Crude Solvent Coconut Oil Refining Process

REFINING

AIM
Raw oil contains variable amount of non – Tri glyceride impurities such as FFA, Gums
Coloring pigments , Waxes, Unsaponifiable matter etc. These can deteoriate the product
quality. These must be removed by Refining.

Steps involved in Coconut Refining Process:-

1. Degumming
2. Bleaching
3. Deodorization

DEGUMMING
The emulsifying action of phospholipids increases oil loss during alkali refining
Higher gum level leads to color reversion of oil during deodorization.
Salts may be formed with copper, magnesium, calcium and iron which accelerate the
oxidative degradation of oil.
Certain phosphatides, such as lecithin is widely used in industrial application.

Degumming Process
The objective of de gumming is to remove the gums, sediment present in the crude oil by
adding phosphoric acid & hot water.
Crude oil is taken from oil fed tank COT through pump heated to 60 – 700 C initially by
PHE by means of low pressure steam during continuous operation.
Dosing pump is set in such a way to add 0. 1 – 0.2% of phosphoric acid by weight of oil
in the knife mixer. This acidulated mixture, 2% adding the Hot water then oil go to
Hydration tank then this mixture goes to SRG separator by pump where Gum ( Bi –
product) is separated. and Degummed oil will go to the Vacuum dryer and goes storage
tank NOT.

BLEACHING
Naturally vegetable oils & animal fats contain non-triglyceride compounds like coloring
pigments like chlorophyll, Xanthophylls & carotenoids etc.
Bleaching means removal of color pigments from the oil. In edible oil industries
bleaching process is carried out by using BLEACHING EARTH & ACTIVATED
CARBON. Bleaching of oils is achieved by adsorption process

Bleaching Process
The objective of bleaching is to remove color pigments present in the oil ( carotenes,
tocopherols)
Degummed oil is heated to 105 1100 C by low pressure steam in PHE & sent to Bleacher
.where calculated amount of bleaching earth , Carbon & phosphoric acid to remove the
coloring pigments & gum ppm respectively. Usually 2.5-3.0% of bleaching earth & 0.5-
0.7 % of carbon will be added. Then the oil slurry is pumped to pressure leaf filters (PLF)
by pump where slurry gets filtered. Filtered oil is sent to bleach oil tank through polish
filters where the fine particles are removed and spent earth (Bi product) will be dropped
from PLF through steam blowing periodically . Spent earth is transferred to spent earth
pit & disposed periodically through sale.
Bleacher retention time is 20 mins & Vacuum 600-650mm Hg

Quality parameters of bleached oil is maintained as under

Colour : 1.5-2.0 Units in 1 in ch cell

Gum p p m : Nil

Oil in spent earth : Below 20 %

DEODORIZATION
Deodorization is classified as a distillation process using steam as carrier. It implies the
removal of odoriferous substances, colour and volatile constituents which still remains in
the oils after degumming, neutralization and bleaching. These Volatile components are
responsible for off – flavors and odour
The odoriferous materials are high boiling aldehydes and ketones.

Deodorization Process
The objective of deodorization is remove odoriferous substance present in the oil .(
Aldehydes, Ketones & volatile matter, and free fatty acids )
Deodorizer contains Four trays maintained @ 2-3 torr vacuum , For first to There trays,
super heated live steam @ 1.0- 1.5 bar is given to distill off the odoriferous substances
present in the oil.
1st TRAY : Oil heater
2ndTrays 3rd Tray : Oil deodorizing
4thtray : Oil heat exchange / cooling – Regeneration
Bleached oil is pumped into deodoriser final tray by pump and heated to 80-900 C and
pass to the de-aerator temp 105 C Where any traces of Oxygen is removed. Then de-
0
aerated oil passes through TF heater & heated to 225- 230 C by regeneration as heat
from the out going deodorized oil and pass to Flasher tray of deodorizer where oil is
0
further heated to 230 -235 C by Thermic fluid which is having the temp 245 -2500 C.
Then the oil passes from 1st to 4 th tray with continuous regeneration.
all the deodorized distillate will collect in scrubber ( Bi product- Distilled Fatty acid ) &
then pumped to storage tank & disposed through sale.
Citric acid is given @ 50 ppm in 4th tray chelating agent ( Metal Scavenger ). Then the
oil goes to Shell and tube Heat exchanger to cool the oil to 70-800 C and then oil goes
PHE cool the oil 30- 400 C passes through polish filters and finally to storage tank.
Quality parameters are maintained in deo is as under

FFA : below 0.1%

Colour : 2.0 -2.5 Units in 1 inch cell

Odor : Bland

P.V : Nil

CRUDE EXPELLER SUNFLOWER OIL REFINING

REFINING:

AIM
Raw oil contains variable amount of non – Tri glyceride impurities such as FFA, Gums
Coloring pigments , Waxes, Un saponifiable matter etc. These are deteoriants of product
quality. These are to be removed by Refining.
.

Steps involved in Refining Process:-

1. Degumming & Neutralization
2. Bleaching
3. Dewaxing
4. Deodorization

DEGUMMING & NEUTRALIZATION

DEGUMMING:
The emulsifying action of phospholipids increases oil loss during alkali refining
Higher gum level leads to color reversion of oil during deodorization .Salts may be
formed with copper, magnesium, calcium and iron which accelerate the oxidative
degradation of oil. Certain phosphatides such as lecithin are widely used in industrial
application.

NEUTRALIZATION:
The aim of neutralization is to remove the Free fatty acids present in the oils. During this
process some of the coloring pigments and phosphatides are removed. The most
commonly used alkali for neutralization is NaOH.
The Reaction
RCOOH + NaoH ……………. RCOONa + H2O
(FFA) (Caustic) (Soap) (Water)

Degumming &Neutrlizationprocess :-
The objective of degumming & Neutralization is to remove the gums, Sediments & free
fatty acid present in the Crude Oil by adding phosphoric acid & caustic soda lye.
Crude Oil is taken from oil feed tank through pump heated to 65-700c initially by PHE
by means of low pressure steam & later on by PHE by means of bleached oil (Heat
regeneration) during continuous operation.
Dosing pump is set in such a way to add 0.1 – 0.2 % of phosphoric acidulated mixture
will go to neutralizing reactor where caustic soda lye is added @ 14-18%
concentration (or 16 be -20 be) through dosing pump The amount of caustic lye is
decided based on the FFA% of incoming crude oil. Usually 15-20% theoretical excess
caustic is given to achieve desirable results for neutralization operation. The Oil &
caustic lye mixture remain for short time in neutralizing reactor to achieve complete
neutralization/reaction of free fatty acids. Then this mixture goes to Westfalia separator
by pump where soap (Bi product) is separated and generally TFM of soap will be
maintained around 40-45%. Neutral oil will go to the storage tank NOT.
The Quality parameters of neutral oil & Soap stock are maintained as under
Neutral Oil FFA : 0.04- 0.10%
Soap ppm : 500-700PPM
Soap stock TFM: 40-45%
Soap stock FFA: 55-60%

