Theory Of Literature

Silvani Umar Ali, S.S., S.Pd., M.Hum

“Summary Of English Literature”

“ Analysis One of Literature Work”

“History of English Language”

Name : Nurwindi Zalsabillah Ismail

Semester / Class : III/A

NPM : 0306 1711 038

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
KHAIRUN UNIVERSITY

2018
 HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

1) The old English period (Old English)

In English history and literature underwent several stages of development
due to the invasion or invasion of other tribes. In the beginning the british archipelago
was only inhabited by a mixture of various flavors. But the most dominant is the Iberian
nation with black hair. The Iberians went beyond the level of civilization, from stone age
to the metal age, from the hunting life level to the level of permanent farming. The
remains of the Iberian civilization are castle maidens, which are fortified settlements and
Stonehenge, which are large stone shrines.

At the beginning of the 5th century Roman soldiers were entirely withdrawn from
England because the conditions at the center of the Roman government had fallen and
faltered. the decline was caused by various economic and political problems, as well as
attacks from tribes of germans.

Germans consisting of Jute, Angle and Saxon tribes are better known as Anglo-
Saxon tribes. Although Anglo-Saxon tribes have different names, they have almost the
same culture and language. They worshiped the same gods, Thor and Woden. They
also have the same oral literature, Beowulf. Old English or Anglo-Saxon literature can
be divided into two groups namely Prose and Poetry.

 Prose
Old English prose works pioneered by Aldhelm, Bede, and Alcuin. Their work
was written in Latin and translated into English which was pioneered by King Alferd with
the aim of restoring British cultures which were destroyed by the Scandinavian
insurgents.
 Poetry
One of the poetry works in the ancient English period was Beowulf. This work
has 3000 lines and includes the type of epic folk. Beowulf defeated a Swamp creature
named Grendel who had made the land of King Hrotgar insecure. In general, this poem
has the following characteristics: the matra unit consists of one line, each line is divided
into two parts, two or three syllables inscribed on each line starting with the same
consonant that is alliteration, ancient English poetry is usually not have rhythm

1) MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD

During Edward's reign for 20 years, he did not experience much progress in the
field of literature. Setbacks began since the invasion of Scandinavia. The only
inheritance is the construction of churches, including the large Westminter Abbey
church. Because Edward did not have offspring to replace him, and besides that the
principle of descent was not something absolute in the monarchy in England, then the
election of the king was determined by a council called Witan. Then the council chose
Harold, Godwin's son, earl of Wessex. But this decision was opposed by Haral
Hardrara, the king of Norway and William, Duke of Normandy, each of whom still had
kinship with Edward and they were entitled to the British throne. Middle English
literature are :
 POETRY - The mid-period poetry works consist mainly of metrical romance
written in the form of poems about French heroes (Roland), Kelt heroes (Arthur)
and British heroes (Bevis O Hampton). Metrical Romance is a long narrative
poem about love and adventure. What is usually the main character is a knight
who rescues a woman who is in trouble. In his adventures the hero fought wild
animals, snakes, giants, magicians, and others.
 PROSE - John Wyclif, was a professor at the University of Oxford and a church
figure. He first launched a criticism of the authority of the Roman church. Wyclif
rejected church doctrines and also criticized the church bureaucracy. He often
translated the scriptures. He is known as a translator of the scriptures. Another
prose is The Historia Regum Britanniae by Geofrey Mounmouth (1100-1154). A
book containing the history of the kings of England was written in Latin.
 DRAMA - The original drama grew in the church as a rokhaniawan medium to
explain their sermons, because the drama uses Latin, so it was changed into
English. The shows are growing and taking place outside the church grounds
and on the streets. The plays are taken from the scriptures. For example, on
 Christmas Day the play of the birth of Christ is shown. In medieval times there
were two kinds of dramas namely, Miracles which performed the lives of saints
and Mysteries who took the themes of the Scriptures.

2) TRANSITION PERIOD

During this Transition Henry VII ascended the throne of England and at that time
he was faced with various problems such as civil war, security, the authority of the king
and so on. The reign of Henry II brought a period of peace and recovery. Please note
that the Mid-period of European humans.

