q uoted by H v l cq u p 3 2 4
o e a e, . .
3 P . 2 62 .
3 8 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
vi ro n m e n t and find j oy in it .
F e e l i n gs O v e r w e l m
h R e a —
s o n a nd W i ll A striking fact .
about the people of this zone is that their feelings hold des
poti e sway over their reason or to state it in more scientific ,
and may even take place in a dead animal before its body
becomes cold In some animals as frogs the activity in
.
, ,
respect to food and sex may be excited after their heads are
severed from their bodies which shows that the actions are
,
are the idio motor activities able to obtain the mastery over
-
James V ol 1 p 1 7
1
, .
, . .
C H ARA C TERISTI C S IN TH E BANANA Z O N E 3 83
and impotent .
Janet p 1 5 1 1
, . .
3 84 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
Te p e R o i c k n g a n d U s
m r ll i n t a b l e — The unrestrained con .
’
dition of the N e gro s passions renders his temper and dispo
siti o n explosive anarchic and incalculable
,
Stimulate his .
acter His j oys thro w him into outbursts of hilarity and his
.
“ ”
griefs call out the loudest lamentations The black says .
,
“
F 0a ,is excessively mournful When he is sick or wounded .
” 2
tive drugs On account of his chaotic temper the Negro
.
,
the one nor the other but a compound of both his behavior
, ,
1 This
is generally true except among the Dahomans where the polit i cal des ,
poti m
s causes the people to hesitate and e x ercise caution in their conversation and
actions . p 1 07 2
. .
3 8 6 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’
mental A man s affection is generally stronger for his
.
mother than for his wife and next to his mother he likes best
,
apart from her and thinks it beneath his dignity even to eat
with her The a ffection of a mother for her children is j ust
.
’
usually considers his children or his wife s children as bless , ,
may one day become in the full bloom of their manhood and
womanhood and the acute pain which the civilized parents
feel over the death of a child is due to their faculty of seeing
in it not its real qualities but those which the hopes and as
, ,
F ll
e o w ee —
F l in g A S a rule the pe 0 p 1e of this zone do not
seem to be very responsive to the distresses of their fellow
men Duncan says that they never attempt to render assist
.
fell overboard from the A lbe r t into the Niger and there ,
” 1
or o ffere d the least assistance Of the Niger people .
,
’
Lander says that they never b estow a moment s reflection on
public misery or in dividual distress or the calamities of their
neighbors ?
According to H o v ela c q ue a S ick man must re ,
“
if a man debased himself by going from house to house
begging alms he would infallibly die of hunger N o one
,
.
” 4
side H e no longer works and no one owes him any thing
. .
Ellis servants or slaves who may fall sick are driven out
,
into the bush to die or recover as best they may : and the
infirm and helpless are invariably neglected if not ill ,
orphan boy about five years old who went about unnoticed
and reduced to a skeleton He cried for j oy when .
” “
the indivi dual says M iss Kingsley is supremely impor
, ,
s
P .
440 .
4 P . 1 89 .
5 u
istory of M an k ind V OL 2 P
H ,
”
. 1
33 4
Tshi Speak i ng P eoples P 1 7 4 ,
"
1
3 88 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
placed outsi de of the law any one who left his country even
?
for educational purposes Accustomed as the N egroes are
to seeing their fellow men cut down in battle devoured by ,
iar with these awful and bloody scenes that they thought as
little of them yea not so much as they would of seeing a
, ,
?
dead sheep monkey or dog ,
P eople he says were walk , ,
?
ing about smoking their pipes among putrefying bodies
In war the N egroes treat the vanquished with great cruelty
,
.
“ ” “
Wounded prisoners says Ellis are denied all assistance , ,
and all prisoners who are not destined to S lavery are kept in
a condition of semi starvation that speedily reduces them to
-
” 6
mere skeletons .
?
fast and that the unfortunate are sure of support But if as
a rule the natives of this zone are indi fferent to the m isfo r
tunes o i their fellows they are evidently fond of company ,
”
were not S hown to strangers All travelers says Hovel .
,
” 2
the blacks S ho w to each o ther If they do not trouble .
ru l t
C e y to A n i ma l s — According to Duncan the natives ,
“
and Wood states that there is hardly a village where the
1 L etourneau p 1 5 3 , P 1 05
. . P 4 39 3
. .
3 . .
1
‘
Vol 1 p 40 .
, . . P 349 5 . .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E BANANA ZON E 39 1
A l truis m th e
R
~
e su lt o f C o nst ru c tiv e A c ti viti es — It has
.
m
required a long time for human sympathy to reach beyond
the limits of one s fa ’
tribe or nation to say nothing of ,
1 P . 60 1 .
C HA PTER XXXV I
L y i ng a n d D e c ep ti o n — The Negroes of
P r o p en sit y fo r .
“
to Ellis the N egro lies habitually and even in matters of
little moment or of absolute indi fference It is rare for him .
” 1
to speak the truth Waitz says with some j ustification
.
, ,
?
that this is due to distrust of the white man But other
explanations are more to the point of which one is that the ,
“ “
fox. The cunning displayed by man says Ward in , ,
carried over into his relations with his fellow men and it is ,
fact it has been one of the chief methods used by man in all
of his economic and political activities The words by .
1“ Ew e Speaki ng P eoples p , . 11 .
2
V O1 2: P 2 57
39 3
3 94 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
lines of a writing ”
W hen a Negro comes into a store to
.
” 3
is strongly marked by duplicity .
Only where pro ducts are the result of human labor do the
pe 0 p 1e have occasion to restrain their inclination to appro
p ri a t e anything desired M ungo P ark asserts that the .
“
most notable defect of the Negro is an insurmoun table
” 4
propensity to stealing The same statement is made by
.
” 6 “
reach . The b lack man steals says F o a every time , ,
1 P . 1 12 .
3
P . 1 13 .
3 “
Ew e Speaking Peoples p 1 1 , . .
4 P . 1 2 7. 5 Vol . 1, p . 1 41 . Vol 1 p 2 00
0 .
, . .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E BANANA ZON E 3 95
and this soft S pot in his character is one which the sh r ewd
white man soon learns to take advantage of H e knows .
” 3
the means of making a respecta b le fu n eral .
?
battle S how a capacity for spirited attack But the ge n eral
lassitude resulting from the humi dity of the climate and the ,
1 P 247
. .
7
P .
9 1 .
3 Tsh i Speaking Peoples p , . 241 .
4 Ratzel , Hi story of M ankind Vol ,
”
. 2, p .
344 .
3 96 TH E N EG R O RA C ES
for the women were much less indolent and cowardly than
the men ? The soldiers of Benin says F eatherman , ,
“ ” 2
S how very little discipline and still less courage The .
L a c k o f R e e n —
v ge As a rule the N egroes of this zon e
are not at all revengeful When anything provokes them .
