Accepted Manuscript

Investigation on ethylene glycol-water mixture fluid suspend by

hybrid nanoparticles (TiO2-CuO) over rotating cone with
considering nanoparticles shape factor

S.S. Ghadikolaei, Kh. Hosseinzadeh, D.D. Ganji

PII: S0167-7322(18)32633-3
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.084
Reference: MOLLIQ 9690
To appear in: Journal of Molecular Liquids
Received date: 21 May 2018
Revised date: 18 August 2018
Accepted date: 17 September 2018

Please cite this article as: S.S. Ghadikolaei, Kh. Hosseinzadeh, D.D. Ganji , Investigation
on ethylene glycol-water mixture fluid suspend by hybrid nanoparticles (TiO2-CuO) over
rotating cone with considering nanoparticles shape factor. Molliq (2018), doi:10.1016/
j.molliq.2018.09.084

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Investigation on ethylene glycol-water mixture fluid suspend by hybrid nanoparticles

(TiO2-CuO) over rotating cone with considering nanoparticles Shape factor

S.S. Ghadikolaeia, Kh. Hosseinzadehb*, D.D. Ganjib*

a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mazandaran university of science and Technology, Babol, Iran

b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noushirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
*
Corresponding author, E-mail: mirgang@nit.ac.ir, khashayarh68@stu.nit.ac.ir

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Abstract

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One of the most important tasks in increasing heat transfer of the fluids is the

application of hybrid nanoparticles instead of nanoparticles. Hence the purpose of this article
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is to investigate natural convection heat transfer of magnetiohydrodynamic (MHD) non-

Newtonian Carreau nanofluid consist of TiO2-CuO hybrid nanoparticles/ ethylene glycol-

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water (50%-50%) mixture base fluid over a rotating cone with considering non-linear thermal

radiation, heat generation/ absorption and variable thermal conductivity effects. also a
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different nanoparticles Shapes (Bricks, cylinders, platelets and Blades) effects have been
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investigated. The PDEs governing equations of the problem have been solved after
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conversion to ODEs by numerical method. The most important results of this study are the
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effect of different variable parameters such as Hartman number, Weissenberg number,

radiation parameter, joule heating effect and nanoparticle volume fraction on the velocity
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profile, temperature profile, skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number. As a result

hybrid nanoparticles also have a greater effect on the temperature profile than nanoparticles.

Keywords: Hybrid nanoparticles; Mixture base fluid; Carreau non- Newtonian; Shapes

factor; Rotating cone; MHD;

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1. Introduction

One of the modern and current methods of improving the process of heat transfer in

the fluids was created in 1995 after Choi's [1] theory. Based on his theory, as a result of

adding tiny particles in nano dimensions to the base fluids, a new admixture called nanofluid

is formed. According to Choi's theory, since nanofluids have more thermal conductivity

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compared to base fluids, they have more effect on the enhancement of heat transfer.

Afterwards, the correctness of Choi's theory has been proved by Kang et al. [2] through an

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experimental experience that he has done. Another important issue that has recently attracted

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the attention of scientists and scholars of the heat transfer domain is the use of hybrid

nanoparticles instead of sole nanoparticle. In comparison to sole nanoparticle, hybrid

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nanoparticles have more influence on the improvement of heat transfer in that they have
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more thermal conductivity. Pursuant to the aforementioned issue, worthwhile studies have

been done in this field that has been pointed in the rest of this paragraph. Study on forced
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convection of MHD alumina/water nanofluid flow between a microchannel considering the

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impact of Brownian motion and thermophoresis were carried out by Malvandi and Ganji [3].
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Numerical study on 3D squeezing flow of (CNTs/C2H6O2) nanofluid between a rotating

channel in the presence of thermal radiation using by Runge- Kutta Fehlberg method has
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been done by Ghadikolaei et al. [4]. The impact of shapes nanoparticles on MHD stagnation
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point flow and heat transfer of Tio2–Cu hybrid nanoparticles suspended in water base fluid

have been investigated by Ghadikolaei et al. [5]. Numerical study on MHD forced

convection flow and heat transfer of Fe3O4–water nanofluid inside an cavity considering the

Joule heating effect using CVFEM has been carried out by Sheikholeslami et al. [6].

