Tension Testing of Metallic Materials: Standard Test Methods For

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Designation: E8/E8M − 13 AmericanAssociation State

Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T68
An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for

Tension Testing of Metallic Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E8/E8M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the A356/A356M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low
methods of determination of yield strength, yield point Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Tur-
elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area. bines
1.2 The gauge lengths for most round specimens are re- A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
quired to be 4D for E8 and 5D for E8M. The gauge length is of Steel Products
the most significant difference between E8 and E8M test B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
specimens. Test specimens made from powder metallurgy Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
(P/M) materials are exempt from this requirement by industry- B557M Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
wide agreement to keep the pressing of the material to a Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products (Metric)
specific projected area and density. E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
1.3 Exceptions to the provisions of these test methods may E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
need to be made in individual specifications or test methods for Determine Conformance with Specifications
a particular material. For examples, see Test Methods and E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
Definitions A370 and Test Methods B557, and B557M. someter Systems
1.4 Room temperature shall be considered to be 10 to 38°C E345 Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
[50 to 100°F] unless otherwise specified. E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Determine the Precision of a Test Method
separate from inch/pound units. The values stated in each E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the Force Application
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
E1856 Guide for Evaluating Computerized Data Acquisition
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Systems Used to Acquire Data from Universal Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Machines
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing—
3.1.1 The definitions of mechanical testing terms that ap-
1
pear in the Terminology E6 apply to this test method.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
2
Uniaxial Testing. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved 2011 as E8/E8M – 11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0008_E0008M-13. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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E8/E8M − 13
3.1.1.1 These terms include bending strain, constraint, the stress-strain curve at the point of inflection. If there is no
elongation, extensometer, force, gauge length, necking, re- point at or near the onset of yielding at which the slope reaches
duced section, stress-strain diagram, testing machine, and zero, the material has 0 % YPE.
modulus of elasticity. 3.1.11 yield strength, YS or Sy [FL–2], n—the engineering
3.1.2 In addition, the following common terms from Termi- stress at which, by convention, it is considered that plastic
nology E6 are defined: elongation of the material has commenced.
3.1.3 discontinuous yielding, n—in a uniaxial test, a hesita- 3.1.11.1 Discussion—This stress may be specified in terms
tion or fluctuation of force observed at the onset of plastic of (a) a specified deviation from a linear stress-strain
deformation, due to localized yielding. relationship, (b) a specified total extension attained, or (c)
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The stress-strain curve need not appear maximum or minimum engineering stresses measured during
to be discontinuous. discontinuous yielding.
3.1.4 elongation at fracture, n—the elongation measured 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated with 3.2.1 referee test, n—test made to settle a disagreement as to
fracture. the conformance to specified requirements, or conducted by a
3.1.4.1 Discussion—For many materials not exhibiting a third party to arbitrate between conflicting results. D1566,
sudden decrease in force, the elongation at fracture can be D11.08
taken as the strain measured just prior to when the force falls
below 10 % of the maximum force encountered during the test. 4. Significance and Use
3.1.5 lower yield strength, LYS [FL-2]—in a uniaxial test,
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and
the minimum stress recorded during discontinuous yielding,
ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This
ignoring transient effects.
information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy
3.1.6 reduction of area, n—the difference between the development, quality control, and design under certain circum-
original cross-sectional area of a tension test specimen and the stances.
area of its smallest cross section.
4.2 The results of tension tests of specimens machined to
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The reduction of area is usually ex-
standardized dimensions from selected portions of a part or
pressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area of
material may not totally represent the strength and ductility
the specimen.
properties of the entire end product or its in-service behavior in
3.1.6.2 Discussion—The smallest cross section may be mea-
different environments.
sured at or after fracture as specified for the material under test.
3.1.6.3 Discussion—The term reduction of area when ap- 4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for ac-
plied to metals generally means measurement after fracture; ceptance testing of commercial shipments. The test methods
when applied to plastics and elastomers, measurement at have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.
fracture. Such interpretation is usually applicable to values for
reduction of area reported in the literature when no further 5. Apparatus
qualification is given. (E28.04) 5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for tension testing
–2
3.1.7 tensile strength, Su [FL ], n—the maximum tensile shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The forces
stress that a material is capable of sustaining. used in determining tensile strength and yield strength shall be
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Tensile strength is calculated from the within the verified force application range of the testing
maximum force during a tension test carried to rupture and the machine as defined in Practices E4.
original cross-sectional area of the specimen. 5.2 Gripping Devices:
3.1.8 uniform elongation, Elu, [%]—the elongation deter- 5.2.1 General—Various types of gripping devices may be
mined at the maximum force sustained by the test piece just used to transmit the measured force applied by the testing
prior to necking or fracture, or both. machine to the test specimens. To ensure axial tensile stress
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Uniform elongation includes both elas- within the gauge length, the axis of the test specimen should
tic and plastic elongation. coincide with the center line of the heads of the testing
3.1.9 upper yield strength, UYS [FL-2]—in a uniaxial test, machine. Any departure from this requirement may introduce
the first stress maximum (stress at first zero slope) associated bending stresses that are not included in the usual stress
with discontinuous yielding at or near the onset of plastic computation (force divided by cross-sectional area).
deformation. NOTE 1—The effect of this eccentric force application may be illus-
3.1.10 yield point elongation, YPE, n—in a uniaxial test, the trated by calculating the bending moment and stress thus added. For a
standard 12.5-mm [0.500-in.] diameter specimen, the stress increase is 1.5
strain (expressed in percent) separating the stress-strain curve’s
percentage points for each 0.025 mm [0.001 in.] of eccentricity. This error
first point of zero slope from the point of transition from increases to 2.5 percentage points/ 0.025 mm [0.001 in.] for a 9 mm
discontinuous yielding to uniform strain hardening. [0.350-in.] diameter specimen and to 3.2 percentage points/ 0.025 mm
3.1.10.1 Discussion— If the transition occurs over a range [0.001 in.] for a 6-mm [0.250-in.] diameter specimen.
of strain, the YPE end point is the intersection between (a) a NOTE 2—Alignment methods are given in Practice E1012.
horizontal line drawn tangent to the curve at the last zero slope 5.2.2 Wedge Grips—Testing machines usually are equipped
and (b) a line drawn tangent to the strain hardening portion of with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish a
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E8/E8M − 13
satisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductile metal 6.1.1 Specimen Size—Test specimens shall be either sub-
and flat plate test specimens such as those shown in Fig. 1. If, stantially full size or machined, as prescribed in the product
however, for any reason, one grip of a pair advances farther specifications for the material being tested.
than the other as the grips tighten, an undesirable bending 6.1.2 Location—Unless otherwise specified, the axis of the
stress may be introduced. When liners are used behind the test specimen shall be located within the parent material as
wedges, they must be of the same thickness and their faces follows:
must be flat and parallel. For best results, the wedges should be 6.1.2.1 At the center for products 40 mm [1.500 in.] or less
supported over their entire lengths by the heads of the testing in thickness, diameter, or distance between flats.
machine. This requires that liners of several thicknesses be 6.1.2.2 Midway from the center to the surface for products
available to cover the range of specimen thickness. For proper over 40 mm [1.500 in.] in thickness, diameter, or distance
gripping, it is desirable that the entire length of the serrated between flats.
face of each wedge be in contact with the specimen. Proper 6.1.3 Specimen Machining—Improperly prepared test speci-
alignment of wedge grips and liners is illustrated in Fig. 2. For mens often are the reason for unsatisfactory and incorrect test
short specimens and for specimens of many materials it is results. It is important, therefore, that care be exercised in the
generally necessary to use machined test specimens and to use preparation of specimens, particularly in the machining, to
a special means of gripping to ensure that the specimens, when maximize precision and minimize bias in test results.
under load, shall be as nearly as possible in uniformly 6.1.3.1 The reduced sections of prepared specimens should
distributed pure axial tension (see 5.2.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5). be free of cold work, notches, chatter marks, grooves, gouges,
5.2.3 Grips for Threaded and Shouldered Specimens and burrs, rough surfaces or edges, overheating, or any other
Brittle Materials—A schematic diagram of a gripping device condition which can deleteriously affect the properties to be
for threaded-end specimens is shown in Fig. 3, while Fig. 4 measured.
shows a device for gripping specimens with shouldered ends. NOTE 3—Punching or blanking of the reduced section may produce
Both of these gripping devices should be attached to the heads significant cold work or shear burrs, or both, along the edges which should
of the testing machine through properly lubricated spherical- be removed by machining.
seated bearings. The distance between spherical bearings 6.1.3.2 Within the reduced section of rectangular
should be as great as feasible. specimens, edges or corners should not be ground or abraded in
5.2.4 Grips for Sheet Materials—The self-adjusting grips a manner which could cause the actual cross-sectional area of
shown in Fig. 5 have proven satisfactory for testing sheet the specimen to be significantly different from the calculated
materials that cannot be tested satisfactorily in the usual type of area.
wedge grips. 6.1.3.3 For brittle materials, large radius fillets at the ends of
5.2.5 Grips for Wire—Grips of either the wedge or snubbing the gauge length should be used.
types as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 or flat wedge grips may be 6.1.3.4 The cross-sectional area of the specimen should be
used. smallest at the center of the reduced section to ensure fracture
5.3 Dimension-Measuring Devices—Micrometers and other within the gauge length. For this reason, a small taper is
devices used for measuring linear dimensions shall be accurate permitted in the reduced section of each of the specimens
and precise to at least one half the smallest unit to which the described in the following sections.
individual dimension is required to be measured. 6.1.4 Specimen Surface Finish—When materials are tested
with surface conditions other than as manufactured, the surface
5.4 Extensometers—Extensometers used in tension testing finish of the test specimens should be as provided in the
shall conform to the requirements of Practice E83 for the applicable product specifications.
classifications specified by the procedure section of this test
NOTE 4—Particular attention should be given to the uniformity and
method. Extensometers shall be used and verified to include quality of surface finish of specimens for high strength and very low
the strains corresponding to the yield strength and elongation at ductility materials since this has been shown to be a factor in the
fracture (if determined). variability of test results.
5.4.1 Extensometers with gauge lengths equal to or shorter 6.2 Plate-Type Specimens—The standard plate-type test
than the nominal gauge length of the specimen (dimension specimen is shown in Fig. 1. This specimen is used for testing
shown as “G-Gauge Length” in the accompanying figures) may metallic materials in the form of plate, shapes, and flat material
be used to determine the yield behavior. For specimens without having a nominal thickness of 5 mm [0.188 in.] or over. When
a reduced section (for example, full cross sectional area product specifications so permit, other types of specimens may
specimens of wire, rod, or bar), the extensometer gauge length be used, as provided in 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5.
for the determination of yield behavior shall not exceed 80 %
6.3 Sheet-Type Specimens:
of the distance between grips. For measuring elongation at
6.3.1 The standard sheet-type test specimen is shown in Fig.
fracture with an appropriate extensometer, the gauge length of
1. This specimen is used for testing metallic materials in the
the extensometer shall be equal to the nominal gauge length
form of sheet, plate, flat wire, strip, band, hoop, rectangles, and
required for the specimen being tested.
shapes ranging in nominal thickness from 0.13 to 19 mm
[0.005 to 0.750 in.]. When product specifications so permit,
6. Test Specimens
other types of specimens may be used, as provided in 6.2, 6.4,
6.1 General: and 6.5.
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E8/E8M − 13
Dimensions
Standard Specimens Subsize Specimen
Plate-Type, 40 mm Sheet-Type, 12.5 mm 6 mm
[1.500 in.] Wide [0.500 in.] Wide [0.250 in.] Wide
mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.]
G—Gauge length (Note 1 and Note 2) 200.0 ± 0.2 50.0 ± 0.1 25.0 ± 0.1
[8.00 ± 0.01] [2.000 ± 0.005] [1.000 ± 0.003]
W—Width (Note 3 and Note 4) 40.0 ± 2.0 12.5 ± 0.2 6.0 ± 0.1
[1.500 ± 0.125, -0.250] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.250 ± 0.005]
T—Thickness (Note 5) thickness of material
R—Radius of fillet, min (Note 6) 25 [1] 12.5 [0.500] 6 [0.250]
L—Overall length, min (Note 2, Note 7, and Note 8) 450 [18] 200 [8] 100 [4]
A—Length of reduced section, min 225 [9] 57 [2.25] 32 [1.25]
B—Length of grip section, min (Note 9) 75 [3] 50 [2] 30 [1.25]
C—Width of grip section, approximate (Note 4 and Note 9) 50 [2] 20 [0.750] 10 [0.375]
NOTE 1—For the 40 mm [1.500 in.] wide specimen, punch marks for measuring elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of
the specimen and within the reduced section. Either a set of nine or more punch marks 25 mm [1 in.] apart, or one or more pairs of punch marks 200
mm [8 in.] apart may be used.
NOTE 2—When elongation measurements of 40 mm [1.500 in.] wide specimens are not required, a minimum length of reduced section (A) of 75 mm
[2.25 in.] may be used with all other dimensions similar to those of the plate-type specimen.
NOTE 3—For the three sizes of specimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.10, 0.05 or 0.02 mm [0.004, 0.002
or 0.001 in.], respectively. Also, there may be a gradual decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at each end shall not be more than
1 % larger than the width at the center.
NOTE 4—For each of the three sizes of specimens, narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases the width of the reduced
section should be as large as the width of the material being tested permits; however, unless stated specifically, the requirements for elongation in a product
specification shall not apply when these narrower specimens are used.
NOTE 5—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications. Minimum thickness of 40 mm
[1.500 in.] wide specimens shall be 5 mm [0.188 in.]. Maximum thickness of 12.5 and 6 mm [0.500 and 0.250 in.] wide specimens shall be 19 and 6
mm [0.750 and 0.250 in.], respectively.
NOTE 6—For the 40 mm [1.500 in.] wide specimen, a 13 mm [0.500 in.] minimum radius at the ends of the reduced section is permitted for steel
specimens under 690 MPa [100 000 psi] in tensile strength when a profile cutter is used to machine the reduced section.
NOTE 7—The dimension shown is suggested as a minimum. In determining the minimum length, the grips must not extend in to the transition section
between Dimensions A and B, see Note 9.
NOTE 8—To aid in obtaining axial force application during testing of 6-mm [0.250-in.] wide specimens, the overall length should be as large as the
material will permit, up to 200 mm [8.00 in.].
NOTE 9—It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section large enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more of the length of the grips. If the thickness of 12.5 mm [0.500-in.] wide specimens is over 10 mm [0.375 in.], longer grips and
correspondingly longer grip sections of the specimen may be necessary to prevent failure in the grip section.
NOTE 10—For the three sizes of specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical in width with the center line of the reduced section within
2.5, 1.25 and 0.13 mm [0.10, 0.05 and 0.005 in.], respectively. However, for referee testing and when required by product specifications, the ends of the
12.5 mm [0.500 in.] wide specimen shall be symmetrical within 0.2 mm [0.01 in.].
NOTE 11—For each specimen type, the radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other within a tolerance of 1.25 mm [0.05 in.], and the centers of
curvature of the two fillets at a particular end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a tolerance of 2.5
mm [0.10 in.].
NOTE 12—Specimens with sides parallel throughout their length are permitted, except for referee testing, provided: (a) the above tolerances are used;
(b) an adequate number of marks are provided for determination of elongation; and (c) when yield strength is determined, a suitable extensometer is used.
If the fracture occurs at a distance of less than 2 W from the edge of the gripping device, the tensile properties determined may not be representative of
the material. In acceptance testing, if the properties meet the minimum requirements specified, no further testing is required, but if they are less than the
minimum requirements, discard the test and retest.
FIG. 1 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens
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FIG. 2 Wedge Grips with Liners for Flat Specimens
FIG. 4 Gripping Device for Shouldered-End Specimens
FIG. 3 Gripping Device for Threaded-End Specimens
NOTE 5—Test Methods E345 may be used for tension testing of