During the religious revolution, the parliament gained increasingly important

meanings and positions because from the beginning the council was included in all
decision making. Although it was still regulated by "Privy Council" officials, every
decision concerning the entire nation was carried out through parliamentary remedies.
The most important law is the "Supermacy Act" which was passed in 1534 which
officially declared the independence of the Church of England with the king as its
highest leader. Characteristics of Literature, Authors, and English Literary Work in the
Transitional Period :

 POETRY - The Transitional Period is also called the imitative period because
there are many poems written in Chaucer's style. Chaucer's influence also
spread to Scottish poets and they were often called the "Scottish Clanians".
These poets include Robert Henryson (1430-1506). William Dunbar (1465-1530),
and Gavin Douglas (1474-1522).
 DRAMA - In the Transition era, there were also religious dramas which
developed non-religious drama or secular drama which was usually played on
the market square using the Stage on Wheels stage. Although the drama is
secular, they are still religious. The theme of the story is usually the fight between
Good (good) and Evil (evil).
 PROSE - Literary works in the transition era are not much different from medieval
times. A very influential translation work among the people was the translation of
 the New Testament (1525) conducted by William Tyndale (1484-1536). The most
prominent prose in the form of romance is the work of Sir Thomas Malory entitled
"Morte d’Arthur" (1470).

3) ELIZABETH PERIOD

Elizabeth's time in the world of English literature was known as the Golden Age.
Literature experienced a peak of development at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign. In
Elizabeth's time all doubts seemed to disappear from the history of British society. After
the reign of Edward and Mary, with defeat and moral destruction outside the country
and violence and rebellion at home, the succession of the king's power was like sunrise
after a long night.

Characteristics of the Age of Elizabeth is the most prominent characteristic of this

era is the existence of tolerance in carrying out the practice of religious life, which is
widely indeed due to the influence of Queen Elizabeth. Under his leadership, Elizabeth
found that the kingdom was divided by itself; the majority of the northern population is
Catholic and the southern part is fanatical Protestant. Scotland has carried out reforms
in its own way and Ireland still adheres to its ancient religious tradition and these two
countries openly rebellion.

Non-Dramatic Poets of the Age of Elizabeth, Edmund Spencer (1552-1609) as a

poor student, Spencer understood how he created something for himself; he read a lot
of classical works, made contact with Italian poets and wrote innumerable poems
himself. Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) the biggest name in the drama before
Shakespeare was Christopher Marlowe, the son of a shoemaker, born a few months
before Shakespeare in Canterbury, Kent (county). With the help of his friend who had
influence he went to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and graduated in 1583. Four
years later, at the age of 23, his first drama appeared in London.

4) Puritan history
 Puritans, more precisely Puritans from England in the 16th and 17th centuries
were a collection of a number of religious groups who fought for "purity" of doctrines and
ordinances for worship, as well as individual and church piety.

In the mid-16th century, the church in England was divided into two forces;
Anglicans who have power and purists are rivals. At that time, Queen Elizabeth I of
England as Queen of England had a feeling of dislike of the Puritans. Queen Elizabeth
is a Protestant, she changed the teachings and ceremonies of Protestant teachings.
This was protested by Protestants, they wanted the purification of Protestant teachings
that had been changed by Queen Elizabeth. Those who want to purify Protestantism
are called Puritans. Despite protests, Queen Elizabeth did not care and continued to
follow the principles of religion that she adhered to. These Protestants demanded that
they return to the teachings of the Bible alone, without being too proud and holding
ceremonies.

When Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, she was replaced by her cousin, King
James VI of Scotland. Then King James became king of England to replace Queen
Elizabeth and was known as James I. Like Queen Elizabeth, King James I also had a
dislike of the Puritans. So the situation of the Puritans in England became even worse.
Because of the bad treatment of King James I, puritans felt they had to go out of
England. In 1607, separatists - radical puritan sects who did not believe that the State
Church could be reformed - broke away to Leiden, the Netherlands, where they
received asylum from the authorities there. However, the Dutch Calvin used them to be
cheap laborers at cheap prices. Some of them felt dissatisfied and decided to move.