Increase the Nusselt number due to Reynolds number enhancement is an important result of

their research. Ghadikolaei et al. [7] have been analyzed the impact of non-linear thermal

radiation on 3D squeezing flow and heat transfer due to (Fe3O4-Ag) hybrid nanoparticles

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suspended in (C2H6O2-H2O) hybrid base fluid between a rotating stretching channel using by

Runge- kutta Fehlberg numerical method. Numerical study on natural convection heat

transfer of nanofluids in a T-shaped porous cavity using by finite element method (FEM)

and considering the impact of various constant coefficients on Nusselt number were done by

Hatami et al. [8]. MHD and thermal radiation effects on micropolar dusty fluid with

TiO2 nanoparticles over a porosity stretching sheet have been investigation by Ghadikolaei

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et al. [9]. Investigation of heat and mass transfer due to dynamic nanofluid flow over a

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penetreable non- linear stretching surface using HAM has been performed by Rashidi et al.

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[10].

With respect to obeying the law of viscosity, fluids are divided into two groups of
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Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids are the fluid that their

resistance against the exerting the shear stress changes with the rate of the variation of the
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material length. Therefore, these fluids are lack of the regular viscosity. To give examples of

non-Newtonian fluids, we can mention liquid soaps, cosmetic products, dairy products such
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as cheese and butter and biological fluids like blood and saliva. Non-Newtonian fluids have
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diverse names with regard to their particular characteristics. Casson, micropolar, Eyring-

Powell, Carreau and Walter's-B are the most popular ones. In this article the non-Newtonian
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fluid by the name of Carreau has been studied. Analysis of 2D stagnation point flow and heat
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transfer of MDH Carreau fluid past a shrinking sheet in the presence of non-linear thermal

radiation using by Runge–Kutta Fehlberg numerically method were done by Hashim et al.

[11]. Khan et al. [12], analyzed heat and mass transfer of three dimensional MHD Carreau

nanofluid flow past a stretching surface in the presence of non-linear thermal radiation using

by HAM and bvp4c. Investigation of 2D unsteady Falkner-Skan flow of non-Newtonian

Carreau nanofluid past a wedge considering the melting and heat sink/source effects was

performed by Khan et al. [13]. Investigation the impact of heat sink/source on non-

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Newtonian Carreau fluid flow past a stretching cylinder was performed by Rehman et al.

[14]. The study of unsteady heat and mass transfer due to MHD Carreau nanofluid flow over

a stretching sheet considering the Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects of

nanoparticles was conducted by Khan and Azam [15].

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) discusses the magnetic features of the electrical

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conductive fluids. Generally, it's effect on the stream and heat transfer appears as Lorentz

force and Joule heating. As a matter of fact, exerting the magnetic field causes the resistance

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in the stream course and the decrease in the velocity; besides, it increases the temperature by

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generating the friction between the electrical and magnetic fields with the stream layers.

Numerical analysis on MHD flow and heat transfer due to Fe3O4–(CH2OH)2 nanofluid in two
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nanofluid and dust phase past a stretching sheet considering the thermal radiation and Joule

heating effects has been carried out by Ghadikolaei et al. [16]. Study on Entropy generation,
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Bejan and Nusselt number due to MHD nanofluid flow past a rotating disk has been done by

Rashidi et al. [17]. Analysis of flow and heat transfer due to unsteady squeezing MHD
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nanofluid in a channel considering the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and thermal radiation
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effects using by Duan–Rach approach (DRA) was performed by Dogonchi and Ganji [18].

Lorentz force and Joule heating effects on non- Newtonian micropolar dusty fluid suspended
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with Go nanoparticle in a porous medium in the presence of thermal radiation have been
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studied by Ghadikolaei et al. [19]. Numerical study on free convection and entropy

generation due to MHD Cu-water nanofluid flow in a porous cavity using by Lattice

Boltzmann method (LBM) was conducted by Ghasemi and Siavashi [20]. Investigation of

mixed convection on MHD flow and heat transfer of Casson nanofluid past a non-linear

stretching surface considering the chemical reaction, thermal radiation and Joule heating

effects has been conducted by Ghadikolaei et al. [21]. Analysis of 2D electrical MHD flow of

nanofluids over a penetrable stretching surface considering the thermal radiation and Joule

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heating effects using by Keller box method were carried out by Daniel et al. [22]. Also,

following the topics discussed above, many valuable articles have been published that can be

referred to refs [23-28] for further study.

