Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment

EE311 Electronic Laboratory 3A

EE318 Data Communication & Networks
Title of Experiment: Line Code Encoder (Lab 1 & 2)

No. Name Student ID

1 Yap Pei Chi 1001540120

2 Lim Teik Jin 1001540810

3 Hoon Jian Wen 1001643716

4 Darren Fong Xuan Wei 1001643499

Lecturer : Asst. Prof. Ir. Victor Nagesparan A/L Ainarappan

Submission Date : 7 March 2019

Safety Measures/Precautions

1. Be familiar with the electrical hazards associated with your workplace or laboratory.
2. You may enter the laboratory only when authorized to do so and only during authorized hours
of operation.
3. Be as careful of the safety of others as for yourself. Think before you act, be tidy and systematic.
4. Avoid bulky, loose or trailing clothes. Avoid long loose hair.
5. Food, beverages and other substances are always strictly prohibited in the laboratory. Avoid
working with wet hands and clothing.
6. Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis.
7. Request new outlets if your work requires equipment in an area without an outlet.
8. Discard damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.
9. Before equipment is energized ensure, (1) circuit connections and layout have been checked
by a laboratory technician and (2) all colleagues in your group give their assent.
10. Know the correct handling, storage and disposal procedures for batteries, cells, capacitors,
inductors and other high energy-storage devices.
11. Experiments left unattended should be isolated from the power supplies. If for a special reason,
it must be left on, a barrier and a warning notice are required.
12. Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported to the laboratory technician
immediately and taken out of service until inspected and declared safe.

Experimental Procedures

1. Unipolar Nonreturn-to-zero Signal Encode

The data stream of unipolar nonreturn-to-zero (UNI-NRZ) is shown in figure 1-1(a). From figure
1-1(a), when the data bit is "1", the width and the gap between bits of UNI-NRZ are equal to each
other’s; when the data bit is "0", then the pulse is represented as 0 V. the circuit diagram of UNI-
NRZ encoder is shown in figure 1-2. As a result of the data signal and the NRZ encoder signal are
similar, therefore, we only need to add a buffer in front of the circuit.
 Figure 1-2 circuit diagram of unipolar nonreturn-to-zero encoder

1) The circuit was setup accordingly referred to Figure 1-2 above using a NOT gate (IC 7404).
2) The oscilloscope was set to 1kHz.
3) The input and output of the oscilloscope were clipped at data input and output line of the circuit
according to the Figure 1-2 above.
4) The probe of the oscilloscope was placed at the resistor (output side of the IC) to analyse the
waveforms.
5) The input and output waveforms were recorded down by students for 1kHz settings.
6) The output waveform was tabulated in Table 1-1.
7) Step 2 to 6 were repeated using different settings of frequency at 2kHz, 5kHz and 8kHz
respectively.
8) The overall results were discussed in discussion part.
2. Bipolar Nonreturn-to-zero Signal Encode
The data stream of bipolar nonreturn-to-zero (BIP-NRZ) is shown in figure 1-1(b). when the data
bit of BIP-NRZ is "1" or "0", the signal amplitude will be a positive or a negative voltage level.
As for bit time, no matter the data bit is "1" or "0", the voltage level remain same. Figure 1-3 is
the circuit diagram of BIP-NRZ encoder. By comparing the data streams of UNINRZ and BIP-
NRZ, the only difference is the signal amplitude is a negative voltage level when the data bit is
"0", therefore, we may utilize a comparator to encode the data bit in the circuit.