?
rancor In fact one of the most remarkable peculiarities
,
”
native indolence says Bouche explains h o w he submits
, ,
chiefs the rigors of the master and even the horrible cus
,
” 4
toms o i human sacrifice A Dahoman proverb is very .
1
Brackenbury p , .
32 2 .
3 P . 22 8 .
3
P 3
. 2 .
‘
P
. 2 4.
39 8 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
the mind but only fancies which perish and are reborn with
,
, ,
requires the more vivid will be the imagery and the more ,
of the gradual discovery that his trials work out the final
good of himself and race H e is like the w ounded oyster
.
,
wine from the presse d grape After ideal ism has once
.
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E BANANA Z O N E 3 99
ings which raise its life to the plane of the heroic and
romantic The mere fact that a man abstains from ce rtain
.
“
C arlyle , you have a flame that burns up all lower con
”
siderations .
—
about them to a sure knowledge that the person or thing
,
Social C ontrol pp 2 2 7 2 3 2
1 “
,
”
.
, .
46 6 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
”
“
I t is easy to cut to pieces a dead elephant i e deeds a n d , . .
,
“
not wor ds count ; a hog that has wallowed in the mud
seeks a clean person to rub against a poor man has no
” “ “
relations an old dog cannot be taught he who claps
hands for a fool to dance is no better than a fool famil
”
i a rity induces contempt but distance secures respect
anger draws arrows from the quiver but goo d wo rds draw ,
”
cola nuts from the bag etc The missionary Bowen found
-
, .
4
schools conducted by malams are an evidence They also .
have more physical energy Ellis says that the Yorubas are .
5
more industrious than the Ewe people and all explorers
comment upon the thrift and enterprise of the Hausas .
“ ” 6
C onserve always a bunch of sorgho in thy granary .
1
P . 281. 7 Rohl fs Vol , . 2, p . 2 48 . Staudinger p 5 5 1
3
, . .
4 p 56 . 2 .
5 u
Yoruba Speaking P eoples p 3 , . 2 .
3 B i nger Vol
, . 1, p . 1 94 .
C HA RA C TERISTI C S IN TH E M I LLET ZON E 46 3
“
Nati ves of th e Gambia says M oore never dream of , ,
But the lesson avails nothing and each year they act with ,
” 2
the same improvidence .
?
never perform acts of necessity in pu b lic N evertheless ,
the people of this zone have not built up their inhi b iting
power to any great extent They are impulsive and like .
,
more temperate than the people o fthe lower zone but still ,
we are told that women are freque n tly so b eso tte d that
?
babies becomes intoxicate d from their breasts In the mat
ter of drink however the converts to M ohammedanism ar e
, ,
1 Q uoted by H o vela cq ue , p .
43 2 .
7 H id .
3 St udinger p
a , .
5 57 .
4 Binger Vol , . 1, p .
338 .
46 4 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
” 1
and thievish all in one and the same S pecimen of him
, .
F a mi l y A ffe c ti o n s — A f
fection between members of the .
“
remarkably lacki n g F or example among the M aghi if .
, ,
” 6
in tears . A peculiarity of the Y orubas is that while they
make loud lamentations over deceased relatives they find ,
was common among the Hebre w s and is har dly worse than ,
“
generous nature for example F rom time to time give a
, ,
tude It says
. H e who drinks out of the same ca labash
,
” 1
as his horse will have many horses I n fact the Bambara .
,
d rink after the horse has had his fill The caring for ani .
’
mals has everywhere a softening influence upon man s
nature .
2
they are less ferocious They have put more of their .
4
acter and less servility than the people of the banana zone ,
5
a n d while many individu als prefer slavery to freedom the ,
6
adult Krumen never resign themselves to become slaves .
7
giving but fight and forget like children
, .
8
among the women but as a rule the people here as else , ,
1
Binger V ol I p 1 94 , .
, . . R eclus , Vol .
3 , p . 2 91 .
y u m l f n Afi n C u is p 1 20
’
3 o a o a z ca r er , . .
5
Staud i nger p 5 70 , . . Foa p 5
, . 2 04.
7 P 2 85
. .
8 Staudinger pp 5 5 4 , .
, 55 6 .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E M I LLET ZON E 4 7
0
‘
where have a propensity for lying and stealing
, The .
Staudinger p
, .
55 2 ; H o vela cq ue, p .
436 . Second Ex pe di tion p
, . 1 85 .
C HA PTER XXXV III
PS Y C H O L O GI C A L C H A R A C TE R I ST I CS IN THE
C ATTLE Z O NE
1
larger and better formed except perhaps in the case of the ,
” 2
S hillo o k s are well developed To j udge by the shape .
” “
of the skull says Schwei n furth this people belongs to the
, ,
4
large heads and high foreheads The Latukas also have .
high foreheads 5
The skulls of the Fe lla ta h s are apparently
.
not much larger than those of the Nigritians of this zone but ,
6
are better formed and not so thick .
Fe a th erm an
“
have produce d a few men who are phi
,
1 p 2 4 1 F eatherman p 36 2
H o vela c q ue , .
, . .
2
Featherman p 6 3 Vo l I p 88 , . Featherman p 2 70
.
3 .
, . .
4
, . .
5H id p 7 8 ,
H v l cq u. places the brain capacity of the Kanuris b
. o e a e e
“P .
35 5 .
4 1 0 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
F e e l i n gs n o t s o S u p r e m e a s i n t h e Oth e r Z o n es — The
pe 0 p 1e generally have more control over their feelings and ,
” 3
but rather sullen and stu b born and their temper is more ,
4
ation and are not so often overworked The care of cattle .
”
prompt to ren der whatever aid is possible Eight days .
5
“
after the burial of a J olof a great dinner is p repared which ,
the poor that they may o ffe r their prayers for the deceased .
l
P .
43 1 .
2 Vol . I, p . 1 53 .
8 O gil by p, .
346 .
4
Feather mn p a , .
313 . V OL i , P 1 69 .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E C ATTLE ZON E 4 1 1
each evening during the current year the part of the food
which would have been eaten by the deceased member of
the family is either given to a poor man or to one of the
” 1
slaves who eats in the place of the dead person
,
This .
” 2 “
down . Among the jo lo fs the unfortunate the helpless ,
” 3
with clothing if their condition requires it The Dinkas .
,
who was woun ded in an attack upon the Dinkas and lay
’
helpless near the Dinka s hut The magnanimous Dinka .
4
his own pe 0 p 1e .
“
that nearly every one tried to steal something from him .
“
The Kanuris he says are much given to petty larceny
, , .
Featherman p , .
3 50 .
2 Mid p , .
31 1.
3 P p .
3 49
. .
4 Vol 1 p 1 69
.
, . .
5 “ Narrative p , . 1 82 .
0 P . 24 1 . HM 28 . .
41 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
2
and that the Latukas are remarkably brave A n d since the .
,
” 2
they are excessively revengeful .