materials in thicknesses up to 0.15 mm [0.0059 in.].
6.3.2 Pin ends as shown in Fig. 7 may be used. In order to
avoid buckling in tests of thin and high-strength materials, it
may be necessary to use stiffening plates at the grip ends.
6.4 Round Specimens:
6.4.1 The standard 12.5-mm [0.500-in.] diameter round test
specimen shown in Fig. 8 is used quite generally for testing
metallic materials, both cast and wrought. FIG. 5 Gripping Devices for Sheet and Wire Specimens
6.4.2 Fig. 8 also shows small-size specimens proportional to
the standard specimen. These may be used when it is necessary
to test material from which the standard specimen or specimens specimens may be used. In any such small-size specimen it is
shown in Fig. 1 cannot be prepared. Other sizes of small round important that the gauge length for measurement of elongation
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diameter shall be used when following E8M unless otherwise
specified. The total length of the specimens shall be at least
equal to the gauge length plus the length of material required
for the full use of the grips employed.
6.6.2 For wire of octagonal, hexagonal, or square cross
section, for rod or bar of round cross section where the
specimen required in 6.6.1 is not practicable, and for rod or bar
of octagonal, hexagonal, or square cross section, one of the
following types of specimens shall be used:
6.6.2.1 Full Cross Section (Note 6)—It is permissible to
reduce the test section slightly with abrasive cloth or paper, or
machine it sufficiently to ensure fracture within the gauge
marks. For material not exceeding 5 mm [0.188 in.] in diameter
FIG. 6 Snubbing Device for Testing Wire or distance between flats, the cross-sectional area may be
reduced to not less than 90 % of the original area without
changing the shape of the cross section. For material over
be four times the diameter of the specimen when following E8 5 mm [0.188 in.] in diameter or distance between flats, the
and five times the diameter of the specimen when following diameter or distance between flats may be reduced by not more
E8M. than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.] without changing the shape of the
6.4.3 The shape of the ends of the specimen outside of the cross section. Square, hexagonal, or octagonal wire or rod not
gauge length shall be suitable to the material and of a shape to exceeding 5 mm [0.188 in.] between flats may be turned to a
fit the holders or grips of the testing machine so that the forces round having a cross-sectional area not smaller than 90 % of
may be applied axially. Fig. 9 shows specimens with various the area of the maximum inscribed circle. Fillets, preferably
types of ends that have given satisfactory results. with a radius of 10 mm [0.375 in.], but not less than 3 mm
6.5 Specimens for Sheet, Strip, Flat Wire, and Plate—In [0.125 in.], shall be used at the ends of the reduced sections.
testing sheet, strip, flat wire, and plate, use a specimen type Square, hexagonal, or octagonal rod over 5 mm [0.188 in.]
appropriate for the nominal thickness of the material, as between flats may be turned to a round having a diameter no
described in the following: smaller than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.] less than the original distance
6.5.1 For material with a nominal thickness of 0.13 to 5 mm between flats.
[0.005 to 0.1875 in.], use the sheet-type specimen described in NOTE 6—The ends of copper or copper alloy specimens may be
6.3. flattened 10 to 50 % from the original dimension in a jig similar to that
6.5.2 For material with a nominal thickness of 5 to 12.5 mm shown in Fig. 10, to facilitate fracture within the gauge marks. In
[0.1875 to 0.500 in.], use either the sheet-type specimen of 6.3 flattening the opposite ends of the test specimen, care shall be taken to
ensure that the four flattened surfaces are parallel and that the two parallel
or the plate-type specimen of 6.2. surfaces on the same side of the axis of the test specimen lie in the same
6.5.3 For material with a nominal thickness of 12.5 to 19 plane.
mm [0.500 to 0.750 in.], use either the sheet-type specimen of
6.3, the plate-type specimen of 6.2, or the largest practical size 6.6.2.2 For rod and bar, the largest practical size of round
of round specimen described in 6.4. specimen as described in 6.4 may be used in place of a test
6.5.4 For material with a nominal thickness of 19 mm specimen of full cross section. Unless otherwise specified in
[0.750 in.], or greater, use the plate-type specimen of 6.2 or the the product specification, specimens shall be parallel to the
largest practical size of round specimen described in 6.4. direction of rolling or extrusion.
6.5.4.1 If the product specifications permit, material of a 6.7 Specimens for Rectangular Bar—In testing rectangular
thickness of 19 mm [ 0.750 in.], or greater may be tested using bar one of the following types of specimens shall be used:
a modified sheet-type specimen conforming to the configura- 6.7.1 Full Cross Section—It is permissible to reduce the
tion shown by Fig. 1. The thickness of this modified specimen width of the specimen throughout the test section with abrasive
must be machined to 10 6 0.5 mm [0.400 6 0.020 in.], and cloth or paper, or by machining sufficiently to facilitate fracture
must be uniform within 0.1 mm [0.004 in.] throughout the within the gauge marks, but in no case shall the reduced width
reduced section. In the event of disagreement, a round speci- be less than 90 % of the original. The edges of the midlength
men shall be used as the referee test (comparison) specimen. of the reduced section not less than 20 mm [3⁄4 in.] in length
6.6 Specimens for Wire, Rod, and Bar: shall be parallel to each other and to the longitudinal axis of the
6.6.1 For round wire, rod, and bar, test specimens having the specimen within 0.05 mm [0.002 in.]. Fillets, preferably with a
full cross-sectional area of the wire, rod, or bar shall be used radius of 10 mm [3⁄8 in.] but not less than 3 mm [1⁄8 in.] shall
wherever practicable. The gauge length for the measurement of be used at the ends of the reduced sections.
elongation of wire less than 4 mm [0.125 in.] in diameter shall 6.7.2 Rectangular bar of thickness small enough to fit the
be as prescribed in product specifications. When testing wire, grips of the testing machine but of too great width may be
rod, or bar having a diameter of 4 mm [0.125 in.] or larger, a reduced in width by cutting to fit the grips, after which the cut
gauge length equal to four times the diameter shall be used surfaces shall be machined or cut and smoothed to ensure
when following E8 and a gauge length equal to five times the failure within the desired section. The reduced width shall not
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Dimensions, mm [in.]
G—Gauge length 50.0 ± 0.1 [2.000 ± 0.005]
W—Width (Note 1) 12.5 ± 0.2 [0.500 ± 0.010]
T—Thickness, max (Note 2) 16 [0.625]
R—Radius of fillet, min (Note 3) 13 [0.5]
L—Overall length, min 200 [8]
A—Length of reduced section, min 57 [2.25]
B—Length of grip section, min 50 [2]
C—Width of grip section, approximate 50 [2]
D—Diameter of hole for pin, min (Note 4) 13 [0.5]
E—Edge distance from pin, approximate 40 [1.5]
F—Distance from hole to fillet, min 13 [0.5]
NOTE 1—The ends of the reduced section shall differ in width by not more than 0.1 mm [0.002 in.]. There may be a gradual taper in width from the
ends to the center, but the width at each end shall be not more than 1 % greater than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as stated in the applicable product specifications.
NOTE 3—For some materials, a fillet radius R larger than 13 mm [0.500 in.] may be needed.
NOTE 4—Holes must be on center line of reduced section within 6 0.05mm [0.002 in].
NOTE 5—Variations of dimensions C, D, E, F, and L may be used that will permit failure within the gauge length.
FIG. 7 Pin-Loaded Tension Test Specimen with 50-mm [2-in.] Gauge Length
be less than the original bar thickness. Also, one of the types of specimens proportional to the standard 12.5-mm [0.500-in.]
specimens described in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 may be used. specimen, as mentioned in 6.4.2 and shown in Fig. 8, shall be
6.8 Shapes, Structural and Other—In testing shapes other used. Specimens of the type shown in Fig. 13 may be tested
than those covered by the preceding sections, one of the types with grips having a surface contour corresponding to the
of specimens described in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 shall be used. curvature of the tube. When grips with curved faces are not
available, the ends of the specimens may be flattened without
6.9 Specimens for Pipe and Tube (Note 7): heating. If the tube-wall thickness is 20 mm [0.750 in.] or over,
6.9.1 For all small tube (Note 7), particularly sizes 25 mm the standard specimen shown in Fig. 8 shall be used.
[1 in.] and under in nominal outside diameter, and frequently
for larger sizes, except as limited by the testing equipment, it is NOTE 8—In clamping of specimens from pipe and tube (as may be done
during machining) or in flattening specimen ends (for gripping), care must
standard practice to use tension test specimens of full-size be taken so as not to subject the reduced section to any deformation or
tubular sections. Snug-fitting metal plugs shall be inserted far cold work, as this would alter the mechanical properties.
enough into the ends of such tubular specimens to permit the
6.9.3 Transverse tension test specimens for tube may be
testing machine jaws to grip the specimens properly. The plugs
taken from rings cut from the ends of the tube as shown in Fig.
shall not extend into that part of the specimen on which the
14. Flattening of the specimen may be either after separating as
elongation is measured. Elongation is measured over a length
in A, or before separating as in B. Transverse tension test
of four times the diameter when following E8 or five times the
specimens for large tube under 20 mm [0.750 in.] in wall
diameter when following E8M unless otherwise stated in the
thickness shall be either of the small-size specimens shown in
product specification. Fig. 11 shows a suitable form of plug, the
Fig. 8 or of the form and dimensions shown for Specimen 2 in
location of the plugs in the specimen, and the location of the
Fig. 13. When using the latter specimen, either or both surfaces
specimen in the grips of the testing machine.
of the specimen may be machined to secure a uniform
NOTE 7—The term “tube” is used to indicate tubular products in thickness, provided not more than 15 % of the normal wall
general, and includes pipe, tube, and tubing. thickness is removed from each surface. For large tube 20 mm
6.9.2 For large-diameter tube that cannot be tested in full [0.750 in.] and over in wall thickness, the standard specimen
section, longitudinal tension test specimens shall be cut as shown in Fig. 8 shall be used for transverse tension tests.
indicated in Fig. 12. Specimens from welded tube shall be Specimens for transverse tension tests on large welded tube to
located approximately 90° from the weld. If the tube-wall determine the strength of welds shall be located perpendicular
thickness is under 20 mm [0.750 in.], either a specimen of the to the welded seams, with the welds at about the middle of their
form and dimensions shown in Fig. 13 or one of the small-size lengths.
7
E8/E8M − 13
For Test Specimens with Gauge Length Four times the Diameter [E8]
Standard Small-Size Specimens Proportional to Standard
Specimen
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
G—Gauge length 50.0 ± 0.1 36.0 ± 0.1 24.0 ± 0.1 16.0 ± 0.1 10.0 ±0.1
[2.000 ± 0.005] [1.400 ± 0.005] [1.000 ± 0.005] [0.640 ± 0.005] [0.450 ± 0.005]
D—Diameter (Note 1) 12.5 ± 0.2 9.0 ±0.1 6.0 ± 0.1 4.0 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.1
[0.500 ± 0.010] [0.350 ± 0.007] [0.250 ± 0.005] [0.160 ± 0.003] [0.113 ± 0.002]
R—Radius of fillet, min 10 [0.375] 8 [0.25] 6 [0.188] 4 [0.156] 2 [0.094]
A—Length of reduced section, min (Note 2) 56 [2.25] 45 [1.75] 30 [1.25] 20 [0.75] 16 [0.625]