BLEACHING
Naturally vegetable oils & animal fats contain non-triglyceride compounds like coloring
pigments like chlorophyll, Xanthophylls, gossypols & carotenoids etc.
Bleaching means removal of color pigments from the Oil. In edible oil industries
bleaching process is carried out by using BLEACHING EARTH & ACTIVATED
CARBON. Bleaching of oils is achieved by adsorption process

Bleaching Process:-
The objective of bleaching is to remove coloring pigments present in the oil (carotenes,
Tocopherols. First, Neutral oil is taken into drier by pump, then oil is heated to 105-
1100c by low pressure steam in PHE & sent to bleaching earth slurry mixer where
calculated amount of bleaching earth & filter aid are added through screw conveyor to
remove the color pigments & soap ppm respectively. Usually 1.0-1.2% of bleaching earth
& 0.03-0.05% of filter aid will be added. Then the oil & bleaching earth mixture called
the slurry goes to bleacher for sufficient reaction. Then the oil slurry is pumped to
pressure leaf filters (PLF) by pump where slurry gets filtered. Filtered oil is sent to
bleached oil tank through polish filters where the fine particles are removed and spent
earth (By product) will be dropped from PLF through steam blowing periodically. Spent
earth is transferred to spent earth pit & disposed periodically through sale.

Quality parameters of bleached oil is maintained as under

Color : 12-14 Units

Soap PPM :Nill

Oil in spent earth : Below 20%
Where as the earth is more active on yellow pigments and carbon active on red pigments.
Activated carbon will not only adsorb the color of the oil, It will also give shine to Oil.

Parameters:-
Bleaching Earth :- 1-2%
Carbon :- 0.2-0.5%
Temperature:- 100-110 deg centigrade
Vacuum:- 650-700 mmHg
Citric Acid :- 50-60 ppm

DEWAXING:

Dewaxing:- Continuous Process.

The objective of dewaxing is to remove the wax from sunflower oil by chilling the oil at
10-120C. This is a Continuous Process which is carried out in eight crystallizers.
Bleached oil is pumped to crystallizer-1 through PHE @ 55-580C where heat transfer
takes place between crude oil and bleached oil. (Crude oil is heated & bleached oil is
cooled). Bleached oil is gradually cooled to 40-450C in crystallizer -1 & 2 with constant
agitation and circulating cooling water through coils. Further bleached oil is gradually
cooled to 10-120C in crystallizer -3,4,5,6& 7 through siphon system by gravitational
force with constant agitation and circulating chilled water through coils.
Bleached oil is further matured in crystallizer-8. Here water is chilled to 7-8 0C by Vapor
absorption machine (VAM). The oil takes 12 hrs of time to reach the desired temp.
The chilled oil is fed from crystallizer-8 to plate & frame filter press where oil & wax
gets separated. Dewaxed oil is pumped to storage tank DOT. Wax is scrapped manually
from filter press this wax is transferred to wax press section where it is hydraulically
pressed to recover the oil. The dry wax is disposed through sale. Oil produced from
continuous dewaxing is much better than batch in terms of Stability – (Cold test)
Quality parameters of Continuous dewaxed oil are maintained as under

Cold test : Clear at 50C

Wax : below 50 PPM

DEODORIZATION

The Aim Of Deodorization :-

Deodorization is classified as a distillation process using steam as carrier. It implies the
removal of odoriferous substances, colour and volatile constituents which still remains in
the oils after degumming, neutralization and bleaching. These Volatile components are
responsible for off – flavors and odour
The odoriferous materials are high boiling aldehydes and ketones.

Deodorization Process:-
The objective of deodorization is to remove odoriferous substances present in the oil.
(Aldehydes, Ketones & volatile matter).
Deodorizer contains seven trays maintained @ 2-3 torr vacuum. For first to six trays,
super heated live steam @ 0,2-0.5 bar is given to distill of the odoriferous substances
present in the oil.
1sttray : Oil heated (821A)
2nd, 3rdtrays : Oil deodorizing (822)
4thtray : Oil heat exchange/cooling (880A) –Regeneration
5thtray : De odorized oil buffer (880B) – Regeneration
6thtray : De-aerator (802)
7thtray : Fatty acids scrubber (814)
Dewaxed oil is pumped by DOT pump through PHE and heated to 90-1000C and pass to
the de-aerator where any traces of Oxygen is removed. Then de-aerated oil passed
through & heated to 180-1900C by regeneration of heat from the outgoing deodorized oil
and pass to 1st tray of deodorizer where oil is further heated to 235-2400C by Thermic
fluid which is having the temp 260-2700C . Then the oil passes from 1st to 5th tray with
continuous regeneration.
All the deodorized distillate will collect in scrubber (By product – Distilled Fatty acid) &
then pumped to storage tank & disposed through sale. Citric acid is given @ 50 ppm in
5th tray as chelating agent (Metal Scavenger). Then the oil goes to cooler to cool the oil
to 35-400C and passes through polish filters and finally to storage tank with on line
TBHQ addition @ 100 ppm.

Quality parameters are maintained in deo is as under

FFA : below 0.05%

Color : 6-7.5 units in 51/4 inch cell

Odor : Bland

P.V : Nill

TBHQ 100PPM

Vitamin A – 0.025%

Vitamin D2 - 0.0035%

Vitamin D3 - 0.001%
 SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Coconut solvent extraction plantprocessing steps:-

1.Preparatory section.
2.Extraction.
3.Distillation&Recupration section.
4.DOC bagging section.

Preparatory section :-

Objective:-
To make the oil cake suitable for extraction. Oil cake which is received from oil mill or
purchased from market is fed to feeding hopper manually and passes through cake
breaker & magnetic drum to reduce the cake size & to retain the M.S metal pieces from
the cake respectively. Then it goes to extractor by bulk flow conveyor.