In 1620, a group of Pilgrims (Pilgrims) used the Mayflower to move to America, a

continent where they could be free to carry out their religion without any pressure from
the British Empire or other parties. When James's son, Charles I ascended to the throne
in 1625, tension in England became so intense, even for moderate Puritans, that a large
number of them were willing to sail the high seas and down the wilderness to find other
communities.
 Analysis Film Searching 2018

Searching (2018)

Searching is one of a new film in 2018 with genre drama, mystery, and thriller.
This film starring by Debra Messing, John Cho, Joshep Lee and Michelle La. After his
16 year old daughter goes missing, a desperate father breaks into her laptop to look for
clues to find her.

Entertainment by this film are:

- From this picture we can see that their family relations is look so sweet.
This picture you can see in 02.08 minutes, you can see how much they
care for each other. Especially when the mother is sick and has to
undergo various treatments starting from herbal or natural treatments or
medically, namely medicine.
- In minutes 05.49 is the scene when Margot Kim's mother (Pamela Kim)
dies, even though Margot has marked the date on the calendar to remind
her to go home. Padaha, the mother left and did not return.
- At 07.32 minutes when his father (David Kim) called and reminded him
that he had forgotten to dispose of the trash and asked about the exam his
child was undergoing (Margot Kim)
- At 8:16 a.m. is when his son (Margot Kim) says that he failed the test but,
his father is still proud because his father knows he has worked hard.
- At 11.32 minutes is when David Kim sees a video when his wife Pam and
Margot make Gumbo Kimchi. They look very happy. David felt sad so, he
hid the search results from the video.
- On 16.24 minutes, when David looked for Margot who did not reply to the
chat and call from David. David began to find out with Margot piano
lessons. When David received information from the Margot piano teacher,
Mrs. Shahinian told her that Margot had stopped piano lessons from 6
months ago.
- 19.27 when his father searched for all the social media information used
by Margot. At 20.50, it was when David got information from Ms. Isaac
that Margot and his friends went up the mountain and were only going to
go home the next day.
- 23.27 is the minute that Isaac said that he actually did not go to the
mountain with Margot. Because, when they invited Margot, Margot did not
want it and they passed away.
- 24.21 David gave up and finally he chose to ask for help in 911 about the
loss of his daughter Margot Kim. David then gets one of the detectives
who will help him in finding the lost Margot. The detective's name is
Rosemary Vick.
- 26.51 David decides to open the Margot laptop and find out what
information is in the Margot laptop. One of them is to find out about
Margot's friends' contacts by logging in to a Margot social media account.
- 37.46 is when David gets information from Rosemary that Margot was
declared to have disappeared when going out of town. He also indicated
that Margot had falsified identity.
- 40.04 - 47.20 is the minute that David finds out all Margot social media
accounts and doesn't get any results.
- 52.27 at 4:22 a.m., David went to the last place Margot came to, and saw
a pokemon key chain on the ground.
 - 01.13.58 one of the inmates admitted that he killed Margot and put
Margot's body in a suitcase. But, who then made a question from David,
why didn't he get Margot's corpse?
- 01.25.42 Rosemary was arrested for committing a planned crime.
Rosemary admitted that her son Robert had accidentally pushed Margot
into a ravine and then Robert called his mother to immediately call the
police. But, Rosemary did not call the police but instead she looked for
ways to overcome the problem.

 Education Value:
- 05.49 Margot to remembering to trash.
- 01.25.42 David realizes that he can't trust people who we think are very reliable.
- 01.28. 15 We can have new information that we know that from social media it's
not mean that they are the good person, that they don't lie with their data
information.
- Even though you just have one parent's not mean that your parents don't know
about you.
- 46.29 David tries to make his daughter happy with some challenges.
- Every parent wants to protect their children by all means, as they can.
- As children we should tell the truth to our parents.
 History of English Language

History of English as a World Language

English is spoken by 750 million people in the world as one of the official
languages of a country, a second language, or a mixture of other languages (such as
pidgins and creoles). England is (or one) official language in the United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand, but the United States does not have an official
language.