For Test Specimens with Gauge Length Five times the Diameter [E8M]
Standard Specimen Small-Size Specimens Proportional to Standard
G—Gauge length 62.5 ± 0.1 45.0 ± 0.1 30.0 ± 0.1 20.0 ± 0.1 12.5 ± 0.1
[2.500 ± 0.005] [1.750 ± 0.005] [1.250 ± 0.005] [0.800 ± 0.005] [0.565 ± 0.005]
D—Diameter (Note 1) 12.5 ± 0.2 9.0 ± 0.1 6.0 ± 0.1 4.0 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.1
[0.500 ± 0.010] [0.350 ± 0.007] [0.250 ± 0.005] [0.160 ± 0.003] [0.113 ± 0.002]
A—Length of reduced section, min (Note 2) 75 [3.0] 54 [2.0] 36 [1.4] 24 [1.0] 20 [0.75]
NOTE 1—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends not more than 1 % larger in diameter than the
center (controlling dimension).
NOTE 2—If desired, the length of the reduced section may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gauge length. Reference
marks for the measurement of elongation should, nevertheless, be spaced at the indicated gauge length.
NOTE 3—The gauge length and fillets may be as shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the force shall be axial (see Fig. 9). If the ends are to be held in wedge grips it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NOTE 4—On the round specimens in Figs. 8 and 9, the gauge lengths are equal to four [E8] or five times [E8M] the nominal diameter. In some product
specifications other specimens may be provided for, but unless the 4-to-1 [E8] or 5-to-1 [E8M] ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the
elongation values may not be comparable with those obtained from the standard test specimen.
NOTE 5—The use of specimens smaller than 6-mm [0.250-in.] diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested is of insufficient size
to obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater skill
in both machining and testing.
NOTE 6—For inch/pound units only: Five sizes of specimens often used have diameters of approximately 0.505, 0.357, 0.252, 0.160, and 0.113 in.,
the reason being to permit easy calculations of stress from loads, since the corresponding cross-sectional areas are equal or close to 0.200, 0.100, 0.0500,
0.0200, and 0.0100 in.2, respectively. Thus, when the actual diameters agree with these values, the stresses (or strengths) may be computed using the
simple multiplying factors 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100, respectively. (The metric equivalents of these five diameters do not result in correspondingly convenient
cross-sectional areas and multiplying factors.)
FIG. 8 Standard 12.5-mm [0.500-in.] Round Tension Test Specimen and Examples of Small-Size Specimens
Proportional to the Standard Specimen
8
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For Test Specimens with Gauge Length Four times the Diameter [E8]
G—Gauge length 50 ± 0.1 50 ± 0.1 50 ± 0.1 50 ± 0.1 50 ± 0.1
[2.000 ± 0.005] [2.000 ± 0.005] [2.000 ± 0.005] [2.000 ± 0.005] [2.000 ± 0.005]
D—Diameter (Note 1) 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2
[0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010]
A—Length of reduced section 56 [2.25] 56 [2.25] 100 [4] 56 [2.25] 56 [2.25]
min min approximate min min
L—Overall length, approximate 145 [5] 155 [5.5] 155 [5.5] 140 [4.75] 255 [9.5]
B—Length of end section (Note 3) 35 [1.375] 25 [1] 20 [0.75] 15 [0.5] 75 [3]
approximate approximate approximate approximate min
C—Diameter of end section 20 [0.75] 20 [0.75] 20 [0.75] 22 [0.875] 20 [0.75]
E—Length of shoulder and fillet section, approximate 15 [0.625] 20 [0.75] 15 [0.625]
F—Diameter of shoulder 15 [0.625] 15 [0.625] 15 [0.625]
For Test Specimens with Gauge Length Five times the Diameter [E8M]
G—Gauge length 62.5 ± 0.1 62.5 ± 0.1 62.5 ± 0.1 62.5 ± 0.1 62.5 ± 0.1
[2.500 ± 0.005] [2.500 ± 0.005] [2.500 ± 0.005] [2.500 ± 0.005] [2.500 ± 0.005]
D—Diameter (Note 1) 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2 12.5 ± 0.2
[0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010] [0.500 ± 0.010]
A—Length of reduced section 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3]
min min approximate min min
L—Overall length, approximate 145 [5] 155 [5.5] 155 [5.5] 140 [4.75] 255 [9.5]
B—Length of end section (Note 3) 35 [1.375] 25 [1] 20 [0.75] 15 [0.5] 75 [3]
approximate approximate approximate approximate min
C—Diameter of end section 20 [0.75] 20 [0.75] 20 [0.75] 22 [0.875] 20 [0.75]
E—Length of shoulder and fillet section, approximate 15 [0.625] 20 [0.75] 15 [0.625]
F—Diameter of shoulder 15 [0.625] 15 [0.625] 15 [0.625]
NOTE 1—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more than 1 %. larger in diameter than the
center.
NOTE 2—On Specimens 1 and 2, any standard thread is permissible that provides for proper alignment and aids in assuring that the specimen will break
within the reduced section.
NOTE 3—On Specimen 5 it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips
a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NOTE 4—The values stated in SI units in the table for Fig. 9 are to be regarded as separate from the inch/pound units. The values stated in each system
are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other.
FIG. 9 Various Types of Ends for Standard Round Tension Test Specimens
9
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obtained, or from a prolongation of the forging, or from
separately forged coupons representative of the forging. When
not otherwise specified, the axis of the specimen shall be
parallel to the direction of grain flow.
6.11 Specimens for Castings—In testing castings either the
standard specimen shown in Fig. 8 or the specimen shown in
Fig. 15 shall be used unless otherwise provided in the product
specifications.
6.11.1 Test coupons for castings shall be made as shown in
Fig. 16 and Table 1.
6.12 Specimen for Malleable Iron—For testing malleable
iron the test specimen shown in Fig. 17 shall be used, unless
otherwise provided in the product specifications.
FIG. 10 Squeezing Jig for Flattening Ends of Full-Size Tension 6.13 Specimen for Die Castings—For testing die castings
Test Specimens
the test specimen shown in Fig. 18 shall be used unless
otherwise provided in the product specifications.
6.14 Specimens for Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Materials—
For testing powder metallurgy (P/M) materials the test speci-
mens shown in Figs. 19 and 20 shall be used, unless otherwise
provided in the product specifications. When making test
specimens in accordance with Fig. 19, shallow transverse
grooves, or ridges, may be pressed in the ends to allow
gripping by jaws machined to fit the grooves or ridges. Because
of shape and other factors, the flat unmachined tensile test
specimen (Fig. 19) in the heat treated condition will have an
ultimate tensile strength of 50 % to 85 % of that determined in
a machined round tensile test specimen (Fig. 20) of like
composition and processing.
7. Procedures
NOTE 1—The diameter of the plug shall have a slight taper from the line
limiting the test machine jaws to the curved section. 7.1 Preparation of the Test Machine—Upon startup, or
FIG. 11 Metal Plugs for Testing Tubular Specimens, Proper Loca- following a prolonged period of machine inactivity, the test
tion of Plugs in Specimen and of Specimen in Heads of Testing machine should be exercised or warmed up to normal operating
Machine
temperatures to minimize errors that may result from transient
conditions.
7.2 Measurement of Dimensions of Test Specimens:
7.2.1 To determine the cross-sectional area of a test
specimen, measure the dimensions of the cross section at the
center of the reduced section. For referee testing of specimens
less than 5 mm [0.188 in.] in their least dimension, measure the
dimensions where the least cross-sectional area is found.
Measure and record the cross-sectional dimensions of tension
test specimens as follows:
(1) Specimen dimension ≥ 5 mm [0.200 in.] to the nearest
0.02 mm [0.001 in.].
NOTE 1—The edges of the blank for the specimen shall be cut parallel (2) 2.5 mm [0.100 in.] ≤ Specimen dimension < 5 mm
to each other.
[0.200 in.] to the nearest 0.01 mm [0.0005 in.].
FIG. 12 Location from Which Longitudinal Tension Test Speci-
mens Are to be Cut from Large-Diameter Tube (3) 0.5 mm [0.020 in.] ≤ specimen dimension < 2.5 mm
[0.100 in.] to the nearest 0.002 mm [0.0001 in.].
(4) Specimen dimensions < 0.5 mm [0.020 in.], to at least
6.10 Specimens for Forgings—For testing forgings, the the nearest 1 % when practical but in all cases to at least the
largest round specimen described in 6.4 shall be used. If round nearest 0.002 mm [0.0001 in.].
specimens are not feasible, then the largest specimen described
in 6.5 shall be used. NOTE 9—Accurate and precise measurement of specimen dimensions
can be one of the most critical aspects of tension testing, depending on
6.10.1 For forgings, specimens shall be taken as provided in specimen geometry. See Appendix X2 for additional information.
the applicable product specifications, either from the predomi- NOTE 10—Rough surfaces due to the manufacturing process such as hot
nant or thickest part of the forging from which a coupon can be rolling, metallic coating, etc., may lead to inaccuracy of the computed
10
E8/E8M − 13
Dimensions
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5 Specimen 6 Specimen 7
mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.]
G—Gauge length 50.0 ± 0.1 50.0 ± 0.1 200.0 ± 0.2 50.0 ± 0.1 100.0 ± 0.1 50.0 ± 0.1 100.0 ± 0.1
[2.000 ± 0.005] [2.000 ± 0.005] [8.00 ± 0.01] [2.000 ± 0.005] [4.000 ± 0.005] [2.000 ± 0.005] [4.000 ± 0.005]
W—Width (Note 1) 12.5 ± 0.2 40.0 ± 2.0 40.0 ± 0.2 20.0 ± 0.7 20.0 ± 0.7 25.0 ± 1.5 25.0 ± 1.5
[0.500 ± 0.010] [1.5 ± 0.125-0.25] [1.5 ± 0.125,-0.25] [0.750 ± 0.031] [0.750 ± 0.031] [1.000 ± 0.062] [1.000 ± 0.062]
T—Thickness measured thickness of specimen
R—Radius of fillet, min 12.5 [0.5] 25 [1] 25 [1] 25 [1] 25 [1] 25 [1] 25 [1]
A—Length of reduced 60 [2.25] 60 [2.25] 230 [9] 60 [2.25] 120 [4.5] 60 [2.25] 120 [4.5]
section,
min
B—Length of grip section, 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3] 75 [3]
min (Note 2)
C—Width of grip section, 20 [0.75] 50 [2] 50 [2] 25 [1] 25 [1] 40 [1.5] 40 [1.5]
approximate (Note 3)
NOTE 1—The ends of the reduced section shall differ from each other in width by not more than 0.5 %. There may be a gradual taper in width from
the ends to the center, but the width at each end shall be not more than 1 % greater than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NOTE 3—The ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 1 mm [0.05 in.] for specimens 1, 4, and
5, and 2.5 mm [0.10 in.] for specimens 2, 3, 6, and 7.
NOTE 4—For each specimen type, the radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other within a tolerance of 1.25 mm [ 0.05 in.], and the centers of curvature
of the two fillets at a particular end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a tolerance of 2.5 mm [0.10
in.].
NOTE 5—For circular segments, the cross-sectional area may be calculated by multiplying W and T. If the ratio of the dimension W to the diameter
of the tubular section is larger than about 1⁄6, the error in using this method to calculate the cross-sectional area may be appreciable. In this case, the exact
equation (see 7.2.3) must be used to determine the area.
NOTE 6—Specimens with G/W less than 4 should not be used for determination of elongation.
NOTE 7—Specimens with sides parallel throughout their length are permitted, except for referee testing, provided: (a) the above tolerances are used;
(b) an adequate number of marks are provided for determination of elongation; and (c) when yield strength is determined, a suitable extensometer is used.
If the fracture occurs at a distance of less than 2 W from the edge of the gripping device, the tensile properties determined may not be representative of
the material. If the properties meet the minimum requirements specified, no further testing is required, but if they are less than the minimum requirements,
discard the test and retest.
FIG. 13 Tension Test Specimens for Large-Diameter Tubular Products
FIG. 14 Location of Transverse Tension Test Specimen in Ring