Extraction:-
Objective:-To extract maximum oil from the cake.
This is a continuous counter current extraction In extractor, cake is fed from one
end while pure hexane is pumped by pump P- IR from the other end. The material moves
on endless belt chain @ a bed height of 600 mm-1000mm. The bed height depends on
various conditions like oil available in the cake, extractability of the cake, physical from
of the cake whether it is powdered or flakes or mixture of both . Hexane is circulated
continuously through eleven no’s of spray pumps at temperature 50-55 deg centigrade
through jacketed steam. Deoiled cake which contains maximum 1 % oil and 30 % hexane
goes to drier through solvent bulk flow conveyor to collect the hexane from the deoiled
cake. There are two options to collect the hexane from deoiled cake . One is passing
through DT where quantity of powder is more than chips in deoiled cake. Second is
passing through Drier where qty of chips is more than powder in doc. Market conditions
decides which option has to be adopted in the process. hexane& oil mixture called
miscella concentration is maintained around 10 – 18% . Miscella is sent to distillation
unit to recover the hexane from the oil.
DOC bagging:-TO recover hexane in the deoiled cake.

Option 1:- Using DT.

Deoiled meal which comes out from extractor is sent to DT through solvent bulk flow
conveyor which contains seven compartments with mechanically operated doors &
jacketed and open steam heating system. While deoiled cake reaches from top to bottom
compartment at 1100C, residual hexane is evaporated and hexane vapors gets condensed
in the condenser passing through wet dust catcher to remove the dust particles from the
hexane vapors which is circulated with hot water pump. Deoiled cake which is free from
hexane trace goes to humidifier through outgoing conveyor. Required qty of water is
added in the deoiled cake out going conveyor in order to maintain the moisture of deoiled
cake @ 7-10 % . finally it goes to seiver where it gets separated in to chips & powder
which are packed in PP bags. It may also be decided to pack the DOC as it is without
sieving depending on the market condition

Option 2:- Using Drier.

Deoiled meal which comes out from extractor is sent to drier through solvent bulk flow
conveyor, distributing conveyor and distributor. Drier contains eight modules ( four in
each side ) in the two sides are worked parallel to push the deoiled cake with leaf
elements. Deoiled cake temperature is maintained @ 110 deg centigrade using jacketed
steam. Hexane vapors goes to the condenser SE20A through dust catcher where dust is
removed from the vapours .DE oiled cake is dropped in steaming pan from there to
humidifier through outgoing conveyor. Required qty of water is added in the deoiled cake
out going conveyor in order to maintain the it moisture of deoiled cake @ 7-10& .Finally
it goes to seiver where it gets separated in to chips & powder which are packed in PPbags
Quality parameters in this process maintained as under.

Miscella concentration : 10-18%

percentage oil in final spray : should be below 0.1%

Deoiled cake oil% : 1.0%max

Deoiled cake moisture : 7-10

Deoiled cake S.S : <2.0%

POP test :Should be negative

Distillation &Recuperation :-

Objective:-
To distill the hexane from miscella under jacketed heating & under vacuum Distillation
unit consists of economizer, first pre heater, second flasher, intermediate heater, final oil
stripper. top condenser, middle condenser , bottom condenser.
Miscella from extractor goes to miscella tank through fine separator where fine powder
from the miscella is separated. Miscella goes to heat exchanger where regeneration tank
place between final oil and miscella. Miscella heated to 600C and oil gets cooled to 650C.
Miscella goes to economizer by pump. Miscella goes to first preheater , connected with
flasher where miscella is heated with jacketed steam under vacuum 350 mmHg due to
which miscella temp raised from 75 to 85 deg centigrade . Hexane vapors goes to middle
condenser where cold water is continuously circulated. Condensed hexane collected in
water separator, oil goes to second pre heater connected with second flasher where
miscella heated to 110o C with jacketed steam under vacuum 500mmhg. Hexane vapors
goes to condenser where hexane gets condensed & collected in water separator. Solvent
oil which contains hexane traces goes to intermediate heater where temp raises from 110-
120 o C heated by jacketed steam. This Solvent iol goes to final stripper where vacuum is
maintained 650mmhg & residual hexane is evaporated and goes to top condenser from
there to water separator. Solvent oil which is free from hexane traces sent to intermediate
storage tank after confirming flash is nil at 110 o C. Final oil goes to storage tank at 60-65
o
C passes through heat exchanger where oil gets cooled with miscella.

Quality parameters of solvent extracted oil maintained as under

1.F F A : 3-5%

2. Colour : 20-25 Units in 1/2 inch cell

3.Flash : Nil

4.M I V :0.5%

5. I .V :- 10.0Max

RECUPERATION:-
To recover uncondensed hexane vapors from condenser by circulating mineral oil.
The system consists of vapor absorber, absorber heater, absorption oil stripper, absorbed
oil cooler, heat exchanger and chilling system.
From condenser , uncondensed hexane vapors goes to contact cooler where
hexane vapour gets condensed. Further un condensed hexane vapors left over in contact
cooler goes to vapor absorber where hexane vapour mixed with servo spin mineral oil
which was cooled by absorbed oil cooler by pump and goes to absorber heater @ vacuum
of 550 mm hg and maintaining temp 110 o C through jacketed steam. Hexane vapors goes
to condenser from there to water solvent separator. Servospin mineral oil gets cooled in
absorbed oil cooler and plate heat exchanger. This Continuous heating and cooling
circulation of servospin mineral oil mixed with hexane vapors by heat regeneration leads
complete recovery of hexane vapors from the system.
 FLOW CHART OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION PLANT
Raw Material
(Oil Cake)

Chain Conveyor

Rotary Valve

Hexane Spray Hopper

Hexane + Oil De Oiled Cake

Hexane Hopper
Drum Shaft

Miscella Tank
Bulkflow Conveyor

Rotary Valve

DT

Hexane Vapors DOC

POS
Dust Catcher

Chain Conveyor
Safty Boiler

DOC Godown
 FLOW CHART OF DISTILLATION PROCESS

Hexane Vapors
Economiser Miscella

1st Heater

1st Flasher

Condensor
2nd Heater

2nd Flasher

3rd Heater

Stripper
 FLOW CHART OF RECUPERATION UNIT

Condensor
Contact Cooler

Vapor Cooler

Oil Cooler

Final Vent

Obserber

P
H
E

Heater

Condensor

Recuperation Stripper

Minaral Oil
 COPRA CRUSHING PLANT
Steps involved in this Process
1. Seed milling & Expeller Section
2. Cake cooling section
3. Oil filtration