“
Lander remarked that the loud laugh that speaks the
” 4
vacant min d we have not heard these many days They .
“
more self assertive and virtuous
-
.
Me nt a l a n d Mo r a l S up e ri o rity Du e to Mo r e F a v o r a b l e
C o n dit i o n s — The mental and moral superiority of the people
of this zone is accounted for partly by the more favorable
climate and partly by the environmental conditions of the
,
Featherman p 2 7 7
1
, . . ”ii p 2 7 1 2
, . .
l é bfi p 2 7
3 z Denham s Narrative p 2 4 1
, . 1 V ol 1 p 1 40
’
, . .
4 .
, . .
2 99 ; L n t pp 4 8 7 0 ; L an d er V ol 1 pp 1 4 1 C
2,anot p 1 8 7 Dunc n a
as
5 e , .
, 5 1 , .
, . 0, , . ,
V ol p 3
. 2, . 1 1.
“ ”
As plundering is a professional pursuit says F eather ,
” 1
man stealing is not considered reproachful among them
, .
3
cruel They have steel in their nature and kno w how
.
G e n e r a l C o n s i de ra ti o ns— Me nt a l a n d Mo ra l C h a r a ct e r o f
t h e Ne gr o V a ri es i n t h e D if fe r e n t Z o n es — Stanford believes .
that the pro gress of the Hausas and Kanuris has been due
1 P 752 . .
Wood p 705
2
, . .
3 Reclus Vol , . 2, pp . 2
4 4 43 3 ;
- Ratzel , H istory of M an k ind Vol 3 pp
,
”
.
, . 2 63 ,
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E C A M EL ZON E 41 5
”
customs l But Stanford overlooks the fact that the e n
.
and cer tain modes of life which seem to change the N egroes
into a race bearing a close resemblance to that which in
ancient times occupied the borders of the M editerranean
Sea and it is easily demonstrable that the N egroes of Africa
,
’
rivalry for food in nature and the rivalry for man s selection ,
m
was too recondite to have occurred to any but exceptional
” 2
inds .
upon the family and social life it seems that the feelings of ,
Psychology V l 2 p 3 60
1 “
,
”
o .
, . .
4 1 8 TH E N EGRO R A C ES
”
ning and thrice miraculous mechanism -
says C arlyle , ,
“
what is this too by itself but a larger kind of Animalism ?
, ,
c e da n e u m for s al t
”
It is to be remembered that M idas
.
j ustifies the voices of all the ancient and modern seers and
prophets showing that economic prosperity is not a guar
,
domestic felicity .
l
European had improved the African in ro gue ry The traders .
great supplies of rum and wines and for the most part were
2
revelers and drunkards They even went about like the .
seventy nine years old and was having his boots put on one
-
“
morning by a servant he remarked Sir I had not this , , ,
” 3
morning and shook myself like a dog I was dressed .
I nfl ue n c e o f Mi ssi o n a ri e s — I n div i du a l Ex a mp l e s o f U p l i ft .
1
A bstract of Evidence before Select Co mmittee of H ouse of C ommons ,
1 7 90- 91,
p . 18 .
3 Joe H a w k i ns pp 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 8
, .
- - .
I m p o t e n c e o f L e a de rs D e v e l o p ed A rt ific i a lly b y a R a c e
of a D iffe r e n t S t a ge o f C u l tur e — It is highly questionable
.
“
M iss Kingsley I need hardly assure you it is not the i n
,
variable custom and there have been in the past and there
are now living denizens of Europeanized Africans in West
Africa ministers lawyers and doctors who would no more
, ,
” 2
the n acquired civilization .
Ef t v
fe c i e L e a de rs M us t A ris e S p o n t a n eo us l y
—The only .
way that leaders can arise that will uplift the masses is by
such elevation of the whole p opulation that the exceptional
few will spring spontaneously out of the general culture level .
Mi st a ke o f Mis s i o n a ri es i n A tt a c ki n g Fi rst t h e P sy ch o
l o gi c a l L i fe o ft h e P e o p l e w it h R e su l ti n g Mo ra l D ege n e ra c y
, .
3
P . 26 .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E C A M EL ZON E 42 3
this policy lies in the fact that the psychological life of a peo
ple is the flower of their moral life a n d develops out of their
economic familial and political traditions and institutions
, .
”
M odern science is agree d says Reinsch , that i n ,
—
h e rite d psychological elements the constitution of the
mind —are the most persistent phen omena of which we
have any knowledge N ew ideas ma y be poured into the
.
faculties but they will leave no trace upo n the mental con
,
stitutio n and upon the real spring of action The most con .
M alay race have been for centuries under the rule of three
di fferent European peoples nevertheless the F ilipinos with
their Spanish instruction the javans traine d under the
,
L it e ra ry Educ a ti o n n o t G iv e n i n I ts P r o p e r O rder o f
Ti me — The educational policy of the missionaries has been
,
1 Pp 20 2 2
.
- .
3
P 29
. .
42 6 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
many years among the N egroes and has studied their life
“
more thoroughly than any other man says The u ne du , ,
A nd D e str o y N a ti v e F a ith
the next place a nd B el ief.
—
In ,
the gods that are far o ffare not worshiped at all while those
near at han d and ever ready to inflict immediate pu n ish
,
1
Yoru b a Speak i ng P eopl es p 94 , . 2 .
2
Elli s Tsh i Speak i ng P eoples p 2 7
, ,
”
. .
3 1 5 1211, p . 18 .
C HARA C TERISTI C S I N TH E C A M EL ZON E 42 7
fully upon the Negroes that they seldom violate their own
moral code No w it is very evident that if faith in their
.
,
“
missionaries give themselves says F oa in performing
, ,
”
Sierra Leone native says Brackenbury is great on going
, ,
3
! uoted by H ovela cq ue, p .
45 1 .
4 P . 1 17 .
4 2 8 TH E N EGRO R AC ES
ca te d
1
natives are often the greatest thieves and cheats and
it has been long recognize d that the interior N egroes
farthest removed from European contact are th e most indus
2
trio ns friendly and hospitable
, .
E rr o r o f Te a c h i n g F a l s e S o c i a l a n d P o l iti c a l D o c tri n e s
a n d I n s p iri n g F a l s e H o p e s . A final and fa ta l error of the
-
natural right to all the privileges enj oyed by the w hite man
is also to teach what is untrue and more than that such , ,
and making the most of j udicial delays with the result that
,
()
b Tb e Afr i ca n C a n n ot oe A dva n ced A long til e L i n es of
E u r op ea n C u ltu r e —
The Sudan N egroes need to undergo a
transition stage before they can come in contact with
Western ideas institutions and modes of life without ruinous
,
that the white C ivilization was good for the whites but bad
” 2
for the blacks N o utterance was ever more sensible
. .
Pp 1 5 1 7
.
- P 459. Ew e Spea k ing P eoples p 1 2
3
. .
3
,
”
. .
