Thermal Energy Storage

for District Cooling

Steve Benz
Director of Global Thermal Storage
and District Energy

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 Daily Electricity Demand vs. Supply
Electric Power (mW)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day

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 Addressing Electric Supply Problems
• Rolling blackouts

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4
 Addressing Electric Supply Problems
• Rolling blackouts
• Cash incentives
• Higher energy costs
– Demand charges Tariff-Based
– Energy charges or
– Connection charges Market-Based

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 Southern California Edison, Schedule TOU-8-RTP
General Service-Large, Real Time Pricing
Hourly $0.038 $3.80
Energy
Rate
$4.00

$3.00

$2.00

$1.00
Extremely
Hot
$0.00 Very Hot
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11
12 13
Moderately
14 15
16 17
18 19
Hot
20 21
22 23 Mild Summer Day
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Time of Day

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 Buy Low-Sell High Discharge Strategy
16 160

Wholesale Energy Cost $/mWhr

14 140
DCP Electric Load mW

12 120

10 100

8 80

6 60

4 40

2 20

0 0
July 01 July 02 July 03 July 04 July 05

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 Addressing Electric Supply Problems
• Rolling blackouts
• Cash incentives
• Higher energy costs
– Demand charges
– Energy charges
– Connection charges
• Industry mandates or regulations

8
 6C - Symposium:
Thermal Energy Storage, Operational
9 Experience & Economic Value
 6C - Symposium:
Thermal Energy Storage, Operational
10 Experience & Economic Value
 6C - Symposium:
Thermal Energy Storage, Operational
11 Experience & Economic Value
 3 Key Decision Drivers
• Chiller selection
• Size
• Chilled water temperatures

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 Chiller Selection Considerations
Chilled Water Storage Ice Storage
• Water as heat transfer • Glycol as heat transfer
fluid fluid

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 Stratified Chilled Water Storage

14 Figures courtesy of CB&I.

 Ice Storage Storage
Glycol Water
Chiller Chiller

Charging
Discharge
Cycle

Cooling
Loads

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 Chiller Selection Considerations
Chilled Water Storage Ice Storage
• Water as heat transfer • Glycol as heat transfer
fluid fluid
• Lift capability • Lift capability
• Higher production
efficiency
• Ease of retrofit
• Can locate TES tank at
remote loop location
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 Size Matters
Chilled Water Storage
is 6 to 8 times larger than
Ice Storage
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Entergy Solutions – Houston, Texas, USA
88,000 Ton-Hours (310 mW-Hours)

2008: 3rd International District Cooling Conference & Trade Show – Dubai
Los Angeles, California, USA Sacramento, California, USA

19 Photos courtesy of CB&I.

Jeddah,Texas,
Austin,
Singapore
KSA USA

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 Advantages of Colder Chilled Water
Supply Temperature
• Reduced CHW loop flow
– Reduced pumping energy
– Maximize distribution piping asset value
• More economical building isolation (indirect
interface) with smaller heat exchangers

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 Ice Storage System Types
Ice-on-Coil
Internal Melt or External Melt

Frozen Solid Encapsulated

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 Chilled Water Supply Temperatures
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Chilled Water Supply Temp. (°C)

Encapsulated or Frozen Solid 42 °F

with Glycol to Chilled Water HX
Internal Melt With Air Agitation
5 with Glycol to Chilled Water HX
40
4 Chilled Water Storage

38
3

36
2
External Melt Without HX
1 34

0 32
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Discharged

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 3 Key Decision Drivers
• Chiller selection
• Size
• Chilled water temperatures

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 Questions?
Steve Benz
Director of Global Thermal Storage
and District Energy

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