The history of English begins with the birth of English on the British island about
1,500 years ago. English is a West Germanic language originating from Anglo-Frisian
dialects brought to the British island by Germanic immigrants from some of the
northwestern part of the region now called the Netherlands and Germany. Initially, Old
English was a group of dialects that reflected the origins of various Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms in England. One of these dialects, the Saxon Barat finally dominated. Then
the original Old English was later influenced by two waves of invasion.

The first wave of invasion was the invasion of language speakers from the
Scandinavian branch of the German family. They conquered and inhabited parts of
Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries. Then this second wave of invasion was the tribe of
Norman in the 11th century who told a French dialect. Both of these invasions caused
English to "mix" to a certain degree (although it never became a literal mixed language).
Living together with Scandinavian ethnic groups finally created a simplification of
grammar and enrichment of the Anglo-English core of English.

1) Old English (449 - 1066 AD)

Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) dates back to 449 AD. The Celts had lived
in England when invading Rome. Although they attacked twice, they did not conquer the
Celts until 43 AD and Latin never followed the Celtic language. The Romans finally left
England in 410 AD as the Roman Empire collapsed, leaving Celtic powerless. Then the
Germanic tribes from the present day the Danish region arrived. The four main tribes
are the Angles, Saxons, Jute and Frisians. These tribes established seven kingdoms
called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy which included: Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Wessex,
Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia. The four dialects spoken in these kingdoms: West
Saxon, Kentish, Mercian and Northumbrian. Celts moved north to Scotland, Ireland and
west to south for France, leaving the main area of Britain.

2) Middle English (1066 - 1500 AD)

The British, Middle Ages began with the Norman invasion of 1066 AD. King
Edward the Confessor died without heirs, and William, Duke of Normandy, believed that
he would become the next king. However, after learning that Harold was crowned king,
William invaded England, killed Harold and crowned himself king during the famous
Battle of Hastings. But William only spoke French. As a result, the upper class in
England began to speak French while the lower classes spoke English.

But by 1250 AD, France began to lose prestige. King John had lost Normandy to
France in 1204 AD, and after him, King Edward I only spoke English. At this time, many
foreigners entered Britain which made the nobility feel more "British" and encouraged
more use of English. The upper classes try to learn English, but they still use occasional
French words, which are considered rather arrogant. France still maintains prestige
elsewhere, and the upper class does not want to lose at all. Nonetheless, the Hundred
Years' War (1337-1453 AD) increasingly resented all things French. Black Death also
plays a role in increasing the use of English with the emergence of the middle class.
Some of the workers have been killed by the plague, which increases the status of
farmers, who only speak English. In 1362 AD, the Confessing Statute (although written
in French) declared English as the official spoken language of the court. In 1385 AD,
English was the language of instruction in schools. 1350-1400 AD is known as the
Individual Period of the Great Writers (the most famous, Chaucer), but their works
include apologies for writing in English.

Some French words (around 10,000) have been borrowed into English between
1250 and 1500 AD (although most of these words are not Norman Paris France). Many
of these words are related to government, law, social life and learning. Furthermore, the
legal system remains part of the French word sequence (following noun adjectives) in
terms such as simple fees, attorney general and accounts receivable.

3) Early Modern England (1500 - 1650/1700 M)

William Caxton introduced printing to England in 1476 and the East Midland
dialect became an English literary standard. Ten thousand words added to English as
authors of new words were created using Greek and Latin affixes. Some words, such as
devulgate, attemptate and dispraise, are no longer used in English, but some of their
words are also borrowed from other languages as well as from Chaucer's works. In
1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise "Elementaire" to compromise on
spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published an English dictionary. The printing
machine helps to standardize English spelling in a modern stage. In 1755 Samuel
Johnson also published the first important English dictionary, entitled Dictionary of the
English Language.

