Grid Connected Inverter Control PDF

Control of Grid Interactive
Inverter Systems
Dr. M.Nanda Kumar

Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur
What is a Grid interactive inverter?
DC Source Inverter AC Grid
Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

TCR 2
Why Grid interactive inverter is required ?
 60% of Energy consumption is from fossil fuel resulting an
emission of 6.5 billion tons of CO2 into atmosphere –
environment pollution, global warming
 Fossil fuel sources like coal, oil etc. are getting depleted
day by day
 Distributed generation with renewable sources (solar
cells, wind power etc.) may be a solution to these problems
 Since power content of these sources are varying and to
make voltage, frequency etc., acceptable to the present
transmission system Grid interactive inverters are
essential

TCR 3
Content
 Photovoltaic Power System

 Control Schemes of Grid Interactive Inverter Systems
(Literature survey)
 Objective
 Main Features of Proposed Grid Interactive Inverter
 Hysteresis controller
 Volt-sec analysis of buck and boost converters
 Analysis of minimally switched grid interactive inverter
 Derivation of circuit topologies and switching tables for
different power factors
 Simulation study and results
 Hardware implementation of the scheme
 Analysis of experimental results.
TCR 4
Photovoltaic (PV) Power system
 PV power system can be classified as

(i) Stand alone
(ii) Hybrid
(iii) Grid connected

TCR 5
Photovoltaic (PV) Power system (cont.)
-Stand alone
 Used in remote areas with no access to utility
Battery
AC load
Inverter
PV cell

TCR 6
-Hybrid
- more reliable

TCR 7
-Grid connected
• This can be small system such as residential rooftop

or large grid connected system
•Reliability and efficiency of the system can be enhanced
by connecting the sources to AC grid.

TCR 8
Grid interactive inverter –Requirement of real
and reactive power injection
If grid connected inverter injects active power only, the reactive power required
by the load should be supplied by the AC source leading to a poor power factor
at the source side

TCR 9
CONTROL SCHEMES OF GRID INTERACTIVE
INVERTER (Literature survey)
-Instantaneous p-q Theory (Akagi -1984)
(proposed by Barbosa P.G (1998), for real and reactive power injection)
1 1 3  v 

v  2  2 2
 a
2  
v   vb
  3 1 1 3   
     vc 
2 2 2 
1 1 3  i 

 
i 2  2 2
 a
2  
i   ib
  3 1 3   
p  v i  v i
1
     ic 
2 2 2 
1
q  v i  vi i*   v v   p* 
 *     
i   v v   q* 
 
 1 0 
ia*    *
 * 3  i 
(2 / 3)  
1
ib    2  
2  i* 
ic*   
 
 1 
3
Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,  2 2 
TCR 10
Instantaneous p-q Theory (cont.)
 1 1  1 1
 1    ia   1    va 
i  2 2 2   v  2 2 2  
i     ib v     vb
   
   3 0 3  3   i     3 0 3  3   v 
 2  c  c
2   2 2 
q  v i  vi = reference reactive power  q

*
Reactive power =
capacitor voltage is compared with the reference voltage Vref and given
to a PI controller. The PI controller output is the reference real power, p*
to be injected from the PV source to the grid

TCR 11
Instantaneous p-q Theory (cont.)
Reference currents to hysteresis controller, ia*, ib*, and ic* are generated
using current reference calculation block as given below
1
i*

  v v   p* 
    *
*
i


      q 
v v
 
 1 0 
ia*    *
 * 3  i 
(2 / 3)  
1
ib    2  
2  i*  ia* , ib* , ic* are given to hysteresis controller
ic*   
 
 1 
3 as reference signal
 2 2 

TCR 12
Schematic diagram of a 3-phase
hysteresis controller
di VL
  slope of inductor current
dt L
VL  Voltage across inductor

TCR 13
CONTROL SCHEMES OF GRID INTERACTIVE
INVERTER (cont.)
PWM Control Technique
(proposed by Huang S.J and F.S.Pai, (2001) for power flow control
through grid connecter inverter)

TCR 14
Grid interactive inverter -
proposed
DC Source Inverter AC Grid

TCR 15
Objective
Design & Implementation of the switching

algorithm of grid interactive inverter for bi-
directional real and reactive power control and
harmonic compensation with reduced switching
loss and constant switching frequency.