Cut from Tubular Products
areas greater than the measured dimensions would indicate. Therefore, 7.2.2.1 Determine the weight to the nearest 0.5 % or less.
cross-sectional dimensions of test specimens with rough surfaces due to
processing may be measured and recorded to the nearest 0.02 mm [0.001 7.2.2.2 The cross-sectional area is equal to the mass of the
in.] specimen divided by the length and divided by the density of
NOTE 11—See X2.9 for cautionary information on measurements taken the material.
from coated metal products.
7.2.3 When using specimens of the type shown in Fig. 13
7.2.2 Determine the cross-sectional area of a full-size test taken from tubes, the cross-sectional area shall be determined
specimen of uniform but nonsymmetrical cross section by as follows:
determining the mass of a length not less than 20 times longer
If D/W ≤ 6:
than the largest cross-sectional dimension.
11
E8/E8M − 13
material being tested. Gauge marks shall be stamped lightly
with a punch, scribed lightly with dividers or drawn with ink as
preferred. For material that is sensitive to the effect of slight
notches and for small specimens, the use of layout ink will aid
in locating the original gauge marks after fracture.
7.3.2 For materials where the specified elongation is 3 % or
less, measure the original gauge length to the nearest 0.05 mm
[0.002 in.] prior to testing.
Dimensions
7.4 Zeroing of the Testing Machine:
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
7.4.1 The testing machine shall be set up in such a manner
mm [in.] mm [in.] mm [in.]
that zero force indication signifies a state of zero force on the
G—Length of parallel Shall be equal to or greater than diameter D
section
specimen. Any force (or preload) imparted by the gripping of
D—Diameter 12.5 ± 0.2 20 ± 0.4 36.0 ± 0.6 the specimen (see Note 13) must be indicated by the force
[0.500 ± 0.010] [0.750 ± 0.015] [1.25 ± 0.02] measuring system unless the preload is physically removed
R—Radius of fillet, 25 [1] 25 [1] 50 [2]
min prior to testing. Artificial methods of removing the preload on
A—Length of reduced 32 [1.25] 38 [1.5] 60 [2.25] the specimen, such as taring it out by a zero adjust pot or
section, removing it mathematically by software, are prohibited be-
min
L—Overall length, min 95 [3.75] 100 [4] 160 [6.375] cause these would affect the accuracy of the test results.
B—Length of end 25 [1] 25 [1] 45 [1.75]
section, NOTE 13—Preloads generated by gripping of specimens may be either
approximate tensile or compressive in nature and may be the result of such things as:
C—Diameter of end 20 [0.75] 30 [1.125] 48 [1.875] — grip design
section, — malfunction of gripping apparatus (sticking, binding, etc.)
approximate — excessive gripping force
E—Length of shoulder, 6 [0.25] 6 [0.25] 8 [0.312] — sensitivity of the control loop
min
NOTE 14—It is the operator’s responsibility to verify that an observed
F—Diameter of shoul- 16.0 ± 0.4 24.0 ± 0.4 36.5 ± 0.4
der [0.625 ± 0.016] [0.94 ± 0.016] [1.438 ± 0.016]
preload is acceptable and to ensure that grips operate in a smooth manner.
Unless otherwise specified, it is recommended that momentary (dynamic)
NOTE 1—The reduced section and shoulders (dimensions A, D, E, F, G, forces due to gripping not exceed 20 % of the material’s nominal yield
and R) shall be as shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders strength and that static preloads not exceed 10 % of the material’s nominal
of the testing machine in such a way that the force can be axial. yield strength.
Commonly the ends are threaded and have the dimensions B and C given 7.5 Gripping of the Test Specimen:
above.
7.5.1 For specimens with reduced sections, gripping of the
FIG. 15 Standard Tension Test Specimen for Cast Iron
specimen shall be restricted to the grip section, because
gripping in the reduced section or in the fillet can significantly
affect test results.
A5 FS DW
4 G FS D
3 =~ D 2 2 W 2 ! 1
D2
4
3 arcsin
W
D S DG FS D
2
W
4 7.6 Speed of Testing:
3 =~ D 2 2T ! 2 2 W 2 2 G FS D D 2 2T
2
2
3 arcsinS DG W
D 2 2T
(1)
7.6.1 Speed of testing may be defined in terms of (a) rate of
straining of the specimen, (b) rate of stressing of the specimen,
(c) crosshead speed, (d) the elapsed time for completing part or
where: all of the test, or (e) free-running crosshead speed (rate of
A = exact cross-sectional area, mm2 [in.2], movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not
W = width of the specimen in the reduced section, mm [in.], under load).
D = measured outside diameter of the tube, mm [in.], and 7.6.2 Specifying suitable numerical limits for speed and
T = measured wall thickness of the specimen, mm [in.].
selection of the method are the responsibilities of the product
arcsin values to be in radians committees. Suitable limits for speed of testing should be
If D/W > 6, the exact equation or the following equation may specified for materials for which the differences resulting from
be used: the use of different speeds are of such magnitude that the test
A 5 W 3T (2) results are unsatisfactory for determining the acceptability of
the material. In such instances, depending upon the material
where: and the use for which the test results are intended, one or more
A = approximate cross-sectional area, mm2 [in.2], of the methods described in the following paragraphs is
W = width of the specimen in the reduced section, mm [in.], recommended for specifying speed of testing.
and
T = measured wall thickness of the specimen, mm [in.]. NOTE 15—Speed of testing can affect test values because of the rate
NOTE 12—See X2.8 for cautionary information on measurements and sensitivity of materials and the temperature-time effects.
calculations for specimens taken from large-diameter tubing. 7.6.2.1 Rate of Straining—The allowable limits for rate of
7.3 Gauge Length Marking of Test Specimens: straining shall be specified in mm/mm/min [in./in./min]. Some
7.3.1 The gauge length for the determination of elongation testing machines are equipped with pacing or indicating
shall be in accordance with the product specifications for the devices for the measurement and control of rate of straining,
12
E8/E8M − 13
TABLE 1 Details of Test Coupon Design for Castings (see Fig. 16)
NOTE 1—Test Coupons for Large and Heavy Steel Castings: The test coupons in Fig. 16A and B are to be used for large and heavy steel castings.
However, at the option of the foundry the cross-sectional area and length of the standard coupon may be increased as desired. This provision does not
apply to Specification A356/A356M.
NOTE 2—Bend Bar: If a bend bar is required, an alternate design (as shown by dotted lines in Fig. 16) is indicated.
Leg Design, 125 mm [5 in.] Riser Design
1. L (length) A 125mm [5-in.] minimum length will be used. 1. L (length) The length of the riser at the base will be the
This length may be increased at the option of the same as the top length of the leg. The length of
foundry to accommodate additional test bars (see the riser at the top therefore depends on the
Note 1). amount of taper added to the riser.
The width of the riser at the base of a multiple-leg
coupon shall be n (57 mm) – 16 mm [n (2.25 in.)
Use of and size of end taper is at the option of – 0.625 in.] where n equals the number of legs
2. End taper 2. Width
the foundry. attached to the coupon. The width of the riser at
the top is therefore dependent on the amount of
taper added to the riser.
3. Height 32 mm [1.25 in.]
4. Width (at top) 32 mm [1.25 in.] (see Note 1)
5. Radius (at bottom) 13 mm [0.5 in.] max
6. Spacing between legs A 13 mm [0.5 in.] radius will be used between the
legs.
7. Location of test bars The tensile, bend, and impact bars will be taken
from the lower portion of the leg (see Note 2).
Use of and size is at the option of the foundry.
The minimum height of the riser shall be 51 mm
[2 in.]. The maximum height is at the option of the
The number of legs attached to the coupon is at
3. T (riser taper) foundry for the following reasons: (a) many risers
8. Number of legs the option of the foundry providing they are
Height are cast open, (b) different compositions may re-
equispaced according to Item 6.
quire variation in risering for soundness, or (c)
different pouring temperatures may require varia-
tion in risering for soundness.
9. Rx Radius from 0 to approximately 2 mm [0.062 in.]
but in the absence of such a device the average rate of straining crossheads, the phrase “crosshead speed” may be interpreted to mean the
can be determined with a timing device by observing the time rate of grip separation.
required to effect a known increment of strain. 7.6.2.4 Elapsed Time—The allowable limits for the elapsed
7.6.2.2 Rate of Stressing—The allowable limits for rate of time from the beginning of force application (or from some
stressing shall be specified in megapascals per second [pounds specified stress) to the instant of fracture, to the maximum
per square inch per minute]. Many testing machines are force, or to some other stated stress, shall be specified in
equipped with pacing or indicating devices for the measure- minutes or seconds. The elapsed time can be determined with
ment and control of the rate of stressing, but in the absence of a timing device.
such a device the average rate of stressing can be determined 7.6.2.5 Free-Running Crosshead Speed—The allowable
with a timing device by observing the time required to apply a limits for the rate of movement of the crosshead of the testing
known increment of stress. machine, with no force applied by the testing machine, shall be
7.6.2.3 Crosshead Speed—The allowable limits for cross- specified in mm per mm [inches per inch] of length of reduced
head speed, during a test, may be specified in mm/min section (or distance between grips for specimens not having
[in./min]; in this case, the limits for the crosshead speed should reduced sections) per second [minute]. The limits for the
be further qualified by specifying different limits for various crosshead speed may be further qualified by specifying differ-
types and sizes of specimens. In cases where different length ent limits for various types and sizes of specimens. The average
specimens may be used, it is often more practical to specify the crosshead speed can be experimentally determined by using
crosshead speed in terms of mm [in.] per mm [in.] of length of suitable length-measuring and timing devices.
the original reduced section of the specimen (or distance
between grips for specimens not having reduced sections) per NOTE 18—For machines not having crossheads or having stationary
minute. Many testing machines are equipped with pacing or crossheads, the phrase “free-running crosshead speed” may be interpreted
to mean the free-running rate of grip separation.
indicating devices for the measurement and control of the
crosshead speed during a test, but in the absence of such 7.6.3 Speed of Testing When Determining Yield Properties—
devices the average crosshead speed can be experimentally Unless otherwise specified, any convenient speed of testing
determined by using suitable length-measuring and timing may be used up to one half the specified minimum yield
devices. strength or up to one quarter of the specified minimum tensile
strength, whichever is smaller. The speed above this point shall
NOTE 16—This method of specifying speed of testing, “Crosshead
Speed”, was previously called “Rate of Separation of Heads During be within the specified limits. If different speed limitations are
Tests.” required for use in determining yield strength, yield point
NOTE 17—For machines not having crossheads or having stationary elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area,
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FIG. 16 Test Coupons for Castings
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D—Diameter 16 [0.625]
R—Radius of fillet 8 [0.312]
A—Length of reduced section 64 [2.5]
L—Overall length 190 [7.5]
B—Length of end section 64 [2.5]
C—Diameter of end section 20 [0.75]
E—Length of fillet 5 [0.188]
FIG. 17 Standard Tension Test Specimen for Malleable Iron
G—Gauge length 50 ± 0.1 [2.000 ± 0.005]
D—Diameter (see Note) 6.4 ± 0.1 [0.250 ± 0.005]
R—Radius of fillet, min 75 [3]
A—Length of reduced section, min 60 [2.25]
L—Overall length, min 230 [9]
B—Distance between grips, min 115 [4.5]
C—Diameter of end section, approximate 10 [0.375]
NOTE 1—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the end toward the center, with the ends not more than 0.1 mm [0.005 in.] larger in
diameter than the center.
FIG. 18 Standard Tension Test Specimens for Die Castings
they should be stated in the product specifications. In all cases, testing machine be operated in closed-loop control using the
the speed of testing shall be such that the forces and strains force signal through yield; however closed-loop control of the
used in obtaining the test results are accurately indicated. force signal can be used in the linear-elastic portion of the test.
Determination of mechanical properties for comparison of
product properties against a specification value should be run NOTE 20—It is not the intent of this method to maintain constant stress
rate or to control stress rate with closed loop force control while
using the same control method and rate used to determine the determining yield properties, but only to set the crosshead speed to
specification value unless it can be shown that another method achieve the target stress rate in the elastic region. When a specimen being
yields equivalent or conservative results. In the absence of any tested begins to yield, the stressing rate decreases and may even become
specified limitations, one of the following control methods negative in the case of a specimen with discontinuous yielding. To
maintain a constant stressing rate through the yielding process requires the
shall be used. Appendix X4 provides additional guidance on testing machine to operate at extremely high speeds and, in most cases,
selecting the control method. this is neither practical nor desirable. In practice, it is simpler to use either
NOTE 19—In the previous and following paragraphs, the yield proper- a strain rate, crosshead speed, or a free-running crosshead speed that
ties referred to include yield strength, yield point, and yield point approximates the desired stressing rate in the linear-elastic portion of the
elongation. test. As an example, use a strain rate that is between 1.15 and 11.5 MPa/s
divided by the nominal Young’s Modulus of the material being tested. As
7.6.3.1 Control Method A—Rate of Stressing Method for another example, find a crosshead speed through experimentation that
Determining Yield Properties - In this method, the testing approximates the desired stressing rate prior to the onset of yielding, and
machine shall be operated such that the rate of stress applica- maintain that crosshead speed through the region that yield properties are
determined. While both of these methods will provide similar rates of
tion in the linear elastic region is between 1.15 and 11.5 MPa/s stressing and straining prior to the onset of yielding, the rates of stressing
[10 000 and 100 000 psi/min]. The speed of the testing machine and straining are generally quite different in the region where yield
shall not be increased in order to maintain a stressing rate when properties are determined.
the specimen begins to yield. It is not recommended that the NOTE 21—This method has been the default method for many years for
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Pressing Area = 645 mm2 [1.00 in.2]
Approximate Pressing Area of Unmachined Compact = 752 mm2
G—Gauge length 25.4 ± 0.08 [1.000 ± 0.003] [1.166 in.2] Machining Recommendations
D—Width at center 5.72 ± 0.03 [0.225 ± 0.001] 1. Rough machine reduced section to 6.35-mm [0.25-in.] diameter
W—Width at end of reduced 5.97 ± 0.03 [0.235 ± 0.001] 2. Finish turn 4.75/4.85-mm [0.187/0.191-in.] diameter with radii and
section taper
T—Compact to this thickness 3.56 to 6.35 [0.140 to 0.250] 3. Polish with 00 emery cloth
R—Radius of fillet 25.4 [1] 4. Lap with crocus cloth
A—Half-length of reduced sec- 15.9 [0.625]
tion
B—Grip length 80.95 ± 0.03 [3.187 ± 0.001] Dimensions, mm [in.]
L—Overall length 89.64 ± 0.03 [3.529 ± 0.001] G—Gauge length 25.4 ± 0.08 [1.000 ± 0.003]
C—Width of grip section 8.71 ± 0.03 [0.343 ± 0.001] D—Diameter at center of reduced 4.75 ± 0.03 [0.187± 0.001]
F—Half-width of grip section 4.34 ± 0.03 [0.171 ± 0.001] section
E—End radius 4.34 ± 0.03 [0.171 ± 0.001] H—Diameter at ends of gauge length 4.85 ± 0.03 [0.191 ± 0.001]
R—Radius of gauge fillet 6.35 ± 0.13 [0.250 ± 0.005]
NOTE 1—Dimensions Specified, except G and T, are those of the die. A—Length of reduced section 47.63 ± 0.13 [1.875 ± 0.003]
L—Overall length (die cavity length) 75 [3], nominal
FIG. 19 Standard Flat Unmachined Tension Test Specimens for
B—Length of end section 7.88 ± 0.13 [0.310 ± 0.005]
Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Products C—Compact to this end thickness 10.03 ± 0.13 [0.395 ± 0.005]
W—Die cavity width 10.03 ± 0.08 [0.395 ± 0.003]
testing materials that exhibit low strain rate sensitivity such as some steels E—Length of shoulder 6.35 ± 0.13 [0.250 ± 0.005]
and aluminum. F—Diameter of shoulder 7.88 ± 0.03 [0.310 ± 0.001]
J—End fillet radius 1.27 ± 0.13 [0.050 ± 0.005]
7.6.3.2 Control Method B - Rate of Straining Control
Method for Determining Yield Properties—In this method, the NOTE 1—The gauge length and fillets of the specimen shall be as
testing machine shall be operated in closed-loop control using shown. The ends as shown are designed to provide a practical minimum
pressing area. Other end designs are acceptable, and in some cases are
the extensometer signal. The rate of straining shall be set and required for high-strength sintered materials.
maintained at 0.015 6 0.006 mm/mm/min [in./in./min]. NOTE 2—It is recommended that the test specimen be gripped with a
NOTE 22—Proper precautions must be observed when operating a split collet and supported under the shoulders. The radius of the collet
machine in closed-loop strain control because unexpected crosshead support circular edge is to be not less than the end fillet radius of the test
movement may occur if the control parameters are not set properly, if specimen.
proper safety limits are not set, or if the extensometer slips. NOTE 3—Diameters D and H are to be concentric within 0.03 mm
NOTE 23—A Rate of Straining at 0.005 mm/mm/min [in./in./min] is [0.001 in.] total indicator runout (T.I.R.), and free of scratches and tool
often required for aerospace, high-temperature alloys, and titanium marks.
applications and when specified, must be followed rather than the FIG. 20 Standard Round Machined Tension Test Specimen for
requirement above. Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Products
7.6.3.3 Control Method C—-Crosshead Speed Control
Method for Determining Yield Properties–The testing machine
shall be set to a crosshead speed equal to 0.015 6 0.003
mm/mm/min [in./in./min] of the original reduced section of testing, the following general rules shall apply for materials
(dimension A in Fig. 1, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 13, Fig. 15, with expected elongations greater than 5 %. When determining
Fig. 17, Fig. 18, and Fig. 20, and 2 times dimension A in Fig. only the tensile strength, or after the yield behavior has been
19) or distance between grips for specimens without reduced recorded, the speed of the testing machine shall be set between
sections. 0.05 and 0.5 mm/mm [or in./in.] of the length of the reduced
section (or distance between the grips for specimens not having
NOTE 24—It is recommended that crosshead speed be used for control
in regions of discontinuous yielding. a reduced section) per minute. Alternatively, an extensometer
NOTE 25—Using different Control Methods may produce different yield and strain rate indicator may be used to set the strain rate
results especially if the material being tested is strain-rate sensitive. To between 0.05 and 0.5 mm/mm/min [or in./in./min].
achieve the best reproducibility in cases where the material may be
strain-rate sensitive, the same control method should be used. Methods NOTE 26—For materials with expected elongations less than or equal to
described in 7.6.3.2 or 7.6.3.3 will tend to give similar results in the case 5 %, the speed of the testing machine may be maintained throughout the
of a strain-rate sensitive material. The control method described in 7.6.3.1 test at the speed used to determine yield properties.
should be avoided for strain rate sensitive materials if it is desirable to NOTE 27—Tensile strength and elongation are sensitive to test speed for
reproduce similar test results on other testing machines or in other many materials (see Appendix X1) to the extent that variations within the
laboratories. range of test speeds given above can significantly affect results.
7.6.4 Speed of Testing When Determining Tensile 7.7 Determination of Yield Strength—Determine yield
Strength—In the absence of any specified limitations on speed strength by any of the methods described in 7.7.1 to 7.7.4.
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Where extensometers are employed, use only those that are
n
verified over a strain range in which the yield strength will be
determined (see 5.4). YS(EUL = 0m %) r
NOTE 28—For example, a verified strain range of 0.2 % to 2.0 % is
appropriate for use in determining the yield strengths of many metals.
NOTE 29—Determination of yield behavior on materials which cannot
support an appropriate extensometer (thin wire, for example) is problem-
Stress
atic and outside the scope of this standard.
7.7.1 Offset Method—To determine the yield strength by the
offset method, it is necessary to secure data (autographic or
numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram may be drawn.
Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 21) lay off Om equal to
the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to OA, and
thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the stress-strain
diagram (Note 36). In reporting values of yield strength 0m = specified extension under load
obtained by this method, the specified value of offset used
0 m
should be stated in parentheses after the term yield strength.
Thus: Strain
Yield strength ~ offset 5 0.2 % ! 5 360 MPa @ 52 000 psi# (3) FIG. 22 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield
Strength by the Extension-Under-Load Method
In using this method, a Class B2 or better extensometer (see
Practice E83) shall be used.
NOTE 30—There are two general types of extensometers, averaging and
non-averaging, the use of which is dependent on the product tested. For
most machined specimens, there are minimal differences. However, for
some forgings and tube sections, significant differences in measured yield
UYS
strength can occur. For these cases, it is recommended that the averaging
type be used.
NOTE 31—When there is a disagreement over yield properties, the offset
Stress
method for determining yield strength is recommended as the referee test