It is worth mentioning, in this study three-dimensional MHD flow and heat transfer of

TiO2-CuO/ hybrid nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol-water mixture base fluid as

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non-Newtonian Carreau considering the thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity and

shapes nanoparticles effects have been analyzed using by Runge- Kutta Fehlberg fifth order

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numerically method.

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2. Mathematical formulation of the problem
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To find a way to improve the process of heat transfer in fluids, the base in this paper is

the study of three-dimensional (3D) natural convection heat transfer of

magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) non-Newtonian Carreau nanofluid flow consisting of TiO2-

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CuO hybrid nanoparticles /ethylene glycol- Water (50% -50%) mixture base fluid due to a
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rotating cone with temperature dependent. The effects of heat generation / absorption,

thermal radiation and shapes nanoparticles such as Bricks, Cylinders, Platelets and Blades,
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are also considered. Term of gravity ( g ) is also active. The wall cone velocity of the cone is
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ν 1
defined as Uw (x)= (Gr) 2 along x. Also, a variable magnetic field is introduced in
x

B0
accordance with the relation of B(x)= 1 along z in the desired cone in which B0 is
-
x(Gr) 4

uniform magnetic field. In addition, it is assumed that fluid and cone are rotated at an angular

velocity around the normal axis. r is the radius of the cone and γ is half angle. All

assumptions and conditions that are considered for the geometry of this paper are clearly

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depicted in (Fig. 2). Differential equations that model this problem, according to the above-

mentioned assumptions and the physical terms affecting the problem are given in the

following (Ref [31]):

 
(ru)+ (rw)=0, (1)
x z
   u  ve2 
 u u u ν    μnf  - +g(ρβ)nf (T-T )cosγ- 
2

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ρnf  +u +w -  -  z  z  x -
 t x z x   
 σB(x) u
2
 (2)

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 3(n-1) 2  u   u 
2 2
μnf  Γ   2  =0,
 2  z  z 

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v v v νu   u dv 
ρnf  +u +w -  -  μnf  - e -σB(x)2ν  =0, (3)
 t x z x   z  z  dt
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
T T T 2T u 2T
2
(ρcp )nf  +u +w  -knf 2 -μnf   - 2 (qr )+
 t x z  z  z  z
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(4)
Q0 (T-T )=0.
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In the above equations u , v and w are the velocity components in the directions of x,
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y and z axis, respectively. Also, ρnf is the density of nanofluid, μnf is the dynamic viscosity
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of nanofluid , νe is the free stream velocity, (ρβ)nf is the thermal expansion coefficient
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because of temperature difference, T is the fluid temperature,  is the electrical conductivity

n is the velocity power index parameter,  is the kinematic viscosity, (ρCp )nf is
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of the fluid,

the heat capacitance of the nanofluid, knf is the thermal conductivity of nanofluid and Q0 is

the heat generation/absorption parameter. The approximation of Rosseland for radiative

heat flux ( qr ) term in Equation (4) is defined as follows:

4σ*T4
qr =- , (5)
3k*y

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That σ* is the Stefan-Boltzman constant and k* is the absorption coefficient;

also it is assumed that temperature difference is small in flow. Therefore, the Taylor

series approximation for T4 in terms of T is as follows:

T4  4TT3  3T3 , (6)

Using the definitions obtained for the thermal flux and temperature in equations

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(5 and 6) and their placement in equation (4), the energy equation is finally defined as

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follows:

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T T T 2T u 16σ*T3 2T
2
(ρcp )nf  +u +w  -knf 2 -μnf   - +
 t x z  z  z  3k* z2 (7)
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Q0 (T-T )=0.
According to assumptions, the problem of the initial boundary conditions for the
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above equations is as follows:

u=0, v=xΩ1sin(γ)(1-Ωsin(γ)t)-1, w=0, T=Tw , at z=0,

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 (8)
u=0, v=ve =xΩ2sin(γ)(1-Ωsin(γ)t) , T  T , as z .
-1
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In order to improve the process of heat transfer in fluids, the most recent
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solutions can be the use of hybrid nanoparticles instead of single nanoparticle. Hence,

nanofluid produced by hybrid nanoparticles has a higher thermal conductivity than

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nanofluid produced by a single nanoparticle. In addition, the effect of using different

shapes nanoparticles on thermal conductivity and increasing the amount of heat

transfer can't be simply ignored. Thus, according to the above, the thermo-physical

properties of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid (density, viscosity, coefficient of thermal

expansion, heat capacity and thermal conductivity) are defined in the presence of shape

factor in table 1 as follows:

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Table 1. Thermo-physical properties of hybrid nanofluid. Ref [5].