TCR 16
Grid interactive inverter –proposed (cont.)
Grid
a
b
c
Lb Lc
La
Ia
DC source Inverter
Ib
Ic

TCR 17
Main Features of Proposed Grid
Interactive Inverter
In inverter mode of operation , injected current is
in phase to the grid voltage
 Power flows from DC source to AC grid

TCR 18
Interactive Inverter (cont.)
In rectifier mode of operation , injected current is
180° out of phase with grid voltage
 Power flows from AC grid to DC source

TCR 19
Switching frequency is constant

TCR 20
Only two switches are controlled at high
frequency at any instant of time and hence
switching loss is reduced
Current can be injected at any power factor
Harmonic and reactive power compensation can

be implemented
Simple control circuitry using hysteresis current
control with good dynamic response

TCR 21
Schematic diagram of a 3-phase
hysteresis controller
di VL
  slope of inductor current
dt L
VL  Voltage across inductor

TCR 22
Hysteresis controller (cont.)
R1 R2
R1
hb  Vsat
R1  R2

TCR 23
Reference current, actual current and switching
pulses (ap & an) in hysteresis control scheme (cont.)

TCR 24
Schematic diagram of a 3-phase constant
frequency hysteresis controller

TCR 25
Switching pulses in constant frequency
hysteresis control scheme

TCR 26
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
Buck converter circuit while

the switch is position 1
Buck converter (practical) vL = Vg – v(t) =Vg-V
V=dc component of v(t)

TCR 27
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
Buck converter Buck converter circuit while the switch

is position 2
VL (t) = - v(t) =-V

TCR 28
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
Inductor voltage Output voltage

TCR 29
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
Change of inductor current can be calculated using following equations
diL (t )
vL (t )  L
dt
diL (t )
Vg  V  L
dt
diL (t ) Vg  V

dt L

TCR 30
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
diL (t )
VL (t )  V  L
dt
diL (t ) V

dt L

TCR 31
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
 In in any switching converters under steady state the net change in
inductor current over one switching period must be zero
T
diL (t ) 1 s
vL (t )  L iL (Ts )   vL (t )dt  iL (0)
dt L0
Ts
1
iL (Ts )  iL (0)   vL (t )dt
L0
In steady state initial and final values of inductor current are equal

TCR 32
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
 Thus in steady state the integral of the inductor
voltage must be zero
Ts
1
L v
0
L (t )dt  0 unit = volt-sec or flux linkage
Above equation states that the total area, or volt-seconds, under vL(t)
waveform must be zero

TCR 33
Volt-sec balance
Buck converter
(cont.)
(Vg  V ) DTs  V  (1  D)Ts  0
V  DVg V  DVg
Thus buck converter is a

Step down converter

TCR 34
Volt-sec balance
Boost converter
Boost converter (ideal) Boost converter (practical)

TCR 35
Volt-sec balance
Boost converter
(cont.)
Boost converter circuit while Boost converter circuit while

the switch is position 1 the switch is position 2

TCR 36
Volt-sec balance
Boost converter
(cont.)
Inductor voltage in boost converter

TCR 37
Volt-sec balance
Boost converter
(cont.)
Appling volt-second applied to the inductor voltage
over one switching period
Vg  DTs  (Vg  V )(1  D)Ts  0

Vg
V 
1 D
V 1
Voltage Conversion ratio = 
Vg 1 D
Thus boost converter is a Step up converter

TCR 38
Analysis of minimally switched grid
interactive inverter

TCR 39
interactive inverter (cont.)
Let a = 0, b = 0 and c = E (with respect to –ve DC bus)
Equivalent circuit

TCR 40
I st loop equation: -VLa+VLc =E–Vc + Va ……………………(1)
2 nd loop equation: -VLb+VLc = E – Vc +Vb………………… (2)
 VLa   1 0 1   E  Vc  Va 
     


VLb 
 =  
 0 1 1 

 E  Vc  Vb


 VLc     
Solving for VLa, VLb and VLc
VLa = -E/3-Va, VLb = -E/3-Vb , VLc = 2E/3-Vc

TCR 41
VLa, VLb , VLc and Eqvt. Circuit for different
switching combinations
Modes a b c VLa VLb VLc Eqvt. circuit
1 0 0 0 -Va -Vb -Vb
2 0 0 E -E/3-Va -E/3-Vb 2E/3-Vc
3 0 E 0 -E/3-Va 2E/3-Vb -E/3-Vc
4 0 E E -2E/3-Va E/3-Vb E/3-Vc
5 E 0 0 2E/3-Va -E/3-Vb -E/3-Vc
6 E 0 E E/3-Va -2E/3-Vb E/3-Vc
7 E E 0 E/3-Va E/3-Vb -2E/3-Vc
8 E E E -Va -Vb -Vc