method.
NOTE 32—In practice, for a number of reasons, the straight-line portion
of the stress-strain curve (line OA shown in Fig. 21) may not go through
the origin of the stress-strain diagram. In these cases, Point O in Figs.
21-27is not the origin of the stress-strain diagram, but rather where the
straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve, OA, intersects the strain
axis, see Fig. 26 and Fig. 27. All offsets and extensions are calculated from
the intersection of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve, OA,
with the strain axis, and not necessarily from the origin of the stress-strain
diagram.
Strain
FIG. 23 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Upper Yield Strength
A n Corresponding with Top of Knee
YS(offset = 0m %) r
7.7.2 Extension-Under-Load (EUL) Method—Yield strength

by the extension-under-load method may be determined by: (1)
using autographic or numerical devices to secure stress-strain
Stress
data, and then analyzing this data (graphically or using

automated methods) to determine the stress value at the
specified value of extension, or (2) using devices that indicate
when the specified extension occurs, so that the stress then
occurring may be ascertained (Note 34). Any of these devices
may be automatic. This method is illustrated in Fig. 22. The
stress at the specified extension shall be reported as follows:
0m = specified offset
Yield strength ~ EUL 5 0.5 % ! 5 52 000 psi (4)
0 m
Extensometers and other devices used in determination of
Strain the extension shall meet or exceed Class B2 requirements (see
FIG. 21 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield Practice E83) at the strain of interest, except where use of
Strength by the Offset Method low-magnification Class C devices is helpful, such as in
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Fmax
t
YPE
UYS
h h
LYS
Stress
Force
t
t-t : tangent to strain hardening at point of inflection

h-h : horizontal tangent at the last zero slope
Elu
0
Strain Elongation
FIG. 24 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Yield Point Elongation FIG. 26 Stress-Strain Diagram in Which the Upper Yield Strength
(YPE) and Upper (UYS) and Lower (LYS) Yield Strengths is the Maximum Stress Recorded Method
Maximum
force
plateau region
Inflection
Stress
Force
Detail of plateau region