Properties Nanofluid Hybrid nanofluid
 ρ   ρ 
Density ρnf =ρf  (1 )  ( s )  ρhnf =ρf (1 2 )  (1 1 )  1 ( s1 )   2ρs2
 ρf   ρf 
μf μf
μnf  μhnf =
Viscosity (1  )2.5 (11 ) (12 )2.5
2.5

 (ρβ)s  (ρβ)hnf =(ρβ)f (1 2 )((1 1 )

Coefficient of ρβnf = ρβf 1   (ρβ) 
  1
(ρβ)s1
)  2 (ρβ)s2

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f
thermal expansion
(ρβ)f

(ρcp )hnf =(ρcp )f (12 )((11)

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 (ρcp )s 
Heat capacity ρc  = ρc 
p nf p 1  
f  (ρcp )f

(ρcp )s1
  1 )  2 (ρcp )s2

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(ρcp )f
khnf ks2 +(s-1)kbf -(s-1)2 (kbf -ks2 )
= ,
kbf ks2 +(s-1)kbf +2 (kbf -ks2 )
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Thermal knf ks +(s-1)kf -(s-1)(kf -ks )
= Where
conductivity kf ks +(s-1)kf +(kf -ks )
kbf ks1 +(s-1)kf -(s-1)1 (kf -ks1 )

ks1 +(s-1)kf +1 (kf -ks1)
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kf

In which,  is the volume fraction and m is the shape factor of nanoparticles, respectively.
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The requisite conversion functions for the converting of the partial differential
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equations (PDEs) (1,2,3 and 7) to the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are depicted as:
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 1 1 1
v =xΩ sinγ(1-StΩsinγ)-1, ξ=ν- 2 (Ωsinγ) 2 (1-StΩsinγ)- 2 z
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 e 2
 1
u=- xΩsinγ(1-StΩsinγ) f (ξ), v=xΩsinγ(1-StΩsinγ) g(ξ),
-1 -1
(9)
 2
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 1 1
2 (1-StΩsinγ) 2 f(ξ), θ(ξ)  T-T .
-
w=(νΩsinγ)
 Tw -T
In which,   1 2 is the composite angular velocity, Wherein, 1 is the angular

velocities of the cone and 2 is the free stream fluid, S is the unsteady parameter. Also, ξ

and θ are the dimensionless variable and temperature, respectively.

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After replacing the equation (9) on the equations of (1-3 and 7,8) and simplifying and

converting, finally the ordinary differential equations concerning the flow and temperature

along with their boundary conditions are as follows:

 f    ff  2  3(n-1) θf 

 D (1+ θ)  +D2  2 -f   -Haf - 8 Wef  f + D (1+ θ)2 +D3λθ=0,
2
(10)
 1    1

 g   ξ  +S(1-α )+Haf + θ2g =0,

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 D (1+ θ)  2 
-D S(g+ g+fg-f 
g)  (11)
 1   2 
1
D1(1+ θ)2

 D + 4 R  θ+Pr  Ecf 2  -Q θ-SD  2θ+ ξ θ- f θ +fθ  =0,

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 5 3    H 4  (12)
   D1(1+ θ)   2 2 

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f(ξ)=0, f (ξ)=0, g(ξ)=α1, θ(ξ)=1 a t ξ=0,
 (13)
f (ξ)  0, g(ξ) 1-α1, θ(ξ)  0 as ξ .
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In which;
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D1 =(11)2.5 (12 )2.5 , (14)

ρs1 ρ
D2 =(1 2 )[(1 1 )  1 ( )]  2 s2 ,
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(15)
ρf ρf
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 (ρβ)s1  (ρβ)s2
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D3  (12 )  (11 )  1   2 , (16)

 (ρβ)f  (ρβ)f
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 (ρCp )s1  (ρCp )s2

D4 =(12 )  (11)  1   2 , (17)
 (ρCp )f  (ρCp ) f
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ks2 +(s-1)kbf -(s-1)2 (kbf -ks2 ) ks1 +(s-1)kf -(s-1)1 (kf -ks1 )
D5 = . (18)
ks2 +(s-1)kbf  2 (kbf -ks2 ) ks1 +(s-1)kf +1 (kf -ks1 )