TCR 42
Voltage across inductors La (VLa) , Lb (VLb) and Lc
(VLc) during (0  60) grid voltage region when
node „a‟ is held at 0
E  1.634 VLL ,E =350V, Vgrid(rms)=120V
 volt-sec balance cannot be realized

 volt – sec
Electrical balance
& Electronics can be realized
Dept. GEC,
TCR 43
Voltage across inductors La (VLa) , Lb (VLb) and Lc
(VLc) during (0  60) grid voltage region when
node „b‟ is held at 0
E =350V, Vgrid(rms)=120V
 Volt – sec balance can be realized

TCR 44
Grid Phase a Phase b Phase c Inference
voltage
region a=E a=0 b=E b=0 c=E c=0
(0°-60°) X X X X X b is the uncontrolled

phase & kept at 0
a & c are the
controlled phases
X  Inductor voltages are not (+ve and –ve) during the entire (0°-60°)
grid voltage region for different switching combinations (volt-sec balance
equation can not be realized by any switching combination)
 Inductor voltages are +ve and –ve during the entire (0°-60°) grid
voltage region for different switching combination (volt-sec balance
equation can be realized by choosing different switching combination)
TCR 45
Analysis of minimally switched grid interactive
inverter (cont.)
-Inference-
Grid voltage Controlled Uncontrolled
region phases phase
(0°-60°) Phases a & c Phase b and it
is kept at 0
(60°-120°) Phases b & c Phase a and is
kept at E
(120°-180°) Phases a & b Phase c and it is
kept at 0
(180°-240°) Phases a & c Phase b and it
is kept at E
(240°-300°) Phases b & c Phase a and it
is kept at 0
(300°-360°) Phases a & b Phase c and it is
kept at E
TCR 46
Selection of switch in the controlled
phases
 If the direction of injected current is +ve

top switch in that leg is controlled
 If the direction of injected current is -ve

bottom switch in that leg is controlled

TCR 47
Circuit topology for different power
factors
Dual buck topology for a p.f angle of 0 0
Inverter mode of operation

TCR 48
Buck and boost topology for a p.f. angle
of 600 (lag)

TCR 49
Dual boost topology for a p.f. angle of
1800 (lag)
Rectifier mode of operation

TCR 50
Switching table for different power
factor angles – 00
Voltage region Sap San Sbp Sbn Scp Scn
(00-600) C - - ON C -
(600-1200) ON - - C - C
(1200-1800) C - C - - ON
(1800-2400) - C ON - - C
(2400-3000) - ON C - C -
(3000-3600) - C - C ON -
CSwitch is controlled at high frequency, ONSwitch is kept ON

through out the voltage region sector
- Switch is OFF Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,
TCR 51
Switching table for a power factor angle
of 600(lag)
(00-600) - C - ON C -
(600-1200) ON - - C C -
(1200-1800) C - - C - ON
(1800-2400) C - ON - - C
(2400-3000) - ON C - - C
(3000-3600) - C C - ON -
C Switch is controlled at high frequency, ON  Switch is kept ON

through out the voltage region sector
- Switch is OFF Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,
TCR 52
Switching table for a power factor angle
of 1800(lag)
(00-600) - C - - - C
(600-1200) - - C - C -
(1200-1800) - C - C - -
(1800-2400) C - - - C -
(2400-3000) - - - C - C
(3000-3600) C - C - - -
CSwitch is controlled at high frequency

- Switch is OFF
TCR 53
Reactive power compensation
Equivalent circuits during (030) and
(3060) grid voltage region
200
va v vc
b
100
Grid voltage
-100
-200
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Phase angle in degrees
10
Ic Ia Ib
5
Injected current
-5
-10
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Phase angle in degrees

TCR 54
Modes of operation of ac/dc converter for
various p.f angles (lag) during (00-600)
region of line cycle

TCR 55
Simulation study

TCR 56
Voltage sector identification
(00-600)
O/P of ZCD
in phase „a‟
(600-1200)
(1200-1800)
O/P of ZCD
in phase „b‟
(1800-2400)
O/P of ZCD
(2400-3000)
in phase „c‟
(3000-3600)

TCR 57
Voltage sector identification (cont.)
0o 60o 120o 180o 240o 300o 360o
O/P of ZCD
phase A
O/P of ZCD
phase C
O/P of ZCD
phase B
T1=A*C
T3=A*B

