Physics 42200

Waves & Oscillations

Lecture 9 – French, Chapter 4

Spring 2013 Semester

Matthew Jones
 Forced Harmonic Motion
+ + =
Frequency of free oscillations:

= = −
2
Driving frequency:
Steady state solution ( ≫ 1/ ):
= ! "#$ −%
Amplitude of steady-state oscillations:
'⁄
&=
− +
Phase difference:
) = tan-.
−
 Forced Harmonic Motion
• Phasor diagram: <

'( ) 2( )

)
 Forced Harmonic Motion
• Phasor diagram: ≈

2( )
'( )
) ≈ 4/2
 Forced Harmonic Motion
• Phasor diagram: >

'( )
)
2( )
 Resonance
!
• The peak occurs at a
frequency that is
close to, but not
exactly equal to .
• At resonance, the
phase shift is
) = 4/2.
• The force pushes the %
mass in the direction 4
it is already moving
adding energy to the 4⁄2

system. 0
 “Quality Factor”
• Instead of using = / and = / , it is
convenient to describe the shape of the resonance curve
using the variables and 7 = / .
• 7 = / is called the “quality factor”.
• Written in terms of and 7, the amplitude is
'⁄
&=
− + /7
' /
= ./
1
− +
7
 Quality Factor
' /
& = ./
1
− +
7
• Why is this a convenient form?
– Dimensionless quantities are easier to analyze
– The scale of the amplitude is determined by ' /
– The shape of the curve is determined by the
dimensionless quantities / and 7
 Quality Factor
&
(' ⁄ )

Q=5
Q=4
Q=3
Q=2
Q=1

The normalized height is approximately 7

The maximum occurs when / ≈ 1
At resonance, the motion is amplified by the factor 7.
 Energy
• An oscillator stores energy
• The driving force adds energy to the system
• The damping force dissipates energy
• Instantaneous rate at which energy is added:
9: 92
8= =' = '2
9 9
' = ' cos
2 = & >?@ −)
2 = −& sin −)
8 = −' & cos sin −)
• Average rate at which energy is added:
1
8B( ) = ' & sin )
2
• Maximal when ) = 4/2
 Energy
1
8B( ) = ' & sin )
2
• Some algebra:
' /
& = ./
1
− +
7
1/7
sin ) = ./
1
− +
7
• Average power:
' 1
8B( ) =
2 7 1
− +
7
 Energy
• When ≈ we can simplify further:
= +∆
2
− ≈ ∆

' ( ⁄7 ) 1
8B( ) =
2 / 4 ∆ + /7
• What value of ∆ will reduce the peak power
by a factor of ½?
. . .
= 2∆ = /7
E ∆F G H FI /J G FI /J G
 Power Resonance Shape
8B( ) 1 1
' /2 7 = 10 7 1
− +
7
7=5

7=3

7=1

FI M
FWHM = 2∆ = = =
J N
 Resonance Curves
• General properties:
– Amplitude at resonance: Static displacement x 7
– FWHM power bandwidth: = /7
– When 7 is large, a small force at the resonant
frequency produces large oscillations
– Large amplitudes persist only when the driving
force is near the oscillation frequency
 Transient Phenomena
• So far, we only considered the form of solutions
when was very large:
2. = & >?@ −)
• What is the form of the solution when is small?
• The solution with no forcing term was
2 = OP -QR/ cos + S P -QR/ sin
• Complete solution:
2 = 2. +2
• Initial conditions determine O and S in the complete
solution.
 Transient Phenomena
• Suppose a mass is already in motion at = 0:
2 0 =&
2 0 =0
• Suppose that is small, so that this motion persists for a
long time: ignore the P -QR/ terms
2 = T cos
• Steady state solution:
UI ⁄N
2. = & >?@ −) , &=
G
FI G -FG H FFI G /JG
• Complete solution:
2 = T cos + & >?@ −)
 Transient Phenomena
• At = 0, 2 = 0:
2 = −T @VW − & @VW −)
• The phase of the driving force must be 0 or 4.
• Amplitude at = 0:
& =T+&
• & and & are given, so T = & − &
2 = & − & cos + & >?@
= & cos + & cos − cos
1
= & cos + 2A sin Y sin ∆
2
Transient Phenomena
= 24 × 1.0 Mhz
= 24 × 1.1 Mhz
7=2

(@P>?W9@)
 Transient Phenomena
• Accounting for energy dissipation looks like this:

= 24 × 1.0 Mhz
= 24 × 1.15 Mhz
7 = 20
1 7
= = 3.2 _@

(@P>?W9@)