The dimensionless numbers and parameters in above equations are defined as follows:

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σB02 (1-Stsinγ)
 is the viscosity variation parameter, Ha= is the Hartman number
ρΩsinγ

Ω3x3sin3γ Gr
3 is the Weissenberg parameter, λ=
(magnetic field parameter), We= is
υ(1-St sinγ) ReL2

gβTcosγ(Tw -T )L3

the buoyancy force parameter, wherein, Gr= is the Grashof number and
νf 2

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ΩL2 sinγ Ω
ReL = is the Reynolds number. α1 = 1 is the ratio of the angular velocity to
ν Ω

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4σ*T3 kf
composite velocity, R= is the radiation parameter, Pr= is the Prandtl

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3kf k*
(μcp )f

Ω2sin2α Q (1-Stsinγ)
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number, Ec= is the Eckert number and Q= 0 is the heat
υ Ωsinγ

generation/absorption parameter.
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Also, the important physical quantities affecting the flow and heat transfer are
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skin friction coefficient and Local Nusselt number, respectively which are defined in
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this problem as follows:

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-
1
f (0) 3(n-1)
CfxGr 4 = + Wef (0)2 , (19)
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D1(1+ θ) 8

g(0)
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1
-
CfyGr 4 = , (20)
D1(1+ θ)

NuxGr 4 =  D5 + R  θ(0),
1
- 4
(21)
 3 

3. Numerical method for solution

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In this part, the ordinary non-linear differential equations (10-12) with boundary

conditions (13) have been solved by using Runge- Kutta Fehlberg fifth order technique. To

do those, first nonlinear differential equations must be converted to first order linear

equations. The requisite variables for this act defined as follows:

(f,f ,f ,g,g,θ,θ)T =(y1,y1 =y2 ,y2 =y3 ,y4 ,y4 =y5 ,y6 ,y6 =y7 )T. (22)

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By applying the above noted variables in the equations (10-12) and boundary

conditions (13), ultimately the equations that have been decreased in degree through Runge-

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Kutta fifth order method are explained as follows:

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 
 
 
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 
 y2 
y 
 y1   3 
 y   
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
 2   -  8D1(1 y 6 )  
 y1y3 2  y3y7
λy

 
 y3    8  3(n 1)We y 32  2 
-y D -Hay + +D
2

2 2
D1(1+  y6 )2 3 6
 
   
 y4  =  y5 
(23)
 y  
D

 5    D1(1+  y6 )  S y4 + ξ y5 +y1y5 -y2 y4  D2  -S(1-α1 )-Hay2 - y5 y7

2


 y6       D1(1+  y6 )2  
E

2
 y   
 7   y7
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
  
 1    Ecy3   ξ y2 y6  
-  
Pr  6
-Qy - SD 
4  2y + y - +y 1 7 
y 
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  D5  4 R    D1(1+  y6 )   
6
2 7 2 
 3  
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y1(0)=0, y2 (0)=0, y3 (0)=s1, y4 (0)=α1, y5 (0)=s2 , y6 (0)=1, y7 (0)=s3. (24)

It is worth mentioning that, to solve the equations by Runge Kutta 5 order method, first a

suitable measure is considered for the bound ξ . In this problem, ξ =10 has been chosen.

Also in the relevant boundary conditions, s1, s2 and s 3 are respectively equivalent to

f (ξ)  0, g(ξ) 0 and θ(ξ) 0 when ξ . this way of until convergence solving has

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been continued up to rank 106 and the solving scale has been continued Δξ=0.001.

Furthermore, to have a better understanding of the solution for the nonlinear differential

equations in this problem by the Runge- Kutta fifth order method, a flowchart has been

designed in fig.1.

It is worth mentioning that to show the accuracy of the solution to the equations in this

problem by the aforementioned method, the achieved results of this article have been

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compared with those of Anilkumar and Roy's [31] article that can be observed in table (5).

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The accomplished comparison shows that the achieved results in this article are highly

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accurate and acceptable.

