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Optimal allocation of Distributed Generation in

Distribution system using Genetic Algorithm


technique

Instructor:
By
Dr.VAKULA.V.S Sri Harsha.K (10VV1A0251)
Anusha.A (10VV1A0237)
Sai Naveen.V (10VV1A0238)
Sowjanya.G (10VV1A0248)
Kumar Teja.P (10VV1A0212)
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ABOUT DG
• COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
• GENETIC ALGORITHM
• RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Objective:
• To improve the behaviour of distributed
network by placing DG.

• Calculation of optimistic location and size of


DG using GA technique

• Plot the comparision of with and without DG


INTRODUCTION:

• Objective of the power system


• Drawbacks
transmission loss increases
reduction in voltage profile
increment in overall cost
• Implementation of DG offers solution to these
drawbacks.
• What is DG?
• Optimum size and location of DG can be
determined by
analytical approach
loss sensitivity factor
repeated load flow
genetic algorithm
Distributed Generation(DG)

• These plants are mass produced, small and less site-


specific.
• This reduces the amount of energy lost in transmitting
the electricity.
• The size and location of the DG plays an important role
in the profile of distribution system.
• It is not centrally planned and it is not centrally
dispatched at present.
• These are small scale power
generation technologies(1kw-
10000kw) for the enhancement of the
traditional electrical systems.

• Depending upon the type of


environmental conditions these DG’s
are specified.

• Some of the DG systems are solar


panels,wind turbine,vehicle to
grid,waste to energy etc.,
Advantages:
• Reduction in pollutants.
• Free of emission
pollutants.
• Improved efficiency.
• Power quality with in the
ditribution network.
• Voltage profile,system
reliability.
Variation of loss with respect to DG size
fig.7.4 Variation of total real power losses with respect to DG size
108

106

104

102
Total real power losses(KW)

100

98

96

94

92

90
1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
DG size(MW)
• In this project, the techniques used in finding the
DG size is performed.

• Improper allocation misleads to drastic behaviour


of the system.

• Size of the DG shouldn’t exceed the system size.

• DG should place where the sensitivity factor is


minimum.
Conventional method for optimal
allocation of D.G
ØForward and backward sweep method is one
of the conventional technique
ØThis method uses kirchoff laws
ØUsing this method ,power flow solution for a
distribution network can be obtained with out
solving simultaneous equations
Procedure for forward and backward
sweep load flow technique
Step:1(backward sweep)
ØIn backward sweep KCL is used
ØFor each iteration ,branch currents are
aggregated from loads to origin
ØI=conj(S/VB)
Procedure for forward and backward
sweep load flow technique
step:2(forward sweep)
ØIn forward sweep the voltages are updated
ØNodal voltage vector v is updated from origin
to loads according to Kirchhoff's voltage laws
ØVB=Vo-TRX*I
ØBranch voltages and currents obtained in
above two steps is used in loss sensitivity
factor method
Ø Pi=(Pdgi-pdi)

Ø Sensitivity factor is evaluated at each bus

Ø The bus having lowest sensitivity factor will be best


location for DG
GENETIC ALGORITHM
• The Genetic Algorithm(GA) is a method for solving
optimization problem that is based on natural selection, the
process that drives biological evolution.

• A simple GA consists of three basic operations: selection,


crossover and mutation.

• The operators of GA begin to generate a new and improved


population from the old one.
GA-Algorithm

Step 1: Run the base case load flow.


Step 2: Find the optimum size of DG for each bus using Eq.
LSF.
Step 3: Compute approximate loss using
Loss eqn. for each bus by placing DG of optimum size
obtained in step 2 for that bus. Add the injection from DG for
that bus and use base case values for state variables.
Step 4: Locate the bus at which the loss is minimum after DG
placement. This is the optimum location for DG.
Step 5: Run load flow with DG to get the final result.
By the above programmed algorithm losses are calculated and
tabulated.
GA for optimal Allocation of DG :

• The objective function which is to be minimized is


the sensitivity factor

• By using GA we will get optimum size and then the


best location for DG.

• The method has been implemented on IEEE-69 and


IEEE-33 bus radial distribution system.
11-bus data
BUS DATA
LINE DATA

Branch No. Sending end Receiving end R(p.u) X(p.u) Bus No. PD(p.u) QD(p.u)