(force scale magnified)
Maximum
force, Fmax
0.5% Fmax
Force
Elu
Elu 0
Elongation
0
Strain
Elongation
FIG. 25 Stress-Strain Diagram With an Inflection, But No YPE
FIG. 27 Force-Elongation Diagram for Determination of Uniform
Elongation of Steel Sheet Materials Exhibiting a Plateau at Maxi-
mum Force
facilitating measurement of YPE, if observed. If Class C
devices are used, this must be reported along with the results.
NOTE 33—The appropriate value of the total extension must be
7.7.3.1 Record the stress corresponding to the maximum
specified. For steels with nominal yield strengths of less than 550 MPa force at the onset of discontinuous yielding as the upper yield
[80 000 psi], an appropriate value is 0.005 mm/mm [or in./in.] (0.5 %) of strength. This is illustrated in Figs. 23 and 24.
the gauge length. For higher strength steels, a greater extension or the
offset method should be used. NOTE 35—If multiple peaks are observed at the onset of discontinuous
NOTE 34—When no other means of measuring elongation are available, yielding, the first is considered the upper yield strength. (See Fig. 24.)
a pair of dividers or similar device can be used to determine a point of 7.7.3.2 Record the minimum stress observed during discon-
detectable elongation between two gauge marks on the specimen. The tinuous yielding (ignoring transient effects) as the lower yield
gauge length shall be 50 mm [2 in.]. The stress corresponding to the load
at the instant of detectable elongation may be recorded as the approximate strength. This is illustrated in Fig. 24.
extension-under-load yield strength. NOTE 36—Yield properties of materials exhibiting yield point elonga-
7.7.3 Autographic Diagram Method (for materials exhibit- tion are often less repeatable and less reproducible than those of similar
ing discontinuous yielding)—Obtain stress-strain (or force- materials having no YPE. Offset and EUL yield strengths may be
significantly affected by stress fluctuations occurring in the region where
elongation) data or construct a stress-strain (or force- the offset or extension intersects the stress-strain curve. Determination of
elongation) diagram using an autographic device. Determine upper or lower yield strengths (or both) may therefore be preferable for
the upper or lower yield strength as follows: such materials, although these properties are dependent on variables such
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as test machine stiffness and alignment. Speed of testing may also have a — Digitally define the “plateau” as consisting of all consecutive data
significant effect, regardless of the method employed. points wherein the force value is within 0.5 % of the magnitude of the
NOTE 37—Where low-magnification autographic recordings are needed peak force value.
to facilitate measurement of yield point elongation for materials which — Determine the uniform elongation as the strain at the mid-point of
may exhibit discontinuous yielding, Class C extensometers may be the “plateau.”
employed. When this is done but the material exhibits no discontinuous
yielding, the extension-under-load yield strength may be determined 7.9.3.3 Discussion—The 0.5 % value of Note 40 has been
instead, using the autographic recording (see Extension-Under-Load selected arbitrarily. In actual practice, the value should be
Method). selected so as to be the minimum figure that is large enough to
7.7.4 Halt-of-the-Force Method (for materials exhibiting effectively define the force plateau. This may require that the
discontinuous yielding)—Apply an increasing force to the percentage be about five times the amplitude of the force
specimen at a uniform deformation rate. When the force fluctuations occurring due to noise. Values ranging from 0.1 %
hesitates, record the corresponding stress as the upper yield to 1.0 % may be found to work acceptably.
strength.
7.10 Tensile Strength (also known as Ultimate Tensile
NOTE 38—The Halt-of-the-Force Method was formerly known as the Strength)—Calculate the tensile strength by dividing the maxi-
Halt-of-the-Pointer Method, the Drop-of-the-Beam Method, and the
Halt-of-the-Load Method. mum force carried by the specimen during the tension test by
the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
7.8 Yield Point Elongation—Calculate the yield point elon-
gation from the stress-strain diagram or data by determining NOTE 41—If the upper yield strength is the maximum stress recorded,
the difference in strain between the upper yield strength (first and if the stress-strain curve resembles that of Fig. 26, it is recommended
zero slope) and the onset of uniform strain hardening (see that the maximum stress after discontinuous yielding be reported as the
definition of YPE in Terminology E6 and Fig. 24). tensile strength. Where this may occur, determination of the tensile
strength should be in accordance with the agreement between the parties
NOTE 39—The stress-strain curve of a material exhibiting only a hint of involved.
the behavior causing YPE may have an inflection at the onset of yielding
with no point where the slope reaches zero (Fig. 25). Such a material has 7.11 Elongation:
no YPE, but may be characterized as exhibiting an inflection. Materials 7.11.1 In reporting values of elongation, give both the
exhibiting inflections, like those with measurable YPE, may in certain
applications acquire an unacceptable surface appearance during forming.
original gauge length and the percentage increase. If any
device other than an extensometer is placed in contact with the
7.9 Uniform Elongation (if required): specimen’s reduced section during the test, this also shall be
7.9.1 Uniform elongation shall include both plastic and noted.
elastic elongation.
7.9.2 Uniform elongation shall be determined using auto- Example: Elongation 5 30 % increase ~ 50 2 mm @ 2
graphic methods with extensometers conforming to Practice 2 in.# gauge length! (5)
E83. Use a class B2 or better extensometer for materials having NOTE 42—Elongation results are very sensitive to variables such as: (a)
a uniform elongation less than 5 %. Use a class C or better speed of testing, (b) specimen geometry (gauge length, diameter, width,
extensometer for materials having a uniform elongation greater and thickness), (c) heat dissipation (through grips, extensometers, or other
devices in contact with the reduced section), (d) surface finish in reduced
than or equal to 5 % but less than 50 %. Use a class D or better
section (especially burrs or notches), (e) alignment, and (f) fillets and
extensometer for materials having a uniform elongation of tapers. Parties involved in comparison or conformance testing should
50 % or greater. standardize the above items, and it is recommended that use of ancillary
7.9.3 Determine the uniform elongation as the elongation at devices (such as extensometer supports) which may remove heat from
the point of maximum force from the force elongation data specimens be avoided. See Appendix X1 for additional information on the
collected during a test. effects of these variables.
7.9.3.1 Some materials exhibit a yield point followed by 7.11.2 When the specified elongation is greater than 3 %, fit
considerable elongation where the yield point is the maximum ends of the fractured specimen together carefully and measure
force achieved during the test. In this case, uniform elongation the distance between the gage marks to the nearest 0.25 mm
is not determined at the yield point, but instead at the highest [0.01 in.] for gauge lengths of 50 mm [2 in.] and under, and to
force occurring just prior to necking (see Fig. 26). at least the nearest 0.5 % of the gauge length for gauge lengths
7.9.3.2 Stress-strain curves for some materials exhibit a over 50 mm [2 in.]. A percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the
lengthy, plateau-like region in the vicinity of the maximum gauge length may be used.
force. For such materials, determine the uniform elongation at
the center of the plateau as indicated in Fig. 27 (see also Note 7.11.3 When the specified elongation is 3 % or less, deter-
40 below). mine the elongation of the specimen using the following
procedure, except that the procedure given in 7.11.2 may be
NOTE 40—When uniform elongation is being determined digitally, used instead when the measured elongation is greater than 3 %.
noise in the stress-strain data generally causes many small, local peaks and
valleys to be recorded in the plateau region. To accommodate this, the 7.11.3.1 Prior to testing, measure the original gauge length
following procedure is recommended: of the specimen to the nearest 0.05 mm [0.002 in.].
— Determine the maximum force recorded (after discontinuous yield-
ing).
7.11.3.2 Remove partly torn fragments that will interfere
— Evaluate the sequence of force values recorded before and after the with fitting together the ends of the fractured specimen or with
maximum force. making the final measurement.
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7.11.3.3 Fit the fractured ends together with matched sur- 7.12.3 Specimens with Original Rectangular Cross
faces and apply a force along the axis of the specimen sufficient Sections—Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together and
to close the fractured ends together. If desired, this force may measure the thickness and width at the minimum cross section
then be removed carefully, provided the specimen remains to the same accuracy as the original measurements.
intact.
NOTE 46—Because of the constraint to deformation that occurs at the
NOTE 43—The use of a force generating a stress of approximately corners of rectangular specimens, the dimensions at the center of the
15 MPa [2000 psi] has been found to give satisfactory results on test original flat surfaces are less than those at the corners. The shapes of these
specimens of aluminum alloy. surfaces are often assumed to be parabolic. When this assumption is made,
an effective thickness, te, may be calculated as follows: (t1 + 4t2 + t3)/6,
7.11.3.4 Measure the final gauge length to the nearest where t1 and t3 are the thicknesses at the corners, and t2 is the thickness
0.05 mm [0.002 in.] and report the elongation to the nearest at mid-width. An effective width may be similarly calculated.
0.2 %. 7.12.4 Calculate the reduced area based upon the dimen-
7.11.4 Elongation measured per paragraph 7.11.2 or 7.11.3 sions determined in 7.12.2 or 7.12.3. The difference between
may be affected by location of the fracture, relative to the the area thus found and the area of the original cross section
marked gauge length. If any part of the fracture occurs outside expressed as a percentage of the original area is the reduction
the gauge marks or is located less than 25 % of the elongated of area.
gauge length from either gauge mark, the elongation value 7.12.5 If any part of the fracture takes place outside the
obtained using that pair of gauge marks may be abnormally middle half of the reduced section or in a punched or scribed
low and non-representative of the material. If such an elonga- gauge mark within the reduced section, the reduction of area
tion measure is obtained in acceptance testing involving only a value obtained may not be representative of the material. In
minimum requirement and meets the requirement, no further acceptance testing, if the reduction of area so calculated meets
testing need be done. Otherwise, discard the test and retest the the minimum requirements specified, no further testing is
material. required, but if the reduction of area is less than the minimum
7.11.5 Elongation at Fracture: requirements, discard the test results and retest.
7.11.5.1 Elongation at fracture shall include elastic and 7.12.6 Results of measurements of reduction of area shall be
plastic elongation and may be determined with autographic or rounded using the procedures of Practice E29 and any specific
automated methods using extensometers verified over the procedures in the product specifications. In the absence of a
strain range of interest (see 5.4). Use a class B2 or better specified procedure, it is recommended that reduction of area
extensometer for materials having less than 5 % elongation, a test values in the range from 0 to 10 % be rounded to the
class C or better extensometer for materials having elongation nearest 0.5 % and test values of 10 % and greater to the nearest
greater than or equal to 5 % but less than 50 %, and a class D 1 %.
or better extensometer for materials having 50 % or greater
elongation. In all cases, the extensometer gauge length shall be 7.13 Rounding Reported Test Data for Yield Strength and
the nominal gauge length required for the specimen being Tensile Strength—Test data should be rounded using the
tested. Due to the lack of precision in fitting fractured ends procedures of Practice E29 and the specific procedures in the
together, the elongation after fracture using the manual meth- product specifications. In the absence of a specified procedure
ods of the preceding paragraphs may differ from the elongation for rounding the test data, one of the procedures described in
at fracture determined with extensometers. the following paragraphs is recommended.
7.11.5.2 Percent elongation at fracture may be calculated 7.13.1 For test values up to 500 MPa [50 000 psi], round to
directly from elongation at fracture data and be reported the nearest 1 MPa [100 psi]; for test values of 500 MPa
instead of percent elongation as calculated in 7.11.2 to 7.11.3. [50 000 psi] and up to 1000 MPa [100 000 psi], round to the
However, these two parameters are not interchangeable. Use of nearest 5 MPa [500 psi]; for test values of 1000 MPa [100 000
the elongation at fracture method generally provides more psi] and greater, round to the nearest 10 MPa [1000 psi].
repeatable results. NOTE 47—For steel products, see Test Methods and Definitions A370.
NOTE 44—When disagreements arise over the percent elongation 7.13.2 For all test values, round to the nearest 1 MPa
results, agreement must be reached on which method to use to obtain the [100 psi].
results.
NOTE 48—For aluminum- and magnesium-alloy products, see Methods
7.12 Reduction of Area: B557.
7.12.1 The reduced area used to calculate reduction of area
7.13.3 For all test values, round to the nearest 5 MPa
(see 7.11.2 and 7.11.3) shall be the minimum cross section at
[500 psi].
the location of fracture.
7.12.2 Specimens with Originally Circular Cross Sections— 7.14 Replacement of Specimens—A test specimen may be
Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together and measure the discarded and a replacement specimen selected from the same
reduced diameter to the same accuracy as the original mea- lot of material in the following cases:
surement. 7.14.1 The original specimen had a poorly machined
surface,
NOTE 45—Because of anisotropy, circular cross sections often do not
remain circular during straining in tension. The shape is usually elliptical,
7.14.2 The original specimen had the wrong dimensions,
thus, the area may be calculated by π · d1·d2/4, where d1 and d2 are the 7.14.3 The specimen’s properties were changed because of
major and minor diameters, respectively. poor machining practice,
20
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7.14.4 The test procedure was incorrect, 9. Precision and Bias
7.14.5 The fracture was outside the gauge length, 9.1 Precision—An interlaboratory test program3 gave the
7.14.6 For elongation determinations, the fracture was out- following values for coefficients of variation for the most
side the middle half of the gauge length, or commonly measured tensile properties:
7.14.7 There was a malfunction of the testing equipment.
Coefficient of Variation, %
NOTE 49—The tension specimen is inappropriate for assessing some
types of imperfections in a material. Other methods and specimens Elongation
Yield Yield Gauge
employing ultrasonics, dye penetrants, radiography, etc., may be consid-
Strength Strength Length Reduction
ered when flaws such as cracks, flakes, porosity, etc., are revealed during Tensile Offset Offset =4 of
a test and soundness is a condition of acceptance. Strength = 0.02 % = 0.2 % Diameter Area
CV %r 0.9 2.7 1.4 2.8 2.8
8. Report CV %R 1.3 4.5 2.3 5.4 4.6
CV %r = repeatability coefficient of variation in percent within a laboratory
8.1 Test information on materials not covered by a product CV %R = repeatability coefficient of variation in percent between
specification should be reported in accordance with 8.2 or both laboratories
8.2 and 8.3. 9.1.1 The values shown are the averages from tests on six
8.2 Test information to be reported shall include the follow- frequently tested metals, selected to include most of the normal
ing when applicable: range for each property listed above. When these materials are
8.2.1 Reference to the standard used, i.e. E8 or E8M. compared, a large difference in coefficient of variation is found.
8.2.2 Material and sample identification. Therefore, the values above should not be used to judge
8.2.3 Specimen type (see Section 6). whether the difference between duplicate tests of a specific
8.2.4 Yield strength and the method used to determine yield material is larger than expected. The values are provided to
strength (see 7.7). allow potential users of this test method to assess, in general
8.2.5 Yield point elongation (see 7.8). terms, its usefulness for a proposed application.
8.2.6 Tensile Strength (also known as Ultimate Tensile 9.2 Bias—The procedures in Test Methods E8/E8M for
Strength) (see 7.10). measuring tensile properties have no bias because these prop-
8.2.7 Elongation (report original gauge length, percentage erties can be defined only in terms of a test method.
increase, and method used to determine elongation; i.e. at
fracture or after fracture) (see 7.11). 10. Keywords
8.2.8 Uniform Elongation, if required (see 7.9). 10.1 accuracy; bending stress; discontinuous yielding; drop-
8.2.9 Reduction of area, if required (see 7.12). of-the-beam; eccentric force application; elastic extension;
8.3 Test information to be available on request shall include: elongation; extension-under-load; extensometer; force; free-
8.3.1 Specimen test section dimension(s). running crosshead speed; gauge length; halt-of-the force;
8.3.2 Equation used to calculate cross-sectional area of percent elongation; plastic extension; preload; rate of stressing;
rectangular specimens taken from large-diameter tubular prod- rate of straining; reduced section; reduction of area; sensitivity;
ucts. strain; stress; taring; tensile strength; tension testing; yield
8.3.3 Speed and method used to determine speed of testing point elongation; yield strength
(see 7.6).
8.3.4 Method used for rounding of test results (see 7.13). 3
Supporting data can be found in Appendix X1 and additional data are available
8.3.5 Reasons for replacement specimens (see 7.14). from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:E28-1004.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. FACTORS AFFECTING TENSION TEST RESULTS
X1.1 The precision and bias of tension test strength and X1.3 Instrumental factors that can affect test results include:
ductility measurements depend on strict adherence to the stated the stiffness, damping capacity, natural frequency, and mass of
test procedure and are influenced by instrumental and material moving parts of the tensile test machine; accuracy of force
factors, specimen preparation, and measurement/testing errors. indication and use of forces within the verified range of the
machine; rate of force application, alignment of the test
X1.2 The consistency of agreement for repeated tests of the specimen with the applied force, parallelness of the grips, grip
same material is dependent on the homogeneity of the material, pressure, nature of the force control used, appropriateness and
and the repeatability of specimen preparation, test conditions, calibration of extensometers, heat dissipation (by grips,
and measurements of the tension test parameters. extensometers, or ancillary devices), and so forth.
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X1.4 Material factors that can affect test results include: dividers, and other measurement devices, alignment and zero-
representativeness and homogeneity of the test material, sam- ing of chart recording devices, and so forth.
pling scheme, and specimen preparation (surface finish, dimen- X1.5.1 Measurement of the dimensions of as-cast, as-rolled,
sional accuracy, fillets at the ends of the gauge length, taper in as-forged, and other test specimens with non-machined sur-
the gauge length, bent specimens, thread quality, and so forth). faces may be imprecise due to the irregularity of the surface
X1.4.1 Some materials are very sensitive to the quality of flatness.
the surface finish of the test specimen (see Note 4) and must be
ground to a fine finish, or polished to obtain correct results. X1.5.2 Materials with anisotropic flow characteristics may
exhibit non-circular cross sections after fracture and measure-
X1.4.2 Test results for specimens with as-cast, as-rolled, ment precision may be affected, as a result (see Note 41).
as-forged, or other non-machined surface conditions can be
affected by the nature of the surface (see Note 10). X1.5.3 The corners of rectangular test specimens are subject
to constraint during deformation and the originally flat surfaces
X1.4.3 Test specimens taken from appendages to the part or
may be parabolic in shape after testing which will affect the
component, such as prolongs or risers, or from separately
precision of final cross-sectional area measurements (see Note
produced castings (for example, keel blocks) may produce test
46).
results that are not representative of the part or component.
X1.4.4 Test specimen dimensions can influence test results. X1.5.4 If any portion of the fracture occurs outside of the
For cylindrical or rectangular specimens, changing the test middle of the gauge length, or in a punch or scribe mark within
specimen size generally has a negligible effect on the yield and the gauge length, the elongation and reduction of area values
tensile strength but may influence the upper yield strength, if may not be representative of the material. Wire specimens that
one is present, and elongation and reduction of area values. break at or within the grips may not produce test results
Comparison of elongation values determined using different representative of the material.
specimens requires that the following ratio be controlled: X1.5.5 Use of specimens with shouldered ends (“button-
L o/ ~ A o! 1/2
(X1.1) head” tensiles) will produce lower 0.02 % offset yield strength
values than threaded specimens.
where:
Lo = original gauge length of specimen, and X1.6 Because standard reference materials with certified
Ao = original cross-sectional area of specimen. tensile property values are not available, it is not possible to
X1.4.4.1 Specimens with smaller Lo/(Ao)1/2 ratios generally rigorously define the bias of tension tests. However, by the use
give greater elongation and reduction in area values. This is the of carefully designed and controlled interlaboratory studies, a
case for example, when the width or thickness of a rectangular reasonable definition of the precision of tension test results can
tensile test specimen is increased. be obtained.
X1.4.4.2 Holding the Lo/(Ao)1/2 ratio constant minimizes, X1.6.1 An interlaboratory test program3 was conducted in
but does not necessarily eliminate, differences. Depending on which six specimens each, of six different materials were
material and test conditions, increasing the size of the propor- prepared and tested by each of six different laboratories. Tables
tional specimen of Fig. 8 may be found to increase or decrease X1.1-X1.6 present the precision statistics, as defined in Prac-
elongation and reduction in area values somewhat. tice E691, for: tensile strength, 0.02 % yield strength, 0.2 %
X1.4.5 Use of a taper in the gauge length, up to the allowed yield strength, % elongation in 4D, % elongation in 5D, and
1 % limit, can result in lower elongation values. Reductions of % reduction in area. In each table, the first column lists the six
as much as 15 % have been reported for a 1 % taper. materials tested, the second column lists the average of the
X1.4.6 Changes in the strain rate can affect the yield average results obtained by the laboratories, the third and fifth
strength, tensile strength, and elongation values, especially for columns list the repeatability and reproducibility standard
materials which are highly strain rate sensitive. In general, the deviations, the fourth and sixth columns list the coefficients of
yield strength and tensile strength will increase with increasing variation for these standard deviations, and the seventh and
strain rate, although the effect on tensile strength is generally eighth columns list the 95 % repeatability and reproducibility
less pronounced. Elongation values generally decrease as the limits.
strain rate increases. X1.6.2 The averages (below columns four and six in each
X1.4.7 Brittle materials require careful specimen table) of the coefficients of variation permit a relative compari-
preparation, high quality surface finishes, large fillets at the son of the repeatability (within-laboratory precision) and
ends of the gauge length, oversize threaded grip sections, and reproducibility (between-laboratory precision) of the tension
cannot tolerate punch or scribe marks as gauge length indica- test parameters. This shows that the ductility measurements
tors. exhibit less repeatability and reproducibility than the strength
measurements. The overall ranking from the least to the most
X1.4.8 Flattening of tubular products to permit testing does
repeatable and reproducible is: % elongation in 4D, % elonga-
alter the material properties, generally nonuniformly, in the
tion in 5D, % reduction in area, 0.02 % offset yield strength,
flattened region which may affect test results.
0.2 % offset yield strength, and tensile strength. Note that the
X1.5 Measurement errors that can affect test results include: rankings are in the same order for the repeatability and
verification of the test force, extensometers, micrometers, reproducibility average coefficients of variation and that the
22
E8/E8M − 13
reproducibility (between-laboratory precision) is poorer than showed that one laboratory consistently exhibited higher than
the repeatability (within-laboratory precision) as would be average strength values and lower than average ductility values
expected. for most of the specimens. One other laboratory had consis-
X1.6.3 No comments about bias can be made for the tently lower than average tensile strength results for all
interlaboratory study due to the lack of certified test results for specimens.
these specimens. However, examination of the test results
TABLE X1.1 Precision Statistics—Tensile Strength, MPa [ksi]