43 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
()
c B o tlt S o ci o log i ca l a n d A n a to mi ca l Ob s ta c les — The
reader will observe that the obstacles to infusing European civ
i liz a ti o n into the N egro as thus far pointed out arise from the
, ,
1
R einsch p 9
, . . 16171 p 3 1 3
” . .
434 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
two races combined with the errors that in such con ditions
,
Why was the N egro first introduced into our colonies— and
to America ?
“
The su n is the great arbitrator between the white and
the black man There are productions necessary to civilized
.
St Domingo l
. .
() e Testi m f
o ny o Mi ss K i n sle
g y
— Now note the almost
“
identical O pinions of M iss Kingsley : I preface my remarks
by stating that I have profound personal esteem for several
missionaries naturally for it is impossible to know such men
, ,
minded men who go and risk their own lives and often those ,
3
V ol 1 p 2 94 .
, . .
43 8 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
’
portions . Shoul dn t wonder if there might be something in
the idea of the immortality of the soul and a future heaven , ,
—
you know but as for hell my dear sir that s rank super ’
, ,
—
ing and food restrictions what utter rubbish fo r enlight ‘
’
ened people ! So the b acksliding African deals with his
country fashion ideas he eliminates from them the i dea of
-
the dances and all the lazy hazy minded native ways The
, ,
-
.
man y perfectly straight trading natives ; still the maj ority are
recruited from missionary school failures and are utterly ,
ba d
The two things to which the missionary himself
ascribes his want of success are polygamy and the liquor
traffic Now polygamy is like most other subj ects a diffi
. ,
—
the usual recipe for making opinions j ust take a prej udice
of your own and fix it up with the so called opinion of that
,
-
eradicate d .
fi
f —
As regards the drink tra c no one seems inclined to
speak the truth about it in West Africa ; and what I say I
must b e understood to say only about West Africa because ,
and premature decay you can see any afternoon you choose
to take a walk in the more densely populated part s of any
of our own towns I own the whole affair is no business of
.
very inj urious to health and which the natives drink if they
2
cannot get gin .
“
You may say— Well ! if it is not the polygamy and
not the drink that makes the West African as useless as he
now is as a developer or a means of developing the coun,
try what is i t ?
,
In my opinion it is the sort of instruction
he has received n o t that this instruction is necessarily bad
,
culture but that will be all for a very long period To say
, .
that the African race will never advance beyond its present
culture level is saying too much in spite of the mass of
-
, ,
1 P 664 . .
2 P 667
. .
8
P 669
. .
442 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
U n fa v o r a b l e R e su l ts Ma y b e Du e to Te p o r a ry R e a c ti o n m
Ex c e pt a s t o Negr o e s o f t h e B a n a n a Z o n e — M ay it not be that
the present backward tendency of the Sudan Negroes rep
resents only a natura l and temporary disorganization inci
dent to a too sudden introduction of civilized ideas and cus
toms ? It i s certainly a fact true of the white race that any , ,
are numerous examples of the fact that since the beg i nn i ng fregu l ar support on the part o
mo i e groun d In Si b eria the aban d onment fthe nomadic w andering for the bless
. o
been able to prepare on ly a sl i ght check against this retrogress i on just because they
level and democrat i ze the or i gina l structure fsociety be fore the y have scattered their o
seed In the face fthese facts M allory s phrase adopted b y Gerland cannot be con
. o
’
firme d ; to w i t w hen the population disappears in the face of a civi l i zation it is dissi
,
any purpose to do so when it cripp l es the native des i re to create an d the nat i ve im
, ,
l i ke i s not al w ays progress in the econom i c l i fe f the natives Tra d e hastens the
,
o .
time fthe trans i t i on and at the same t i me s w eeps a w a y the poor aga i nst their w i l l
o .
O n that account the Tunguses fM i ddendorf wi th good reason complaine d that theo
tra d ers vis i te d them in their fixed quarters i nstead of confining themselves to the
markets A lmost as a rule the best hunters an d man y owners of herds fcattle in
. o
that country are involved in d ebts Th dw in dli ng f the once flourishing flocks f . e o o
cattle f the K i ghi and the i r i mpover i shme t through the purchasing f gra i n and
o r s n o
the frequent fam i nes are tt b t d l i ke wi se to the tra de A lso the y have lost in
a rI u e .
land Th tra d e not on ly bri ngs use ful things but floo d s the simple peop l e w ith
. e
bacco betel and with i mproved w eapons w h i ch make their w ars bloo dy an d i n a
, ,
mani fold sense more cost ly Things that had value lose i n value and apparently
.
worthless th i ngs gaine d are rapac i ously used up an d d estroy e d Th A ustra l i ans . e
compla i ned that the Europeans exterminated their game b urned do w n the reeds w i th ,
which the y built their huts and mo w ed down the grass upon wh i ch they slept .
social structure fa people is certainly very noticeable In P ol y nesia where the pop
o .
,
contact the rapid change of rel i gion customs and usages has brought about a dis
, ,
tu b i g influence w hich
r n f course w e can scarcely picture to ourselves
, o It w asjust
, .
in the first decades a fter the m i ssionary work b ecame known i n H a w a i i that one f o
the worst i nfluences f civ i l i zat ion upon the people w as obse ve d to wi t the loosen
o r , ,
ing f the poor class f the populat i on from their condition fdependency (serfd om)
o o o
to the chie fs w ho forced them to w ork and gave them nour i shment i n return f i t or .
A n interesting example f the pro found alterat i ons w h i ch the influence fcu l
o o
ture produces in the l i fe and w el fare f natural pe p1e is the description which C p o 0 a
tain Wi l kes gi es of his vis i t to th chie fof L h ni upon the island f M aui H
v e a a a o . e
found h i m who was a natural son f K m h m I stan d ing w ith his w ife in h i s
, o a ea ea ,
which he would willingly bring about in his dw el l ing but the means to d o so fa i led
him as he said No doubt his income from tapa and other native products w as con
, .
sid b l but the value f these art i cles ha d fa l len s i nce the intervention f Euro
e ra e, o o
pean tra d e to such a d egree that the chie f w ho had to represent his dign i ty by
,
nourishing a clientele fbeggars was almost as poor as any fhis subjects On account
o o .
of the retrogression or stagnat i on f the popu l ation the erect i on f great public bu i l d
o o
lation to the emp l o y ment fthe i mag i nat i on and the hands has d ried up ; the people
o
produce less than formerl y the i r originality has died out and the y are in an th n
, , e o
renders it di ffi cu l t f them to retain the advantage fthe h i gher culture w e hold the
or o
question f Q uatre fages as j ust i fi ed whether a h i gh cu l ture does not carry w ith it
o
someth i ng that cannot be brought into harmon y w ith the ex i stence fsu b ordinate o
races Th chie f reason f this seems to be that the c l ture i s not taken up in i ts
e or u
proper connect i on and in its totalit y Th ev il fcu l ture l i es i n its hal fness It d oes . e o .
not ripen upon this so i l In all miss i on fiel d s the o b servat i on has been ma d e that
.
unb unde d savagery su ffer less than those stra yi ng here and there an d vacil l at i ng
o ,
b et w een the settlements f the whites and the i r o w n hunt i ng groun d s Kerry
o .