TCR 58
Grid voltage sectors

TCR 59
Current polarity identification
Ia(ref) xa
xa'
Ib(ref)
xb
xb'
Ic(ref)
xc
xc'

TCR 60
Switching pulses to switches
Sap &San
qap  ((T1  T3  T4  T6 ) xa )a p  T2 xa
qan  ((T1  T3  T4  T6 ) xa' )an  T5 xa'
ap & an are from hysteresis controller
TCR 61
Enabling signals for hysterisis current
control
Enabling signal to +ve current -ve current
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
qap    
qan    
qbp    
qbn    
qcp    
qcn    
TCR 62
Sbp &Sbn
qbp  ((T2  T3  T5  T6 ) xb )bp  xb
qbn  ((T2  T3  T5  T6 ) xb' )bn  T1 xb'

bp & bn are from hysteresis controller
TCR 63
Scp &Scn
qcp  ((T1  T2  T4  T5 ) xc )c p  T6 xc
qcn  ((T1  T2  T4  T5 ) xc' )cn  T3 xc'
cp & cn are from hysteresis controller

TCR 64
Control Schematic for real and reactive
power control

TCR 65
Simulation Results

TCR 66
Grid voltage and injected current for a
power factor angle of 00 (inverter mode)

TCR 67
power factor angle of 600 (lag)

TCR 68
power factor angle of 1800 (rectifier mode)

TCR 69
Reactive compensation

TCR 70
Bi-directional power control -an example
Grid voltage  115V (phase)
Injected current 10A (phase)
P.F Angle Real power Reactive power

(lag) (injected) (injected)
0 3450 W 0W
60° 1725 W 2988 W
120 ° -1725 W 2988 W
180° -3450 W 0W
240° -1725 W -2988W
300° 1725 W -2988 W
TCR 71
Transient response subjected to reversing
of power at 0.035 Sec.

TCR 72
FFT plot of the injected current of phase „a‟ in
inverter mode of operation (a) in conventional
hysteresis control scheme and (b) in proposed
control scheme

TCR 73
Frequency components of the injected current
of phase „a‟ up to 23 rd harmonic
in the proposed scheme (THD=4.7%)

TCR 74
Injected current & grid voltage (with
harmonics – 10% THD)

TCR 75
Switching Loss

TCR 76
Switching signals to the switch Sap during conv.
hysteresis, dual buck, dual boost, and buck & boost
modes of operation

TCR 77
Switching device voltage, current and power
loss for one cycle in the conventional hysteresis
control scheme

TCR 78
Switching device voltage, current and power loss
for one cycle in the proposed switching scheme

TCR 79
Reduction in loss(%) in the proposed control scheme
compared to conventional hysteresis control scheme
Mode of operation Modified hysteresis Conventional hysteresis

control with constant control with constant
frequency frequency
Dual Buck 21.3 9.5

(Injected current in phase
to grid voltage)
Dual Boost 60.8 38.6
(Injected current 180º out
of phase with grid voltage)
Buck &Boost 38.2 17.5

(Injected current 60º lag
with grid voltage)

TCR 80
Switching losses for different circuit
topologies
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Dual buck Dual boost Buck & boost
Conv. Hyst. Control with variable frequency

Conv. Hyst. Control with fixed frequency
Proposed scheme
TCR 81
Harmonic Compensation

TCR 82
Active Power Filter (APF)
 Based on topology APF can be classified as
(i) Shunt active power filter

(ii) Series active power filter
(iii) Hybrid active power filter

TCR 83
Shunt active power filter
• used to compensate, current harmonics
reactive power and load current unbalance
• static VAR generator in power system networks for
stabilizing and improving voltage profile

TCR 84
Series active power filter
•Eliminates voltage unbalance, sag. swell etc.