Figure 1-3 circuit diagram of bipolar nonreturn-to-zero

encoder

1) The circuit was setup accordingly referred to Figure 1-3 above using an OPAMP (LM741).
2) The oscilloscope was set to 2kHz.
3) The input and output of the oscilloscope were clipped at data input and output line of the circuit
according to the Figure 1-3 above.
4) The probe of the oscilloscope was placed at the output of the IC to analyse the waveforms.
5) The input and output waveforms were recorded down by students for 2kHz settings.
6) The output waveform was tabulated in Table 1-2.
7) Step 2 to 6 were repeated using different settings of frequency at 3.5kHz, 5kHz and 7.5kHz
respectively.
8) The overall results were discussed in discussion part.
Results

Vmax = 36.0V
Vpp = 36.0V
Vrms = 24.5V
Frequency = 1.030kHz
(Refer to Figure 2 for the waveform)

Vmax = 36.0V
Vpp = 36.0V
Vrms = 24.4V
Frequency = 2.170kHz
(Refer to Figure 3 for the waveform)

Vmax = 40.0V
Vpp = 41.6V
Vrms = 24.5V
Frequency = 5.208kHz
(Refer to Figure 4 for the waveform)

Vmax = 40.8V
Vpp = 41.6V
Vrms = 24.5V
Frequency = 8.566kHz
(Refer to Figure 5 for the waveform)
 Figure 1. The connection of the circuit.

 Channel 1 (Yellow): Input; Channel 2 (Blue): Output

Figure 2. 1kHz of Data Input Figure 3. 2kHz of Data Input

Figure 4. 5kHz of Data Input Figure 5. 8kHz of Data Input
Vmax = 3.52V Vmax = 20.8V
Vpp = 3.52V Vpp = 18.4V
Vrms = 2.48V Vrms = 15.0V
Frequency = 2.000kHz Frequency = 1.999kHz
(Refer to Figure 7) (Refer to Figure 7)

Vmax = 3.52V Vmax = 20.4V

Vpp = 3.36V Vpp = 16.4V
Vrms = 2.48V Vrms = 15.4V
Frequency = 3.506kHz Frequency = 3.501kHz
(Refer to Figure 9) (Refer to Figure 9)

Vmax = 3.52V Vmax = 20.4V

Vpp = 3.36V Vpp = 14.8V
Vrms = 2.48V Vrms = 15.8V
Frequency = 5.000kHz Frequency = 4.990kHz
(Refer to Figure 11) (Refer to Figure 11)

Vmax = 3.68V Vmax = 23.6V

Vpp = 3.52V Vpp = 6.80V
Vrms = 2.57V Vrms = 21.1V
Frequency = 7.508kHz Frequency = 7.788kHz
(Refer to Figure 13) (Refer to Figure 13)
 Figure 6. The connection of circuit.

 Channel 1 (Yellow): Input; Channel 2 (Blue): Output

Figure 7. 2kHz with capacitor connection. Figure 8. 2kHz connection ideal output.
Figure 9. 3.5kHz with capacitor connection. Figure 10. 3.5kHz connection ideal output.

Figure 11. 5kHz with capacitor connection. Figure 12. 5kHz connection ideal output.
 Figure 13. 7.5kHz with capacitor connection. Figure 14. 7.5kHz connection ideal output.

Discussion

Experiment 1: Unipolar Nonreturn to zero encoder

In digital communication, a line code is used for data transmission of digital signal via
communication transmission line. Different type of line coding is chosen to avoid overlap and
signal distortion like inter symbol interference.

Types of line coding are categorized as Unipolar, Polar, and Bipolar. In Unipolar signaling
or also called as the on-off keying (OKK), the presence of pulse is determined as “1” pulse, and
absence of pulse is determined as “0” pulse. Variation of unipolar signaling are including Non-
Return to Zero (NRZ) and Return to Zero (RZ).

In Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) signaling, High data by a positive pulse is called
as “Mark” which has time duration of T0 equal to symbol bit duration, whereas a “low” data input
has no pulse. Reference as below:
 Figure 15: Unipolar Non Return to Zero (NRZ)

The advantages of using unipolar NRZ signaling method is that the connection is simple.
Then, the other advantage is that it requires lesser bandwidth.

The disadvantages if using unipolar NRZ signaling method is that no error correction will
be done, and signal may be dropped when low frequency components is present. then, there will
also be no clock, and synchronization loss is likely to occur especially for long strings such as 1’s
and 0’s.