Nicholls the latest visitor to free M aor i lan d on the North Is l and f New Zealand
, ,
o ,
found the younger generation among the free M aori physically deteriorated in com
parison with the powerfu l statures of the older H found an immoderate use of to . e ~
si o na ri es and tra ders here and there may stop many savage
, ,
make the N egroes more a nd mor e criminal and less and less
able to survive in the struggle for existence Even if the
.
blacks will gradually die out from the e ffects of the disrupt
ing of the native institutions which formerly saved them .
446 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
o fficials with their brass buttons red trousers and other gew
,
reaches an acute stage the mIS S IOna rIes and brass buttoned
,
-
“
Again he said Their own laws and customs were the best
,
3Af n W ld November 4 1 90
’
r z ca or
5 p 5
, 86 p 5 3 8 , , . .
2
.
448 TH E N EGR O RA C ES
came for them to enter the schools and colleges they had
already gone through a period of training which gave them
an industrial and moral foundation that saved them from
many of the disintegratin g e ffects so conspicuous in Africa
, ,
ready indicated .
C h a n ge s S h o u l d b e G r a du a l a n d A c c o mp l i sh e d Th r o ugh
N a t i v e L e a de r s — It is very evident that the economic moral ,
who are the main supports of the existing structure and the
natural moulders of the characters of the masses Every race .
45 0 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
1
a ll men are to be j udged to wit conduct , .
“
a ruthless destruction of native faiths and beliefs M any .
’
African superstitions are not only as harmless as a child s
belief in Santa C laus but beautiful and temporarily bene
,
4
the way are emphasized by C hrist) and attacking first ,
ing you must first give up all traditional beliefs and accept
,
3 “
C hrist i an M issions and Social P rogr ess .
” 3 V ol . 1, p .
319 .
3 M atthew 2
5 3 5—4 1 .
N EGRO P ROB LE M IN TH E SU DAN 45 1
2
there could be the least division of opinion What he a t .
tacked was not the old doctrines of the priests and prophets
but the old morality of an eye for an eye and a tooth for
” “
a tooth and the evil life of the scribes and P harisees
,
He .
’
said ,
The scribes and P harisees sit in M oses seat : all
therefore whatsoever they bid you observe tit a t observe
, ,
”
and do ; but do not ye after their w or ks H e spoke many .
“ “
make use of their talents bear good fruit and serve it to ,
7
those who need it The missionary idea is shown clearly
.
“
leavened and that of the mustard seed Which indeed is
, ,
”
air come and lodge in the branches thereof .
1 M atthew 2 1 6—2 1 0 .
3 F or example the Sermon on th M ount
,
e .
3
M atthe w chapter 2 3
, .
4 J oioi , 25 1- 1
3 .
5 [ b i o/2, 25 1 4- 2 3 .
G l ozoi
,
7 [ t ial , B i l let ,
45 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
’
be raised against M ohammedanism the truth of Sevin s
statement cannot be questioned to wit that it is certainly a , ,
“
step towards civilization F or the present the extension of
.
1
C h a pi sea u, pp . 1 64 , 1 65 Jack son , M orocco p
, .
300 .
3
P . 2 19 .
3 Ch a pi sea u, p . 1 67 .
45 4 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
”
tion la plus rigoureuse du mot .
lectual advancement .
P 2 29
3 . .
N EGRO P ROB LE M IN TH E SU DAN 45 5
’
low in the world s estimation is simply because it has been
theoretically treated as the equal of the white race and ,
”
Brackenbury : The Ashanti War Edinburgh and Lon ,
don 1 8 7 4 , .
“
Bryce : I mpressions of South Africa N ew York 1 900 , . .
“ ”
Burrows : Land of the P igmies N ew York C rowell , .
C ompany .
M ayor N ew York 1 8 5 4, , .
1 86 1 .
C asati :
“
Ten Years in Equatoria and the Return with
Emin Pasha London and Ne w York 1 8 9 1
”
, , .
C h a p isea u ”
Au Pays de L Escla va ge Paris 1 900’
, , .
”
C la pp erto n “
J ourney to Kouka and S a cka to o Boston , ,
1 82 6 .
D A RW I N Descent of M an N ew York , .
”
Decle z Three Years in Savage Africa London 1 8 98 , , .
”
Deniker : The Races of M an London 1 900 , , .
”
Drake : Revelations of a Slave Smuggler N ew York , ,
1 8 60 .
”
Du C ha illu : M y A p in gi Kingdom N ew York 1 8 7 1 , , .
”
Duncan Travels in Western Africa London 1 847 , ,
.
”
Ellis The Tshi Speaking P eoples London 1 8 8 7 , ,
.
“ ”
Ellis The Yoru ba Speaking P eoples London 1 8 94 , ,
.
”
Ely : Outlines of Economics N ew York 1 8 93 , , .
”
Ely Elements of P olitical Economy New York 1 90 1 , ,
BOO KS RE F ERRED TO I N TEXT 45 9
F oa : Le Dahomey P aris 1 8 9 5 , , .
”
Geil A Yankee in Pigmy Land N ew York 1 90 5 , , .
“
Giddings : P rinciples of Sociology N ew York 1 8 96 , , .
”
Grosse Beginnings of Art N ew York 1 8 9 7 , , .
Gu m
”
plo w i c z : Outlines of Sociology P hiladelph i a 1 8 99 , , .
”
Gurney : M yers and Po dro se : Phantasms of the Living
“
,
London 1 8 8 6 , .
”
Hawkins J oseph : V oyage to the C oast of Africa Troy
,
“
, ,
1 797
H a z z le din e “
The White M an in Nigeria London 1 904 , , .
Ho vela c q ue :
’
Les N egres de L A friq ue S uS Equatoriale -
,
P aris , 1 88 9 .
London 1 90 1 , .
“
Jastrow : Fact and Fable in P sychology Boston and ,
N ew York 1 900 , .
j o u r n a l f
o a n Af r i ca n C r u i ser by an O fficer of the U S ,
. .
Navy Ne w York 1 8 45
, , .
KA Y “
Travels and Researches in Ca f
fa ria ,
”
New York ,
1 83 4 .
“ ”
Keane : The Boer States London 1 900 , , .
“ ”
Kelbe : V oyage en Afrique Paris 1 8 42 , , .
“ ”
Kingsley : Travels in West Africa London 1 900 , ,
.
”
Ki ngsley : West African Studies London 1 90 1 , , .
46 0 TH E N EG R O RA C ES
LA N D ER R I C H A RD A ND J O H N
,
Expe dition to Niger ,
Ne w York 1 8 5 8 ,
.