Seed milling & Expeller Section:-

Copra brought from the market is unloaded in Copra godown. If moisture in copra is
more than 5% it is fed to drier by giving jacketed steam to heat the material & the
moisture is removed through blower. If moisture is less than 5% it is fed directly to
crushing plant. The dried material goes to crushing unit by incoming conveyor and
bucket elevator passing through rotary drum seiver to remove the dust particles which are
below 10mm size. Cleaned copra goes to breaker through screw conveyor to become
small pieces. The copra pieces sent to weighing scale passing through screw conveyor
and bucket elevator where copra is weighed and passes through magnetic plate to retain
the M.S metal pieces in copra. It is sent to second breaker to reduce the copra pieces
further to less than 3 mm size and fed to cooker. Cooker contains six compartments
provided with both jacketed and live steam in each compartment and with pneumatically
operating doors. Material is heated to 65-90 o C by jacketed/live steam depending on the
moisture of the copra. Material moves from top to bottom compartment by
opening/closing of pneumatic doors from one compartment to another with jacket /open
steam by maintaining the temp 65-90 deg centigrade. This is how the copra is cooked to
make it suitable for extraction. Usually copra enters the press @ moisture of 4%. Cooked
copra sent to rose down expeller to express the oil from copra
(Note: Refer Rose down expeller operating manual)
Cake cooling section:-
Expeller cake comes out from mechanical screw press at temp 70-80 deg centigrade sent
to cake cooler by screw conveyor where cake gets cooled to 40-45 deg centigrade by
blowers. Expeller cake goes to bagging section by outgoing conveyor.

Oil filtration:-
Expressed coconut oil from Rose down expeller contains 7-12% foots which are removed
by filtration. First oil goes to vibro screener and where above 10mm size foots are filtered
and sent back to rose down expeller. From vibro screener oil goes to foots tank & from
where oil is pumped to PLF by pump to separate fine foods from oil. Filtered coconut oil
cooled to 40 o C by PHE by means of cooling water and pumped to storage tank passing
through polish filters where fine particles are retained.

Quality parameters are maintained for oil cake and expeller oil as under

Oil content in expeller cake : 10-20%

Moisture in expeller cake: 4-6%

Coconut oil color : 1.5-3.0 Unit in 1 inch cell

I.V : 10 max

Aroma : good
 CRUDE RICE BRAN OIL REFINING PROCESS

REFINING:

AIM
Raw oil contains variable amount of non – Tri glyceride impurities such as FFA,
Gums Coloring pigments , Waxes, Unsaponifiable matter etc. These are deteoriants of
product quality. These are to be removed by Refining.

Steps involved in Refining Process

1. Degumming
2. Pre Bleaching
3. Dewaxing
4. Post Bleaching
5. Deodorization

DEGUMMING
The emulsifying action of phospholipids increases oil loss during alkali refining. Higher
gum level leads to color reversion of oil during deodorization. Salts may be formed with
copper, magnesium, calcium and iron which accelerate the oxidative degradation of oil.
Certain phosphatides such as lecithin is widely used in industrial application.

Degumming Process:-
The objective of degumming is to remove the gums, Sediments present in the crude oil by
adding phosphoric acid & hot water. Crude Oil is taken to the plant after heating the oil in
the neutralizer by PHE up to 65-70oC . Add 0.1-0.2% of phosphoric acid by weight of oil
in the dynamic mixer. This acidulated mixture will go to and 1.5-2.0% water is added and
sent to the where caustic soda lye is added @ 7% concentration through dosing pump.
Then this mixture goes PHE and heated 65-70oC and sent to Westfalia separator by
pump. Where Gum (By product) is separated and generally Oil content of gum will be
maintained around 15-18%. Degumming oil goes to the PHE and heated up to 85-90oC
and send to knife mixture where we add 8-10% water. This oil pump to the alfa laval
separator and separate the washed water & oil . This oil send to the vacuum dryer to
remove the moisture of oil. Then degumming oil sent to NOT.

BLEACHING
Naturally vegetable oils & animal fats contain non-triglyceride compounds like coloring
pigments like chlorophyll, Xanthophylls, gossypols & carotenoids etc.

Bleaching means removal of coloring pigments from the Oil. In edible oil industries
bleaching process is carried out by using bleaching earth & activated carbon. Bleaching
of oils is achieved by adsorption process

Pre Bleaching Process:-

The objective of bleaching is to remove the coloring pigments present in the oil (
Carotenes, Tocopherols)
Degummed oil is taken through PHE by pump. Then oil is sent to slurry tank and adding
3-4% bleaching earth & 0.5-0.7% carbon this slurry goes to B-09 heated to 90-100 deg
centigrade by low pressure steam & sent to B-10 oil heated to 90-95 deg centigrade for
sufficient reaction. Then the oil slurry is pumped to pressure leaf filters (PLF) by pump
where slurry gets filtered. Filtered oil is sent to bleached oil tank through polish filters
where the fine particles are removed and spent earth (By product) will be dropped from
PLF through steam blowing periodically through sale.
Note: - In particular cases Tonsil and Activated carbon may also be used for bleaching of
different oils.

Quality Parameters of bleached oil is maintained as under

Color : 40-45 Units in 1 inch cell

Oil in Spent earth : Below 25%

Where as the earth is more active on yellow pigments and carbon active on red pigments.
Activated carbon will not only absorb the colour of the oil, It will also give shine to Oil.
Parameters:-
Bleaching Earth :- 1-2%

Carbon :- 0.2-0.5%

Temperature:- 100-110 deg centigrade

Vacuum:- 650-700 mmHg

Citric Acid :- 50-60 ppm

Dewaxing :- Continuous Process.

The objective of degumming is to remove the wax from Rice Bran Oil by chilling the oil
to 16-17 oC. This is a ontinuous process Which is carried out in three crystallizers.

Bleached oil is pumped to crystallizer -1 through PHE @ 55-58 oC. Bleached oil is
gradually cooled to 40-45 oC in crystallizer -1 with constant agitation and circulating
cooling water through coils. Further bleached oil gradually cooled 16 -17oC in
crystallizer-2, & 3 through overflow system by gravitational force with constant agitation
and circulating chilled water through coils. Bleached oil crystals are further matured in
crystallizer-3. Here water is chilled to 7-8 deg centigrade by vapor absorption machine
(VAM). The oil is getting reaction time of 18 hrs to reach the desired temp.