TCR 85
Hybrid active power filter
Used for compensation of high power systems

Power rating of active power filter can be reduced significantly

TCR 86
Instantaneous p-q theory for extracting
harmonic currents
1 1 3  v 

v  2  2 2
 a
2  
v   vb
  3 1 1 3   
     vc 
2 2 2 

p  harmonic real power

q = harmonic reactive power
1 1 3  i 

i  2  2 2
 a
2  
ia* , ib* , ic* are given to hysteresis controller i   ib
  3 1 1 3   
     ic 
as reference signal 2 2 2 

TCR 87
3-Phase diode bridge rectifier

TCR 88
3-PHASE LOAD CURRENT FOR A 3-PHASE
DIODE BRIDGE WITH RESISTOR

TCR 89
Control Schematic for harmonic
compensation

TCR 90
3-phase harmonic current component
extractor

TCR 91
3-PHASE HARMONIC CURRENTS

TCR 92
switching algorithm during (0º-60º) of line cycle
Current polarity Controlled Status of Circuit topology

switches uncontrolled
switch
Ia = +ve, Ib = -ve, Ic = +ve Sap & Scp Sbn = ON Dual Buck
Ia = +ve, Ib = +ve, Ic= -ve Sap & Scn Sbn = OFF Buck & Boost
Sap & Scn Sbn = ON Buck & Boost

Ia = +ve, Ib = -ve, Ic = -ve
San & Scp Sbn = OFF Buck & Boost

Ia = -ve, Ib = +ve, Ic = +ve
San & Scp Sbn = ON Buck & Boost

Ia = -ve,Ib = -ve, Ic = +ve
San & Scn Sbn = OFF Dual Boost

Ia = -ve, Ib = +ve, Ic = -ve

TCR 93
Grid voltage, reference harmonic current and
switching pulses in case of harmonic compensation
for a non-linear load of 3- phase diode bridge with
resistive load

TCR 94
Harmonic compensation considering a non-linear
load of 3-phase diode bridge with resistive load
(45)

TCR 95
FFT plot of the source current (after compensation)
in the frequency range of 0250kHz

TCR 96
Amplitude spectrum of the source current after
compensation (THD=4.8%)

TCR 97
load of 3-phase diode bridge with R-L load
(45 and 30mH )

TCR 98
load of 3-phase diode bridge with R-C load
(45 and 1000F )

TCR 99
Hardware Circuits & Results

TCR 100
Block diagram representation for practical
set up of the control scheme

TCR 101
Block diagram of control circuit board

TCR 102
Schematic diagram of grid voltage sector
identifier

TCR 103
Schematic diagram of reference current
polarity identifier

TCR 104
3-phase reference current generator block
diagram

TCR 105
3-Phase reference current generation

TCR 106
Triangular signal generator

TCR 107
Current sensor with signal conditioning
circuit

TCR 108
Hysteresis controller

TCR 109
Dead band generator

TCR 110
Dead band generator (cont.)

TCR 111
3-phase harmonic current component extractor
(cont.)

TCR 112
Grid voltage & injected current of phase-a for
a pf. angle of 0° - Inverter mode of operation

TCR 113
Switching pulses qap, qan,qbp, qbn in inverter mode of
operation, observed in 4 channel CRO

TCR 114
Grid voltage & injected current of phase-a for a
p.f angle of 60

TCR 115
Grid voltage & injected current of phase-a for a
p.f angle of 90- Reactive compensation

TCR 116
Grid voltage & injected current of phase-a for a p.f
angle of 180-Rectifier mode of operation

TCR 117
Switching pulses qap, qan,qbp, qbn in rectifier
mode of operation, observed in 4 channel CRO

TCR 118
Source current(after compensation), injected
harmonic current and non-linear load current for
a load of 3-phase bridge circuit with resistive
load

TCR 119
Switching loss of inverter for different circuit topologies (W)
DC bus voltage = 155V, Grid voltage =80V, Injected
current=5A (r.m.s), Switching frequency =10kHz
Power injected = 700W
Circuit Proposed Conv.hyst.control Conv.hyst.control

Topology scheme with constant with out constant
switching switching frequency
frequency
Dual 26.0 32.2 37.0
boost
Dual 35.6 40.4 61.2

buck
Buck & 30.4 35.8 41.2
boost
TCR 120
CONTROL CIRCUIT SET UP
LINK
CURRENT SENSING INDUCTOR
BOARD
3-PHASE DIODE
BRIDGE
OUTMUX RECTIFIER
VOLTAGE SECTOR &

CURRENT POLARITY HARMONIC
IDENTIFIER EXTRACTOR
3-PHASE HYSTERESIS
CONTROLLER
3-PHASE REFERENCE
CURRENT GENERATOR

TCR 121
Current sensing board

TCR 122
Experimental set up

TCR 123
DC SourceDC generator driven by 3-phase
induction motor

TCR 124
Grid voltage & injected current of a phase
for inverter mode of operation

TCR 125
Grid voltage & injected current of a
phase for rectifier mode of operation

TCR 126
Grid voltage & injected current of a
phase for a power factor angle of 60°