La sne t e t a l
,
U ne M ission a u S en egal P aris 1 90 0 , , .
”
Letourneau : Sociology Lon don 1 8 9 3
“
, , .
’
Lorin L A fri q ue a u XX Si ecle 1 90 1 , .
1 8 5 9—6 9
”
E dinburgh 1 8 7 1 , , .
“
M ason : Telepathy a nd The Subliminal Self N ew York , ,
1 89 7 .
’
M arkham : Hawkins V oyages (Sir Thomas) ,
London
1 8 78
M offat M issionary Labors and Scenes in Southern
Africa London 1 842 , , .
1 9 00 .
“
O G I L B Y : Africa London 1 6 7 0 , ,
.
”
En tw i c klun gs geschichte des Familienrechts ,
Leipzig 1 8 8 9 , .
P reville : “
S o c éités Africaines Paris 1 8 94 , ,
.
“
Q U A TR EFA G ES : The P ygmies , N ew York , 1 895 .
“
R A TZ EL The History of M ankind London 1 8 9 7 , , .
”
Ratzel : Anthropogeog ra phie Stuttgart 1 8 9 1 , ,
.
46 2 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
“ ”
Ward : P ure Sociology N ew York 1 90 3
, , .
“ ”
Ward : Dynamic Sociology New York 1 8 9 8
, , .
Ex plo rers M n ti
e o ne d i n t h is B o o k
Europe and Asia were the other two Whether the Libyan .
extend their in fl uence towards the south and west ; but the
physical and climatic conditions and the savage tribes e n
countered presented a n e ffective bar to extended progress at
that time An inscription assigned to the period of the
.
6
4 3
464 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
e diti o n sailed down the Red Sea and along the coast of
p
“
Africa until the sun for many weeks rose on their right
,
”
han d . After a long absence the explorers returned to Egypt
through the P illars of H ercules so that they must have cir ,
land found and worked the gold mines which have been
,
all Northern Africa was gra dually drawn into the growing
’
empire ; but Rome s interest lay in the known and o r
g a n i z e d regions upon which
,
she strengthened the hold of
civilization i gn oring all that lay beyond her well defined
,
”
M ohamme d His great work the Description of Africa
.
, ,
B A K ER S I R S A M U EL W H I TE was equipped in 1 8 69
, ,
rising o fthe natives and he won the day only after a fierce
’
fight and the total destruction of the town Baker s further .
B IN G ER C A P TA I N L O UI S G U S TA V E native of F rance
, , ,
3 “
Encyclopae d ia Britannica ,
”
A merican Supplement Vol , . 1, p . 61 .
2
l ai d V ol 3 p 40 1
, .
, . .
46 8 TH E N EGRO RA C ES
J uly 3 1 1 8 3 5
, H e was the son of a F rench merchant of
.
“ ”
A sh a n go Land 1 86 7 Wild Life U nder the Equator
, ,
” “
1 8 70 ; Stories of the Gorilla C ountry 1 868 ; The ,
”
C ountry of the Dwarfs 1 8 7 1 and Western Africa 1 8 74
, , ,
.
return with him to Egypt but the Pasha would not leave his
,
G O RD ON C H A R LES G EO R G E (1 8 3 3
, fa miliarly
known as C hinese Gordon and Gordon Pasha was born at
Woolwich educated at Taunton and the Royal M ilitary
,
’
When later Hicks Pasha s army had been overwhelmed
by the forces of the M ahdi and the Gladstone Government
’
had insisted on the Khedive s abandonment of the Sudan ,
ing frequently up the rivers and through the bush with only
native attendants She traveled through the N iger C oast
.
”
Studies , 1 8 99 Early in 1 900 she we n t to South Africa
.
where after nursing sick Boer prisoners she fell ill and di ed
, ,
J une 3 ,
L A N D ER R I C HA RD ( 1 8 04 1 8 3 4) and J ohn ( 1 80 7
,
-
and the same year Richard was sent out by some Liverpool
merchants for the purpose of opening up trade in the Niger
and founding a commercial settlement at the j unction of the
Benue with the main river After making several success .
P o F ebruary
,
3 “ Encyclop e d ia Br i tann i ca
a Vol 1 4 p ,
”
.
, . 2 72 .
47 4 THE N EGRO RA C ES
days after his arrival there he was cheered and inspired with
new life and completely set up again by the timely arrival of
H enry M Stanley who had been sent out by James Gordon
.
,
b e d dead
, His faithful men preserved his body in the sun
.
fore the tradition o i his soj ourn dies out among the African
people who almost without exception regarded him as a
superior being H is treatment of them was always tender
.
,
” 1
land , F ear God and work hard .
M OFFA T R O B ER T (1 7 9 5
,
was born in Scotland
of hum b le parentage H e learned th e craft of gardening
.
”
helpful wife In 1 8 2 0 h e and his wife left C ape Town
.
”
of their own It was largely due to him that the work of
.
1 796 ,
with the distinction of being the first European to
reach the well nigh fabulous waters of the Niger H e pub .
’
In 1 8 0 5 he accepted Lord H obart s proposal that he
S hould take command of another Niger expedition In .
the other S ide H e was sent to the iron clad Ti con der oga
.
-
who had set out with him only 1 7 4 were left and they were
little more than skeletons In April of the following year
.
2
entered Parliament and received the knighthood of the Bath .
1
Africa .