The chilled & matured oil from crystallizer -3 is fed to MIURA filter press through over
head tank where oil & wax gets separated. Dewaxed oil is pumped to storage tank DOT.
Wax is melted using steam and drained from filter press, this wax is transferred to wax
press section where it is hydraulically pressed to recover the oil. The dry wax is disposed
through sale.

Quality Parameters of Continuous dewaxed oil are maintained as under

Cold test : clear at 27 deg centigrade
Color : 22-24 Units in 1 inch cell.
POST BLEACHING PROCESS :-
The objective of bleaching is to remove the coloring pigments present in the oil (
Carotenes, Tocopherolsets)
Degummed oil is taken through PHE by pump. Then oil is sent to slurry tank and adding
3-4% bleaching earth & 0.5-0.7% carbon this slurry goes to heated to 90-1000C by low
pressure steam & sent to B-10 oil heated to 90-95 0C for sufficient reaction. Then the oil
slurry is pumped to pressure leaf filters (PLF) by pump where slurry gets filtered. filtered
oil is sent to bleached oil tank through polish filters where the fine particles are removed
and spent earth (Bi product) will be dropped from PLF through steam blowing
periodically through sale.
Note:- In particular cases Tonsil and Activated carbon may also be used for bleaching of
different oils.

Quality Parameters of bleached oil is maitainedas under

Color : 18-20 Units in 1 inch cell

Oil in Spent earth : Below 25%

DEODORIZATION

The Aim Of Deodorization:-

Deodorization is classified as a distillation process using steam as carrier. It implies the
removal of odoriferous substances, colour and volatile constituents which still remains in
the oils after degumming, neutralization and bleaching. These Volatile components are
responsible for off-flavors and odour. The odoriferous materials are high boiling
aldehydes and ketones.

Deodorization Process :-
The objective of deodorization is to remove odoriferous substances present in the oil.
(FFA, Aldehydes, Ketones & volatile matter).
 Deodorization contains deaerator, flasher and four trays maintained @ 2-3 torr
vacuum. Super heated live steam @ 1.3-1.5 bar is given to distill off the odoriferous
substances present in the oil.
1stTray : Oil heater
2nd , 3rd ,4th Trays : Oil deodorizing
Post bleached oil is heated to 90-100 0C and pumped to Deodorizer by post BOT
pump & pass to the de-aerator, where any traces of Oxygen is removed. Then de-aerated
oil send through flasher & heated to 200-250 0C by regeneration of heat from the
outgoing deodorized oil and pass to 1st tray of deodorizer where oil is further heated to
260-265 0C by Thermic fluid which is having the temp 270-275 0C.
All the deodorized distillate will collect in scrubber (Bi product Distilled Fatty
acid) & then pumped to storage tank & disposed through sale. Citric acid is given @ 50
ppm in 4th tray as chelating agent (Metal Scavenger). Then the oil goes to cooler to cool
the oil to 35-400C and passes through polish filters and finally to storage tank with on line
TBHQ addition @ 100ppm.

Quality Parameters are maintained in deodorization as given below

FFA : below 0.2%

Color : 12-14 Units in 1 inch cell

Odor : Bland

P.V : Nil

TBHQ : 100ppm

Oryzanol content : 1-1.2%

 1.F.F.A & ACID VALUE

DEFINITION:
Acid Value is defined as the no. of mg. of KOH required to neutralized the fatty acid in 1
gm. of oil (or) Fat. – under prescribed conditions.

CHEMICALS:
Methyl alcohol, phenolphthalein indicator, std., aqueous NaoH.

PROCEDURE:
Weigh accurately 2 gm of crude oil sample in pre weighed conical flask. Add 50ml of
neutralized ethyl alcohol in the conical flask. Add 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Boil the contents for 2 min by keeping conical flask on the heater give bubbles. Titrate
with 0.1 N NaoH till the pink color is appears. Note the burette reading.

CALCULATION:
F.F.A = 28.2 V*N/W
Acid value = 56.1 V*N/W

Where,
V = Volume of NaoH
N = Normality of NaoH
W = Wt. of the sample oil (or) Fat
(a) F.F.A in terms of oleic acid present by Wt.= 28.2 V*N/W
(b) F.F.A. in terms of Lauric acid present by Wt.= 20 V*N/W
(c) F.F.A. in terms of Recinolic acid present by Wt.= 29.8 V*N/W
(d)F.F.A. in terms of Palmtic acid present by Wt.= 25.9 V*N/W
 2. SAPONIFICATION VALUE

DEFINITION:

The no. of m. gms of KOH required to saponify the completely the 1 gm. of oil (or) fat.

REAGENTS:

Dil. KOH Solution, rectified spirit, phenolphthalein indicator, 0.5 N Hcl.

PROCEDURE:

Weigh 1.5 to 2.0 gm of oil in 250 ml receiver.

Add 25ml of alcohol potassium hydroxide solution. Connect to the condenser assembly
and boil for one hour till Saponification gets complete.

Clean the condenser with 10 ml methanol. Add 3 to 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator

to red color.

Titrate with 0.5 N Hcl till red color disappears.

Carry out Blank test as above without Sample.

CALCULATION:

S,V. = Vol. in ml. of std Hcl required for the Blank.

S = Vol. in ml of std Hcl required for the Sample.

N = Wt. in gm of the material taken to the test.

 3.UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER

DEFINITION:

The fraction of substances in oils & fats which is not saponify by caustic alkali, but is
soluble in ordinary fat solvents.

REAGENTS:

Alcoholic KOH solution, Ethanol, petroleum ether, aqueous Alcohol, Acetone and NaoH
solution.

PROCEDURE:

Weigh accurately 5 gm of oil in the pre weighed receiver. Add 50ml alcoholic KOH
solution to the receiver containing sample. Join condenser assembly and start water flow.
Boil the contents for one hour (or) until the saponification is complete. Homogeneous of
transparent contents indicate completion of saponification. Clean the condenser with
10ml of methanol. Transfer whole saponified mixture to the separating funnel rise the
receiver with some hexane. Add 100ml aqueous alcohol to the separating funnel 50ml
waer + 50ml methanol + 50 ml hexane. Add 50ml hexane , shake vigorously and allows
the layers to separate. Transfer bottom [lower] layer in to separating funnel. Repeat the
ether extraction for another three times using 50ml hexane. wash the combined extraction
for another three times with 100ml aqueous alkali. Transfer the contents to the receiver
start extraction and take out solvent extraction through extractor. Dry the receiver by
heating on heater for 5-10 minutes. Cool to room temperature and weigh. Titrate the
contents to the receiver to calculate FFA.