4. Results and discussion

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After solving the governing equations of problem with the numerical method, in this
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section as a result, the effect of variable various parameters and shapes nanoparticles on the

velocity and temperature profiles as well as on the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt
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number have been investigated. Also the base amounts of these parameters has been selected
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from Ref [32], are as follows:

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Ha  2, Ec  1  0.2, R  0.4, We Q  0.5, S  0.8,   5, n  1.

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First, in Figures 3 and 4, the effect of changes in viscosity variation parameter ( ) is

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shown on tangential and azimutal velocity field, respectively. Figure 3 shows that increase in

 has increased the velocity function f (ξ) in both the hybrid and nano phases. In Figure 4,

similar behavior has also occurred with respect to the g(ξ) function as a result of increasing

. Figures 5 and 6 show the effect of volume fraction of nanoparticles (  2 ) on velocity

profile. In Figure 5, increase in  2 in the range of 0  ξ  1.5 has reduced tangential velocity

and in   1.5 reverse result has been obtained. The physical reason is that increase in

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volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the thermal conductivity and the thermal

boundary layer thickness, thus velocity function increases in the distant regions from

boundary. Also increase in  2 increases the azimuthal velocity of both hybrid and nano

phases (Figure 6). The reduction of tangential velocity field and azimuthal velocity field by

increasing the Hartman number (magnetic field parameter) is shown in Figures 7 and 8,

respectively. Physically, with increasing Ha , the magnetic field is amplified in the direction

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of the current, resulting in a resistant force called Lorentz is induced in the flow path, which

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cause the velocity profile to reduce by generation of electric vortices and resistance to the

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flow. The dual velocity behavior of tangential velocity field in terms of changes in

Weissenberg number ( We ) is shown in Figure 9. By increasing We , f (ξ) is reduced.

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Physically, Weissenberg number is equal to the fraction of viscous forces to the elastic
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forces, so with the increase in Weissenberg, the viscous variations in the surface are reduced,

thus reducing tangential velocity field is reduced. Also, the negative and decreasing effects

of the We changes on azimutal velocity field are also shown in Figure 10. It should be noted
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that the value of g(ξ) function is always higher in the nano phase than the hybrid phase.
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In the following section, the effect of changes in various parameters, in the presence of
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changes in different shape factors on temperature profile, has also been investigated. First, in

Figures 11 and 12, it is observed that increase in volume fraction of nanoparticle has
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increased temperature profile. Physically, increase in thermal conductivity and thermal

boundary layer thickness due to an increase in volume fraction, causes to obtain this result.

Also, increase in shape factors increases the temperature. It should be noted that in both

diagrams, hybrid phase has a higher contribution to temperature rise compared to the nano

phase. The reduction of the temperature profile due to the increase in Hartman number and its

enhancement due to the increase in shape factor can be observed in Figures 13 and 14. It

should also be noted that the hybrid nanoparticles were more effective in comparison with
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nanoparticles. The effect of changes in the incremental values of radiation parameter ( R ) in

the presence of increase in shape factors on temperature profile is shown in Figure 15.

Physical, the positive effect of thermal radiation on fluid molecules energy is the reason of

this result. In addition, it is observed that hybrid phase has a more positive effect on

temperature rise compared to the nano phase. In Figures 16 and 17 it can be seen that increase

in Eckert number ( Ec ), along with the increase in shape factors, has a positive and

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incremental effect on thermal boundary layer thickness. Increase in velocity and so increase

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in kinetic energy and inter-molecular collisions due to Ec increase, is also the result of the

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physical analysis. The negative and descending effect of heat generation/absorption

parameter ( Q ) on temperature profile is shown in Figure 18. In general, positive values of Q

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heat to system and negative values absorb heat from system. But in contrast to Q , increasing

shape factors increase temperature profile. It should also be noted that in all diagrams related
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to the temperature profile, hybrid mode always has a greater effect on increase in temperature

profile compared to the nano mode because in physical aspect the thermal conductivity of the
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hybrid phase is greater than the nano phase. In addition to the temperature diagrams, the
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results of the effects of the parameters and shape factors on temperature profiles have been

recorded in Table 2 numerically and accurately for both hybrid and nano modes.
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At the end of this section, the effect of parameters and shape factors on skin friction
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coefficient and local Nusselt number is also examined. First, in Figure 19, increase in Ha
leads to a decrease in surface drag force along x-axis. Reverse results are obtained in Figure

20 for skin friction coefficient along y-axis. Also, in Figures 21 and 22, increase in We leads

to increase and decrease surface drag force in x and y directions, respectively. It should be

noted that in all of Figures 19-22 increase in volume fraction has increased the skin friction

coefficient. In Figure 23, increase in Ha due to Joule heating effect and friction between
magnetic field and electric field with the flow layers results in heat generation and so

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increasing heat transfer rate. But in Figure 24, reverse result is obtained. In fact, with

increasing Ec and decreasing temperature, heat transfer rate has decreased. Finally, the
positive effect of Q on local Nusselt number is also shown in figure 25. It should be noted

that in all of Figures 23-25, the shape factors are a positive and increasing factor in heat

transfer rate.