f the
o 7 ; sun d ry d i scussion f the
, 1 2 o , ing C ustoms )
Bur y i ng a l ive 3 6 1 44 or i gin f 1 44 , , o ,
55 1
, 4 8 ; i nfluence f upon orig i nality o , , ou tlook for the 48 ,
mora l i t y 3 3 ,
2 l i fe 3 5 5 4 5 4 1 5 5 5 6
, , , 1 , , 1
Banana Zone d efinition and d escription , C apture fWomen ( See Ra idi ng ) o ,
fthe 9
o , 0 C attle f the F e ll atahs 1 6 ;
, o f the , 1 o
or i g i n f 3 5 ; i nfluence f upon o ,
0 o , C att l e Zone d escr i pt i on and d efin i tion ,
to marryi ng Negroes 1 5 7 ,
relation f to po li t i cal and economic o ,
2
2 2; sun d ry di scuss i on f 6 2 22 2 2 13 2 9 the human countenance 8 7
2
5 o , , , , , , ,
35 7 35
— 8 an d to feel i ngs an d pass i ons
, , C hast i t y id eas concerning 3 5 1 3 6
, , 1 , ,
3 5 9 an d to eth i ca l an d esthet i c ju d g
, a 1 49 1 5 5 e ffect of cl i mate upon 35
, , 1
3 60 ; cost of rear i ng a f
fects the pur , 1 75 85 , 89 ; f A frica by the w h i te
1 , 1 o
o f 1 4 ; pun i shment f 1 4 2 ; a b an d on
, 2 o , tent f 7 1 7 3 20 1 2 1 8 2 34
o ,
1 0, , , ,
4 5 2 ; b ad e f
fects f upon the Negro o , ,
H ottentots 60 ; fthe N i g i ti 39 5 , o r a n s, ,
b i li ty f nat i ve 4 1 5 ; e f
o fect of upon , ,
f o r, 1 7 9 1 8 7 (See P un i shment )
, ,
o
y f the Negro 5 85 ; upon
o
( See C ivil i zat i on )
fD h m
, ,
po w er 1 7 6 37 ; upon rel i g i on 5 9
, , 2 , ,
1
7 7 1 8 3 ; their ceremon i ous l i fe 2 4 1
, ,
3 9 ; upon courage 9
1
3 9 5 ; upon , 1, 2 49 ; the i r rel i gion 2 6
7 95 ,
- 2
human sacr i fi ces 3 6 3 7 (See Eu 0 1 Danc i ng f the Pygmies 6 ; f the o 1 o
ment)
, , , , ,
C o l on i al P ol i c i es cr i t i c i sm f 1 30 4 2 9 o at funerals 45 1
D w m on the evolution f the bra i n
, , , , ,
446 ar , o ,
o s , o , so 338
i ti
c e 5 6 1 3 2 5 (See Indiv id ual
e s, , , 1 1, De generacy fthe Fellatah s 2 32 o ,
g ti n Strugg l e f Ex i stence )
ra o : or foccupat i on upon ph y s i ognomy 8 5
o ,
5 9 3 9 4 1 5 ; up n Physiogn omy 5
, ,
t b uti
ri of the to cu l ture 3 34 3 5 2 ;
on , , , pol i t i cal development 3 8 1 65 1 68 , ,
-
l n g ti n f i n fancy 3 8
o a o o , race 42 1 ,
ature ) a ,
o ,
my
,
li ti l expansion 1 69 200 2 1 8
ca , , , cattle zone 1 54 ; of the camel zo e ,
n ,
Econom i c Status f the Nigr i tians com , o generalizat i ons respect ing 1 6 , 2
pared to their moral status 1 3 ,
0 Fami l y Status as a factor f polit i cal ,
o
Ed ucat i o n e ffect f upon the Negroes, o , , sta bili t y 1 83 1 88 2 1 4 2 2 9 ; e ffect f
, , , , o ,
4 5 43 7 ; e f
2 fect f pon the n at i ves
, o , u upon revenge 2 36 ; upon ceremonies , ,
proper or d er f t i me shou ld o ,
1 40
b e prece d ed b y econom i c tra i i ng n , Far i n i on the future f the Bushmen
, o ,
di scuss i on f the o , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 7 1 , 20 1 , 3 7
0 ; f the w hite race by the Negro
o
ps y cho l og i cal l i fe 42 4 14 0
the N i gr i t i ans 1 3 8 1 5 0 1 5 7 1 6 1 ; of 34 , , , ,
H l qu
o ve a c on the civ i lizat i on f the
e, slaver y 9 8 39 6 o , ,
Negro 43 ,
1 Inequality e ffect f upon ceremonies , o , ,
H um idi t y f the air e f fect of the upon 2 4 ; upon pol i tical condit i ons 1 7
o 5 , 5 , ,
wi ves 34 1 44 5 ; supported by
, ,
character i st i cs 4 9 ; European i n
, 1 2 ,
2 ,
v l pm t
, ,
1 74 6 2 9 1 3 7 3 7 ; relat i on f
, 2 , , 0 , 1 o ,
on th facu l t y fattent i on 3 65
e o , among the H ottentots 5 6 among the ,
j l f
o o s,sundr y d i scuss i on f the 80 1 18 o , , , N i gr i t i ans 7 7 86 7 6 , 1 , 1 , 20 , 22
1 20 , 2 2 6, 3 1 3, 3 1 4, 40 9 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 1 L i b er i ans p i n i ons concerning the 42
, O , 1,
J udi c i a l procee di ngs , 1 7 9 , 1 8 7 , 1 90, 2 07 , 440
2 2 7 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 6, 2 7 I L ibert y evo l ut i on f 2 37 —2 3 8
, o ,
g
0 i
, , , 5 ,
f the 1 5 4 1 5 6 1 5 7 5 9 2 3
o , 7 , ,
- 1 ,
2 ,
22 , mo d e fl i fe upon 45 o ,
presents 1 4 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1 5 7—1 5 8 ;
, , , ,
1 ,
LA B OR , i ntensity of
, i n the several zones , by serv i ce 1 48 1 5 5 b y capture 1 48 , , ,
free d om 2
3 ; ava il a bil it y fA fr i can
, 1 o , 1 3 5 ; bond f 1 34 1 4 8
3 5 ; cere o , ,
0,
61 3 , 3 1
3 43 5 446 ; va l ue f
0, 1 1, 1 2, , o mon y f 34 ; between freemen and
o 1
s l aves rare 1 48 ; ro mantic in the cat
,
menta l st i mulation to 2 3 , 1 , ,
L an d e ffect f al i enat i ng 6 1 30 ;
, o , 1, tl e zone 5 4 ; age f 1 4 3 5 54 1 33
, 1 o , , , , ,
1 3 ; masses an d di v i s i ons
0 f as f M ason on dou bl e personal i ty 2 6 o , a , ,
2
f ti ng race ty pes 7 8 ; re l at i on
ec f M atriarchate prevalence f the 5 3 ; , o ,
o , 1
free to slavery 5 3 1 1
, ; ef fect trans i t i on f the to the patr i archate
, , 1 , 122 o , ,
M e d i cal Schoo l s 2 8 1 ,
L l y
a ve e Emile de on the re l at i on of
e, Ps y cho l ogi cal C haracteri stics)
M t l and Phys i cal Energy 366 40 1
,
cu l ture to w ants 2 5 6 , en a , , ,
La wy ers A frican 2 0 9 2 1 0 , 40 9 , ,
n mn t 1 7 7
, , ,
er 1 85
e , , 166 ; fpol i t i cal aggress i on 1 66
o ,
s i on 1 70 7 3 0 1 2 8
, , 1 ,
2 , 1 M usic ( See A t [Esthet i c L i fe )