CALCULATIONS:

%USM = 100 (A-B)/W

Where,

A = Amount of residue weight.

B = FFA = 0.282 V*N.

V = Vol. of NaoH solution

W = Weight of the sample taken to the test.

4. MOISTURE (M .I .V .)CONTENT :

AIM :

The moisture A N D any other materials obtained in the oil (or) fat which is
volatile under the conditions of the prescribed test.

APPARATUS : Moisture dish, desiccators, Air-Oven

PROCEDURE : Weight accurately about 10 gm. of the oil or fat into a moisture dish
which has been drive previously cooled in the desiccator and then weighed, place the
dish in the air – oven , cool in the desiccator to room temp and weigh repeat this
procedure but keep the dish in the over only for half an hour each time until the different
between the two successive weighing does not exceed 1 gm presrrve the heated oil (OR)
fat the determination of insoluble impurities.

CALCULATION :

Moisture and volatile matter content % by weight = 100 w /W

where,

w = loss in weight in gm . of material upon drying.

W = Weight in gm of the material taken for the test.

 5.SAND&SILICA
The sand & silica are present in the Rive Bran. If they are not removing from the BRAN
they create complication in further process.

REAGENTS : Distilled water , conc HCL.

APPARATUS : Crucible , heater , Muffle furnace, funnel, water bottle, oven.

PROCEDURE : Take 2gm. Of Rice Bran in a Crucible accurately .Empty weight of

crucible should be calculation .the crucible placed in the muffle furnace heated up to 6000
C for 1 hour . Take out and place in a desiccator to attain room temp . Add 20 ml .ofconc
. HCL .to the ash and boiled on the heater. This mixture is transferred to the filter paper
wash the material with distilled water till the acidity is completely removed. Then the
filter paper with residue and keep in over to remove moisture for 30 min and then in
muffle furnace temp. at 6000 C for 1 hour . till the turns to ash . cool in desiccator and
find out final weight .

CALCUALTION :

SAND & SILICA = 100X wt. of the Residue ash / Wt of Bran to the test.
 6 .BLEACHABILITY

The colour of the crude oil is measured in the 1/4“ cell on the LOVIBOND
TINTOMETER.
0
Take 100gm. curde oil in a beaker and heat to 100 C . Add 4 gm .of Neutral
Bleaching earth to the crude oil.

Place a magnet in that beaker and stirring with Magnetic stirrer for 30 min. The
temp.decreased to the freeze for 1 hour and filtered. The color of the Bleached oil is
measured.

Bleachability = color of crude oil – colour of bleached oil * 100

Color of crude oil

 7 . MINERAL ACIDITY

AIM:

To determine the MINERAL ACIDITY of the Acid Oil.

PROCEDURE:

The 25 ml. of Acid oil is dissolved in 100 ml. of water and boiled.

Transfer the mixture into the separating funnel.

The water is collected in the receiver.

Titrate the water with 0.1 N NaoHsolution and add methyl orange indicator.

CALCULATION:

% MINERAL ACIDITY = 4.9 * V * N /W

Where,

V = Volume of NaoH

N = Normality of NaoH

W = Weight of Acid Oil.

 8. DETERMINATION OF T.F.M. OF SOAP STOCK

PROCEDURE:

Take 2-3 gr. of soap stock and 50 ml of distilled water heat the soap stock up to
completely dissolved Add 4-5 drops of metyl orange indicator. After add dil. H2SO4 1:1
ratio op to the red color and heat it up to the fat layer appears. Transfer the solution into
the separating funnel. Add 50 ml. alcohol (50ml Methanol + 50 ml Hexane) shake and
swirl very well and two layers is collected. Water layer is washed with hexane. Hexane
layer is collected for 2-3 times.

After extract the hexane by using extractor. The residue amount is calculated the TFM
content present in the sample.

CALCULATIONS:

% TFM = Oil residue weight/weight of sample * 100.

 9. DETERMINATION OF SOAP PPM IN NEUTRAL OIL
1. Take 25 gr. of the neutral oil taken to the test

2. Add 100ml. of distilled water. and add 3-4 drops of the phenolphthalein indicator
and boiled for the 20 min,

3. The heated solution take to the separating funnel and settling about the 15 min,
and collecting the water in the bottom layer.

4. Titrate the collected water with 0,01 N HCl solution till the pink color is appeared,

CALCULATIONS:

Soap PPM = 0.304 * N * V * 106/W.

Where,

0.304 = sod. Oleate mol wt. of the solution.

N = Normality of HCl.

V = Vol. of the HCl.

W = Weight of the sample neutral oil.

 10. COLOUR

REAGENTS : Acetone or carbon Tetra chloride ( CCI4)

PROCEDURE :

First filter the oil through a filter paper. Fill the Oil cell up to atleast 4/5th and place it on
the stand in the cabinet front of the aperture. Fix the eye piece and close the cabinet
.Light up the bulbs and by shifting the colour slides of red and yellow matches with that
oil of the cell. Note the red and yellow units readings printed on the top of the slides and
report as that by using the formula.

FORMULA :

COLOUR = Y+ 5R ( LIGHT COLOURED OILS ) ¼ “ CELL.

COLOUR = Y + 10 R ( DARK COLOURED OILS). 1” CELL

 11. SEDIMENT

AIM

To determine the sediment of the crude oil.

APPARATUS:

Graduated Test tube , centrifuge.

PROCEDURE : Take 10 ml. crude oil taken to the graduated test tube. In centrifuge ½
an hour with the speed of the 3000 ppm.

Absorb the sediment and calculated.

CALCULATIONS :

% SEDIMENT = sediment /W X100.

 12. IODINE VALUE

AIM:

To determine the iodine value of the given sample of oil,

PROCEDURE :

Weigh 0.25 -0.3gr.Of the sample taken to the test.

Add 25 ml of the CCI4 , AND ADD 25 ml of the wiJ’S SOLUTION.

And iodine flask stopper dipped by the KI solution .Take into the dark for ½ an hour

And take iodine flask and add 15 ml 10 % KI solution and add 100ml distilled water to
the test.

And Titrate the 0.1 N HYPO solution till straw yellow colour appears. Then add to the
starch indicator 2-3 drops and titrate with HYPO solution the white colour appear of the
test.

Same procedure continue to the blank test without sample.

CALCULATIONS:

IV = 12.69 X (B-S) X N/W

WHERE,

B = Blank test reading.

S = Sample reading.

N = Normality of the HYPO solution.