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5. Conclusion

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In this article 3D MHD flow and heat transfer of TiO2-CuO/ C2H6O2-H2O hybrid

nanoparticles suspended in Carreau hybrid base fluid considering the impact of thermal

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shapes nanoparticles has been analyzed by Runge- Kutta Fehlberg 5 order technique. The
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summary of the results is as follows:

 Tangential velocity field f (ξ) increases with increasing  and decreases with
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increasing Ha and We . Also, increase in  2 near the boundary causes to decrease

f (ξ) and increases it in far distance from boundary.

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 Azimutal velocity field g(ξ) increases with increasing  and decreases with
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increasing Ha , We , and  2 .
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 The temperature profile θ(ξ) increases with increasing  2 , R , Ec and decreases with

increasing Ha and Q .
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 Increasing the value of shape factors has increased the temperature profile and local

Nusselt number.

 Hybrid nanoparticles always have a greater effect on temperature profile than

nanoparticles.

 Surface drag force along x-axis in terms of Ha changes has inverse relation and in the
direction of y-axis has direct relation. The reverse result is true for We .

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 Heat transfer rate has direct relation with changes in Ha , Q and inverse relation with

Ec .

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[12] M. Khan, M. Irfan, W. A. Khan, Numerical assessment of solar energy aspects on 3D

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(CH2OH)2 nanofluid analysis in a porous medium under MHD radiative boundary layer and
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[24] M. Sheikholeslami, M. M. Rashidi, D. D. Ganji, Effect of non-uniform magnetic field on

forced convection heat transfer of Fe3O4–water nanofluid, Computer Methods in Applied
Mechanics and Engineering, 294 (2015) 299-312.
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nanofluid forced convective heat transfer in existence of variable magnetic field using two
phase model, Journal of Molecular Liquids 212 (2015) 117–126
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porous medium, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 268 (2018) 813-823.

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fluid, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 155 (2004) 545-561.

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Sharma, Natural convective heat transfer analysis of MHD unsteady Carreau nanofluid over a
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cone packed with alloy nanoparticles, Powder Technology, Volume 317, 15 July 2017, Pages
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Table 2. Influence of the difference parameters and shapes nanoparticles on temperature

profiles in hybrid and nano cases.
 (1)
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Bricks Cylinders Platelets Blades

2 Ha R Ec Q Hybrid Nano Hybrid Nano Hybrid Nano Hybrid Nano
0.01 0.1077 0.1016 0.1102 0.1024 0.1118 0.1029 0.1169 0.1049
0.04 0.1146 0.1086 0.1195 0.1118 0.1225 0.1139 0.1326 0.1214
2 0.1170 0.1109 0.1226 0.1149 0.1261 0.1176 0.1378 0.1269
5 0.1130 0.1068 0.1183 0.1107 0.1217 0.1132 0.1330 0.1221
0 0.0908 0.0933 0.0878 0.0885 0.0918 0.0913 0.1049 0.0925
2 0.2239 0.2202 0.2274 0.2228 0.2297 0.2244 0.2373 0.2304
0 0.1168 0.1107 0.1223 0.1147 0.1255 0.1173 0.1372 0.1263
4 0.1274 0.1218 0.1333 0.1261 0.1369 0.1289 0.1494 0.1387
0.1 0.1569 0.1499 0.1633 0.1546 0.1674 0.1576 0.1807 0.1683
0.4 0.1255 0.1192 0.1313 0.1234 0.1349 0.1261 0.1470 0.1357

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Table .3. Thermo-physical properties of hybrid base fluid and nanoparticles. Refs [5, 29, 30].