NOTE 1—X is the average of the cell averages, that is, the grand mean for the test parameter,
sr is the repeatability standard deviation (within-laboratory precision) in MPa [ksi],
sr/ X is the coefficient of variation in %,
sR is the reproducibility standard deviation (between-laboratory precision) in MPa [ksi],
sR/ X is the coefficient of variation, %,
r is the 95 % repeatability limits in MPa [ksi],
R is the 95 % reproducibility limits in MPa [ksi].
Material X sr sr /X, % sR sR /X, % r R
EC-H19 176.9 [25.66] 4.3 [0.63] 2.45 4.3 [0.63] 2.45 12.1 [1.76] 12.1 [1.76]
2024-T351 491.3 [71.26] 6.1 [0.88] 1.24 6.6 [0.96] 1.34 17.0 [2.47] 18.5 [2.68]
ASTM A105 596.9 [86.57] 4.1 [0.60] 0.69 8.7 [1.27] 1.47 11.6 [1.68] 24.5 [3.55]
AISI 316 694.6 [100.75] 2.7 [0.39] 0.39 8.4 [1.22] 1.21 7.5 [1.09] 23.4 [3.39]
Inconel 600 685.9 [99.48] 2.9 [0.42] 0.43 5.0 [0.72] 0.72 8.2 [1.19] 13.9 [2.02]
SAE 51410 1253.0 [181.73] 0.25 [0.46] 0.25 7.9 [1.14] 0.63 8.9 [1.29] 22.1 [ 3.20]
Averages: 0.91 1.30
TABLE X1.2 Precision Statistics—0.02 % Yield Strength, MPa [ksi]

EC-H19 111.4 [16.16] 4.5 [0.65] 4.00 8.2 [1.19] 7.37 12.5 [1.81] 23.0 [3.33]
2024-T351 354.2 [51.38] 5.8 [0.84] 1.64 6.1 [0.89] 1.73 16.3 [2.36] 17.2 [2.49]
ASTM A105 411.1 [59.66] 8.3 [1.20] 2.02 13.1 [1.90] 3.18 23.2 [3.37] 36.6 [5.31]
AISI 316 336.1 [48.75] 16.7 [2.42] 4.97 31.9 [4.63] 9.49 46.1 [6.68] 89.0 [12.91]
Inconel 600 267.1 [38.74] 3.2 [0.46] 1.18 5.2 [0.76] 1.96 8.8 [1.28] 14.7 [2.13]
SAE 51410 723.2 [104.90] 16.6 [2.40] 2.29 21.9 [3.17] 3.02 46.4 [6.73] 61.2 [8.88]
Averages: 2.68 4.46
TABLE X1.3 Precision Statistics—0.2 % Yield Strength, MPa [ksi]

EC-H19 158.4 [22.98] 3.3 [0.47] 2.06 3.3 [0.48] 2.07 9.2 [1.33] 9.2 [1.33]
2024-T351 362.9 [52.64] 5.1 [0.74] 1.41 5.4 [0.79] 1.49 14.3 [2.08] 15.2 [2.20]
ASTM A105 402.4 [58.36] 5.7 [0.83] 1.42 9.9 [1.44] 2.47 15.9 [2.31] 27.8 [4.03]
AISI 316 481.1 [69.78] 6.6 [0.95] 1.36 19.5 [2.83] 4.06 18.1 [2.63] 54.7 [7.93]
Inconel 600 268.3 [38.91] 2.5 [0.36] 0.93 5.8 [0.85] 2.17 7.0 [1.01] 16.3 [2.37]
SAE 51410 967.5 [140.33] 8.9 [1.29] 0.92 15.9 [2.30] 1.64 24.8 [3.60] 44.5 [6.45]
Averages: 1.35 2.32
TABLE X1.4 Precision Statistics—% Elongation in 4D for E8 Specimens

NOTE 1—Length of reduced section = 6D.
Material X sr sr/X, % sR sR/X, % r R
EC-H19 17.42 0.64 3.69 0.92 5.30 1.80 2.59
2024-T351 19.76 0.58 2.94 1.58 7.99 1.65 4.43
ASTM A105 29.10 0.76 2.62 0.98 3.38 2.13 2.76
AISI 316 40.07 1.10 2.75 2.14 5.35 3.09 6.00
Inconel 600 44.28 0.66 1.50 1.54 3.48 1.86 4.31
SAE 51410 14.48 0.48 3.29 0.99 6.83 1.34 2.77
Averages: 2.80 5.39
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TABLE X1.5 Precision Statistics—% Elongation in 5D for E8M Specimens

NOTE 1—Length of reduced section = 6D.
EC-H19 14.60 0.59 4.07 0.66 4.54 1.65 1.85
2024-T351 17.99 0.63 3.48 1.71 9.51 1.81 4.81
ASTM A105 25.63 0.77 2.99 1.30 5.06 2.15 3.63
AISI 316 35.93 0.71 1.98 2.68 7.45 2.00 7.49
Inconel 600 41.58 0.67 1.61 1.60 3.86 1.88 4.49
SAE 51410 13.39 0.45 3.61 0.96 7.75 1.25 2.89
Averages: 2.96 6.36
X2. MEASUREMENT OF SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS
TABLE X1.6 Precision Statistics—% Reduction in Area

EC-H19 79.15 1.93 2.43 2.01 2.54 5.44 5.67
2024-T351 30.41 2.09 6.87 3.59 11.79 5.79 10.01
ASTM A105 65.59 0.84 1.28 1.26 1.92 2.35 3.53
AISI 316 71.49 0.99 1.39 1.60 2.25 2.78 4.50
Inconel 600 59.34 0.67 1.14 0.70 1.18 1.89 1.97
SAE 51410 50.49 1.86 3.69 3.95 7.81 5.21 11.05
Averages: 2.80 4.58
X2.1 Measurement of specimen dimensions is critical in measurement procedures, and training personnel.
tension testing, and it becomes more critical with decreasing
specimen size, as a given absolute error becomes a larger X2.5 With a 0.075 mm [0.003 in.] tolerance, a 10 % GR and
relative (percent) error. Measuring devices and procedures R result (exceptionally good, even for digital hand-held mi-
should be selected carefully, so as to minimize measurement crometers reading to 0.001 mm [0.00005 in.]) indicates that the
error and provide good repeatability and reproducibility. total variation due to repeatability and reproducibility is around
0.0075 [0.0003 in.]. This is less than or equal to 1 % only if all
X2.2 Relative measurement error should be kept at or below dimensions to be measured are greater than or equal to 0.75
1 %, where possible. Ideally, this 1 % error should include not mm [0.03 in.]. The relative error in using this device to
only the resolution of the measuring device but also the measure thickness of a 0.25 mm [0.01 in.] flat tensile specimen
variability commonly referred to as repeatability and reproduc- would be 3 %—which is considerably more than that allowed
ibility. (Repeatability is the ability of any operator to obtain for force or strain measurement.
similar measurements in repeated trials. Reproducibility is the
ability of multiple operators to obtain similar measurements.) X2.6 Dimensional measurement errors can be identified as
the cause of many out-of-control signals, as indicated by
X2.3 Formal evaluation of gage repeatability and reproduc- statistical process control (SPC) charts used to monitor tension
ibility (GR and R) by way of a GR and R study is highly testing procedures. This has been the experience of a produc-
recommended. A GR and R study involves having multiple tion laboratory employing SPC methodology and the best
operators each take two or three measurements of a number of hand-held micrometers available (from a GR and R standpoint)
parts—in this case, test specimens. Analysis, usually done by in testing of 0.45 to 6.35 mm [0.018 to 0.25 in.] flat rolled steel
computer, involves comparing the observed measurement products.
variations to a tolerance the procedure is to determine confor-
mance to. High GR and R percentages (more than 20 %) X2.7 Factors which affect GR and R, sometimes
indicate much variability relative to the tolerance, whereas low dramatically, and which should be considered in the selection
percentages (10 % or lower) indicate the opposite. The analysis and evaluation of hardware and procedures include:
also estimates, independently, the repeatability and reproduc- X2.7.1 Resolution,
ibility.
X2.7.2 Verification,
X2.4 GR and R studies in which nontechnical personnel
X2.7.3 Zeroing,
used different brands and models of hand-held micrometers
have given results varying from about 10 % (excellent) to X2.7.4 Type of anvil (flat, rounded, or pointed),
nearly 100 % (essentially useless), relative to a dimensional
X2.7.5 Cleanliness of part and anvil surfaces,
tolerance of 0.075 mm [0.003 in.]. The user is therefore
advised to be very careful in selecting devices, setting up X2.7.6 User-friendliness of measuring device,
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E8/E8M − 13
X2.7.7 Stability/temperature variations, stripping). Otherwise, it may be advisable to leave the coating
X2.7.8 Coating removal, intact and determine the base metal thickness by an alternate
method. Where this issue may arise, all parties involved in
X2.7.9 Operator technique, and comparison or conformance testing should agree as to whether
X2.7.10 Ratchets or other features used to regulate the or not coatings are to be removed before measurement.
clamping force.
X2.10 As an example of how the considerations identified
X2.8 Flat anvils are generally preferred for measuring the above affect dimensional measurement procedures, consider
dimensions of round or flat specimens which have relatively the case of measuring the thickness of 0.40 mm [0.015 in.)
smooth surfaces. One exception is that rounded or pointed painted, flat rolled steel specimens. The paint should be
anvils must be used in measuring the thickness of curved removed prior to measurement, if possible. The measurement
specimens taken from large-diameter tubing (see Fig. 13), to
device used should have flat anvils, must read to 0.0025 mm
prevent overstating the thickness. (Another concern for these
[0.0001 in.] or better, and must have excellent repeatability and
curved specimens is the error that can be introduced through
reproducibility. Since GR and R is a significant concern, it will
use of the equation A = W×T; see 7.2.3.)
be best to use a device which has a feature for regulating the
X2.9 Heavy coatings should generally be removed from at clamping force used, and devices without digital displays
least one grip end of flat specimens taken from coated products should be avoided to prevent reading errors. Before use of the
to permit accurate measurement of base metal thickness, device, and periodically during use, the anvils should be
assuming (a) the base metal properties are what are desired, (b) cleaned, and the device should be verified or zeroed (if an
the coating does not contribute significantly to the strength of electronic display is used) or both. Finally, personnel should be
the product, and (c) coating removal can be easily accom- trained and audited periodically to ensure that the measuring
plished (some coatings may be easily removed by chemical device is being used correctly and consistently by all.
X3. SUGGESTED ACCREDITATION CRITERIA FOR LABORATORIES PERFORMING TENSILE TESTS
X3.1 Scope X3.3.2 Equipment verification requirements of Practices E4