TCR 127
Application – example
At present the battery life checking in locomotive has been done by
disconnecting battery  discharging fully again charging  observing
the discharging rate
Using the proposed technique, the charging and discharging of battery
can be performed without disconnecting  by interacting with AC grid

TCR 128
Application –example (cont.)
Photo voltaic source supplies the local DC load

Excess amount of energy can be pumped into AC grid
Shortage of energy on DC side can be met from AC grid

TCR 129
Conclusion
 A simple hysteresis control with constant switching frequency to control the bi-
directional power flow between DC source and AC grid.
 Switching algorithm for bi-directional power control, reactive and harmonic

compensation
 Switching losses are reduced because only two switches are controlled at any instant
of time time.
 Current injected into grid is in phase to the grid voltage in inverter mode and 180 out
of phase with grid voltage in rectifier mode of operation
 Design and implementation of control circuitry
 Implementation of bi-directional real and reactive power control & harmonic

compensation
 Experimental verification of the control scheme

TCR 130
References
[1] M.Rastogi, N.Mohan, A.A.Edris,”Filtering of harmonic currents and
damping of resonance in power systems with a hybrid-active filter”, Proceedings of
the IEEE APEC‟95, pp.984-989
[2] M Rastogi, N.Mohan, A.A.Edris, ”Hybrid active filtering of harmonic

currents in power systems”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.10, No.4, oct.1995
[3] J.T.Boys, A.W.Green, “Current-forced single-phase reversible rectifier” IEE

Proceedings, Vol.136, No.5, pp.205-211, Sep.1989.
[4] Z.Lai, K.M.Smedley, “A family of continuous-conduction mode power-

factor-correction controllers based on the general pulse width modulator”, IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.13, N0.3, pp.501-510, May 1998
[5] S.Singer, “Applications of „loss-free resistors „ in power processing

circuits”, PESC‟89 Record, Vol.2, pp.843-846

TCR 131
References(Contd.)
[6] D.Shmilovitz, D.Czarkowski, Z.Zaber, “A Novel Rectifier/Inverter with Adjustable Power
Factor”, PESC‟99, Vol.1, pp.337-34
[7] A.W.Green, J.T Boys, “ Hysteresis Current-forced three phase voltage sourced reversible
rectifiers”, IEE proceedings Vol.136, May 1998, pp.113-120
[8] P.G. Borbosa, L.G.B.Rolim, E.H.Wantanabe, R.Hanitsch, “ Control Strategy for grid-connected
DC-AC Converters with load power factor correction”, IEE Proc. Gen., Trans., Distri. ,
Vol.145, No.5, Sept 1998, pp 487-491
[9] M.Azizur Rahman; Ali M. Osheiba; Azza E.Lashine,” Analysis of current Controllers for
Voltage-Source Inverter”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.44, No.4, Aug 1997,
pp477-485.
[10] K.M.Smedley; Chengming Qiao, “Three phase Grid Connected Inverter Interface for
Alternative Energy Sources with Unified Constant- frequency Integration Control”, Industry
Applications Conference, 2001, Vol.4, pp2675-2682
[11] K.M.Smedley; Chengming Qiao, “General 3-phase PFC Controller for Rectifiers with parallel
connected Dual Boost Topology”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.17, No.6, Nov.2002,
pp 925-934
TCR 132
TCR 133

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Control of Grid Interactive

Dr. M.Nanda Kumar

DC Source Inverter AC Grid

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

 Photovoltaic Power System

 PV power system can be classified as

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

• This can be small system such as residential rooftop

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

q  v i  vi = reference reactive power  q

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

through grid connecter inverter)

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

DC Source Inverter AC Grid

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Design & Implementation of the switching

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Switching frequency is constant

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Harmonic and reactive power compensation can

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Buck converter circuit while

V=dc component of v(t)

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Buck converter Buck converter circuit while the switch

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Inductor voltage Output voltage

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

(Vg  V ) DTs  V  (1  D)Ts  0

Thus buck converter is a

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Boost converter (ideal) Boost converter (practical)

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Boost converter circuit while Boost converter circuit while

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Inductor voltage in boost converter

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Vg  DTs  (Vg  V )(1  D)Ts  0

Thus boost converter is a Step up converter

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

2 nd loop equation: -VLb+VLc = E – Vc +Vb………………… (2)

Solving for VLa, VLb and VLc

VLa = -E/3-Va, VLb = -E/3-Vb , VLc = 2E/3-Vc