In this laboratory experiments, each task is required to select 2 different frequencies as the
input of the experiment. In this experiment for unipolar NRZ, frequencies of 2kHz and 9kHz were
chosen, and results comparison for both experiment and simulation are as figures below:
 Figure 16 Simulation and Experimental Results for Experiment 1 (2kHz)

Based on the laboratory experiment result, for 2kHz frequency input, the NRZ output
should be almost similar to the data input, but with a longer wavelength due to lower frequency.As
proven in the simulation result, the NRZ output data is almost similar to the data input waveform
with a longer wavelength due to higher frequency.

Figure 17 Simulation and Experimental Results for Experiment 1 (8kHz)

Based on the laboratory experiment result, for 8kHz frequency input, the NRZ output should be
almost similar to the data input but with a shorter wavelength due to higher frequency. Thus, again
as proven in the simulation result, the NRZ output data is almost similar to the data input waveform
but this time with a shorter wavelength due to higher frequency.

Experiment 2: Bipolar Non Return to Zero Encoder (BIP-NRZ)

For experiment 2, it was required to build a bipolar nonreturn-to-zero encoder circuit (BIP-
NRZ). Bipolar simply means one logic state represented by positive and other by negative voltage
as shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 18: Bipolar Non Return to Zero (BNRZ)

The circuit comprises of an op-amp labelled as LM741, 2 resistors of values 300Ω and
4.7kΩ, 5V power supplies and a frequency generator. The resistors are connected in voltage
divider form, so that a comparator circuit is formed, both parallel to the negative input of the op-
amp. The input data is supplied from the frequency generator to the positive input of the op-amp
in the form of square waves by varying the frequency of the waveform. The input data is also
known as the clock synchronization because it continuously supplies square waves. Then the
output waveform is measured using the oscilloscope on pin6 of the IC chip.

The main purpose of this experiment is to produce a data stream of bipolar nonreturn-to-
zero signals. When the data bit of the BIP-NRZ is “1” or “0”, the signal amplitude produced will
be a positive or a negative voltage level. The results shown from Figure 7 to Figure 14 for input
signal frequencies 2kHz, 3.5kHz, 5kHz and 7.5kHz respectively, it can be seen that when the pulse
is HIGH (1), the signal amplitude or output is at a positive voltage level. When the pulse goes
LOW, the output is at a negative voltage level. Hence, the hypothesis of "one" is represented by
one physical level (usually a positive voltage), while "zero" is represented by another level (usually
a negative voltage) is accepted. It can be seen from the scope display that the output waveform
seems to be a bit curvy due to the rectifying and filtering function of the capacitor. Once the
capacitor is removed, an immediate perfect square wave can be produced.

The experimental results have also been verified with Simulation done on Multisim
software. The top waveform is the input data clock signal while the bottom waveform is the output
results. It can be seen that the results go is a positive output when the input is 1 and negative output
when the input is 0.

Figure 19 : BPR-NRZ Simulation Circuit

Simulation Results for Experiment 2

Frequencies Simulation Output

2kHz

3.5kHz
5kHz

7.5kHz
Conclusion

The objectives were achieved where students were able to conduct the experiment for
building the structure of NRZ circuit and understanding the application of line encoder. The results
were obtained according to the theoretical output and the objectives of this experiment were
achieved. Based on the first part of the experiment, the advantages of using unipolar NRZ
signalling method is that the connection is simple. Then, the other advantage is that it requires
lesser bandwidth. However, the disadvantages if using unipolar NRZ signalling method is that no
error correction will be done, and signal may be dropped when low frequency components is
present. then, there will also be no clock, and synchronization loss is likely to occur especially for
long strings such as 1’s and 0’s. Based on simulation done in Multisim, the NRZ output data is
almost similar to the data input waveform with a longer wavelength due to higher frequency and
tally to the physical experiment done in laboratory. Based on the second part of the experiment,
when the data bit of the BIP-NRZ is “1” or “0”, the signal amplitude produced will be a positive
or a negative voltage level. The significant process to obtain a square wave for this part of
experiment will be the application of the capacitor where it will rectify and act as a filter to the
output waveforms. To overcome this issue, students had removed the capacitor in the circuit in
order to obtain a perfect square waveform in order to be analysed.