Physical properties C2H6O2 -H2 O TiO2 CuO

kg
 ( ) 1063.8 4250 6500
m3
J
cp ( )

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3630 686.2 540
kg .o K
W
k ( o ) 0.387 8.9538 18

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m. K
1
 (o ) 5.810 4 9 10 6 8.5 106
K

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Table .4. Nanoparticles shape with their shape factor. Ref [5]

Nanoparticles type Shape Shape

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factor
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Bricks 3.7
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Cylinders 4.9
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Platelets 5.7

Blades 8.6

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Table. 5. Comparison between the results of -θ(0) and the results of Ref. [31] for different
value of prandtl number and buoyancy force parameter when
  Ha We  Ec  Q  0, n  1.
Pr  0 Pr 1
λ -θ(0) (Ref [27]) -θ(0) (Present result) -θ(0) (Ref [27]) -θ(0) (Present result)
0 0.4305 0.4302 0.5572 0.5571

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1 0.6127 0.6098 0.7219 0.7219
10 1.0175 1.0175 1.1709 1.1705

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Fig. 1. Algorithm flow chart.

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Fig.2. Geometry of the problem

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Fig. 3. Influence of on tangential velocity field ( f ( ) )
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Fig.4. Influence of on azimutal velocity field ( g ( ) )
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Fig. 5. Influence of 2 on tangential velocity field ( f ( ) ) Fig. 6. Influence of 2 on azimutal velocity field ( g ( ) )

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Fig. 7. Influence of Ha on tangential velocity field ( f ( ) )
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Fig. 8. Influence of Ha on azimutal velocity field ( g ( ) )
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Fig. 9. Influence of We on tangential velocity field ( f ( ) ) Fig. 10. Influence of We on azimutal velocity field ( g ( ) )

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Fig. 11. Influence of 2 on temperature profile (  ( ) )
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Fig. 12. Influence of 2 on temperature profile (  ( ) )
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Fig. 13. Influence of Ha on temperature profile (  ( ) ) Fig. 14. Influence of Ha on temperature profile (  ( ) )

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Fig. 15. Influence of R on temperature profile (  ( ) ) Fig. 16. Influence of Ec on temperature profile (  ( ) )
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Fig. 17. Influence of Ec on temperature profile (  ( ) ) Fig. 18. Influence of Q on temperature profile (  ( ) )

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Fig. 19. Influence of Ha and 2 on skin friction coefficient Fig. 20. Influence of Ha and 2 on skin friction coefficient
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Fig. 21. Influence of We and 2 on skin friction coefficient Fig. 22. Influence of We and 2 on skin friction coefficient

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Fig. 23. Influence of s , Ha on local Nusselt number Fig. 24. Influence of s , Ec on local Nusselt number
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Fig. 25. Influence of s ,Q on local Nusselt number

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Nomenclature g(m.s 2 ) gravity

Uw (x)(m.s1) velocity of the cone u,v,w(m.s1) velocity components

B(x)(Wb. m 2 ) variable magnetic field x,y,z space coordinates

B0 uniform magnetic field Greek Symbols
Ha Hartman number α1 ratio of the velocity
We Weissenberg parameter μnf (kg .m 1s 1) dynamic viscosity of
nanofluid

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3
Ec Eckert number ρnf (kg .m ) density of nanofluid
Pr Prandtl number λ buoyancy force

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parameter
Gr Grashof number  solid volume fraction
parameter

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R radiation parameter γ(degree o) half angle
Q heat generation/absorption (Pa.s ) viscosity variation
parameter parameter
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T(oK ) fluid temperature ν(m 2.s 1) kinematic viscosity

T (o K ) free stream temperature Ω(rad .s 1) composite angular

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velocity
ReL local Reynolds number σ* Stefan-Boltzman
constant
Cf skin fraction coefficient θ dimensionless
D

temperature
Nux local Nusselt number ξ dimensionless
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variable
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qr the radiative heat flux Subscripts

k* mean absorption f fluid
coefficient
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cp (J .kg 1.o K 1 ) specific heat capacity s solid

ve (m.s1 ) free stream velocity nf nanofluid
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knf (W .(m.oK )1) thermal conductivity of hnf hybrid nanofluid

nanofluid
n velocity power index  condition at the free
parameter stream

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Highlights:

 Mixture base fluids suspended by hybrid nanoparticle are investigated.

 Influence of MHD and shape factor on rotating cone flow is investigated.

 The numerical method is employed to solving the nonlinear equations.

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