1 1 2 0.04997 0.06644 1 0 0

2 2 3 0.023332 0.0331 2 1.22 0.916

3 1 4 0.04664 0.06201 3 0.032 0.024

4 1 5 0.02082 0.02768 44 0.779 0.584

5 5 6 0.025 0.03322 5 0.673 0.595

6 1 7 0.02665 0.03543 6 1.22 0.916

7 7 8 0.02748 0.03654 7 0.0488 0.0366

8 1 9 0.02331 0.0443 8 0.956 0.717

9 1 10 0.02082 0.02768 9 0.698 0.523

10 2 11 0.02082 0.02768 10 1.265 0.949

11 0.265 0.0949
33-bus data

LINE DATA BUS DATA


Branch No. Sending End Receiving End R(Ω) X(Ω) Bus No. PL(KW) QL(KVAR)
1 1 2 0.0922 0.047 1 0 0
2 2 3 0.493 0.2512 2 100 60
3 3 4 0.3661 0.1864 3 90 40
4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 4 120 80
5 5 6 0.819 0.707 5 60 30
6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 6 60 20
7 7 8 0.7115 0.2351 7 200 100
8 8 9 1.0299 0.74 8 200 100
9 9 10 1.044 0.74 9 60 20
10 10 11 0.1967 0.0651 10 60 20
11 11 12 0.03744 0.1298 11 45 30
12 12 13 1.468 1.1549 12 60 35
13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 13 60 35
14 14 15 0.5909 0.526 14 120 80
15 15 16 0.7462 0.5449 15 60 10
16 16 17 1.2889 1.721 16 60 20
17 17 18 0.732 0.5739 17 60 20
18 2 19 0.164 0.1565 18 90 40
19 19 20 1.5042 1.3555 19 90 40
20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 20 90 40
21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 21 90 40
22 3 23 0.4512 0.3084 22 90 40
23 23 24 0.898 0.7091 23 90 50
24 24 25 0.8959 0.7071 24 420 200
25 6 26 0.2031 0.1034 25 420 200
26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 26 60 25
27 27 28 1.0489 0.9338 27 60 25
28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 28 60 20
29 29 30 0.5074 0.2585 29 120 70
30 30 31 0.9745 0.9629 30 200 100
69-bus data
LD=[1 1 2 0.0005 0.0012 0 0 35 3 36 0.0044 0.0108 26 18.55
2 2 3 0.0005 0.0012 0 0 36 36 37 0.0640 0.1565 26 18.55
3 3 4 0.0015 0.0036 0 0 37 37 38 0.1053 0.1230 0 0
4 4 5 0.0251 0.0294 0 0 38 38 39 0.0304 0.0355 24 17
5 5 6 0.3660 0.1864 2.60 2.20 39 39 40 0.0018 0.0021 24 17
6 6 7 0.3811 0.1941 40.40 30.00 40 40 41 0.7283 0.8509 1.2 1
7 7 8 0.0922 0.0470 75.00 54.00 41 41 42 0.3100 0.3623 0 0
8 8 9 0.0493 0.0251 30.00 22.00 42 42 43 0.0410 0.0478 6 4.3
9 9 10 0.8190 0.2707 28 19 43 43 44 0.0092 0.0116 0 0
10 10 11 0.1872 0.0619 145 104 44 44 45 0.1089 0.1373 39.22 26.3
11 11 12 0.7114 0.2351 145 104 45 45 46 0.0009 0.0012 39.22 26.3
12 12 13 1.0300 0.3400 8 5 46 4 47 0.0034 0.0084 0 0
13 13 14 1.0440 0.3450 8 5.5 47 47 48 0.0851 0.2083 79 56.4
14 14 15 1.0580 0.3496 0 0 48 48 49 0.2898 0.7091 384.7 274.5
15 15 16 0.1966 0.0650 45.5 30 49 49 50 0.0822 0.2011 384.7 274.5
16 16 17 0.3744 0.1238 60 35 50 8 51 0.0928 0.0473 40.5 28.3
17 17 18 0.0047 0.0016 60 35 51 51 52 0.3319 0.1114 3.6 2.7
18 18 19 0.3276 0.1083 0 0 52 9 53 0.1740 0.0886 4.35 3.5
19 19 20 0.2106 0.0690 1 0.6 53 53 54 0.2030 0.1034 26.4 19
20 20 21 0.3416 0.1129 114 81 54 54 55 0.2842 0.1447 24 17.2
21 21 22 0.0140 0.0046 5 3.5 55 55 56 0.2813 0.1433 0 0
22 22 23 0.1591 0.0526 0 0 56 56 57 1.5900 0.5337 0 0
23 23 24 0.3463 0.1145 28 20 57 57 58 0.7837 0.2630 0 0
24 24 25 0.7488 0.2475 0 0 58 58 59 0.3042 0.1006 100 72
25 25 26 0.3089 0.1021 14 10 59 59 60 0.3861 0.1172 0 0
26 26 27 0.1732 0.0572 14 10 60 60 61 0.5075 0.2585 1244 888
27 3 28 0.0044 0.0108 26 18.60 61 61 62 0.0974 0.0496 32 23
28 28 29 0.0640 0.1565 26 18.6 62 62 63 0.1450 0.0738 0 0
29 29 30 0.3978 0.1315 0 0 63 63 64 0.7105 0.3619 227 162
30 30 31 0.0702 0.0232 0 0 64 64 65 1.0410 0.5302 59 42
31 31 32 0.3510 0.1160 0 0 65 11 66 0.2012 0.0611 18 13
32 32 33 0.8390 0.2816 14 10 66 66 67 0.0047 0.0014 18 13
33 33 34 1.7080 0.5646 19.5 14 67 12 68 0.7394 0.2444 28 20
34 34 35 1.4740 0.4873 6 4 68 68 69 0.0047 0.0016 28 20]
For IEEE-11 bus Radial distribution system