W = WEIGHT OF THE SAMPLE.

 13. CAUSTIC LYE PURITY

AIM:

To determine the purity of the CAUSTIC LYE PURITY .

PROCEDURE :

Take 0.2 gr. Sample taken to the test . Add 50 ml distilled water and add 3-4 drops of
phenolphthalein Indicator and then Titrate 0.5 N HCI solution Till the pink colour
disappears.

CALCULTIONS :

% OF THE Caustic lye purity = 4.0 x v x N /W

Where,

v = vol of the HCI solution.

N = Normality of the HCI solution.

W = Weight of the sample.

 14. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

AIM :

To detemine the Total dissolved solids (TDS) of the Blow Down Water.

PROCEDURE :

Take 50 ml water in the small pre weighed beaker .

placed on the beater the water should be evaoperated.

cooling at the room temperature.

And weighed the beaker .

FORMULA :

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS = Weight X 106 /v.

where,

Wt= Weight of the residue.

V = Volume of the sample.

 15. LIME PURITY

AIM :

To determine the purity of the LIME.

PROCEDURE :

Take 1gr. sample taken to the test. Add 10 of methanol and dissolve it . Add 400 ml of 15
% sugar solution and stir well.

Make up to 500 mi.

Filter the solution through filter paper.

Collect 100 ml filtrate in a conical flask.

Add 50 ml 0.1 HCI and 50 ml 15% suger solution to the filtrate.

Add 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator .

Titrate the contentes with 0.1 N NAOH solution till pink colour appears. perform Blank
test is above except sample.

CALCULATIONS:

Quick LIME / HydralatedLime =Ca(OH)2 = 74 /56 =1.32.

CaO

% purity = 28.04X (B-S) X N X 1.3

where,
B _ Blank reading
S _ Sample readings.
N _ Normality of the NaOH.
W _ Weight of the sample.
 16. HARDNESS OF WATER

AIM :

To determine the Hardness of water.

PROCEDURE :

Take 100 ml water in conical flask.

Add 5ml of Ammonium Buffer solution followed by pinch .of Blank indicator.Titrate the
contents with 0.02 N EDTA solution till blue colour appears.

CALCULATIONS :

Total hardness (ppm) : Burette reading X 10.

2. Hardness = V X NX caco3 (m.wr) X 106.

1000X sample (Ml)

where.

V = Vol of the EDTA solution.

N = Normality of the EDTA solution.

 17. FLASH POINT
AIM: To observe the flash point of the given sample .

APPARATUS :

penskeymorten’s Apparatus.

PROCEDURE :

Take 100 ml oil sample in the flash cup.

place the lid on cup and properly enegage the heating devices along with the
Thermometer.

put on heater.

Heat the sample with storring.

Apply the test flame at every 5 C DEG raise aboven70 C

Stop stirring apply the test flame.

The thin cracking sound indicates the Flash point.

RESULT : The preesence of FFA affects the FLASH point

 18 . PEROXIDE VALUE

AIM :

To determine the peroxide value of the given sample.

PROCEDURE :

Take weigh 5 gr. Of sample.

Add 30 ml of ( acetiv acid and chlorofrom ) mixture to the flask and shake vigorously.

Add 0.5 ml of KI saturated solution and shake vigorously.

put on the dark place for 1 min .

Add 30 ml distilled water.

Titrate the contents with 0.1 HYPO solution till yellow colour disappear.

Add 5ml. of starch solution to give blue colour to the solution in fast .

Titrate with 0.1 N HYPO solution till blue colour disappears.

Follow the Blank teast as above without sample.

CALCULATIONS :

% PEROXIDE VALUE = (S_ B) X N X 1000 M.EQ /KG.

where,

s = Sample reading.

B = Blank reading.

N = Normality of the HYPO solution .

W = weight of the sample .

 FLOW CHART OF NEUTRALIZATION

CSFO

Feed Oil Tank(1101)

Stainers

Bleached Oil Oil to Oil PHE Crude Oil

Steam PHE
Steam Crude Oil

Phosphoric acid
Dyanamic Mixer

Phosphoric Reactor

Caustic

Static Mixer

Caustic Reactor

Separator Soap

Neutralized Oil

NOT
 FLOW CHART OF BLEACHING
Neutralized Oil

501 Tank

Steam
Oil
Steam PHE

503 Tank

Citric Acid
Bleaching Earth
621 , 622 Tank

PLF Cloudy Tank

Spent Earth
Polish Filter

Bleached Oil

BOT
 FLOW CHART OF DE WAXING

Bleached Oil

RB Crystallizer 1
Raw Water
RB Crystallizer2

Crystallizer6

Crystallizer5

Crystallizer4

VAM Water
Crystallizer3

Crystallizer 2

Crystallizer 1

Filters Wax

Dewaxed Oil
FLOW CHART OF ETP PLANT

All Plants Low TDS Water

Collection Tank

Oil Trap Tanks

Equalisation Tank

Lime
Chemical Mixing Tank
Alum

Polymer

Primery eavariation Tank

Primery Clarifier

Secondery Eavariation Tank

Secondery Clarifier
 FLOW CHART OF RO PLANT

Raw Water

PSF

ACF

Softner

1st Stage RO Process

HCl

Bag Filter

10 Micron Cartridge Filter

5 Micron Cartridge Filter

 Membrane Permeate water

Reject Water

2nd Stage RO Process

Bag Filter

10 Micron Cartridge Filter

5 Micron Cartridge Filter

Membrane
Permeate Water

Reject Water
 FLOW CHART OF BOILER

Coal

Belt Conveyor

Vibrator

Below 6mm Coal Above 6 mm Coal

Bucket Elevator Crusher

Belt Conveyor Bucket Elevator

Bunker

ID Fan

Booster Fan
 Boiler Steam
Water

MDC

Air Pre Heater

Bag Filter

ID Fan

Chimney
 FLOW CHART OF ACID OIL PLANT

Soap Stock

Water Reactor Steam

Sulphuric Acid Steam

Acid Mixed Oil Tank Water Sludge

 ACID OIL PLANT
The soap stock is collected from neutralisation section. Soap stock is taken 3 tons per
batch . The soap stock is heated through closed steam coils and add con H2So4 of purity
98% is added until the PH value of soap stock becomes 4. The soap stock is splittedinto
acid oil . Due to the gravity the water is becomes bottom layer, gums are middle layer
and acid oil is top layer. The waterlayer is drain out the E . T. P. ( Effluent Treatment
plant). The Acid oil is collected into pre storage tank.