and E83 shall be met. Documentation showing the verification
X3.1.1 The following are specific features that an assessor
work to have been thorough and technically correct should be
may check to assess a laboratory’s technical competence, if the available.
laboratory is performing tests in accordance with Test Methods X3.3.2.1 Verification reports shall demonstrate that force
E8/E8M. and extension readings have been taken at the prescribed
intervals and that the prescribed runs have been completed.
X3.2 Preparation
X3.3.3 Extensometers used shall meet all requirements of
X3.2.1 The laboratory should follow documented proce- Test Methods E8/E8M as to the classification of device to be
dures to ensure that machining or other preparation generates used for the results determined. For example, an extensometer
specimens conforming to applicable tolerances and require- not meeting the Class B2 requirements of Practice E83 may not
ments of Test Methods E8/E8M. Particularly important are be used in determination of offset yield strengths.
those requirements that pertain to the dimensions and finish of X3.3.4 Before computerized or automated test equipment is
reduced sections, as found in the text and in applicable figures. put into routine service, or following a software revision, it is
X3.2.2 Where gauge marks are used, the laboratory should recommended that measures be taken to verify proper opera-
employ documented gauge marking procedures to ensure that tion and result interpretation. Guide E1856 addresses this
the marks and gauge lengths comply with the tolerances and concern.
guidelines of Test Methods E8/E8M. X3.3.5 Micrometers and other devices used in measurement
X3.2.2.1 The gauge marking procedure used should not of specimen dimensions should be selected, maintained and
deleteriously affect the test results. used in such a manner as to comply with the appendixes of Test
Methods E8/E8M on measurement. Traceability to national
NOTE X3.1—Frequent occurrence of fracturing at the gauge marks may standards should be established for these devices, and reason-
indicate that gage marks have excessive depth or sharpness and may be able effort should be employed to prevent errors greater than
affecting test results.
1 % from being generated as a result of measurement error,
resolution, and rounding practice.
X3.3 Test Equipment
X3.3.1 As specified in the Apparatus sections of Test X3.4 Procedures
Methods E8/E8M, the axis of the test specimen should coin- X3.4.1 The test machine shall be set up and zeroed in such
cide with the center line of the heads of the testing machine, in a manner that zero force indication signifies a state of zero
order to minimize bending stresses which could affect the force on the specimen, as indicated in the Zeroing of the Test
results. Machine sections of Test Methods E8/E8M.
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NOTE X3.2—Provisions should be made to ensure that zero readings are X3.5.1.1 Raw data and forms,
properly maintained, from test to test. These may include, for example,
zeroing after a predetermined number of tests or each time, under zero X3.5.1.2 Force-elongation or stress-strain charts,
force conditions, the indicator exceeds a predetermined value. X3.5.1.3 Computer printouts of curves and test results,
X3.4.2 Upon request, the laboratory should be capable of X3.5.1.4 Data and results stored on computer discs or hard
demonstrating (perhaps through time, force, displacement or drives,
extensometer measurements, or both) that the test speeds used X3.5.1.5 Broken specimens,
conform to the requirements of Test Methods E8/E8M, or other
X3.5.1.6 Excess material,
standards which take precedence.
X3.5.1.7 Test reports, and
X3.4.3 Upon request, the laboratory should be capable of
X3.5.1.8 Verification reports and certifications.
demonstrating that the offsets and extensions used in determin-
ing yield strengths conform to the requirements of Test
Methods E8/E8M and are constructed so as to indicate the X3.6 Environment
forces corresponding to the desired offset strain or total strain. X3.6.1 All test equipment should be located and connected
NOTE X3.3—Use caution when performing calculations with extensom- to power sources in such a manner as to minimize the effects
eter magnification, because the manufacturer may report strain
magnification, which relates the strain (not the elongation) to the x-axis of vibrations and electrical disturbances on raw data collected,
displacement on the stress strain diagram. A user or assessor interested in stress-strain charts, and operation of equipment.
an extensometer’s magnification may use calibration equipment to deter-
mine the ratio between elongation and chart travel or may verify a X3.7 Controls
reported magnification by calculating the Young’s modulus from tests of
specimens of a known nominal modulus. X3.7.1 Controlled procedures and work instructions should
X3.4.4 Measurement of elongation shall conform to re- cover all aspects of specimen preparation, tensile testing, and
quirements of Test Methods E8/E8M. result reporting. These documents should be readily available
NOTE X3.4—Test Methods E8/E8M permit the measurement and to all involved in the documented tasks.
reporting of elongation at fracture in place of elongation, as is often done
in automated testing. X3.7.2 Clear, concise, operating instructions should be
X3.4.5 Reduction of area, when required, shall be deter- maintained for equipment used in specimen preparation and
mined in accordance with the requirements of Test Methods tensile testing. These instructions should be readily available to
E8/E8M. all qualified operators.
X3.4.6 Procedures for recording, calculating, and reporting X3.7.3 All applicable verification requirements shall be
data and test results shall conform to all applicable require- met, as detailed in X3.3.2.
ments of Test Methods E8/E8M. In addition, wherever
practical, the procedures should also be in accordance with X3.7.4 It is recommended that special studies and programs
widely accepted provisions of good laboratory practice, such as be employed to monitor and control tensile testing, because
those detailed below. tensile test results are easily affected by operators, measuring
X3.4.6.1 When recording data, personnel should record all devices, and test equipment. Examples of such programs
figures that are definite, plus the best estimate of the first figure include but are not limited to:
which is uncertain. (If a result is known to be approximately X3.7.4.1 Round-robin studies, proficiency tests, or other
midway between 26 and 27, 26.5 should be the result recorded cross-checks,
(not 26, 27, or 26.475). X3.7.4.2 Repeatability and reproducibility (R and R)
X3.4.6.2 When performing calculations, personnel should studies,
avoid compounding of rounding errors. This may be accom-
X3.7.4.3 Control charting, and
plished by performing one large calculation, rather than several
calculations using individual results. Alternatively, if multi- X3.7.4.4 Determination of typical lab uncertainties for each
step calculations are done, intermediate results should not be result typically reported.
rounded before use in subsequent calculations.
NOTE X3.5—For nondestructive testing, repeatability and reproducibil-
X3.4.6.3 In rounding, no final result should retain more ity are often measured by conducting gage R and R studies, as discussed
significant figures than the least-significant-figure measure- in Appendix X2 of Test Methods E8/E8M. These studies involve repeated
ment or data point used in the calculation. determination of a test result, using a single part or specimen, so gage R
and Rs are not directly applicable to mechanical properties, which are
X3.5 Retention obtained through destructive testing. (True differences between even the
best duplicate specimens manifest themselves in the form of poorer R and
X3.5.1 A retention program appropriate for the nature and R results than would be obtained for perfect duplicates.) Nevertheless,
frequency of testing done in the laboratory should be main- quasi-R and R studies conducted with these limitations taken into
tained. Items that may warrant retention for defined time consideration may be helpful in analyzing sources of error and improving
periods include: reliability of test results.
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X4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON SPEED OF TESTING AND EXAMPLES
X4.1 Many materials are strain-rate sensitive that is, the automatically adjust the speed of the testing machine.
yield strength or tensile strength of the material is a function of However, some skilled operators can monitor a strain rate
the rate at which the material is being deformed. The yield indicator attached to the extensometer and adjust the speed of
strength of some materials can change by more than ten percent the testing machine manually to maintain the required strain
when tested with the slowest and then the highest speeds rate test speed. To maintain constant strain rate control during
permitted by Test Methods E8/E8M. In order to reproduce a test, the crosshead speed of the testing machine must slow
yield test results, for strain-rate sensitive materials, it is down drastically when the specimen begins to yield. This
important that strain rates during the determination of yield are method has three advantages. (1) The time to achieve yield
similar. results is short (about 20 to 40 s). (2) The reproducibility of
yield strength test results from machine to machine and
X4.2 The following paragraphs further explain the various laboratory to laboratory is good. (3) The agreement with the
Control Methods required to be used by Test Methods E8/E8M results of Control Method C is good, because the strain rates
when other guidance is not given. When other test speed are similar when the specimen’s yield strength is determined.
requirements are specified, those speeds must be followed to This method has three disadvantages. (1) The testing equip-
comply with this test method. For example, aerospace specifi- ment is generally more expensive. (2) Proper control and safety
cations often require a test speed when determining yield depend on the control parameters to be properly set and that the
strength to be a strain rate equal to 0.005 6 0.002 mm/mm/min extensometer integrity be maintained (accidental slippage of
[in./in./min]; when specified, that speed must be followed in the extensometer can result in unexpected movement of the
order to comply with this standard. crosshead). Proper safety limits must be set to ensure safety of
X4.2.1 Control Method A - Rate of Stressing Method for personnel and equipment. (3) When materials have yield points
Determining Yield Properties – This method has been the or yield discontinuously, a machine under closed-loop strain-
default method of control in Test Methods E8/E8M for many rate control can behave erratically. This control method is not
years. In this method, the crosshead speed of the machine is recommended for materials that yield discontinuously.
adjusted during the linear elastic portion of the curve to achieve X4.2.3 Control Method C - Crosshead Speed Control
the desired stress rate (or the speed is set to a predetermined Method for Determining Yield Properties—This method can be
value known to achieve the desired stress rate). The crosshead performed on any testing machine that has reasonably good
speed is not adjusted when the material begins to yield. The crosshead speed control. This method has three advantages. (1)
advantage of this control method is that it does not require any The reproducibility from machine to machine and laboratory to
transducers other than the load indicator itself, although, load laboratory is good. (2) The agreement with Control Method B
pacers and stress-rate indicators can be helpful. This method of is good, because the strain rates are similar when the speci-
control has a limitation in that the strain rate of the specimen men’s yield strength is determined. (3) This method of con-
at yield depends on the slope of the stress-strain curve (tangent trolling a testing machine is excellent for materials that yield
modulus) and the testing machine stiffness. Because of this, the discontinuously. The disadvantage of this method of control is
strain rate of the specimen when yield is determined can be that the test time to yield can be more than three minutes,
different for different specimen sizes, different specimen depending on the material being tested and the compliance of
configurations, different gripping configurations, and different the testing machine including its grip assemblies.
testing machines. This difference in strain rate can affect the X4.2.3.1 An example using SI metric units of how to apply
reproducibility of yield strength in strain-rate-sensitive mate- Control Method C to testing Specimen 1 in Fig. 13 is as
rials. follows. The length of the reduced section, that is, dimension A
X4.2.1.1 It is not the intent of this method to run the testing in Fig. 13, is equal to 60 mm. The crosshead speed is
machine in closed-loop force control, because as the material determined per Control Method C by multiplying 60 mm by
begins to yield the testing machine will speed up, possibly to 0.015 mm/mm/min to arrive at a crosshead speed of 0.9
its maximum speed. However, using closed-loop force control mm/min.
during the elastic region of the test and switching to an X4.2.3.2 An example using U.S. customary units of how to
equivalent crosshead speed prior to yield is an acceptable apply Control Method C to testing Specimen 1 in Fig. 13 is as
method. follows. The length of the reduced section, that is, dimension A
X4.2.2 Control Method B —Rate of Straining Control in Fig. 13 is equal to 2.25 in. The crosshead speed is
Method for Determining Yield Properties - This method is determined per Control Method C by multiplying 2.25 in. by
usually performed with a testing machine that has a closed- 0.015 in./in./min to arrive at a crosshead speed of 0.034
loop control system that uses feedback from an extensometer to in./min.
27
E8/E8M − 13
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E8/E8M-11)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June. 1, 2013.)
(1) Replaced 3.1. (5) Added 3.1.6, 3.1.7, and 3.1.11.

(2) Added 3.1.2. (6) Reformatted 3.1.10.
(3) Reformatted 3.1.3. (7) Added 3.2.1.
(4) Reformatted 3.1.4. (8) Added Note 32.
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28

Tension Testing of Metallic Materials: Standard Test Methods For

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Designation: E8/E8M − 13 AmericanAssociation State

Standard Test Methods for

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

FIG. 2 Wedge Grips with Liners for Flat Specimens

FIG. 4 Gripping Device for Shouldered-End Specimens

FIG. 3 Gripping Device for Threaded-End Specimens

NOTE 5—Test Methods E345 may be used for tension testing of

FIG. 14 Location of Transverse Tension Test Specimen in Ring

FIG. 16 Test Coupons for Castings

FIG. 17 Standard Tension Test Specimen for Malleable Iron

Pressing Area = 645 mm2 [1.00 in.2]

method for determining yield strength is recommended as the referee test

7.7.2 Extension-Under-Load (EUL) Method—Yield strength

data, and then analyzing this data (graphically or using

t-t : tangent to strain hardening at point of inflection

Detail of plateau region

X1. FACTORS AFFECTING TENSION TEST RESULTS

TABLE X1.1 Precision Statistics—Tensile Strength, MPa [ksi]

TABLE X1.2 Precision Statistics—0.02 % Yield Strength, MPa [ksi]

TABLE X1.3 Precision Statistics—0.2 % Yield Strength, MPa [ksi]

TABLE X1.4 Precision Statistics—% Elongation in 4D for E8 Specimens

TABLE X1.5 Precision Statistics—% Elongation in 5D for E8M Specimens

X2. MEASUREMENT OF SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS

TABLE X1.6 Precision Statistics—% Reduction in Area

X3. SUGGESTED ACCREDITATION CRITERIA FOR LABORATORIES PERFORMING TENSILE TESTS

X3.1 Scope X3.3.2 Equipment verification requirements of Practices E4

X4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON SPEED OF TESTING AND EXAMPLES

(1) Replaced 3.1. (5) Added 3.1.6, 3.1.7, and 3.1.11.

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