, r :
the 1 0 2
, L i fe )
M i nd f man as d i stingu i shed from that
, o M y ers on double personalit y 2 63
, ,
cent fthe 4 1 5 o ,
M ohamme d ans 45 ,
2 or r e,
n d in ph y s i cal and m
, , , ,
3 1 2 3 8 ef
,
fect ftheir religion upon
1 O 4 3 6 ; an d in respect to sens i t i veness f o
M ongolian compare d to the Negro , , the as the equal of the white man
, ,
84 43 3 , 4 3 5
g my
M no ga , 1 4, 35 , 1
5 6 Negro P roblem in A fr i ca solut i on of
,
a y 1 3 5 ; on the e f
fect,f so i ls o 4 1 ; 1 f van i t y 3 9 5 ; Of cruelt y to , o
M ortal i ty of white mn i n A fr i ca
, , , ,
e , 7 2 4 5 41 1
0 f cruelty to animals 390 ;
, o ,
4G“) I N D EX
economic 4 1 7 stages f 445 di d , o , sa psychological characterist i cs in a race ,
vantages of rapi d 4 4 4 2 9 43 1 ,
2 , , 4 2 3 ; on the i nfluence f mis ionary o s
ofthe family 1 6 1 ,
on the i nfluence f European i n ti tu o s
Proverbs native 45 3 6 40 2 , , ,
1, the N i gr i tians 2 5 7 f the Fel l atahs , o ,
settl i ng fthe 42 4 o ,
e n ce d b y env i ronment 1 8 3 8 3 9 ; , , 1 , 1
P ubert y e ffect f upon mental d evelop
, o , i nfluenced by kno wl e d ge 3 24 ( See , ,
P unishment f cr i m i nals 1 7 9 1 87 2 0 8 o , , , ,
Rel i g i ous ceremon i es 2 48 2 99 , ,
I
1 1 1, 1 1 4, 1 2 4, 1 3 3, 1 69, 1 9 8, 2 00 , SAC R IFIC E S human , , 2 45 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 ,
5
2 12 ; to obtain tri b ute , 1 99 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 , 2 87 , 2 8 8, 2 90 , 2 9 1 , 3 6,
0 316 ; animal ,
2 33 , to obtain booty , 1
5 3 9,60, , 16
5 , 5 9, 2 66, 2 68, 2 7 8, 2 88 ,
3 0 6,
317
1 98 Schools native 3 3 409 , , 1 ,
Railroa d s 97 1 1 0 , ,
Schopenhauer on the i nfluence f cul , o
R ain regi ons e ffect of upon the color of ture and env i ronment upon the ph ys
i g m
, ,
h t tu
c i ec fect f upon fam i l y
1 39 ; e f re , o Sch w ein furth on the i nfluence f n o e
li fe 1 3 9, i
v ro n e ,
of 1 3 8
,
tends to superse d e art 3 2 7 compare d ,
mixture 2 3 1 , lack f 39 7 o
,
Reason i ng fthe Negro an d w h i te man, o Sem i t i c Race ta i nted w ith Negro b loo d , ,
e nc d b y the agricultural li f
e e 11 ; , 1 cu l ture 2 5 5 ,
b y the pastoral l i fe 5 3 1 2 1 2 8 ; , ,
2, Spencer on the comp l exity fthe human
, o
or i g i n of 9 8 ; relation f to free land
, o , , feelings 3 8 ; on the e f fect f di et
, 1 o
53 9 8
, 1 1 1 1 2 2 ;,relat i on of to cap i , , upon the human figure 84 ; on the ,
tal 9 8 ; among savage and civilized e ffect f activity upon the phy i g o s o
n m
,
,
1 tyranny and ceremon y 2 5 4 ; on the ,
1 2 3 ; a b ol i t i on f 1 1 ; advantages o ,
0 ceremon i al contro l 2 5 3 ; on the value ,
of
, 1 69
of mus i c 3 5 2 ; on the orig i n of the ,
taining 99 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 ; cases of
, , 1, ,
2 the imagination of the savage 3 67 ,
1 4 99 ; l ack
, f aspirat i on f in the o o , 17 45 5 8 2 5 7 2 9 6 ; in economic
, , , ,
1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 ; d i spos i t i on
, f to run
, o , and detectives 2 70 2 89 2 99 ; in , , ,
g
3 3 a
t fl
; , , ,
moted w ar 1 99 2 2 ; e x p nsion of , c t , r 4 5 22
3 8 ( S ee a er i a as e s , , ,
1 68 1 7 2 1 7 ; arrest
,3 f the , 9 6 economic development 9 2 1
o 24 ; , , ,
a , , e ec o , , ,
1 46 1 1 4 , 1 4, 1 47 , 1 48, 1 5 6
3
S ciology
o , sc ope a nd method , (S ee Subl ime sense of , th e, a b se nt mong the
a
P efa c e )
r Negroes 354 ,
49 2 IN DEX
Su d an limits an d description of the
, , 65 , mental and social d evelopment , 1 2 9,
90 41 2
Su er i ng e ffect f upon id eal i sm 3 9 8 ;
ff o ,
V egetarian argument re fute d 9 4 ,
,
,
V incent on the funct i ons of the family
, ,
S u vi v
r
,
Sycophanc y 47 5 2 5 2 ,
2 ,
2 0, Wa i tz on the cu l ture f the A mer i ca ns
, o
, government 1 7 7 2 04 2 2 5 i nfluence
occupat i on 85 , of upon the fam i ly l i fe 4 1 47 ; as
, , ,
1 0,
Tattoo i ng 4 5 7 3 2 7 3 37
, ,
,
2, » » a factor i n the trans i t i on from the ma
Teachers nat i ve 3 3 , ,
1
tr i archate to the patr i archate 1 63
Teleological po w er 45 5
, ,
Telepath y me ntal 2 62
,
(See A rmy )
, , W ar d on the evolution f man s sensi o
’
, , , 2 00 , 2 1 8
2 68
Wealth relation f to pol i tical power o
Theal on the e ffects of civilization upon , , ,
, polit i ca l po w er 2 36
Thomas on the gaming instinct in man
,
groes 37 7
Tibbus sundry di scussion of the ,
, ,
1 20
scope an d methods of the 45 5 9 2 6 1
Totem 1 7 1 63
, , , ,
, , 2 7 6 2 7 9 2 8 3 3 4 ; fees f the 2 8 1 ; 1 o
Trade origin of 95 in fl uence f , , , ,
, ,
0 priests 2 86 ; qua l ificat i ons of 2 8 1 ;
upon other natura l races 44 2 a sub ,
,
0 h
ti tut f ro b bery 9 5 ( See Econom i c
,
s e or , , flu n efcl i mate upon 3 1 7
ce o
Li fe)
, ,
5 5 ; numb r 1
,
e
,
tors f 33 3 349 o , , o
. ,
Trophies 2 46
, ,
, , 14 152
0, 1 59 2 5 ; cost f 3 5 1 33 0 o ,
treatment of 5 4 2 69 , , 1 47 1 4 ; paid f
5 i
,
n iron 1 47 ; in
,
or
, ,
ments 43
o s r
ment f 35 1 4 1 5 2 1 5 4 1 5 8 430 ;
o , , 0, , , ,
m i nd 87 , the i r hus b an d s 5 4 1 39 1 44 1 5 1 , , , ,
1
5 ; 2o w n in di v id ual property 1 46 , ,
V a ri ety f phenomena e f
fect o , of,
upon ,
a