Remaining gums are collected in another tank and common salt is added and heated
through closed steam coils. The gums are splitted into the Acid oil. This process
continued for 2 times unit the gums are converted into Acid Oil.
 EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT ( ETP)

E .T . P .Means EFFLUENT Treatment plant . E .T .P .is very necessary to every

chemical industry. If this water entered into the environment without any treatment
pollution take place. For this reson, water should be treated. This PH Value should be
maintained 7& 8.

In the oil industry , the water comes from neutralization section, Acid oil plant & other
plants, The water is treated with lime &alum poly electrolyte , These are mixed
thoroughly . That water passed through the plate & frame filter presses. LIME is removed
from the water through filter press. Now water

maintains the PH Value is 12 ( approximately). Urea & D. A. P . and Cow dung is added
and stirred. Now PH of water is 7 TO 8 .This water is environmental friendly water.
 BOILER

Type : STEAM BOILER (

combipac)

Efficiency : 80%

Capacity : 10 tons per hour

Fuel : Coal

Out let pressure : 17 kg/cm2

Out let going steam temp : 1800 -2000 C

Feed water temp : 60O C

Bed temp : 8000 – 900 0 C

Chimney Hight : 30.5 m

Feed (soft) water hardness : 5ppm

Fuel gas chimney (out let) : below 1700 C

Blow down water (ppm) : 2771 PPM

Boiler No. : T 8802

 PROCESS

The water is first send to the softener contains of there beds resins, sand & stores, fondly
water comes out through a place having nozzles. That water is called water , if the water
contains hardness of 4 above, that water is treated with salt & then send to softener.

The soft water goes to boiler to boiler tubes. The boiler having the air nozzles at the
bottom of the boiler . Sand is placed on the air nozzles. The fire is started with a jute bag.
The husk is fored, he sand is remove like a fluidized bed by application of air throught
nozzles. Motion helps for uniform burnt of husk in the boiler. the soft water goes to the
boiler tubes. The water passed through the tubes and converted to steam and collected in
the collector.This is half filled with steam other half with water. This steam is send to
variours sections. If the steam pressure is increased the R M P of the high speed
increased. Which is steam increase the air flow.

The steam produced in this plant is 85 % dry steam 15 % wet steam.

 LABORATORY
Tests for oil coke Unloading :
MOISTURE : 5 – 10%
Oil contant :7 – 12%
Silica & sand : 0.6%
proteincontant : 21.1 – 21.5%
Fiber contant : 9%

Tests for Hexane Unloading :

SPECIFIC Gravity : 0.66 – 0.68
Tests for Caustic lye :
purity Test. : 48% Max.
Crude SF oil TESTS :
FFA : below 1 %
MoISTRE : 0.1%
sediment :0.2 to 0.3%
Flash point :Nill
Colour : 10 units ½ inch cell
Bleachability : min 75%
U . S. M. : 0.8 to 1%
S .V . :
Gums % :1000 to 2000 ppm
Wax % : 0.1 to 0.2%
I. V. : 100 t0 140
 DOC (DE OILED CAKE )
MOISTURE : 10%
FIBRE CONTENT : 21.1 – 22%
OIL CONTENT : below1%
PROTEIN CONTENT : 22 above
Tests for Bleached OIL:
Colour : 15 Units 5 quarter inch cell
FFA : 0.10%

Tests for dewaxedoil :

Colour : 17 Units 5 quarter inch cell
FFA : 0.1%
Wax : below 200 ppm
Tests for deodourisedoil :

Colour : 7.5 – 9 Units 5 quarter inch cell

FFA : 0.05 -0.06 %
peroxide value : Nill

TESTS FOR ACID OIL :

1. u .s . m. : 10%
2. moisture : below 1%
3. F .F .A . : Min 60%
4. Mineral Acidity :Nill

Tests for soap stock :

1. F .F . A : 55 -60 %
2. T .F . M. : 40 -50 %
TESTS FOR HARDNESS OF WATER :

BORE WATER : <500 PPM

DISTILLED WATER : 12 PPM

MINERAL WATER : 4 PPM

BLOW DOWN WATER : 20 PPM.

CONTENTS
 Profile of Kaleesuwari Refinery Private Limited.

 Solvent Extraction

 Refinery

 Acid Oil Plant

 E. T. P.

 Boiler

 Laboratory
 FLOW CHART OF DEODIRIZATION

Dewaxed Oil(11-140C) Oil to Oil PHE Final Deo Oil

Shell And Tube Heate

Exanger

802 Compartment (5)

(1300)

4th Compartment(Final Oil)

1st Comapartment (210-

2200C)

2nd Compartment (225-2270C)

3rd Compartment

Water Water PHE

Polish Filter (Deo Final Oil 40-450C)

TBHQ(100PPM)

Storage Tank (300T Capacity)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Mr. N. Shyam Sundar Sai(Senior VicePresident
Operations & Projects)for granting us this opportunity of internship at
KALEESUWARI REFINERY PVT LTD, PALANI.

We are well directed by Mr. K. A. Siva Kumar ( A. G. M.) PRODUCTION.AND Mr.

G.KiranKumar Sr. Process engineer, K. Shanmuga Sundaram ( Sr. Manager
QA)Who shared their vast knowledge and experience that helped use to
understand and learn various new concept in the refinery and lab.

We are extremely grateful to Sr. HR Manager Mr. N. Ranganathan for their

support and cooperation during our internship.

We pay sincere thankfulness to oure mentors Mr. V. Babu( Shift Engineer),

Solvent Incharge and Copra Incharge, Boiler and ETP, RO Incharges

It is our duty to the grateful towards Mr. J. Phani Kishore(HOD – PG DEPT OF

OILS, FATS & PETRO PRODUCTS) and Smt. G. Cherlina Kumari(Seminar-Incharge)
Other Lectures who provided us all the relent data and kept us motivated over
this period.

The Quality control section was enormously cooperative with all the testing
analysis during the project and we respect them for the tremendous work they do
to ensure the quality.

At last we express our gratitude to each and every section of KALEESUWARI

REFINERY PVT LTD, PALANI.
.

K.KONDALA RAO

P. SYAM BABU
 AN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON EDIBLE OIL REFINERY

AT KALEESUWARI REFINERY PVT LTD, PALANI

SUBMITTED BY

P.Syambabu

K.KondalaRao

PG DEPT. OF OILS, FATS & PETRO PRODUCTS

V.R.S. & Y.R.N. COLLEGE, CHIRALA