4) Early Grammar Expert (18th century)

A proposal for the English Academy was first brought by Jonathan Swift in 1712,
but the House of Representatives voted against it. However, some grammarians wrote
dictionaries and grammar books in prescription ways - telling people what to do or not to
do with language. Samuel Johnson, A English Language Dictionary published in 1755
and Robert Lowth's Introduction to English Grammar appeared in 1762. Early grammar
felt that language must be logical, therefore, multiple negatives were considered
incorrect (two negative things were equivalent to one positive ) and may not be used.
They also do not like excessive abbreviations or words, loan words from other
languages (except Latin and Greek), split infinitive, or prepositions at the end of the
sentence.

The more scientifically-minded attitude held by the 19th century when the English
Oxford Dictionary was proposed in 1859. It became a factual account of every word in
English since 1000 including the main form, pronunciation, spelling variations, parts of
speech, etymology, chronological meanings and illustrative quote. This project began in
1879 under the first editor, James AH Murray. The first edition was published in 1928,
with supplements in 1933 and 1972. The second edition was published in 1989 and it
was recognized by American and British Australia, as the International Phonetic
Alphabet for pronunciation.

5) Modern English beginnings

In the UK, several changes to English have occurred since 1700. This includes the loss
of the post-r vowel (r so that it is only pronounced before the vowel and not after);
increased use of progressive tenses and increased awareness of speech classes
(Received Pronunciation.) Since 1900, a very large number of vocabulary words have
been added to English in a relatively short period of time. Most of these words are
related to science and technology, and use Greek and Latin roots.

6) United States of America

Immigrants from Southeast England began arriving on the North American

continent in the early 1600s. In the mid-1800s, 3.5 million immigrants left the British
Isles for the United States. American English is characterized by archaisms (words that
change meaning in Britain, but remain in the colonies) and innovation in vocabulary
(borrowing from France and Spain who also settled in North America). Noah Webster is
the most vocal about the need for American national identity with regard to American
English. He wrote the American spelling book, The Blueback spelling, in 1788 and
changed several spellings from English (color to color, theater to theater, etc.) In 1828,
he published the famous American Dictionary of the English Language.

Dialect in the United States resulted from a different wave of immigration from English
speakers, contact with other languages, and the slave trade, which had a profound
impact on African American English. A dialect study was carried out in 1920 and
findings were published in the Atlas of Linguistics in the United States and Canada.

 England Explore the World

Although the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have
English as an official language, the United States does not have an official language.
This is how it is possible to become a US citizen without speaking in English. Canada
also has France as the official language, although most of it is spoken in the province of
Quebec. Because many of the English speakers who were originally inhabited by
Canada are from the United States, there is little difference in American and Canadian
dialects of English. Similarly, Australia and New Zealand have little English, Australian
differences except initially settled as a penal colony, and New Zealand does not. New
Zealanders are more attached to Acceptable Pronunciation than upper classes in the
UK, so their dialects are considered closer to England.

British English colonialism has spread throughout the world, and still holds
prestige in South Africa, India and Singapore, among other nations. In South Africa,
Britain became the official language, along with Africa and 9 African languages, in the
1996 constitution. However, only 3% of the country had 30 million native speakers of
English. Twenty percent are descendants of Dutch farmers who speak Afrikaans, and
the rest are native to Africa. Although England won the Boer War from 1899 to 1901
against Dutch peasants (Boer people), the Boer Britain still promised self-government
under the South African Union. In 1948, the country won the Afrikaner election and
remained in power through 1990. Apartheids (separated by Afrikaners and Africans)
officially ended up under Nelson Mandela's government, and although Afrikaans was a
language used more often, Africans wanted English as official language. Then
compromise from 11 official languages.

India became independent from Britain in 1947, and English should be gradual
by 1965. However, currently English and Hindi are official languages. India England is
characterized by mass treating objects as counting objects. In Singapore, China, and
India Malay language affects the form of English spoken. Every teacher teaches English
in the school system, but there are some differences from the UK too.