Without DG With DG using With DG using GA


sensitivity factor
Total Real power 0.7742 0.9619 0.5379
loss(p.u)
Total Reactive 0.9984 0.9619 0.7151
power loss(p.u)
Optimum DG - 2.992 0.853
size(p.u)
Optimum location - 4 6
of DG
For IEEE-33 bus Radial distribution system
Without DG With DG using With DG using
sensitivity factor GA
Total Real power 177.7723 173.3402 101.0187
loss(KW)

Total Reactive 122.2216 119.5631 72.8923


power loss(Kvar)
Optimum DG 0.864 2.018
size(MW)

Optimum 23 7
location of DG
For IEEE-69 bus Radial distribution system

Without DG With DG using With DG using GA


sensitivity factor
Total Real power 224.9606 99.4947 91.087
loss(KW)
Total Reactive 102.147 48.3688 43.8436
power loss(KVar)
Optimum DG - 1.462 1.853
size(MW)
Optimum location - 63 61
of DG
Results spotted:

•Comparing LSF and GA techniques in evaluating optimal location and size


of DG for three case studies.

•Taking a 11-bus system under surveillance of 69-bus for ease of


calculations and program handling.

•Comparison made b/w with and without DG in voltage profile.

•Results are tabulated and followed to check with 33-bus system also.

•Plots and observations are drawn.


Observations with 11-bus:

•Fig.6.1 shows the 11-bus system with a total real and


reactive power demand is 7.1558 p.u and 5.3555 p.u
respectively.
•DG’s size is more accurate and efficient method of
finding by Genetic algorithm(GA)
Technique.
•As the voltage profile and real power losses are
inversely related, improvement in voltage is observed
with DG.
Voltage profile
1.15
With DG using Sensitivity factor
Without DG
With DG using GA
1.1

1.05

Voltage in (p.u)
1

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Node No

losses
0.35
With DG using GA
Without DG
With DG using sensitivity factor
0.3
Real power loss in (KW)

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Branch No
Observations with 33-bus:

•Fig. shows the 33-bus system with a total real


and reactive power demand is 3,715 kW and
2,300 KVAR. respectively.
•As all buses are not rooted from bus-1 the entire
system will effect with placing of DG.

•Simulation results bus-7 is the optimal location.

•Losses reduced more at the location of bus.

•Voltage profile is improved throughout the


system.

•Based on the system losses and requirement it


can be able to connect multiple DG’s.

•With and without DG effect is observed.


Voltage profile
1
Without DG
With DG using Sensitivity factor
0.99 With DG using GA

0.98

0.97

Voltage in (p.u)
0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

0.91
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Node No

losses
losses for 33-Bus System
40
With DG using Sensitivity factor
Without DG
35 With DG using GA

30
real power loss in (Kw)

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Branch No
Reflections of 69-bus system:
•Fig. shows the 69-bus system with a total real
and reactive power demand is 3802.19 kW and
2694.6 KVAR respectively.

•Simulation results bus-61 is the optimal location.

•Losses are reduced more at the location of bus


and Voltage profile is improved throughout the
system.

•Based on the system losses and requirement it


can be able to connect multiple DG’s.

•With and without DG effect is observed.


Voltage profile
1

0.99

0.98

0.97

Voltage in (p.u)
0.96

0.95

0.94
Without DG
With DG using Sensitivity factor
0.93 With DG using GA

0.92

0.91

0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 121314 151617 181920 212223 242526 272829 303132 333435 363738 394041 424344 454647 484950 515253 545556 575859 606162 636465 666768 69
Node No

losses

50

45

40
Total real power loss in (Kw)

35

30

25

With DG using Sensitivity factor


20
Without DG
With DG using GA
15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1314 1516 17 1819 2021 2223 2425 26 2728 2930 3132 33 3435 3637 3839 4041 42 4344 4546 4748 4950 51 5253 5455 5657 5859 60 6162 6364 6566 67 68
Branch No
Conclusions:
• Without DG real power losses are maximum and voltage profile is poor.

• Requirement of DG is essential where the distributed network sustains loss.

• Introducing DG improves voltage profile and reduces losses.

• Improper allocation misleads to drastic profile of the system.

• GA technique solves the DG size problem optimistically.

• Once the DG power output exceeded the optimal value, power losses will tend to increase beyond
the minimal value.

• Introducing of GA technique differentiates the improvement from analytical method in voltage


profile and DG size.

• Conventional method is not a big hand with large system but GA can help for extension.

• GA gives best results than computational procedure.


Future scope
• Even though GA solves the optimum solution effectively it also suffers with some
drawbacks: Deciding of population size, premature convergence due to improper
selection of crossover rates and deciding of selection method.

• Various non-classical optimization tools have emerged for bright scope of


optimization problem.
• The main modern optimization techniques are evolutionary programming (EP),
artificial neural network (ANN), simulated annealing (SA) and ant colony
optimization (ACO) which has less complexity and more scope to examine for
optimization problem.
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